253:” first became popular because of issues regarding energy storage. Because as of 2018 the wide-scale production of lithium-ion battery and other storage technologies lags the progress of rooftop PV installations, a main issue preventing a nationwide shift to rooftop solar energy generation is the lack of a reliable, single-home storage system that would provide contingencies for night-time energy use, cloud cover, curtailments and blackouts. Additionally, financing solar installations for single homes may be more difficult to secure given a smaller project scope and lack of access to funds. A viable alternative is to connect blocks of homes together in a community microgrid, using more proven large storage installations, thus lowering barriers to solar adoption. In some cases, a microgrid “web” is made by connecting each independent rooftop PV house to a greater storage facility. Other designs, primarily where rooftop installations are not possible, feature a large combined solar array + storage facility located on an adjacent field. As an added social impact, this form of installation makes solar energy economically viable for multi-family homes and historically low income neighborhoods.
160:
aircraft, etc. Now, houses and businesses all over the world use solar cells to power electrical devices with a wide variety of uses. Solar power is the dominant technology in the renewable energy field, primarily due to its high efficiency and cost-effectiveness. By the early 1990s, photovoltaic conversion had reached an unprecedented new height. Scientists used solar cells constructed of highly conductive photovoltaic materials such as gallium, indium, phosphide and gallium arsenide that increased total efficiency by over 30%. By the end of the century, scientists created a special type of solar cells that converted upwards of 36% of the sunlight it collected into usable energy. These developments built tremendous momentum for not only solar power, but for
183:(PV) use silicon solar cells to convert the energy of sunlight into electricity. Operates under the photoelectric effect which results in the emission of electrons. Concentrated solar power (CSP) Uses lenses or mirrors and tracking devices to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Solar power is anticipated to be the world's largest source of electricity by 2050. Solar power plants, such as Ivanpah Solar Power Facility in the Mojave Desert produces over 392MW of power. Solar projects exceeding 1 GW (1 billion watts) are in development and are anticipated to be the future of solar power in the US.
173:
266:(mainly regarding inertia, reverse power flow and relay protection schemes). However, some analysts make the case that with the steady increase in natural disasters (which destroy vital grid infrastructure), solar microgrid installation may be necessary to ensure emergency energy access. This emphasis on contingency preparation has expanded the off-grid energy market dramatically in recent years, especially in areas prone to natural disasters.
234:
include social impact analysis. A 1980 study concluded that access to renewable energy would promote values conducive to larger societal benefit as opposed to personal promotion. While some academics argue that historically the parties in control of energy sources are those that create social hierarchies, this type of analysis became less “radical” and more mainstream after the introduction of technologies that enabled solar energy conversion.
81:
25:
230:
sulfur dioxide (SO2) that adversely affect air quality and can cause impair lung function and increase tuberculosis, asthma, and cancer risks. In such areas, solar energy access has been shown to save rural residents the time and money needed to purchase and transport kerosene, thereby increasing productivity and lengthening business hours.
146:, between 1873 and 1876, discovered that when selenium is exposed to light, it produced a high amount of electricity. The use of selenium was highly inefficient, but it proved Becquerel's theory that light could be converted into electricity through the use of various semi-metals on the periodic table, that were later labelled as
262:
Therefore, the widespread installation of rooftop solar systems that are not connected to the grid poses a threat to the stability of the utility market. This phenomenon is known as Grid
Defection. The pressure on electric utilities is exacerbated by an aging grid infrastructure that has yet to adapt to the
233:
In addition to energy access, these communities gain energy independence, meaning they are not reliant on a third-party electricity provider. The concept of energy independence is relatively new; for the vast majority of the 20th century, energy analyses were purely technical or financial and did not
229:
is more constant throughout the year and where the bulk of the developing world's population lives. From a health perspective, solar home systems can replace kerosene lamps (frequently found in rural areas), which can cause fires and emit pollutants like carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxides (NOx), and
159:
By the 1960s solar power was the standard for powering space-bound satellites. In the early 1970s, solar cell technology became cheaper and more available ($ 20/watt). Between 1970 and 1990, solar power became more commercially operated. Railroad crossings, oil rigs, space stations, microwave towers,
150:
material. By 1953, Calvin Fuller, Gerald
Pearson, and Daryl Chapin discovered the use of silicon to produce solar cells was extremely efficient and produced a net charge that far exceeded that of selenium. Today solar power has many uses, from heating, electrical production, thermal processes, water
345:
Magnuson, Ann; Anderlund, Magnus; Johansson, Olof; Lindblad, Peter; Lomoth, Reiner; Polivka, Tomas; Ott, Sascha; Stensjö, Karin; Styring, Stenbjörn; Sundström, Villy; Hammarström, Leif (December 2009). "Biomimetic and
Microbial Approaches to Solar Fuel Generation". Accounts of Chemical Research 42
224:
Solar energy conversion has the potential for many positive social impacts, especially in rural areas that did not previously have grid-based energy access. In many off-grid areas, the solar-electric conversion is the fastest growing form of energy procurement. This is especially true at latitudes
215:
help to increase employment and development of the transportation & agriculture sector. Solar installations are becoming cheaper and more readily available to countries where energy demand is high, but supply is low due to economic circumstances. A 1 GW solar power plant can produce almost 10
261:
A potential socioeconomic drawback associated with solar energy conversion is a disruption to the electric utility business model. In
America, the economic viability of regional “monopoly” utilities is based on the large aggregation of local customers who balance out each other's variable load.
248:
Solar energy conversion can impact not only just individual customers but whole communities. In a growing number of neighborhoods across
America, the conventional model of independent, non-connected rooftop installations is being replaced by community-sized solar microgrids. The idea of
196:
systems have adapted to using sunlight as a primary source for heating feed water, a development that has greatly increased the overall efficiency of boilers and many other types of waste heat recovery systems. Solar cookers use sunlight for cooking, drying and
201:. Solar distillation is used for water treatment processes to create potable drinking water, which has been an extremely powerful player in providing countries in need with relief efforts through the use of advancing technology.
191:
The sun bombards the earth with billions of charged nanoparticles with an immense amount of energy stored in them. This energy can be used for water heating, space heating, space cooling and process heat generation. Many
319:
Materials interface engineering for solution-processed photovoltaics, Michael
Graetzel, René A. J. Janssen, David B. Mitzi, Edward H. Sargent, Nature (insight review) 488, 304–312 (2012) doi:10.1038/nature11476
121:
Fundamental electro-optical aspects in several emerging solar energy conversion technologies for generation of both electricity (photovoltaics) and solar fuels constitute an active area of current research.
94:
describes technologies devoted to the transformation of solar energy to other (useful) forms of energy, including electricity, fuel, and heat. It covers light-harvesting technologies including traditional
216:
times as much power as a fossil fuel combustion power plant that would cost twice as much to establish. Solar power plants have been projected to be the leader of the energy production by the year 2050.
355:
Ponseca Jr., Carlito S.; Chábera, Pavel; Uhlig, Jens; Persson, Petter; Sundström, Villy (August 2017). "Ultrafast
Electron Dynamics in Solar Energy Conversion". Chemical Reviews 117 : 10940–11024.
561:
278:. Solar facilities constructed on Native American reservations have interrupted traditional practices and have also had negative impact on the local ecosphere.
449:
Novacheck, Joshua; Johnson, Jeremiah X. (2015-11-01). "The environmental and cost implications of solar energy preferences in
Renewable Portfolio Standards".
138:
in the summer of 1839. He theorized that certain elements on the periodic table, such as silicon, reacted to the exposure of sunlight in very unusual ways.
209:
Solar energy conversion has the potential to be a very cost-effective technology. It is cheaper as compared to non-conventional energy sources. The
49:
130:
Solar cells started in 1876 with
William Grylls Adams along with an undergraduate student of his. A French scientist, by the name of
387:
333:
67:
732:
630:
648:
Hernandez, Rebecca R.; Hoffacker, Madison K.; Murphy-Mariscal, Michelle L.; Wu, Grace C.; Allen, Michael F. (2015-11-03).
84:
40:
211:
742:
111:
293:
Crabtree, G. W.; Lewis, N. S. (2007). "Solar Energy
Conversion". Physics Today 60, 3, 37. doi:10.1063/1.2718755.
193:
274:
Installations can destroy and/or relocate ecological habitats by covering large tracts of land and promoting
737:
403:
Kalisky, Yehoshua (2018-01-01). "Spectroscopy and solar energy – in honor to Professor Renata Reisfeld".
275:
172:
661:
412:
250:
243:
35:
135:
542:
534:
328:
Semiconductor Photochemistry And Photophysics, Vol. 10, V Ramamurthy, Kirk S Schanze, CRC Press,
142:
is created when solar radiation is converted to heat or electricity. English electrical engineer
697:
679:
466:
428:
383:
329:
147:
687:
669:
526:
497:
458:
420:
375:
307:
226:
161:
143:
131:
16:
Technologies Divised To The Transformation of Solar Energy to Other (useful) Forms of Energy
303:
151:
treatment and storage of power that is highly prevalent in the world of renewable energy.
87:
calculation of photoinduced interfacial electron transfer in a dye-sensitized solar cell.
665:
416:
692:
649:
379:
198:
115:
726:
546:
180:
96:
611:
593:
107:
99:
45:
Needs trimming for OR/unsourced claims, improve references, editing for style/flow.
717:
486:"Social Impacts of Solar Home Systems in Rural Areas: A Case Study in Bangladesh"
424:
577:"Guide to community solar: Utility, private, and non-profit project development"
462:
366:
Belessiotis & Papanicolaou, V.G & E. (2012). "History of Solar Energy".
139:
576:
718:
Solar Energy Conversion Calculations research group at Lund University, Sweden
103:
683:
470:
432:
674:
517:
Frankel, E. (1981). "Energy and social change: an historian's perspective".
263:
701:
650:"Solar energy development impacts on land cover change and protected areas"
80:
562:"Carbon Democracy: Political Power in the Age of Oil by Timothy Mitchell"
538:
530:
502:
485:
484:
Szulejko, Jan E.; Kim, Ki-Hyun; Kabir, Ehsanul (October 10, 2017).
171:
79:
18:
631:"Will Natural Disasters Boost the Case for Grid Defection?"
302:
Light-Induced Redox Reactions in Nanocrystalline Systems,
176:
Diagram of the setup of a photovoltaic collection array.
118:
directed at the generation of energy rich molecules.
225:within 45° north or south of the Equator, where
654:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
8:
629:Merchant, Emma Foehringer (July 19, 2018).
691:
673:
501:
68:Learn how and when to remove this message
264:new challenges posed by renewable energy
346:(12): 1899–1909. doi:10.1021/ar900127h.
286:
102:devices (PVs), emerging photovoltaics,
164:energy technologies around the world.
560:Rustin, Susanna (December 29, 2015).
7:
444:
442:
575:Coughlin, J.; et al. (2011).
380:10.1016/B978-0-08-087872-0.00303-6
14:
612:"The Economics of Grid Defection"
310:, Chem. Rev., 95, 1, 49-68 (1995)
564:– via www.theguardian.com.
356:doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00807.
23:
368:Comprehensive Renewable Energy
1:
85:Quantum photoelectrochemistry
425:10.1016/j.jlumin.2017.05.041
463:10.1016/j.enpol.2015.06.039
43:. The specific problem is:
759:
582:. US Department of Energy.
241:
39:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
112:artificial photosynthesis
616:Rocky Mountain Institute
675:10.1073/pnas.1517656112
405:Journal of Luminescence
134:, first discovered the
114:, and related forms of
92:Solar energy conversion
635:www.greentechmedia.com
177:
168:Electricity production
88:
733:Photoelectrochemistry
276:habitat fragmentation
175:
83:
270:Environmental impact
244:Community solar farm
205:Economic development
50:improve this article
666:2015PNAS..11213579H
660:(44): 13579–13584.
417:2018JLum..193...10K
220:Rural energy access
212:use of solar energy
136:photovoltaic effect
531:10.1007/BF00137507
503:10.3390/en10101615
178:
89:
594:"Community Solar"
78:
77:
70:
41:quality standards
32:This article may
750:
743:Electrochemistry
706:
705:
695:
677:
645:
639:
638:
626:
620:
619:
608:
602:
601:
590:
584:
583:
581:
572:
566:
565:
557:
551:
550:
514:
508:
507:
505:
481:
475:
474:
446:
437:
436:
400:
394:
393:
363:
357:
353:
347:
343:
337:
326:
320:
317:
311:
308:Michael Graetzel
300:
294:
291:
227:solar irradiance
194:steam generation
148:photo-conductive
144:Willoughby Smith
132:Edmond Becquerel
73:
66:
62:
59:
53:
27:
26:
19:
758:
757:
753:
752:
751:
749:
748:
747:
723:
722:
714:
709:
647:
646:
642:
628:
627:
623:
610:
609:
605:
592:
591:
587:
579:
574:
573:
569:
559:
558:
554:
519:Policy Sciences
516:
515:
511:
483:
482:
478:
448:
447:
440:
402:
401:
397:
390:
365:
364:
360:
354:
350:
344:
340:
327:
323:
318:
314:
304:Anders Hagfeldt
301:
297:
292:
288:
284:
272:
259:
251:community solar
246:
240:
238:Community solar
222:
207:
189:
170:
157:
128:
106:generation via
74:
63:
57:
54:
47:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
756:
754:
746:
745:
740:
738:Photochemistry
735:
725:
724:
721:
720:
713:
712:External links
710:
708:
707:
640:
621:
603:
585:
567:
552:
509:
476:
438:
395:
388:
358:
348:
338:
321:
312:
295:
285:
283:
280:
271:
268:
258:
257:Grid defection
255:
242:Main article:
239:
236:
221:
218:
206:
203:
199:pasteurization
188:
187:Thermal energy
185:
169:
166:
156:
153:
127:
124:
116:photocatalysis
76:
75:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
755:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
730:
728:
719:
716:
715:
711:
703:
699:
694:
689:
685:
681:
676:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
644:
641:
636:
632:
625:
622:
617:
613:
607:
604:
599:
595:
589:
586:
578:
571:
568:
563:
556:
553:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
513:
510:
504:
499:
495:
491:
487:
480:
477:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
451:Energy Policy
445:
443:
439:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
399:
396:
391:
389:9780080878737
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
362:
359:
352:
349:
342:
339:
335:
334:9780203912294
331:
325:
322:
316:
313:
309:
305:
299:
296:
290:
287:
281:
279:
277:
269:
267:
265:
256:
254:
252:
245:
237:
235:
231:
228:
219:
217:
214:
213:
204:
202:
200:
195:
186:
184:
182:
181:Photovoltaics
174:
167:
165:
163:
154:
152:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
125:
123:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
98:
97:semiconductor
93:
86:
82:
72:
69:
61:
51:
46:
42:
38:
37:
30:
21:
20:
657:
653:
643:
634:
624:
615:
606:
597:
588:
570:
555:
525:(1): 59–73.
522:
518:
512:
496:(10): 1615.
493:
489:
479:
454:
450:
408:
404:
398:
371:
367:
361:
351:
341:
324:
315:
298:
289:
273:
260:
247:
232:
223:
210:
208:
190:
179:
158:
129:
120:
108:electrolysis
100:photovoltaic
91:
90:
64:
55:
48:Please help
44:
33:
457:: 250–261.
140:Solar power
52:if you can.
727:Categories
374:: 85–102.
282:References
155:Background
104:solar fuel
684:0027-8424
547:145151922
471:0301-4215
433:0022-2313
411:: 10–12.
162:renewable
58:June 2018
702:26483467
490:Energies
34:require
693:4640750
662:Bibcode
539:4531874
413:Bibcode
126:History
36:cleanup
700:
690:
682:
545:
537:
469:
431:
386:
336:(2003)
332:
580:(PDF)
543:S2CID
535:JSTOR
698:PMID
680:ISSN
598:SEIA
467:ISSN
429:ISSN
384:ISBN
330:ISBN
306:and
688:PMC
670:doi
658:112
527:doi
498:doi
459:doi
421:doi
409:193
376:doi
729::
696:.
686:.
678:.
668:.
656:.
652:.
633:.
614:.
596:.
541:.
533:.
523:14
521:.
494:10
492:.
488:.
465:.
455:86
453:.
441:^
427:.
419:.
407:.
382:.
370:.
110:,
704:.
672::
664::
637:.
618:.
600:.
549:.
529::
506:.
500::
473:.
461::
435:.
423::
415::
392:.
378::
372:3
249:“
71:)
65:(
60:)
56:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
