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Standard cognitive behavioral understanding of PTSD and anxiety disorders was grounded in an understanding of fight, flight freeze mechanisms in addition to conscious and unconscious, preprogramed, automatic primal defensive action systems. SE is theorised to work through the "generation of new corrective interoceptive experiences" or the therapeutic ‘renegotiating’ of the traumatic response. Somatic
Experiencing claims it is unique in this manner and therefore may be more effective than cognitive behavioral models due to this focus. The coupling dynamics model/SIBAM model in SE, however, is reminiscent to the pavlovian fear conditioning and extinction models underlying exposure based extinction paradigms of cognitive behavior therapy. Additionally, graduated exposure therapy and other fear extinction methods are similarly theorized to work due to the power of corrective experiences enhanced by "active coping" methods.
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Somatic
Practice Organizations, which was formed to protect the members' right to practice as an independent profession. Members of the Federation each have a professional regulating body with an enforceable code of ethics and standards of practice, continuing education requirements, a process of certifying and ensuring competency and a minimum of 500 hours of training. Somatic Experiencing practitioners do not meet any of these criteria unless they are already certified or licensed in another discipline. While the model has a growing evidence base as a modality "for treating people with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)" that "integrates body awareness into the psychotherapeutic process", it is important to note that not all Somatic Experiencing practitioners practice
1490:
Pierrakos, both psychiatrists, built upon Reich's foundational theories, developing
Bioenergetics, and also compared the rhythm of this life force energy to a pendulum. The SE concept of the "healing vortex", is grounded in Ackert Ahsen's "law of bipolarity" according to Eckberg. Levine credits his inspiration for the healing vortex to a dream and not Ahsen. This principle involves the pendulatory tendency to weave back and forth between traumatic material and healing images and parasympathetic responses. Ahsen's "principle of bipolar configurations" asserts that "every significant eidetic state involves configuration . . . around two opposed nuclei which contend against each other. Every ISM of the negative type has a counter-ISM of the positive type."
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when a person is overwhelmed by tragedy his soul will leave his body, a belief which is concordant with our present understanding of dissociation." Levine even notes that while developing his "theoretical biophysics doctoral dissertation on accumulated stress, as well as on my body-mind approach to resolving stress and healing trauma" he had a mystical experience where he engaged in a year-long socratic dialogue with an apparition of Albert
Einstein. After reportedly having a "profound" dream Peter Levine believed he had been "assigned" the task "to protect this ancient knowledge from the Celtic Stone Age temples, and the Tibetan tradition, and to bring it to the scientific Western way of looking at things..."
1525:(overcoupling) or it can restrict arousal in other elements (undercoupling)." An SE therapist "often has to work to uncouple responses (if responses are overcoupled) or to find ways to couple them (if the responses are undercoupled) in order for therapy to progress and to help the individual to restore balance in his or her emotional life." Ashen's description clearly matches this concept. Additionally, treatment of "post-traumatic stress through imagery", like SE, "emphasizes exploitation of the somatic aspect over the visual component of Ashen's ISM model because of the strong emotional and physiological components that present themselves frontally in these cases."
1564:. Many of the tenets of the Polyvagal theory incorporated in the Somatic Experiencing training are controversial and unproven. The SE therapy concepts such as "dorsal vagal shutdown" with bradycardia that are used to describe "freeze" and collapse states of trauma patients is controversial since it appears the ventral vagal branch, not the dorsal vagal branch, mediates this lowered heart rate and blood pressure state. Neurophysiological studies have shown that the dorsal motor nucleus has little to do with traumatic or psychologically related heart rate responses.
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activation alternated with the use of somatic resources. Working with small increments of traumatic material is a key component of SE, as is the development of somatic resources". In SE people "gently and incrementally reimagine and experience" and are "slowly working in graduated "doses"". Anderson et al., however, states that SE "includes techniques known from interoceptive exposure for panic attacks, by combining arousal reduction strategies with mild exposure therapy."
1459:. Selver greatly influenced Peter Levine's work and the development of fine somatic tracking. Selver taught thousands of Americans her "sensory awareness" method at Esalen Institute, including Peter Levine. Somatic Experiencing, like many of its sister modalities, is beholden to both Gindler and Reich. Each method has its own twist that differentiates it in style "in a manner alike to the different sects of an overarching religion" and even becoming "cult-like" at one time.
1448:'s theories of blocked emotion and how this emotion is held and released from the body. It differs from traditional talk therapies such as CBT, which has a main focus on the mind and not the body, by prioritizing disturbing thoughts and behavior patterns and seeking to change them. Rather, Somatic Therapy treats the body as the starting point for healing. It is less about desensitizing people to uncomfortable sensations, and more about relieving tension in the body.
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Peter Levine indicates that during the 1970's he "developed a model" called SIBAM, which broke down experience into five channels of
Sensation, Image, Behavior, Affect and Meaning (or Cognition). SIBAM is considered both a model of experience and a model of dissociation. Multimodal Therapy, developed
1572:
Levine's model, influenced by his work with shamans of "several cultures", makes wider connections "to myth and shamanism" and is "connected to these traditions". Levine "uses a story from shamanistic medicine to describe the work of body-centred trauma counselling. In shamanism, it is believed that
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A 2019 systemic literature review noted that a stronger investment in clinical trials was needed to determine the efficacy of
Somatic Experiencing. A 2021 literature review noted that "SE attracts growing interest in clinical application despite the lack of empirical research. Yet, the current
1542:
In
Somatic Experiencing therapy, "discharge" is facilitated in response to arousal to enable the client's body to return to a controlled condition. Discharge may be in the form of tears, a warm sensation, unconscious movement, the ability to breathe easily again, or other responses that demonstrate
1476:
One of the first exposure therapies, systematic desensitization, which was developed by Joseph Wolpe in the 1940s to treat anxiety disorders and phobias, is similarly described. Wolpe's systematic desensitization "consists of exposing the patient, while in a state of emotional calmness, to a small
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and
Bioenergetics. Levine's predecessors in the somatic psychotherapy field clearly understood the dynamics of shock trauma and the failure of mobilization of fight or flight impulses in creating symptoms of anxiety neuroses and to maintain a chronic "state of emergency". They also understood that
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One element of
Somatic Experiencing therapy is "pendulation", a supposed natural intrinsic rhythm of the organism between contraction and expansion. The concept and its comparison to unicellular organisms can be traced to Wilhelm Reich, the father of somatic psychotherapy. Alexander Lowen and John
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Lazarus also incorporated Eugene
Gendlin's Focusing method into his model as a technique to circumvent cognitive blocks. Incorporation of this "bottom up" "felt sense" method is shared by both SE and Multimodal Therapy. Lazarus, like Levine, was heavily influenced by Akhter Ahsen's "ISM unity" or
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Payne et al. describe SE as "not a form of exposure therapy" in that it "avoids direct and intense evocation of traumatic memories, instead approaching the charged memories indirectly and very gradually". Leitch et al. describe the approach similarly as "working with small gradations of traumatic
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According to SE, post-traumatic stress symptoms originate from an "overreaction of the innate stress system due to the overwhelming character of the traumatic event. In the traumatic situation, people are unable to complete the initiated psychological and physiological defensive reaction."
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Unlike some of its sister somatic modalities (biodynamic craniosacral therapy, polarity therapy, etc.), Somatic Experiencing is not listed as an exempt modality from massage practice acts in the United States, and is not eligible to belong to The Federation of Therapeutic Massage, Bodywork and
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in the 1970's, is similar to the SIBAM model in that it broke down experience into Behavior, Affect, Sensation, Image, and Cognition (or Meaning). Somatic Experiencing integrates the tracking of Eugene Gendlin's "felt sense" into the model. Peter Levine has made good use of Gendlin’s focusing
1510:"It is a tri-dimensional unity. . . . With this image is attached a characteristic body feeling peculiar to the image, which we call the somatic pattern. With this somatic pattern is attached a third state composed of a constellation of vague and clear meanings, which we call the meaning."
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In the Somatic Experiencing method there is the concept of "coupling dynamics" in which the "under-coupled" state, where the traumatic experience exists, not as a unity, but as dissociated elements of the SIBAM. In SE "the arousal in one element can trigger the arousal in other elements
1481:". Wolpe also relied on relaxation responses alternating with incremental or graduated exposure to anxiety-provoking stimuli, and this practice was standard within cognitive-behavioral protocols long before Somatic Experiencing arrived on the scene as a trademarked approach in 1989.
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and therefore have varying scopes of practice, for example, not all are qualified to work with people with mental disorders. SE instructs participants that they "are responsible for operating within their professional scope of practice and for abiding by state and federal laws".
1515:
Ahsen went on to apply his ISM concept to traumatic experiences, which is strikingly similar to Peter Levine's later developed model. In the SIBAM model, like in the ISM model, the separate dimensions of experience in trauma can be "dissociated from one another".
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the autonomic nervous system returning to its baseline. The intention of this process is to reinforce the client's inherent capacity to self-regulate. The charge/discharge concept in Somatic Experiencing has its origins in
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Peter A. Levine, Trauma and Memory: Brain and Body in a Search for the Living Past: A Practical Guide for Understanding and Working with Traumatic Memory Paperback – Illustrated, North Atlantic Books, October 27,
1477:"dose" of something he fears" using imaginal methods that allow the therapist to "control precisely the beginning and ending of each presentation". This graduated exposure is similar to the SE concept of "
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approach in Somatic Experiencing. "Dr. Levine emphasizes that the felt sense is the medium through which we understand all sensation, and that it reflects our total experience at a given moment."
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1788:"Effect of Somatic Experiencing resiliency-based trauma treatment training on quality of life and psychological health as potential markers of resilience in treating professionals"
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SE sessions are normally held in person and involve clients tracking their physical experiences. Practitioners are often mental health practitioners such as social workers,
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1388:. The primary goal of SE is to modify the trauma-related stress response through bottom-up processing. The client's attention is directed toward internal sensations, (
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Leitch, M. L.; Vanslyke, J.; Allen, M. (1 January 2009). "Somatic Experiencing Treatment with Social Service Workers Following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita".
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Grossman, Paul (2007-01-02). "Toward understanding respiratory sinus arrhythmia: Relations to cardiac vagal tone, evolution and biobehavioral functions".
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Peter A. Levine, Waking the Tiger: Healing Trauma: explains how trauma effects the brain-body: Paperback - North Atlantic Books, July 7, 1997
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2015:"A randomized controlled trial of brief Somatic Experiencing for chronic low back pain and comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms"
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Almeida, Ana Kelly; Macêdo, Sayonara Christiane Gomes de Melo; Sousa, Maria Bernardete Cordeiro de (September 2019).
2468:"Somatic experiencing – effectiveness and key factors of a body-oriented trauma therapy: a scoping literature review"
1689:"Somatic experiencing – effectiveness and key factors of a body-oriented trauma therapy: a scoping literature review"
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evidence base is weak and does not (yet) fully accomplish the high standards for clinical effectiveness research."
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Bambury, Adam (2020). "The infinite subtleties OF SENSATION: A look at Peter Levine's two key works On Trauma".
1455:. Gindler's vision preceded Reich's and greatly influenced him. Gindler's direct link to the United States was
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healing involved the completion of this "charge" associated with the truncated fight or flight impulses.
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Weaver, Judyth (2005). "The Influence of Elsa Gindler on Somatic Psychotherapy and Charlotte Selver".
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Rainnie, Donald G.; Ressler, Kerry J. (2009). "Physiology of the Amygdala: Implications for PTSD".
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1914:"Somatic experiencing: using interoception and proprioception as core elements of trauma therapy"
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It is important to note that sensation, for Ahsen, included affective and physiological states.
2948:"Somatic Experiencing for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A randomized controlled outcome study"
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Somatic Experiencing (also known as Somatic Therapy) is heavily predicated on psychoanalyst
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2997:"National Assessment of Scopes of Practice for the Behavioral Health Workforce: April 2017"
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Victims of cruelty: somatic psychotherapy in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder
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Victims of cruelty: somatic psychotherapy in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder
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The practice of multimodal therapy: systematic, comprehensive, and effective psychotherapy
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1651: – Interdisciplinary medical field exploring various influences on bodily processes
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Dbiec, Jacek; LeDoux, Joseph (2009). "The Amygdala and the Neural Pathways of Fear".
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2922:"The Federation of Therapeutic Massage, Bodywork and Somatic Practice Organizations"
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Kuhfuß, Marie; Maldei, Tobias; Hetmanek, Andreas; Baumann, Nicola (1 January 2021).
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Lazarus, Arnold (June 1973). "Multimodal Behavior Therapy: Treating the BASIC ID".
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The Federation of Therapeutic Massage, Bodywork and Somatic Practice Organizations
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Andersen, Tonny Elmose; Lahav, Yael; Ellegaard, Hanne; Manniche, Claus (2017).
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Kuhfuß, Maldei, Hetmanek, Baumann, Marie, Tobias, Andreas, Nicola (July 2021).
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Reversing chronic pain : a 10-point all-natural plan for lasting relief
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2745:(Rev., 7th ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: North Atlantic Books. p. 250.
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Many Western somatic psychotherapy approaches are based on either Reich or
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2897:"Energetic Healing Arts – Statutes – Exemptions – Requirements by State"
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Imagery Treatment of Phobiats anxiety states and other symptom complexes
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Depression and the body : the biological basis of faith and reality
1976:
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The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma
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Imagery Treatment of Phobias anxiety states and other symptom complexes
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if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
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2247:(1st ed.). New York: WW Norton & Company, Inc. p. 158.
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University of Michigan Behavioral Health Workforce Research Center
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Wheatley-Crosby, Jane (2006). "Healing Traumatic Reebactments".
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aimed at treating trauma and stress-related disorders, such as
2831:"A Shaman's Scientific Journey Conversation with Peter Levine"
250:
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1508:"eidetic" concept. In 1968, Ahsen explains the ISM this way:
2657:. New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. pp. 49–54.
1141:
2425:
The encyclopedia of trauma and traumatic stress disorders
2139:
Core energetics: developing the capacity to love and heal
2810:
LaPierre, ALINE (2020). "A Shamans Scuentific Journey".
1848:. Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press. p. 120.
1756:
The Trauma Spectrum. Hidden Wounds and Human Resiliency
190:
91:
2642:. Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press. p. 73.
2339:. Berkeley, Calif.: North Atlantic Books. p. 57.
2207:. Berkeley, Calif.: North Atlantic Books. p. 55.
2156:. Berkeley, Calif.: North Atlantic Books. p. 55.
1494:
SIBAM (Sensation, Image, Behavior, Affect and Meaning)
2111:. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. p. 395.
2141:. Mendocino, CA: LifeRhythm Publication. p. 85.
1758:. W.W. Norton & Company, N.Y. & London, 2005
201:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a
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2787:
Trauma : a practitioner's guide to counselling
2262:. New York: WW Norton and Company. pp. 67–69.
1899:Educational opportunities in Integrative Medicine
2672:. Harmondsworth, Eng: Penguin Books. p. 66.
2388:
2386:
2379:. Farmingdale, NY: Baywood Pub. Co. p. 239.
2318:United States Association of Body Psychotherapy
1880:United States Association of Body Psychotherapy
1556:Somatic Experiencing is also predicated on the
2096:. New York: Basic Books Inc. pp. 246–249.
90:Please review the contents of the article and
3062:
1358:
8:
2519:. New York: Basic Books Inc. pp. 37–53.
2452:. New York: Brandon House, Inc. p. 227.
2427:. New York, NY: Facts on File. p. 105.
1750:
1748:
1709:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2812:International Journal of Body Psychotherapy
2789:. New York: Brunner-Routledge. p. 56.
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3069:
3055:
3047:
1365:
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434:Association for Research and Enlightenment
289:
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2275:The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
2038:
1939:
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239:Learn how and when to remove this message
221:Learn how and when to remove this message
2838:International Body Psychotherapy Journal
2768:International Body Psychotherapy Journal
2685:Wilhelm Reich: The evolution of his work
2395:Basic Concepts in Eidetic Psychotherapy
2230:Basic Concepts in Eidetic Psychotherapy
2081:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 50.
1676:
301:
16:Alternative therapy for treating trauma
3030:Traumahealing.org/prospective students
2472:European Journal of Psychotraumatology
2397:. New York: Brandon House. p. 30.
2232:. New York: Brandon House. p. 31.
2066:. New York: Brandon House. p. 10.
2019:European Journal of Psychotraumatology
1702:
1693:European Journal of Psychotraumatology
182:contains content that is written like
2412:. New York: W. W. Norton. p. 68.
2364:. New York: Mcgraw-Hill. p. 233.
2002:. New York: Bantam Dell. p. 314.
7:
1682:
1680:
2640:Body Psychotherapy: An Introduction
2610:. Darwin House Press. p. 238.
1867:– via Harvard Medical School.
1846:Body Psychotherapy: An Introduction
1901:. Quigley Books, Inc. p. 129.
1786:Winblad, Neil (16 February 2018).
14:
2126:. Baltimore: Penguin. p. 58.
1912:Payne, Peter (February 4, 2015).
504:Chiropractic treatment techniques
34:This article has multiple issues.
3283:Glossary of alternative medicine
2287:10.1097/00005053-197306000-00005
1645: – Interdisciplinary theory
1620:
1606:
1307:Electromagnetic hypersensitivity
309:
255:
171:
156:
64:
23:
2829:LaPierre, Aline (Spring 2020).
2712:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.11.014
2177:Levine, Peter (20 April 2012).
343:Alternative veterinary medicine
42:or discuss these issues on the
3345:Post-traumatic stress disorder
2565:Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
2532:Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
1859:Salamon, Maureen (July 2023).
1560:of human emotion developed by
966:Water fluoridation controversy
922:Big Pharma conspiracy theories
92:add the appropriate references
1:
3221:Manual and body-based methods
2869:Estudos de Psicologia (Natal)
2517:Anxiety Disorders and Phobias
2484:10.1080/20008198.2021.1929023
2094:Anxiety Disorders and Phobias
2031:10.1080/20008198.2017.1331108
1998:Naparstek, Bellaruth (2004).
1337:Wilson's temperature syndrome
1322:Multiple chemical sensitivity
449:Biological terrain assessment
3159:Traditional Chinese medicine
2741:Grossinger, Richard (2000).
2687:. Vision Press. p. 107.
2408:Rothschild, Babette (2000).
2258:Rothschild, Babette (2000).
1773:Somatic Experiencing Website
3335:Alternative medical systems
3314:Anti-quackery organizations
2952:Journal of Traumatic Stress
2882:10.22491/1678-4669.20190025
2604:Schroeder, Vincent (2017).
2573:10.1007/978-1-60327-329-9_2
2540:10.1007/978-1-60327-329-9_3
1639: – Academic discipline
998:Alternative medical systems
627:Fabunan Antiviral Injection
393:Fringe medicine and science
264:It has been suggested that
77:reliable medical references
3376:
3211:Biologically based therapy
2655:Bioenergetic Psychotherapy
2423:Doctor, Ronald M. (2010).
2203:Eckberg, Maryanna (2000).
2152:Eckberg, Maryanna (2000).
1861:"What is somatic therapy?"
1472:Systematic desensitization
1008:Biologically based therapy
568:Dental amalgam controversy
2995:Page, Cory (April 2017).
2668:Lowen, Alexander (1972).
2653:Lowen, Alexander (1975).
2335:Phillips, Maggie (2007).
2243:Phillips, Maggie (1995).
2122:Lowen, Alexander (1973).
1897:Wengell, Douglas (2008).
1865:Harvard Health Publishing
1792:Frontiers in Neuroscience
1417:Feldenkrais practitioners
632:Facilitated communication
281:Proposed since July 2024.
83:or relies too heavily on
2683:Boadella, David (1973).
2360:Lazarus, Arnold (1981).
2245:Healing the Divided Self
2137:John, Pierrakos (1987).
1931:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00093
1805:10.3389/fnins.2018.00070
1769:"Admission Requirements"
1731:. Penguin. p. 217.
1297:Candida hypersensitivity
479:Fake COVID-19 treatments
293:This article is part of
3340:Mind–body interventions
3309:Evidence-based medicine
2670:Depression and the Body
2377:Imagination and healing
2107:Reich, Wilhelm (1945).
1918:Frontiers in Psychology
1429:occupational therapists
1423:therapists, educators,
971:COVID-19 misinformation
899:Young blood transfusion
779:Orthomolecular medicine
744:Mind–body interventions
414:Anthroposophic medicine
354:Rise of modern medicine
3278:Complementary medicine
3226:Mind-body intervention
3187:Mind-body intervention
3026:"Prospective students"
2785:Spiiers, Thom (2001).
2448:Dolan, Anna T (1997).
2393:Ahsen, Akhter (1968).
2375:Sheikh, Anees (1984).
2228:Ahsen, Akhter (1968).
2077:Wolpe, Joseph (1981).
1649:Psychosomatic medicine
1003:Mind–body intervention
954:MMR vaccine and autism
944:Vaccine misinformation
839:Rapid prompting method
106:"Somatic experiencing"
3139:Naturopathic medicine
2700:Biological Psychology
2638:Totten, Nick (2003).
1844:Totton, Nick (2003).
1332:Vertebral subluxation
1281:Alternative diagnoses
869:Thought Field Therapy
509:Vertebral subluxation
203:neutral point of view
3273:Alternative medicine
3235:Public-health issues
3164:Traditional medicine
3078:Alternative medicine
2946:Brom, Danny (2017).
2515:Beck, Aaron (1985).
2179:"The Stream of Life"
2092:Beck, Aaron (1985).
1725:van der Kolk, Bessel
1378:Somatic Experiencing
1302:Chronic Lyme disease
1031:Traditional medicine
1013:Manipulative methods
814:Postural Integration
677:Bach flower remedies
553:Craniosacral therapy
381:Therapeutic nihilism
326:Alternative medicine
303:Alternative medicine
274:into this article. (
3302:Contrary viewpoints
1382:alternative therapy
949:Vaccines and autism
939:Anti-vaccinationism
932:OPV AIDS hypothesis
734:Megavitamin therapy
647:Functional medicine
424:Applied kinesiology
320:General information
195:promotional content
3355:Somatic psychology
3293:Skeptical movement
3257:Water fluoridation
2567:. pp. 23–38.
2534:. pp. 39–78.
2410:The Body Remembers
2260:The Body Remembers
2109:Character Analysis
1754:Scaer, Robert C.:
1643:Embodied cognition
1637:Body psychotherapy
1435:Theory and methods
1380:(SE) is a form of
1317:Leaky gut syndrome
1292:Aerotoxic syndrome
1229:Prophetic medicine
927:HIV/AIDS denialism
754:Myofascial release
662:Holistic dentistry
642:Feldenkrais Method
622:Estrogen dominance
548:Conversion therapy
197:and inappropriate
3322:
3321:
2964:10.1002/jts.22189
2582:978-1-60327-328-2
2549:978-1-60327-328-2
2163:978-1-55643-353-5
2079:Our Useless Fears
1977:10.1093/sw/54.1.9
1614:Psychology portal
1568:Link to shamanism
1520:Coupling dynamics
1375:
1374:
1102:Chinese herbology
859:Scientific racism
824:Psychodermatology
729:Medical intuitive
709:Lightning Process
667:Hologram bracelet
615:Therapeutic touch
516:Christian Science
489:Cancer treatments
288:
287:
283:
249:
248:
241:
231:
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223:
165:
164:
141:
57:
3367:
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2000:Invisible Heroes
1995:
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1625:
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1623:
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1611:
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1609:
1558:Polyvagal Theory
1552:Polyvagal theory
1545:Reichian therapy
1457:Charlotte Selver
1367:
1360:
1353:
1117:Gill plate trade
879:Vaginal steaming
526:Colloidal silver
494:Charcoal cleanse
313:
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184:an advertisement
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3325:
3324:
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3318:
3297:
3261:
3242:Dental amalgams
3230:
3197:
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3114:Energy medicine
3080:
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2779:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2753:
2743:Planet medicine
2740:
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2101:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2062:Dolan, Anna T.
2061:
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2056:
2012:
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2007:
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1911:
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1659:
1657:Further reading
1654:
1628:Medicine portal
1626:
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1371:
1342:
1341:
1287:Adrenal fatigue
1282:
1274:
1273:
1048:Southern Africa
1033:
1023:
1022:
993:
991:Classifications
983:
982:
959:in chiropractic
917:
909:
908:
829:Quantum healing
819:Psychic surgery
694:Ionized jewelry
657:Herbal medicine
605:Esoteric energy
595:Energy medicine
563:Cupping therapy
558:Crystal healing
531:Colon cleansing
469:Bowen technique
439:Auriculotherapy
394:
386:
385:
321:
284:
267:Peter A. Levine
260:
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5:
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3247:Growth hormone
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3216:Energy therapy
3213:
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3169:Unani medicine
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3059:
3051:
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3042:
3016:
2987:
2958:(3): 304–312.
2938:
2913:
2901:One Tree Guild
2888:
2875:(3): 237–246.
2855:
2821:
2802:
2795:
2777:
2758:
2751:
2733:
2706:(2): 263–285.
2690:
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2660:
2645:
2630:
2617:978-0692582572
2616:
2596:
2581:
2555:
2548:
2522:
2507:
2478:(1): 1929023.
2455:
2440:
2433:
2415:
2400:
2382:
2367:
2352:
2345:
2327:
2308:
2281:(6): 404–411.
2265:
2250:
2235:
2220:
2214:978-1556433535
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2195:
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2144:
2129:
2114:
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1562:Stephen Porges
1553:
1550:
1539:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1501:Arnold Lazarus
1495:
1492:
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1407:, therapists,
1394:proprioception
1373:
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1362:
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1018:Energy therapy
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904:Zero balancing
901:
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889:Vision therapy
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866:
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804:Parapsychology
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721:
719:Magnet therapy
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573:Detoxification
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3129:Hydrotherapy
3109:Chiropractic
3099:Aromatherapy
3033:. Retrieved
3029:
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2607:Buddha's Mom
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1453:Elsa Gindler
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1398:kinaesthesis
1377:
1376:
1254:Thai massage
1224:Naftalan oil
1097:Blood stasis
976:Turbo cancer
864:ThetaHealing
789:Osteomyology
689:Hypnotherapy
684:Hydrotherapy
590:Ear candling
585:Dry needling
536:Coffee enema
499:Chiropractic
464:Bone-setting
444:Bates method
429:Aromatherapy
280:
265:
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193:by removing
189:Please help
181:
144:
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127:
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81:verification
74:
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36:Please help
33:
2931:23 February
2848:23 February
1971:(1): 9–18.
1965:Social Work
1485:Pendulation
1463:Definitions
1419:, yoga and
1214:Mien Shiang
1132:Moxibustion
844:Reflexology
769:Oil pulling
764:Naturopathy
704:Jilly Juice
484:Camel urine
454:Black salve
404:Acupuncture
399:Acupressure
364:Antiscience
336:Terminology
75:needs more
3329:Categories
3203:Treatments
3149:Osteopathy
3144:Orthopathy
3134:Homeopathy
2844:(1): 15–22
2796:0415186943
2752:1556433913
1924:(93): 93.
1671:References
1586:Regulation
1312:Heavy legs
1269:Vietnamese
1249:Sri Lankan
809:Phrenology
794:Osteopathy
784:Orthopathy
672:Homeopathy
578:Foot detox
474:Breathwork
419:Apitherapy
374:Scientific
369:Skepticism
211:April 2021
191:improve it
117:newspapers
39:improve it
3266:Key terms
3189:advocates
3154:Shamanism
3124:Herbalism
2774:(1): 126.
2591:141136606
1798:(70): 4.
1538:Discharge
1479:titration
1234:Shamanism
1219:Mongolian
1194:Kayakalpa
1169:Curandero
1087:Cambodian
1077:Brazilian
874:Urophagia
834:Radionics
739:Mesmerism
699:Iridology
45:talk page
3350:Somatics
3252:Vaccines
3104:Bodywork
3094:Ayurveda
2982:28585761
2818:(1): 19.
2728:16818862
2720:17081672
2623:27 March
2502:34290845
2324:(2): 13.
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2049:28680540
1985:19205253
1950:25699005
1886:(1): 25.
1829:21 March
1824:29503607
1727:(2014).
1600:See also
1577:Evidence
1204:Japanese
1147:San Jiao
1127:Meridian
1055:Ayurveda
894:Vitalism
459:Bodywork
348:Quackery
295:a series
3360:Therapy
3193:Critics
3086:Systems
3035:10 June
3024:Staff.
3009:9 March
2973:5518443
2906:1 March
2493:8276649
2295:4711618
2188:5 March
2040:5489867
1941:4316402
1815:5820455
1431:, etc.
1413:rolfers
1259:Tibetan
1239:Shiatsu
1184:Iranian
1164:Chumash
1157:Zang-fu
1122:Long gu
1112:Gua sha
1092:Chinese
1038:African
854:Rolfing
331:History
276:Discuss
131:scholar
96:removed
3179:People
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1529:Stress
1425:clergy
1421:Daoyin
1327:PANDAS
1244:Siddha
1209:Korean
1152:Tui na
1107:Dit da
774:Orgone
272:merged
133:
126:
119:
112:
104:
3000:(PDF)
2834:(PDF)
2724:S2CID
2587:S2CID
2299:S2CID
2183:Vimeo
2025:(1).
1440:Basis
1264:Unani
1199:Kambo
1179:Hilot
1060:Dosha
610:Reiki
138:JSTOR
124:books
3037:2021
3011:2021
2978:PMID
2933:2021
2908:2021
2850:2021
2791:ISBN
2747:ISBN
2716:PMID
2625:2021
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2429:ISBN
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2209:ISBN
2190:2021
2158:ISBN
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1981:PMID
1946:PMID
1831:2021
1820:PMID
1733:ISBN
1711:link
1663:2015
1396:and
1386:PTSD
1189:Jamu
1065:MVAH
1043:Muti
849:RBOP
759:NAET
110:news
79:for
2968:PMC
2960:doi
2877:doi
2708:doi
2569:doi
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