993:
657:
858:
rather than the vowel of the syllable. A long vowel or a diphthong consists of two morae and can bear two tones. Each mora is defined as being of high or low tone. Only one high tone occurs per word and this must be on the final or penultimate mora. Particles do not have a high tone. (These include
831:
The tone system distinguishes both grammatical and lexical differences. Differences include numbers singular and plural (a grammatical distinction), and masculine and feminine genders (a grammatical and sometimes also lexical distinction). One example is
1258:
Nilsson, Morgan, and Laura J. Downing. "Somali vowel qualities and vowel harmony domains." In North
Atlantic Conference on Afroasiatic Linguistics (NACAL 47), Paris, France, June, pp. 24-26. 2019.
859:
prepositions, clitic pronouns for subject and object, impersonal subject pronouns and focus markers.) There are therefore three possible "accentual patterns" in word roots.
1322:
1219:
1120:
in which words join, undergoing phonological processes such as elision. In Somali it is sometimes obligatory and sometimes it is dependent on the speech style.
927:
Clusters of two consonants do not occur word-initially or word-finally, i.e., they only occur at syllable boundaries. The following consonants can be geminate:
1973:
1584:
1205:
Edmondson, J.A., Esling, J.H., & Harris, J.G. (2003). Supraglottal cavity shape, linguistic register, and other phonetic features of Somali.
1589:
1552:
1192:
507:
487:
1315:
1271:
1290:
2112:
1424:
351:
1810:
1797:
1351:
754:
746:
331:
78:
45:
27:
1238:
2008:
1376:
381:
1968:
1933:
1574:
1366:
1308:
887:
is connected with tone. The high tone has strong stress; the falling tone has less stress and the low tone has no stress.
299:
1564:
1517:
1361:
774:
766:
341:
709:
701:
613:
429:
391:
974:
Two vowels cannot occur together at syllable boundaries. Epenthetic consonants, e.g. and , are therefore inserted.
1946:
1492:
1447:
1381:
1356:
869:
On a long vowel or diphthong, a sequence of low-high is realised as high-high. (Occasionally, it is a rising tone.)
801:
793:
497:
371:
1092:) for specific grammatical morphemes. There may be assimilation or elision. One unusual change which can occur is
1665:
1594:
1452:
1437:
1113:
569:
412:
361:
2107:
1978:
1670:
1604:
1569:
1147:, see above) does not carry grammatical information, although it may convey the speaker's attitude or emotion.
1140:
729:
721:
262:
211:
189:
622:
is often pronounced with breathy voice and may be partially devoiced. Between vowels it may be a single tap.
1822:
1715:
1685:
1650:
1442:
1386:
1371:
851:
The question of the tone system in Somali has been debated for decades. The modern consensus is as follows.
242:
201:
2076:
1863:
1680:
1579:
1093:
1065:
1058:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
641:
637:
631:
625:
619:
609:
603:
599:
553:
539:
525:
106:
41:
37:
23:
1697:
1690:
1599:
1512:
1507:
1007:
557:
460:
450:
252:
153:
143:
74:
1132:. There is also a process of vowel harmony in strings longer than a word, known as "harmonic groups".
2066:
1928:
1838:
1817:
1727:
1464:
884:
667:
Somali has five vowel, each of them are elongated and represented orthographically as double vowels.
272:
123:
82:
2056:
1963:
1941:
1898:
1883:
1848:
1792:
1737:
1732:
1611:
1497:
1474:
1419:
561:
1044:) are devoiced in word-initial and word-final position. Between two vowels they become fricatives.
1953:
1762:
1707:
1702:
1657:
1616:
1409:
1335:
1144:
855:
825:
96:
1853:
1300:
2081:
2046:
2031:
2015:
2003:
1988:
1958:
1918:
1888:
1868:
1858:
1802:
1782:
1772:
1757:
1742:
1637:
1632:
1559:
1529:
1524:
1502:
1484:
1479:
1469:
1459:
1286:
1267:
235:
130:
101:
2061:
1983:
1923:
1913:
1908:
1893:
1878:
1873:
1787:
1777:
1645:
1539:
1432:
1414:
1404:
1247:
1097:
118:
2071:
2051:
2036:
1998:
1903:
1843:
1767:
1752:
1747:
1720:
1547:
1534:
591:
582:
442:
137:
113:
58:
2086:
2041:
1104:
1080:
When a vowel occurs in word-initial position, a glottal stop () is inserted before it.
878:
2101:
1129:
683:
324:
180:
900:
894:
874:
866:
On a long vowel or diphthong, a sequence of high-low is realised as a falling tone.
821:
223:
656:
890:
When needed, the conventions for marking tone on written Somali are as follows:
695:
678:
479:
564:
quality for some speakers. It is sometimes realised as a flap between vowels.
906:
840:('boy'). This reflects a tonal pattern that codes grammatical gender, such as
785:
688:
1331:
740:
318:
289:
54:
862:
Phonetically there are three tones on long vowels: high, low and falling:
542:
is often realized as when in a stressed intervocalic position. As in “Ma
528:
is often realized as when in a stressed intervocalic position. As in “To
33:
174:
70:
1251:
1117:
1089:
574:
403:
655:
1304:
986:
924:
Root morphemes usually have a mono- or di-syllabic structure.
1240:
A Phonological
Analysis of Somali and the Guttural Consonants
1191:
harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFEdmondsonEslingHarris2004 (
1071:
All vowels are nasalised before or after a nasal consonant.
913:
Tones on long vowels are marked on the first vowel symbol.
820:
Lexical prominence in Somali can be classified under a
640:
is often realized as in the alluvial planal dialects.
1187:
32:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2024:
1831:
1625:
1397:
1088:
Phonological changes occur at morpheme boundaries (
644:is realized as in word-final positions like qaboo
1055:are realised as and in syllable-final position.
567:The Somali language does not possess the phoneme
81:chart, though not all of these distinctions are
46:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
16:Sounds and pronunciation of the Somali language
1316:
921:The syllable structure of Somali is (C)V(C).
8:
1061:is realised as in syllable-final position.
577:; then it is used as mere loanwords as in (
547:
533:
1323:
1309:
1301:
1116:also occurs. This is a kind of external
873:This use of tone may be characterized as
1266:. Kensington, Maryland: Dunwoody Press.
992:
854:In Somali, the tone-bearing unit is the
669:
628:can, in some dialects, be realized as .
87:
1218:was invoked but never defined (see the
1175:
1156:
560:. Some phoneticians say that it has an
1188:Edmondson, Esling & Harris (2004)
1163:
661:
590:
581:
7:
963:. The following cannot be geminate:
36:. For the distinction between ,
1213:
1285:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, B.V.
14:
800:
792:
773:
765:
753:
745:
728:
720:
708:
700:
568:
506:
496:
486:
459:
449:
428:
411:
390:
380:
370:
360:
350:
340:
330:
298:
271:
261:
251:
241:
222:
210:
200:
188:
152:
142:
1246:(BA Linguistics Honors Thesis).
1214:Cite error: The named reference
991:
69:Common Somali has 23 consonant
28:International Phonetic Alphabet
824:system, in which there is one
1:
634:is sometimes epiglottalized.
73:. Its consonants cover every
1281:Saeed, John Ibrahim (1999).
1262:Saeed, John Ibrahim (1993).
1002:appears to contradict itself
1553:Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect
877:. It is similar to that in
614:voiced pharyngeal fricative
53:This article describes the
2129:
89:Somali consonant phonemes
1342:
844:('female donkey') versus
616:, may have creaky voice.
573:, but when it comes from
478:
441:
317:
288:
173:
136:
93:
1264:Somali Reference Grammar
2113:Afroasiatic phonologies
1585:Regional North American
1237:Gabbard, Kevin (2010).
24:phonetic transcriptions
2009:Dialects and varieties
1580:Received Pronunciation
1425:American Sign Language
1128:Roots have front-back
1068:is usually voiced to .
978:Phonological processes
664:
606:are always aspirated.
21:This article contains
1010:for more information.
659:
592:[ʕabdulʕaziz]
588:Arabic pronunciation:
579:Arabic pronunciation:
558:voiced retroflex stop
75:place of articulation
1047:The voiceless stops
971:and the fricatives.
598:The voiceless stops
595:) simply to be put.
1934:Proto-Indo-European
1590:White South African
672:
417:⟨s/z⟩
90:
1028:The voiced stops (
806:⟨aa⟩
779:⟨oo⟩
759:⟨ee⟩
734:⟨uu⟩
714:⟨ii⟩
670:
665:
465:⟨dh⟩
376:⟨kh⟩
366:⟨kh⟩
356:⟨sh⟩
267:⟨dh⟩
88:
2095:
2094:
1595:Standard Canadian
1336:world's languages
1025:
1024:
848:('male donkey').
813:
812:
798:⟨a⟩
771:⟨o⟩
751:⟨e⟩
726:⟨u⟩
706:⟨i⟩
523:
522:
512:⟨w⟩
502:⟨y⟩
492:⟨l⟩
455:⟨r⟩
434:⟨c⟩
406:
396:⟨h⟩
386:⟨x⟩
346:⟨s⟩
336:⟨f⟩
304:⟨j⟩
277:⟨g⟩
257:⟨d⟩
247:⟨b⟩
228:⟨'⟩
216:⟨q⟩
206:⟨k⟩
194:⟨t⟩
158:⟨n⟩
148:⟨m⟩
2120:
1947:Kerkrade dialect
1570:General American
1325:
1318:
1311:
1302:
1296:
1277:
1255:
1245:
1223:
1217:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1095:
1067:
1064:Between vowels,
1060:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1020:
1017:
1011:
995:
994:
987:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
836:('girl') versus
807:
804:
799:
796:
780:
777:
772:
769:
760:
757:
752:
749:
735:
732:
727:
724:
715:
712:
707:
704:
673:
643:
639:
633:
627:
621:
611:
605:
601:
594:
589:
585:
583:[zamzam]
580:
572:
555:
549:
541:
535:
527:
513:
510:
503:
500:
493:
490:
466:
463:
456:
453:
435:
432:
418:
415:
402:
397:
394:
387:
384:
377:
374:
367:
364:
357:
354:
347:
344:
337:
334:
327:
305:
302:
278:
275:
268:
265:
258:
255:
248:
245:
238:
229:
226:
217:
214:
207:
204:
195:
192:
183:
159:
156:
149:
146:
91:
43:
39:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2108:Somali language
2098:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2020:
1974:Scottish Gaelic
1827:
1681:Standard Modern
1621:
1433:Modern Standard
1393:
1338:
1329:
1299:
1293:
1280:
1274:
1261:
1243:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1215:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1143:(as opposed to
1138:
1126:
1086:
1078:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1006:Please see the
1005:
996:
985:
980:
919:
828:mora per word.
818:
805:
797:
778:
770:
758:
750:
733:
725:
713:
705:
654:
587:
578:
511:
501:
491:
464:
454:
433:
416:
395:
385:
375:
365:
355:
345:
335:
323:
303:
276:
266:
256:
246:
234:
227:
215:
205:
193:
179:
157:
147:
125:
108:
67:
59:Somali language
51:
50:
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2126:
2124:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2100:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1979:Serbo-Croatian
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1660:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1640:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1354:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1305:
1298:
1297:
1291:
1278:
1273:978-0931745973
1272:
1259:
1256:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1207:
1198:
1180:
1168:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1137:
1134:
1125:
1122:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1062:
1056:
1045:
1023:
1022:
999:
997:
990:
984:
981:
979:
976:
918:
915:
911:
910:
909:- falling tone
904:
898:
871:
870:
867:
817:
814:
811:
810:
808:
790:
788:
782:
781:
763:
761:
743:
737:
736:
718:
716:
698:
692:
691:
686:
681:
676:
653:
650:
521:
520:
518:
516:
514:
504:
494:
484:
482:
476:
475:
473:
471:
469:
467:
457:
447:
445:
439:
438:
436:
426:
424:
422:
420:
409:
407:
399:
398:
388:
378:
368:
358:
348:
338:
328:
321:
315:
314:
312:
310:
308:
306:
296:
294:
292:
286:
285:
283:
281:
279:
269:
259:
249:
239:
231:
230:
220:
218:
208:
198:
196:
186:
184:
177:
171:
170:
168:
166:
164:
162:
160:
150:
140:
134:
133:
128:
121:
116:
111:
104:
99:
94:
66:
63:
44:⟩, see
20:
19:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2125:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1823:Luxembourgish
1821:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1811:Maastrichtian
1809:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
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1352:Orthographies
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1176:Gabbard (2010
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1130:vowel harmony
1124:Vowel harmony
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1096:to (compare
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1016:November 2015
1009:
1003:
1000:This section
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35:
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29:
25:
2077:West Frisian
1993:
1864:Massachusett
1377:Prepositions
1346:
1282:
1263:
1239:
1230:Bibliography
1210:
1201:
1183:
1171:
1159:
1139:
1127:
1112:
1107:
1100:
1087:
1079:
1013:
1001:
973:
926:
923:
920:
917:Phonotactics
912:
901:grave accent
895:acute accent
889:
883:
875:pitch accent
872:
861:
853:
850:
845:
841:
837:
833:
830:
822:pitch accent
819:
666:
662:Saeed (1993)
645:
636:
630:
624:
618:
608:
597:
566:
552:
543:
538:
529:
524:
68:
52:
40:and ⟨
22:
1807:Limburgish
1698:Greenlandic
1575:New Zealand
1508:Northern Wu
1367:Determiners
1347:Phonologies
1332:Phonologies
1164:Saeed (1999
1114:Coalescence
897:- high tone
480:Approximant
2102:Categories
2067:Vietnamese
1938:Ripuarian
1929:Portuguese
1839:Macedonian
1818:Lithuanian
1728:Hindustani
1565:Australian
1518:Historical
1465:Belarusian
1362:Adjectives
1252:1811/46639
1151:References
1141:Intonation
1076:Epenthesis
983:Allophones
907:circumflex
903:- low tone
65:Consonants
2057:Ukrainian
1964:Sardinian
1942:Colognian
1899:Old Saxon
1884:Norwegian
1849:Maldivian
1793:Latgalian
1738:Icelandic
1733:Hungarian
1612:Esperanto
1498:Cantonese
1475:Bulgarian
1448:Levantine
1420:Afrikaans
1220:help page
1008:talk page
826:high-tone
562:implosive
550:'Black'.
325:voiceless
319:Fricative
290:Affricate
181:voiceless
55:phonology
1954:Romanian
1763:Japanese
1721:Biblical
1708:Hawaiian
1703:Gujarati
1666:Standard
1658:Galician
1646:Parisian
1617:Estonian
1548:Standard
1493:Mandarin
1489:Chinese
1453:Tunisian
1438:Egyptian
1410:Acehnese
1382:Pronouns
1357:Grammars
536:'Ten'.
109:alveolar
97:Bilabial
83:phonemic
71:phonemes
38:/ /
34:Help:IPA
2082:Yiddish
2047:Turkish
2032:Tagalog
2016:Swedish
2004:Spanish
1989:Slovene
1959:Russian
1919:Persian
1889:Occitan
1869:Medumba
1859:Marathi
1803:Latvian
1783:Kurdish
1773:Konkani
1758:Italian
1743:Ingrian
1712:Hebrew
1686:Ancient
1671:Bernese
1662:German
1642:French
1638:Finnish
1633:Faroese
1560:English
1530:Cornish
1525:Chukchi
1503:Hokkien
1485:Catalan
1480:Burmese
1470:Bengali
1460:Avestan
1429:Arabic
1334:of the
1216:ipu1982
1136:Prosody
1098:Spanish
684:Central
671:Vowels
586:) and (
175:Plosive
131:Glottal
124:Pharyn-
102:Coronal
77:on the
57:of the
26:in the
2062:Uyghur
1994:Somali
1984:Slovak
1924:Polish
1914:Pashto
1909:Ottawa
1894:Ojibwe
1879:Nepali
1874:Navajo
1788:Kyrgyz
1778:Korean
1716:Modern
1677:Greek
1651:Quebec
1605:Middle
1544:Dutch
1540:Danish
1443:Hejazi
1415:Adyghe
1405:Abkhaz
1289:
1283:Somali
1270:
1166::7–10)
1118:sandhi
1108:multus
1090:sandhi
1084:Sandhi
885:Stress
846:daméer
842:dameér
652:Vowels
612:, the
575:Arabic
546:ow” ,
532:an” ,
404:voiced
236:voiced
119:Uvular
42:
2072:Welsh
2052:Ubykh
2037:Tamil
1999:Sotho
1969:Scots
1904:Oromo
1854:Māori
1844:Malay
1798:Latin
1768:Kiowa
1753:Irish
1748:Inuit
1691:Koine
1535:Czech
1387:Verbs
1372:Nouns
1244:(PDF)
1105:Latin
1101:mucho
879:Oromo
679:Front
660:from
556:is a
443:Trill
138:Nasal
114:Velar
107:Post-
30:(IPA)
2087:Zuni
2042:Taos
1287:ISBN
1268:ISBN
1193:help
1145:tone
1094:/lt/
1051:and
1040:and
959:and
856:mora
838:ínan
834:inán
816:Tone
696:High
689:Back
602:and
548:lit.
534:lit.
126:geal
2025:T–Z
1832:M–S
1626:F–L
1600:Old
1513:Old
1398:A–E
1248:hdl
1178::6)
1110:).
1103:to
1066:/h/
1059:/m/
1053:/k/
1049:/t/
1042:/ɖ/
1038:/ɡ/
1034:/d/
1030:/b/
969:/k/
965:/t/
961:/l/
957:/r/
953:/n/
949:/m/
945:/ɢ/
941:/ɡ/
937:/ɖ/
933:/d/
929:/b/
786:Low
741:Mid
642:/ʍ/
638:/ʍ/
632:/q/
626:/q/
620:/r/
610:/ʕ/
604:/k/
600:/t/
554:/ɖ/
540:/d/
526:/b/
300:d͡ʒ
79:IPA
2104::
1222:).
1036:,
1032:,
967:,
955:,
951:,
947:,
943:,
939:,
935:,
931:,
881:.
802:aː
775:oː
755:eː
730:uː
710:iː
648:.
419:*
253:d̪
190:t̪
85:.
61:.
1324:e
1317:t
1310:v
1295:.
1276:.
1254:.
1250::
1195:)
1018:)
1014:(
1004:.
794:a
767:o
747:e
722:u
702:i
646:w
570:z
544:d
530:b
508:w
498:j
488:l
461:ɽ
451:r
430:ʕ
413:z
392:h
382:ħ
372:χ
362:x
352:ʃ
342:s
332:f
273:ɡ
263:ɖ
243:b
224:ʔ
212:q
202:k
154:n
144:m
48:.
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