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scale to prove feasibility and establish some of the required ultrasonic exposure parameters. After this phase is complete, the process is transferred to a pilot (bench) scale for flow-through pre-production optimization and then to an industrial scale for continuous production. During these scale-up steps, it is essential to make sure that all local exposure conditions (ultrasonic amplitude,
38:
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intensity, time spent in the active cavitation zone, etc.) stay the same. If this condition is met, the quality of the final product remains at the optimized level, while the productivity is increased by a predictable "scale-up factor". The productivity increase results from the fact that laboratory,
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Substantial intensity of ultrasound and high ultrasonic vibration amplitudes are required for many processing applications, such as nano-crystallization, nano-emulsification, deagglomeration, extraction, cell disruption, as well as many others. Commonly, a process is first tested on a laboratory
842:
A.S. Peshkovsky, S.L. Peshkovsky "Industrial-scale processing of liquids by high-intensity acoustic cavitation - the underlying theory and ultrasonic equipment design principles", In: Nowak F.M, ed., Sonochemistry: Theory, Reactions and
Syntheses, and Applications, Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science
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result in direct scalability, since it may be (and frequently is) accompanied by a reduction in the ultrasonic amplitude and cavitation intensity. During direct scale-up, all processing conditions must be maintained, while the power rating of the equipment is increased in order to enable the
211:
Sonication is used in food industry as well. Main applications are for dispersion to save expensive emulgators (mayonnaise) or to speed up filtration processes (vegetable oil etc.). Experiments with sonication for artificial ageing of liquors and other alcoholic beverages were conducted.
141:, polymer and epoxy processing, adhesive thinning, and many other processes. It is applied in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, water, food, ink, paint, coating, wood treatment, metalworking, nanocomposite, pesticide, fuel, wood product and many other industries.
109:. The chemical effects of ultrasound do not come from a direct interaction with molecular species. Studies have shown that no direct coupling of the acoustic field with chemical species on a molecular level can account for sonochemistry or
862:
Parvareh, A., Mohammadifar, A., Keyhani, M. and
Yazdanpanah, R. (2015). A statistical study on thermal side effects of ultrasonic mixing in a gas-liquid system. In: The 15 th Iranian National Congress of Chemical Engineering (IChEC 2015).
852:
A.S. Peshkovsky, S.L. Peshkovsky "Acoustic
Cavitation Theory and Equipment Design Principles for Industrial Applications of High-Intensity Ultrasound", Book Series: Physics Research and Technology, Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers;
175:(SUVs) can be made by sonication of a dispersion of large multilamellar vesicles (LMVs). Sonication is also used to fragment molecules of DNA, in which the DNA subjected to brief periods of sonication is sheared into smaller fragments.
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Sonication can also be used to initiate crystallisation processes and even control polymorphic crystallisations. It is used to intervene in anti-solvent precipitations (crystallisation) to aid mixing and isolate small crystals.
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zones and, therefore, to process more material per unit of time. This is called "direct scalability". It is important to point out that increasing the power capacity of the ultrasonic processor alone does
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operation of a larger ultrasonic horn. Finding the optimum operation condition for this equipment is a challenge for process engineers and needs deep knowledge about side effects of ultrasonic processors.
273:
345:
Garcia-Vaquero, M.; Rajauria, G.; O'Doherty, J.V.; Sweeney, T. (2017-09-01). "Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification".
113:. Instead, in sonochemistry the sound waves migrate through a medium, inducing pressure variations and cavitations that grow and collapse, transforming the sound waves into mechanical energy.
713:
133:
and wax emulsions, as well as for wastewater purification, degassing, extraction of seaweed polysaccharides and plant oil, extraction of anthocyanins and antioxidants, production of
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Sonication is commonly used in nanotechnology for evenly dispersing nanoparticles in liquids. Additionally, it is used to break up aggregates of micron-sized colloidal particles.
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215:
Soil samples are often subjected to ultrasound in order to break up soil aggregates; this allows the study of the different constituents of soil aggregates (especially
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Sonication has numerous effects, both chemical and physical. The scientific field concerned with understanding the effect of sonic waves on chemical systems is called
712:
Catherin Vaska, Susan; Muralakar, Pavankumar; H.S, Arunkumar; D, Manoj; Nadiger, Seemantini; D, Jeevitha; Chimmalagi, Umesh; T V, Vinay; M, Nagaraju (2023-07-04).
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Sonication can be used to speed dissolution, by breaking intermolecular interactions. It is especially useful when it is not possible to stir the sample, as with
200:—loosening particles adhering to surfaces. In addition to laboratory science applications, sonicating baths have applications including cleaning objects such as
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Golmohamadi, Amir (September 2013). "Effect of ultrasound frequency on antioxidant activity, total phenolic and anthocyanin content of red raspberry puree".
530:
Peshkovsky, A. S.; Peshkovsky, S. L.; Bystryak, S. (2013). "Scalable high-power ultrasonic technology for the production of translucent nanoemulsions".
148:. It may also be used to provide the energy for certain chemical reactions to proceed. Sonication can be used to remove dissolved gases from liquids (
52:
is the act of applying sound energy to agitate particles in a sample, for various purposes such as the extraction of multiple compounds from plants,
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In biological applications, sonication may be sufficient to disrupt or deactivate a biological material. For example, sonication is often used to
901:
808:
Peshkovsky, S. L.; Peshkovsky, A. S. (2007). "Matching a transducer to water at cavitation: Acoustic horn design principles".
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Suslick, K. S.; Flannigan, D. J. (2008). "Inside a
Collapsing Bubble, Sonoluminescence and Conditions during Cavitation".
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90:
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714:"CURRENT TRENDS IN PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING OF FISH OILS & ITS CHEMICAL ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES: AN OVERVIEW"
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Gensel, P.G.; Johnson, N.G.; Strother, P.K. (1990). "Early Land Plant Debris (Hooker's" Waifs and Strays"?)".
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or an ultrasonic probe system is used for extraction. For instance, this technique was suggested to remove
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frequencies (> 20 kHz) are usually used, leading to the process also being known as
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Deora, N. S.; Misra, N. N.; Deswal, A.; Mishra, H. N.; Cullen, P. J.; Tiwari, B. K. (2013).
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759:"Batch and Continuous Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Boldo Leaves (Peumus boldus Mol.)"
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bench and industrial-scale ultrasonic processor systems incorporate progressively larger
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This article is about the laboratory procedure. For the bee pollination procedure, see
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Petigny, Loïc; Périno-Issartier, Sandrine; Wajsman, Joël; Chemat, Farid (2013-03-12).
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Schematic of bench and industrial-scale ultrasonic liquid processors
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is the basis for the operation of ultrasound-assisted extraction.
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594:"Ultrasound for Improved Crystallisation in Food Processing"
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Chemical
Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification
291:, able to generate progressively larger high-intensity
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powder. The outcomes differ for every raw material and
219:) without subjecting them to harsh chemical treatment.
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Kaiser, Michael; Asefaw Berhe, Asmeret (August 2014).
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and release cellular contents. This process is called
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71:In the laboratory, it is usually applied using an
742:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
257:utilized and the other extraction techniques.
121:Sonication can be used for the production of
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763:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
637:Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science
189:Sonication machines for record cleaning at
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506:10.1146/annurev.physchem.59.032607.093739
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97:more uniformly and strengthen the paper.
433:Suslick, K. S. (1990). "Sonochemistry".
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196:Sonication is the mechanism used in
222:Sonication is also used to extract
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137:, crude oil desulphurization,
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455:10.1126/science.247.4949.1439
359:10.1016/j.foodres.2016.11.016
191:Swiss National Sound Archives
43:Weizmann Institute of Science
414:. Royal Society of Chemistry
347:Food Research International
27:Application of sound energy
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718:European Chemical Bulletin
173:Small unilamellar vesicles
81:, colloquially known as a
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810:Ultrasonics Sonochemistry
610:10.1007/s12393-012-9061-0
559:Ultrasonics Sonochemistry
544:10.1016/j.cep.2013.02.010
412:Chemical Methods Ontology
598:Food Engineering Reviews
902:Medical ultrasonography
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165:disrupt cell membranes
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683:1990Palai...5..520G
498:2008ARPC...59..659S
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441:(4949): 1439–1445.
353:(Pt 3): 1011–1020.
316:Ultrasonic cleaning
217:soil organic matter
198:ultrasonic cleaning
41:A sonicator at the
321:Kenneth S. Suslick
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243:phenolic compounds
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843:Publishers; 2010.
408:"Ultrasonication"
406:Colin Batchelor.
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654:18 February
492:: 659–683.
311:Ultrasonics
235:isoflavones
226:from rock.
887:Ultrasound
881:Categories
368:10197/8191
327:References
293:cavitation
284:cavitation
263:cavitation
247:wheat bran
202:spectacles
125:, such as
58:Ultrasonic
54:microalgae
50:Sonication
538:: 77–82.
471:220099341
377:0963-9969
269:Equipment
160:methods.
150:degassing
146:NMR tubes
131:liposomes
83:sonicator
18:Sonicator
830:16905351
795:23481637
618:55520937
579:23507361
514:18393682
463:17791211
418:17 April
393:10531419
385:28865611
305:See also
259:Acoustic
239:soybeans
158:sparging
135:biofuels
786:3634473
699:3514860
679:Bibcode
671:PALAIOS
494:Bibcode
443:Bibcode
435:Science
255:solvent
206:jewelry
101:Effects
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