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affect the evaluation of government performance in Hubei province, China, using two waves of panel data from 1896 respondents. The findings show that paying attention to COVID-19 information positively impacts evaluations of both central and local government performance. These effects depended on the perceived credibility of government institutions, but were not affected by the credibility of social media sources. Interestingly, higher perceived credibility of local institution sources negatively moderates the relationship between information attention and central government performance evaluation. This research broadens the understanding of how information consumption influences political attitudes by incorporating various theories such as the cognitive media model, attitudinal policy feedback, message persuasion, and informational incongruity. A study conducted by Yiwei Xu, Drew
Margolin, and Jeff Niederdeppe in 2020 investigated challenges in promoting measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccination among U.S. parents. They found low trust in vaccine safety, efficacy, and government health agencies. Their experiment tested messages from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) aimed at enhancing credibility and reducing vaccine hesitancy. While original hypotheses weren't supported, messages highlighting CDC's expertise increased perceived goodwill and trustworthiness, particularly among initially hesitant parents. This research offers insights applicable to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, suggesting similar strategies could bolster public trust and increase information source credibility during health crises.
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the speaker conveys his/her confidence or lack thereof are just a few. These factors could affect credibility either way for the speaker and affect how well the speaker's message is received. Either consciously or subconsciously, the audience examines the speaker's competence, likeability, passion, character, and, depending on the environment of the interaction, professionalism. To maintain credibility, the speaker should be knowledgeable about the subject, sincere in his/her approach, enthusiastic and even relaxed. All of this will make the audience lean more towards trusting and having faith in the speaker rather than the opposite. In this sense, the audience comes with an expectation and hopes to leave with a better feeling about themselves as it relates to the person, product and/or company.
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Credibility has a direct effect on perceived power. Therefore, individuals with the highest credibility also have the most perceived social power on all of the power bases. When individuals have a low amount of objective power, credibility significantly affects social power ratings. High credibility increases judgments of perceived reward, coercive, referent, and legitimate powers. Expert powers are also influenced positively, but do not correlate at the highest levels of credibility. Therefore, the highest amount of credibility does not elevate perceived expert powers to the highest levels. However, credibility does not have considerable influence on the perceived social power of individuals with high initial objective power, due to perceptions of powerfulness based on this power.
372:(is the individual in a position to know the truth?) and trustworthiness (is the person likely to tell the truth?). Furthermore, Indirect evidence from research suggests that liking the communicator can influence the recipients' judgment. It can affect the communicator's trustworthiness, but not his expertise. While including humor in a communication might boost liking, if failed, the attempt to humor can lower trustworthiness, liking, and sometimes even the communicator's perceived expertise. Similarity is another source element. People prefer others who are similar to them and give them preferential treatment.
660:. It is currently being developed to try and cover a wide range of publications, assessing them in terms of press freedom, accuracy, incitement, bias, sensitivity and transparency, awarding plus or minus points as is seen fit. Points awarded are only based on items reported to the International Council for Press and Broadcasting that have been posted on the NCF media blogs. The purpose of the Index is to foster good journalism, responsible editing, balanced broadcasting and more responsible treatment of media professionals. It mostly focuses on Anglo-American media, the Middle East and South Asia.
423:, such as the two-side fallacy, and people who are paid to persuade. He also believes that people need to exercise judgment, the idea of assuming that everything is lying is just as much a problem as assuming that everything posted or published is the truth. Opening your mind is another important concept when considering source credibility. Most people are likely to consider a source credible if the content reflects ideas that the user also holds. Finally, Gillmor advises that people keep asking questions and follow up on sources to help realize their credibility.
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and adults take confidence and accuracy into account when judging credibility. Adults also take into account calibration (i.e., the speaker's own estimation of their accuracy as demonstrated by confidence and accuracy) and change their assessments of credibility if the speaker is revealed to have inaccurate calibration (e.g. is over- or underconfident). Children believe confident speakers over ones lacking in confidence and do not appear to take calibration into account, possibly because children have not reached the same stage of cognitive development as adults.
142:) was known for his research in the dimensions of source credibility. His scales for the measurement of source credibility have been widely used in communication research. He noted in his 1975 article, "Image of Mass Media News Sources", that "the available scales for the measurement of source credibility should not be assumed to be universally applicable measures of source credibility." However, his research and his proposed scale from 1975 are still foundations for source credibility research.
408:"beyond any proof of its contentions." Although its roots are in Hovland's classic persuasion research on source credibility, media credibility research has shifted the focus from characteristics of individual, personal sources to characteristics of media behaviors such as objectivity, accuracy, fairness, and lack of bias. Empirical research has found that media credibility is an important part, along with message characteristics and audience characteristics, of effective communication.
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then the credibility of the instructor is tarnished, and the students may not trust what is said in the classroom for the remainder of the school year. To ensure that the terminal credibility is positive, enhancing the speech itself is beneficial. A connection should be made with the audience, common ground displayed and speaking with conviction. The key is to build a substantial rapport with the audience so that the terminal credibility is positive.
238:. A fairly new shoe company would have to work harder to gain customers. If a person/company is virtually unknown, they must create a sense of trust, believability in themselves and their product. People need to see evidence that the person/company can be trusted. The well-known person/company has to live up to the previous expectations and not disappoint those who have shown up to see them speak and possibly purchase product. The advertising and
818:' credibility is also important to pop culture. An athlete's credibility differs a little, however, from typical celebrity endorsers. Research indicates that negative information about an endorsing athlete can lead to negative impact directed toward the endorsed brand or product. Issues outside the realm of sport have been considered the source of negative information about an athlete (e.g., a
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connections results in lower judgments of expertise and trustworthiness." A narrow gap between followers and follows may also result in a higher perception of competence (i.e., if a user has many followers but does not follow many others, that person may be regarded as less of an expert). Further research showed that frequency of updates led to higher perception of credibility.
573:. Elite, male sources outnumber nonelite, female and minority sources in American journalism. Television news viewers perceive stories with elite sources as significantly more credible than stories with nonelite sources. Source titles and manner of dress played a larger role in viewer estimations of credibility than did either race or even what the sources said on air.
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maintain composure, and came off as unsociable and introverted, the terminal credibility will be low. This final form of credibility hinges on how the audience perceives the speaker and if the speaker uses valid information to get specific points across to those listening. Terminal credibility in one interaction will affect initial credibility in the next.
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it with others and perhaps speak kindly of the speaker and wish to interact with that person again, or promise to purchase product or feel inclined to tell anyone who will listen about what they learned. This is when terminal credibility comes into play, but is dependent on how well the speaker presented the information to the audience.
812:, developed a scale for assessing celebrity credibility and assessed the impact of celebrity credibility on consumers' purchase intentions. Her scale measured three components: attractiveness, trustworthiness and expertise. Though not as precise as McCroskey's scale, Ohanian's scale has been widely used in the United States.
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endorsers are perceived very differently. However, the level of credibility of celebrity endorsers, while important in the conveyance of their messages, does not influence the credibility of or attitudes toward candidates. They, therefore, may not change the political public opinions or voting behaviors of their audience.
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When looking at merchandising websites, according to Jung-Kuei Hsieh and Yi-JinLi (2020), to cultivate lasting relationships with customers who use these online sites, administrators of online review websites should implement strategies to prevent disappointment and dissatisfaction following purchase
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For instance, if a speaker presents the audience with a short clip and includes a witty joke at the conclusion of the video to drive the point home, members of the audience may only remember the joke. Although the joke may only be a small element of the entire speech, someone will recall it and share
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The audience can perceive these attributes through certain behaviors in which the speaker delivers results, is concise and direct with the audience members. If a speaker displays characteristics of honesty, integrity, sincerity, and can show that they are trustworthy and ethical, the audience will be
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than younger ones. Their research concluded that "similarity between older models and older consumers resulted in significant positive effects for source credibility and interpersonal attraction. Younger consumers evaluated older models higher than younger models on one dimension of credibility, but
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Researchers discovered that certain communication traits can alter one's ability to persuade and influence others. These traits received the name "Source
Factors". One of these source factors that may increase the communicator's persuasive efforts is credibility. Credibility is composed of expertise
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Source credibility has an explicit effect on the bases of power used in persuasion. Source credibility, the bases of power, and objective power, which is established based on variables such as position or title, are interrelated. The levels of each have a direct relationship in the manipulation and
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Transactional credibility is based on what takes place after initial credibility is established and during the course of interaction. Several factors affect credibility at this stage. How the audience receives the speaker's message, if the speaker will make a new or reaffirm old impressions, and how
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Speakers must also present themselves to be likable since people are more inclined to trust those they generally like or feel comfortable with in a room. Being friendly, easy going, warmhearted, nice and kind can carry the speaker into a very comfortable space with the audience. Once the audience is
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Initial credibility is established before a speaker appears before an audience to deliver a particular message. If there are few people in the audience who know the speaker, the level of credibility is at a low, and just the opposite can apply if the speaker is known. The levels are incredibly high
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credibility slightly differed from that of traditional media credibility. Participants indicated that the source of the blog was the first component evaluated and factors such as the source's knowledge, passion, transparency, reliability, and influence impacted credibility judgements. Participants
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charts a slide in media credibility ratings since the late 1980s. Contributory factors may include a perception that powerful people and organizations influence the press, doubt about media fairness, doubt about journalists' willingness to admit error, cynicism about standards and performance, and
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center on credibility issues. But, while credibility issues may end an individual journalist's career, those scandals do not seem to have much impact on public opinion; the public is mostly unaware of individual transgressions; when it is aware, it is not shocked; a majority of the public surveyed
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credibility is based on a listener's perceptions of a speaker's expertness, reliability, intentions, activeness, personal attractiveness and the majority opinion of the listener's associates. First impressions play a significant role in interpersonal credibility and may be enduring. Both children
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Another application of credibility in politics is endorsements by celebrities attempting to use their status to influence voters. Celebrity credibility is based on numerous attributes, the most influential of which are trustworthiness and competence. High-credibility and low-credibility celebrity
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The relationship between measures of power and credibility correlate considerably with one another, indicating that the French and Raven bases of power are not statistically independent concepts. The level of objective power affects the relationship between credibility and perceived social power.
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and uses one article in which to defend this argument to make it fit the speech. If students are intrigued and decide to go and delve further into the works of García Márquez and finds several articles to prove that the author not only uses magical realism, but is credited with being its founder,
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Terminal credibility refers to what the audience takes away with them once the interaction has concluded. If the audience felt the speaker had good dimensions of source credibility, the terminal credibility will be high. On the other hand, if the speaker was incompetent, lacked character, did not
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During the COVID-19 Pandemic, source credibility became a crucial factor in the relationship between governments and the public, as well as in media coverage of the crisis. Lu et al. (2023) conducted a study that investigated how attention to COVID-19 information and perceived source credibility
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The measurement of sociability has three values. These are friendliness, cheer, and temperament (i.e., good natured vs. irritable). Character and sociability may be combined by some researchers. In that case, researchers will employ the seven values under one "Character-Sociability" measurement.
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A candidate's credibility is important in determining the effectiveness of political advertising. Advertisements for candidates with high credibility have a greater impact on influencing audiences and potential voters. Low credibility reduces the impact and influence of negative or comparative
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Athletes enter the media arena through two pathways, either through personal messages shared through personal accounts or via outside accounts/ organizations who report on their performance. Sangwon Na, Thilo Kunkel, and Jason Doyle (2019), found that "source credibility studies indicate that
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sites, source credibility can be ascribed based on the number of followers and the ratio between followers and follows a user has. Research by
Westerman, Spence and Van Der Heide (2011) shows that there is a curvilinear effect for the number of followers, "such that having too many or too few
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Although it has not been proven that resemblance between the communicator and the audience directly impacts the listeners, it was found that commonalities can have an indirect effect on the audience, such as liking and credibility. Being charming, attractive, and funny, as well as identifying
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more inclined to believe the message being communicated to them, even if they do not remember every aspect of the interaction. They will, however, recall how the presenter made them feel, how they took in the information and what they may share with others once the presentation has concluded.
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Social
Influence Theory suggests that peer-induced changes in consumer behavior can be understood through two dimensions: informational and normative. Additionally, literature indicates that source credibility and social support are the primary factors driving these influencing processes.
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decisions. For example, continually updating their online product reviews to ensure congruence with actual product performance. This enhances the websites credibility by providing accurate and reliable information that customers can trust, thereby fostering greater customer loyalty.
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Television viewers do not assign significantly more credibility to stories that include sources than they do to no-source stories. This aligns with research suggesting that citing authorities in speeches that advocate a position makes little difference in shifting listener opinion.
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that ranks users according to online social influence and assigns a "Klout Score". Research by
Westerman et al. has shown that a higher "Klout Score" results in higher perceived competence and character but has no bearing on the caring (i.e., sociability) dimension of credibility.
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Reward power is based on the perception that the persuading agent has the ability to provide reward, either positive or a decrease in negative result, for the target of the influence. Character and sociability are dimensions of credibility that can help establish reward power.
87:(logic). As credibility refers to people believing who they trust, emotion and logic indicate a person's emotional connection and means of reasoning to convince one of a particular argument and/or speech. The area of source credibility is studied for practical applications in
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has been linked to credibility as an aspect of likability which can be classified under sociability or trustworthiness. Further research shows age has an effect on credibility. Steinhaus and
Lapitsky showed that women of varying ages ascribe more credibility to older
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Athletic performance, however, has come into question of whether it affects source credibility and, remarkably, it does. A study by Koo, Ruihley, and
Dittmore (2012) shows that athletic performance is seen subconsciously as a reflection of a celebrity athlete's
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television, newspapers and online news channels have higher credibility than individual information providers" When consumers receive information from experts, they tend to believe the information is trustworthy and ultimately view the information positively.
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is an established theory that explains how communication's persuasiveness is affected by the perceived credibility of the source of the communication. The credibility of all communication, regardless of format, has been found to be heavily influenced by the
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Websites are often the first or only interaction consumers have with a company. Also, these interactions are usually short- in the magnitude of a few seconds to a few minutes. Source credibility can be established online in a number of ways to include
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Expert power is based on the perception that the persuading agent has special knowledge that can be provided to the target of the influence. Competence is the single dimension of credibility that can be directly linked to establishing expert power.
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The development of the internet and its delivery of online information have created a new information environment that can affect perceptions of the credibility of that information. Online information can be created by amateur sources (e.g.,
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Referent power is based on the identification with or association with persuading agent by the target of the influence. Character, composure, extroversion and sociability are the dimensions of credibility that help establish referent power.
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who argued that the speaker's reliability must be built and established in speech and that what the speaker did or said before such a speech was not of importance. Aristotle divided the aspects of persuasion into three categories:
712:) revealed that credibility of the internet was far more important than conventional media to Chinese citizens. This may be because conventional media has a historical record of being credible whereas internet sources, especially
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is "a term commonly used to imply a communicator's positive characteristics that affect the receiver's acceptance of a message." Academic studies of this topic began in the 20th century and were given a special emphasis during
697:" intended to allow the audience to express opinions are insufficient in that they are neither random nor representative samples. The freedom for anyone to publish anything and the convergence of information genres (i.e.,
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Morin, D. T., Ivory, J. D., & Tubbs, M. (2012, December). Celebrity and politics: Effects of endorser credibility and sex on voter attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors. Social
Science Journal, Volume 49, Issue 4, p.
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introduced the five bases of power: Coercive, Reward, Legitimate, Referent, and Expert. This was followed by Raven's subsequent identification in 1965 of a sixth separate and distinct base of power: informational power.
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The measurement of competence is based on seven values. These values are qualification, expertise, reliability, believability, openness (i.e. intellectual vs. narrow), value, and currency (i.e., informed vs. uninformed).
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with the company's product/service can trigger positive credibility judgments about the company's website and results in greater trust and willingness to interact with the company. These effects are magnified when the
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Four seemingly synonymous values are assigned to the measurement of composure. These are excitability (composed vs. excitable), calmness (calm vs. anxious), tension (relaxed vs. tense), and poise (poised vs. nervous).
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Lowry, Paul
Benjamin; Wilson, David W.; Haig, William L. (June 2013). "A Picture is Worth a Thousand Words: Source Credibility Theory Applied to Logo and Website Design for Heightened Credibility and Consumer Trust".
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with well-known authors, personalities, celebrities, politicians, professors and the like. For instance, the credibility would be incredibly low if a recently published author walked on a stage as opposed to
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Viewers do not hold broadcast news as particularly credible and the credibility of broadcast news in the public's eyes is in decline. There is increasing evidence of public skepticism of media content. The
123:(see below). These characteristics are fluid and affect each other as well as the speaker's transactional credibility. One dimension may strengthen the speaker's credibility if he/she struggles in another.
388:. They attempt to prime, or connect specific issues or personality traits, to persuade voters to focus on those issues favorable to the candidate to influence a more positive opinion of the candidate.
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Legitimate power is based on the perception that the persuading agent has the right, such as through a specific role or position, to influence and obtain compliance from the target of the influence.
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There are several dimensions of credibility that affect how an audience will perceive the speaker: competence, extraversion, composure, character, and sociability. These dimensions can be related to
636:, are changing journalism. One study found that random citizens who contributed to a blog increased their credibility over time, to the point that traditional media outlets quoted them as sources.
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Like composure, extroversion is composed of four seemingly synonymous values. These are aggressiveness, boldness, talkativeness (i.e. talkative vs. silent), and voice (i.e., verbal vs. quiet).
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Zhu, Jonathan J. H.; He, Zhou (January 2002). "Information
Accessibility, User Sophistication, and Source Credibility: The Impact of the Internet on Value Orientations in Mainland China".
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Edwards, Chad; Spence, Patric R.; Gentile, Christina J.; Edwards, America; Edwards, Autumn (2013). "How Much Klout Do You Have... A Test of System Generated Cues on Source Credibility".
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Dr. McCroskey's research concluded that of the five dimensions of credibility, competence, character and sociability were the most important in establishing and maintaining credibility.
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Coercive power is based on the perception that the persuading agent has the ability to provide negative results, such as punishment or other reprimand, for the target of the influence.
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themselves view loss of credibility as the biggest issue facing the industry. Because the media occupies a significant part of people's daily lives, it significantly impacts the
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Raven, B. H. (1965). Social influence and power. In I.D. Steiner & M. Fishbein (Eds.), Current studies in social psychology (pp. 371–382). New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston.
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Informational power is based on the information, or logical argument, that the persuading agent can provide information or obtain information for the target of the influence.
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would bring out the best (and worst) in its guests. And, most recently, she has been able to use her credibility and past success as the foundation for a media empire.
858:. Additionally, maintained or increased athletic performance following negative news may help the celebrity athlete to maintain or quickly regain his/her credibility.
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Lee, Yu-Kang; Chang, Chun-Tuan (2011). "Missing ingredients in political advertising: The right formula for political sophistication and candidate credibility".
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Tenney, E.; Small, J.; Kondrad, R.; Jaswal, V.; Spellman, B. (2011). "Accuracy, Confidence, and Calibration: How Young Children and Adults Assess Credibility".
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Ohanian, Roobina (1990). "Construction and Validation of a Scale to Measure Celebrity Endorsers' Perceived Expertise, Trustworthiness, and Attractiveness".
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Ohanian, Roobina (1990). "Construction and Validation of a Scale to Measure Celebrity Endorsers' Perceived Expertise, Trustworthiness, and Attractiveness".
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also indicated that the blog's message/content needed to be authentic, insightful, informative, consistent, accurate, timely, popular, fair, and focused.
419:(i.e., an active consumer of media) source credibility is a very important aspect. He suggests that users be skeptical; they should be on the lookout for
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2202:"Measuring up in a pandemic: information attention, source credibility, and public evaluation of the government COVID-19 response in mainland China"
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He defined it as credibility that derives from "initial judgments based on surface traits such as a persons' looks, his or her dress, or hairstyle"
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similarities and delivering compliments, are all effective strategies to make the interaction positive and portray the communicator positively.
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Koo, Gi-Yong; Ruihley, Brody J; Dittmore, Stephen W (2012). "Impact of Perceived On-Field Performance on Sport Celebrity Source Credibility".
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French, J. R. P., Raven, B. H. The bases of social power. In D. Cartwright and A. Zander. Group dynamics. New York: Harper & Row, 1959.
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advertising supporting the candidate. A candidate with high credibility will better withstand the influences of any negative advertising.
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Griffin, K. (1967). "The Contribution of Studies of Source Credibility to a Theory of Interpersonal Trust in the Communication Process".
2221:"Testing Strategies to Increase Source Credibility through Strategic Message Design in the Context of Vaccination and Vaccine Hesitancy"
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693:). Seeking to satiate the insatiable online audience with "instant" news can result in inaccuracies and premature conclusions. Online "
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The Media Credibility Index is a relatively new publication, produced annually by the Next Century Foundation (NCF), together with the
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or on television may also affect credibility. The credibility assigned to different media varies by race and gender of news consumers.
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Steinhaus, Nancy H.; Lapitsky, Mary (March 1986). "Fashion Model's Age as an Influence on Consumers' Attitudes and Purchase Intent".
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Nesler, Mitchell S.; Aguinis, Herman; Quigley, Brian M.; Tedeschi, James T. (1993). "The Effect of Credibility on Perceived Power".
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The measurement of character has four values. These are kindness, sympathy, selflessness (i.e., unselfish vs. selfish), and virtue.
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Home Front Command and observe National Level Exercise Turning Point 4. (U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Jim Greenhill) (Released)
532:, in Ramdan, Israel, on May 26, 2010. A National Guard delegation is visiting the country to strengthen a relationship with the
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West, Mark Douglas (1994). "Validating a Scale for the Measurement of Credibility: A Covariance Structure Modeling Approach".
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Berlo, David K.; Lemert, James B.; Mertz, Robert J. (1969). "Dimensions for Evaluating the Acceptability of Message Sources".
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and his colleagues worked at the War Department upon this during the 1940s and then continued experimental studies at
1918:"A Social Network as Information: The Effect of System Generated Reports of Connectedness on Credibility on Twitter"
430:. Credibility also is essential to the business aspect of the media. Loss of credibility may translate to loss of
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873:," and, as such, had an incredible following. She was able to utilize her credibility in a number of ways. Her
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2110:"Exploring athlete brand image development on social media: the role of signalling through source credibility"
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Hovland, Carl I.; Weiss, Walter (1951). "The Influence of Source Credibility on Communication Effectiveness".
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2015:"Social Support, Source Credibility, Social Influence, and Impulsive Purchase Behavior in Social Commerce"
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Patzer, Gordon L. (1983). "Source Credibility as a Function of Communicator Physical Attractiveness".
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extends and complements the logo design. Additional source credibility theory research has shown that
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gracing the place with his presence. One simply has more of a trust/believable factor than the other.
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Cialdini, R. (2016). Pre-suasion: A revolutionary way to influence and persuade. Simon and Schuster.
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39:. They built upon the work of researchers in the first half of the 20th century who had developed a
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at ease, the speaker can generally present their information, and it will be perceived positively.
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ended after issues surrounding the credibility of a story. Numerous other examples of journalism
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Physical attractiveness is another component relative to pop culture that has been researched.
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viewers distinguish between the credibility of official (or elite) and citizen (or nonelite)
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Miller, A.; Kurpius, D. (2010). "A Citizen-Eye View of Television News Source Credibility".
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indicated no other significant differences in attitudes toward younger or older models."
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1885:"Prototypes Versus Examples: A New Model of Online Credibility for Commercial Websites"
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47:, (Muzaffer Şerif Başoğlu) developed this as part of their theories of persuasion and
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For example, a teacher delivers a lecture and informs the students that the works of
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1992:"Will You Ever Trust the Review Website Again? The Importance of Source Credibility"
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Gaziano, Cecilie; McGrath, Kristin (1986). "Measuring the Concept of Credibility".
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McCroskey, James C.; Jenson, Thomas A. (1975). "Image of Mass Media News Sources".
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Media Credibility Index (from the International Council for Press and Broadcasting)
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Journalists and television viewers distinguish between hard news and soft news (or
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strategy in advertising and relies heavily on source credibility, at least in the
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B.J. Fogg identified initial credibility as surface credibility in his 2003 book
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change. Therefore, media's credibility is as important as the message itself.
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Celebrity source credibility goes beyond product/brand endorsement, though.
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Lu, Yuanhang; Chen, Xi; Huang, Yi-Hui Christine; Lin, Fen (July 24, 2023).
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O'keefe, D. J. (2015). Persuasion: Theory and research. Sage Publications.
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O'keefe, D. J. (2015). Persuasion: Theory and research. Sage Publications.
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Effective Advertising: Understanding When, How, and Why Advertising Works
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728:. Lowry, Wilson and Haig (2013) showed that well designed logos that are
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Less educated people trust media content more than more educated people.
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The actions of some journalists have raised questions about credibility.
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A study of the impact of the internet on value orientations in mainland
2073:
Dissertation: Celebrity Advertising and Source Credibility in Hong Kong
2057:
1901:
1884:
1093:
819:
729:
690:
508:
420:
384:
use credibility extensively to influence the attitudes and opinions of
231:
145:
In McCroskey's work, he further breaks down each dimension as follows:
31:
to influence public opinion in support of the war effort. Psychologist
217:
Persuasive Technology: Using Computers to Change What We Think and Do.
1735:
Bandura, A. (2001). "Social Cognitive Theory of Mass Communication".
1416:
1381:
385:
80:
1916:
Westerman, David; Spence, Patric R.; Van Der Heide, Brandon (2012).
1283:
Persuasive technology using computers to change what we think and do
1085:
1030:
664:
To view the 2011 and 2012 reports in full, please follow the link:
585:). Television viewers find hard news more credible than soft news.
547:. Expert ratings alter subjects' judgments of source credibility.
1285:(. ed.). Amsterdam: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. p. 132.
1183:
With Malice Toward Some: How People Make Civil Liberties Judgments
823:
757:
705:
552:
519:
198:
84:
76:
1883:
Gianluigi, Guido; Prete, M. Irene; Sammarco, Luigi (March 2010).
1720:
Doherty, C. (2005). "The Public Isn't Buying Press Credibility".
777:
721:
678:
633:
2108:
Na, Sangwon; Kunkel, Thilo; Doyle, Jason (September 17, 2019).
877:
would bring nearly instant success to any featured author. Her
776:
Focus groups have also shown that users evaluation criteria of
1803:
The Dimensions of Source Credibility of Television Newscasters
808:. Dr. Roobina Ohanian, an associate professor of marketing at
686:
96:
551:
does not affect credibility. Debate about the credibility of
1889:
Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing
964:
An Integrated approach to communication theory and research
404:
Media credibility refers to the perceived believability of
555:
versus nonelite sources dates back to at least the 1920s.
898:
Media Coverage during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A case study
442:, the shape of public consciousness and the direction of
2013:
Hu, Xi; Chen, Xiayu; Davison, Robert (July 14, 2019).
569:
argued citizens are credible sources in his 1927 book
41:
Source-Message-Channel-Receiver model of communication
471:
about whether or not he believed MacDonald innocent.
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1236:
A Course in Credibility Theory and its Applications
1113:
International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction
512:said news organizations sometimes made up stories.
559:argued in favor of elite sources in his 1922 book
624:questions about values, morals and partisanship.
67:credibility of the source of that communication.
2075:. Newcastle, Australia: University of Newcastle.
1844:Communication Research Measures II: A Sourcebook
1249:
1247:
1245:
654:International Council for Press and Broadcasting
962:. In Salwen, Michael B.; Stacks, Don W (eds.).
70:The idea of credibility was first derived from
2219:Xu, Yiwei; Margolin, Drew; Niederdeppe, Jeff.
1990:Hsieh, Jung-Kuei; Li, Yi-Jin (March 1, 2020).
1796:
1794:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1304:
1302:
1012:
1010:
993:. Vol. 27. Routledge. pp. 297–299.
918:
916:
869:, for example, was touted as the "doyenne of
834:immediately severed its ties. Likewise, when
467:was criticized for misleading accused killer
8:
2019:International Journal of Electronic Commerce
1996:International Journal of Electronic Commerce
1354:
1352:
1042:
1040:
745:can predict perceptions of credibility. On
1859:"Video Testimonials Credibility Assessment"
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1105:
1103:
789:Source credibility has an enormous role in
701:) affect editorial review and credibility.
2084:
2082:
1817:"Blogs | the Next Century Foundation"
1609:Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication
1602:
1600:
830:' sex scandal became known to the public,
450:Additional predictors of media credibility
1900:
1748:
1958:
1956:
1954:
426:Credibility is a core value of American
1208:The Nature and Originss of Mass Opinion
912:
27:, when the US government sought to use
1847:. Florence, KY: Routledge. p. 96.
1234:Buhlmann, Hans; Gisler, Alois (2006).
276:French and Raven's five bases of power
226:. Generally, people are familiar with
1805:. Norman: The University of Oklahoma.
7:
1311:Journal of Applied Social Psychology
966:. Lawrence Erlbaum. pp. 424–5.
724:design, website sophistication, and
656:. It was launched at the NCF's 2011
487:fabricated stories that appeared in
2114:European Sport Management Quarterly
140:University of Alabama at Birmingham
1621:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2002.tb00138.x
1323:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1993.tb01040.x
1162:from the original on 22 April 2021
14:
138:The late Dr. James C. McCroskey (
2206:Chinese Journal of Communication
1468:10.1111/j.0022-3816.2004.00295.x
1238:. New York: Springer Publishing.
1940:from the original on 2023-08-29
1865:from the original on 2021-06-02
987:Kalbfleisch, Pamela J. (2003).
2175:Family & Consumer Sciences
2050:10.1080/00913367.1990.10673191
1185:. Cambridge University Press.
937:10.1080/00913367.1990.10673191
440:social construction of reality
355:In interpersonal relationships
203:Dynamics of source credibility
1:
1682:American Behavioral Scientist
1210:. Cambridge University Press.
708:by Jonathan Zhu and Zhou He (
593:Whether a story appears in a
526:Air Force Gen. Craig McKinley
2160:10.1016/0148-2963(83)90030-9
2148:Journal of Business Research
1503:10.1016/j.soscij.2011.04.001
1125:10.1080/10447318.2013.839899
1074:The Public Opinion Quarterly
2071:Kan, Ying Che Ruth (2012).
1965:Computers in Human Behavior
1922:Computers in Human Behavior
1759:10.1207/s1532785xmep0303_03
1634:Gillmor, Dan (2010-12-04).
571:The Public and its Problems
495:plagiarized and fabricated
2275:
2187:10.1177/1077727X8601400303
1841:Rubin, Rebecca B. (2009).
1583:10.1177/107769908606300301
1548:10.1177/107769909407100115
1491:The Social Science Journal
1181:Marcus, George E. (1995).
1047:Tellis, Gerald J. (2003).
658:International Media Awards
273:
2091:Sport Marketing Quarterly
1977:10.1016/j.chb.2012.12.034
1934:10.1016/j.chb.2011.09.001
1268:10.1080/08838157509363777
614:Overall media credibility
222:The same can be said for
60:Source credibility theory
1694:10.1177/0002764210376315
1405:Developmental Psychology
1206:Zaller, John R. (1992).
1019:Public Opinion Quarterly
958:Self, Charles C (1996).
491:over a period of years.
2131:"Oprah's Achievement".
1456:The Journal of Politics
1256:Journal of Broadcasting
1158:. Stanford University.
886:Physical attractiveness
846:dropped him from their
716:, can be questionable.
710:University of Hong Kong
666:Media Credibility Index
577:Hard news and soft news
534:Israeli Defense Force's
281:levels of one another.
2038:Journal of Advertising
1801:Markham, D.H. (1965).
1370:Psychological Bulletin
990:Communication Yearbook
925:Journal of Advertising
714:user-generated content
537:
459:Journalist credibility
259:Gabriel García Márquez
204:
2225:Health Communications
1051:. SAGE Publications.
848:advertising campaigns
826:). For example, when
816:Professional athletes
762:social media analytic
621:General Social Survey
530:National Guard Bureau
523:
202:
1571:Journalism Quarterly
1536:Journalism Quarterly
286:social psychologists
242:industry calls this
1452:Jacobs, Lawrence R.
1281:Fogg, B.J. (2003).
632:New media, such as
528:, the chief of the
524:Reporters surround
481:The Washington Post
382:political campaigns
343:Informational power
270:Five bases of power
261:are not considered
121:five bases of power
1902:10.1057/jt.2009.25
1448:Druckman, James N.
871:daytime television
683:citizen journalism
538:
516:Source credibility
479:-winning story in
205:
20:Source credibility
1317:(17): 1407–1425.
1192:978-0-521-43997-8
1058:978-0-7619-2253-7
1000:978-0-8058-4819-9
838:was indicted for
605:No-source stories
469:Jeffrey MacDonald
400:Media credibility
289:John R. P. French
101:political science
2266:
2233:
2232:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2197:
2191:
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1987:
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1873:
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1838:
1832:
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1828:
1819:. Archived from
1813:
1807:
1806:
1798:
1789:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1752:
1737:Media Psychology
1732:
1726:
1725:
1717:
1706:
1705:
1677:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1638:. Archived from
1631:
1625:
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1595:
1594:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1531:
1525:
1521:
1515:
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1486:
1480:
1479:
1462:(4): 1180–1202.
1444:
1438:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1417:10.1037/a0023273
1411:(4): 1065–1077.
1400:
1394:
1393:
1382:10.1037/h0024833
1365:
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1344:
1327:
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1044:
1035:
1034:
1014:
1005:
1004:
984:
978:
977:
955:
949:
948:
920:
840:illegal drug use
810:Emory University
317:Legitimate power
244:brand management
49:social judgement
16:Area of research
2274:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2135:. May 25, 2011.
2130:
2129:
2125:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2088:
2087:
2080:
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2069:
2065:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1962:
1961:
1952:
1943:
1941:
1915:
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1910:
1882:
1881:
1877:
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1824:
1815:
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1787:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1750:10.1.1.200.9808
1734:
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1729:
1719:
1718:
1709:
1679:
1678:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1633:
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1402:
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1397:
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1109:
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1038:
1016:
1015:
1008:
1001:
986:
985:
981:
974:
957:
956:
952:
922:
921:
914:
909:
900:
856:trustworthiness
791:popular culture
787:
785:Popular culture
743:visual elements
726:source citation
674:
650:
642:
630:
616:
607:
591:
579:
557:Walter Lippmann
518:
461:
452:
402:
378:
369:
357:
345:
336:
327:
319:
311:
302:
278:
272:
263:magical realism
197:
186:
177:
168:
160:
151:
109:
79:(credibility),
57:
37:Yale University
17:
12:
11:
5:
2272:
2270:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2234:
2211:
2192:
2181:(3): 294–305.
2165:
2154:(2): 229–241.
2138:
2123:
2100:
2078:
2063:
2028:
2005:
1982:
1971:(5): A12–A16.
1950:
1908:
1875:
1850:
1833:
1808:
1790:
1781:
1772:
1743:(3): 265–299.
1727:
1722:Nieman Reports
1707:
1688:(2): 137–156.
1653:
1626:
1596:
1577:(3): 451–462.
1561:
1542:(1): 159–168.
1526:
1516:
1497:(4): 659–671.
1481:
1439:
1430:
1395:
1376:(2): 104–120.
1360:
1348:
1328:
1298:
1291:
1273:
1262:(2): 169–180.
1241:
1213:
1198:
1191:
1173:
1146:
1099:
1086:10.1086/267745
1080:(4): 563–576.
1064:
1057:
1036:
1031:10.1086/266350
1006:
999:
979:
972:
950:
911:
910:
908:
905:
899:
896:
891:fashion models
836:Michael Phelps
786:
783:
735:website design
673:
670:
649:
646:
641:
638:
629:
626:
615:
612:
606:
603:
590:
587:
578:
575:
562:Public Opinion
517:
514:
497:New York Times
477:Pulitzer Prize
460:
457:
451:
448:
444:sociopolitical
415:when becoming
401:
398:
380:Candidates in
377:
374:
368:
367:Source factors
365:
356:
353:
344:
341:
335:
332:
326:
325:Referent power
323:
318:
315:
310:
309:Coercive power
307:
301:
298:
274:Main article:
271:
268:
224:advertisements
196:
193:
185:
182:
176:
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164:
159:
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108:
105:
83:(emotion) and
56:
53:
45:Muzafer Sherif
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2254:Communication
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1845:
1837:
1834:
1823:on 2011-07-24
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1642:on 2019-05-23
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1292:9781558606432
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1007:
1002:
996:
992:
991:
983:
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975:
973:9780805816310
969:
965:
961:
960:"Credibility"
954:
951:
946:
942:
938:
934:
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926:
919:
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906:
904:
897:
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880:
876:
872:
868:
867:Oprah Winfrey
863:
859:
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851:
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845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
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821:
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811:
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806:United States
803:
802:communication
800:is a popular
799:
796:
792:
784:
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739:color schemes
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531:
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513:
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503:'s career at
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
475:fabricated a
474:
470:
466:
465:Joe McGinniss
458:
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411:According to
409:
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730:synergistic
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436:Journalists
413:Dan Gillmor
376:In politics
236:New Balance
166:Sociability
2259:Persuasion
2243:Categories
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1827:2011-07-08
1156:"Rhetoric"
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795:Celebrity
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640:Education
628:New media
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499:stories.
489:USA Today
421:fallacies
240:marketing
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