980:
of 1969 outlined BOSS's structure – significantly, BOSS was established under the direct and exclusive control of the Prime
Minister, in contrast to other public bodies, which were partly overseen by the Public Service Commission. The Security Services Special Account Act of 1969 established a "Special Account" on BOSS's books, which could be expended on confidential items at the Minister's approval and which, unlike other state-funded funded accounts, would not be subject to the annual audit. Finally, and most controversially, the General Law Amendment Act of 1969 included a provision which authorised the Prime Minister, his nominee, or any Cabinet Minister to veto the provision of any evidence or documents to any court or statutory body, provided the evidence or documents were "prejudicial to the interests of the State or public security." The Act also made it an offence to disclose any "security matter," including any matter relating to BOSS or any person's relationship to BOSS. These amendments were met with alarm among liberal and anti-Apartheid civil society groups, with opposition politician
1225:, Deputy Defence and Intelligence Minister, to lead a commission of inquiry into intelligence gathering in South Africa and in particular into the question of who would be the lead agency. At the same time, the Erasmus Commission was investigating the Information Scandal. Believing that the outcome of neither inquiry would be to the advantage of BOSS/DONS, officials began to shred any documentation that could be used against them.
1001:
responsibility for intelligence gathering in South Africa. As van den Bergh was a close ally of
Vorster, military intelligence saw it as a foregone conclusion that BOSS would achieve favour. The report of the Commission, released on 2 February 1972, led to the enactment on 24 May of the Security Intelligence and State Security Council Act of 1972. The Act formalised the functions and the brief of BOSS, and also established the
4243:
820:
1124:, a pro-government newspaper. Some of BOSS's own budget was occasionally used for the same purpose. It is unclear exactly what role BOSS played in the propaganda campaign at the heart of the scandal, but the Department of Information relied on BOSS intelligence. Van den Bergh was certainly closely involved in the planning and implementation of the campaign, and other BOSS officials may also have been.
1005:, which replaced the Cabinet State Security Committee and became the government's national policy centre for national security. The Council was supposed to coordinate information gathered by BOSS and other entities, thus ensuring that none could attempt to dominate the others politically, but this system ultimately failed to reduce the rivalry among different security and intelligence agencies.
1221:. Botha's ascension increased the influence of SADF and especially of military intelligence. According to the TRC, the dominance of BOSS and the Security Branch had already began to wane in the late 1970s, amid what was later described as "years of illegality, financial abuse and political meddling" at BOSS/DONS. Botha brought BOSS under tighter executive control. He also appointed
238:
939:
979:
In the same period, a series of related legislation was introduced in
Parliament: the Public Service Amendment Bill on 13 May; the Security Services Special Account Bill on 19 May; and the General Law Amendment Bill on 4 June. All three bills were passed that winter. The Public Service Amendment Act
951:
described the proposed agency as a coordinating body which would be staffed by experienced security and intelligence personnel from other departments. The budget of the military intelligence division was concurrently reduced from R830 000 in the previous year to R39 000, which initiated a continuous
946:
By March 1969, the skeleton of a new security service began to emerge in the projected expenditures for the 1969–70 financial year. R5.32 million was allocated to the secret services, a 189 percent increase over the previous year, with R4.06 million allocated to the Prime
Minister's office for a new
1136:
scandal, van den Bergh hinted that murder was within the scope of BOSS's duties: "I have enough men to commit murder if I tell them to kill. I don't care who the prey is. These are the type of men I have." Former BOSS agents later claimed that BOSS was involved in extra-judicial killings through a
1000:
to establish the guidelines and mission for intelligence gathering by BOSS and military intelligence. The
Commission to Inquire into Certain Intelligence Aspects of State Security, known better as the Potgieter Commission, investigated clashes between the two organisations over who had primary
1193:
efforts in southern Africa and discussed cooperating on covert operations against Kaunda's government; and BOSS channelled "material support" directly from the South
African government to intelligence services in Angola and Mozambique. BOSS may also have had a relationship with the American
197:
politicisation of South
African law enforcement, intelligence and security services, which over time was able to dominate both the South African Government and culture, while in turn being dominated by Prime Minister Vorster's office. Even as BOSS cooperated closely with other parts of the
918:, the head of the Security Branch and Deputy Police Commissioner, was instructed to start planning the new organisation. On the 1 October, he was promoted to the rank of General and appointed special Security Adviser to Vorster, who had become prime minister after the assassination of
2122:
1875:
1083:
published allegations – substantiated by documents leaked by a former BOSS agent – that BOSS, then known as the
Department of National Security, had been intercepting the mail and private telephone calls of prominent politicians and civil society leaders, including
934:
together. Because of this close association, and the extensive powers he had under his advisory role, van der Bergh was seen as "untouchable," which led to tensions within the state that were only exacerbated by the establishment of "super-security" structure BOSS.
970:
to investigate all matters affecting the security of the State, to correlate and evaluate the information collected, and, where necessary, to inform and advise the
Government, interested Government departments, and other bodies in regard thereto;
1137:
covert operational unit formed in the early 1970s and known as the "Z-Squad." Others confirmed that the Z-Squad existed but denied that it was involved in political killings. The Z-Squad was linked to the 1977 assassination of NP politician
964:
formally established the Bureau for State
Security, with retrospective effect from 1 May, as a department of state under the Prime Minister. Van den Bergh was appointed at its head. According to the notice, BOSS's functions
1395:
1060:
BOSS was involved in gathering and assessing intelligence about anti-Apartheid and liberation movements, including identifying targets for raids, both in South Africa and in neighbouring countries. For example,
1624:
4052:
1232:
to BOSS/DONS, with a view to having Barnard lead its transformation. Barnard was promoted to Director-General in February 1980, and, at the same time, Botha announced that BOSS/DONS would become the
2200:
178:
and in neighbouring countries. Like other appendages of the Apartheid security forces, it has been implicated in human rights violations, political repression, and extra-judicial killings.
4297:
2830:
1181:
government. The TRC was not able to corroborate the claims and details of the Operation remain opaque. However, close links among BOSS and other intelligence services – especially
3619:
2046:
1387:
4292:
4282:
1991:
3077:
2781:
1162:
190:
4222:
4156:
4287:
4229:
348:
4307:
3724:
2997:
2788:
2193:
1645:
1616:
4038:
4017:
3878:
2795:
1547:
1236:. In this new iteration, BOSS/DONS was restructured to focus on research and analysis, with its covert operational functions transferred to the Security Branch.
3640:
2990:
315:
4302:
3556:
3472:
2927:
2906:
1233:
1165:(TRC) concluded in its final report that BOSS was "possibly" involved in extra-judicial killings, and probably responsible for the murders of Dube and Tiro.
875:
203:
89:
4010:
2837:
3045:
886:
Though BOSS was not formally established and legislated until May 1969, it is generally understood to have been operating from late 1968. It replaced the
4247:
3689:
2186:
2666:
4073:
3934:
3857:
3147:
250:
4215:
4003:
3738:
3070:
1157:. It has also been alleged that the Z-Squad specialised in interrogating South Africans who had been captured fighting for nationalist movements in
1052:, were required to submit intelligence to BOSS. By the late 1970s, it was thought to employ more than 1 000 agents, many of whom worked undercover.
405:
2548:
2486:
1814:
4272:
3996:
3801:
3549:
3430:
3013:
915:
790:
182:
123:
3843:
1154:
4094:
4059:
3577:
2774:
2495:
1617:"Submissions to the Commission of Inquiry into Matters Relating to the Security of the State from the National Union of South African Students"
706:
455:
440:
2629:
874:, whose government pursued a protracted restructuring of the intelligence services, culminating in the replacement of the department with the
3968:
3535:
2149:
2131:
2111:
2083:
1966:
1885:
1797:
1523:
1450:
1120:
4184:
3975:
3885:
3507:
260:
480:
4121:
4066:
3982:
3829:
3493:
3056:
2723:
2693:
849:
360:
265:
2606:
4080:
4045:
3989:
3514:
3479:
3168:
2617:
823:
390:
2883:
2876:
902:, Republican Intelligence and the police generally had benefitted from an expansion of their powers, through legislation such as the
3864:
3731:
3710:
3668:
3210:
2038:
2012:
1186:
465:
435:
305:
300:
1983:
3794:
3633:
2802:
2716:
2659:
780:
410:
175:
1646:"An abridged version of the security report by Justice H.J. Potgieter's Commission of Inquiry on State Security is submitted to"
4024:
3787:
3703:
3584:
3570:
3542:
2809:
2753:
1118:
channelled from the Department of Defence and used to fund a series of propaganda projects, including the establishment of the
907:
903:
770:
395:
290:
2962:
3773:
3682:
3437:
3196:
911:
891:
460:
207:
163:
1177:(SADF) jointly led Operation Plathond, under which Zambians were trained for destabilisation operations against the pro-ANC
1145:; and the February 1974 cross-border assassinations by letter bombs of anti-Apartheid activists John Dube ('Boy Mvemve') of
4267:
3927:
3913:
3836:
3717:
3675:
3654:
3528:
3091:
2969:
2737:
2459:
914:. However, in the middle of 1968, the Cabinet approved the creation of a centralised security service. On 28 August 1968,
613:
490:
475:
450:
194:
4191:
4135:
3961:
3850:
3822:
3759:
3451:
3309:
1847:
1074:
755:
370:
2976:
4128:
4031:
3906:
3815:
3661:
3020:
1195:
1174:
628:
470:
415:
325:
320:
199:
3598:
3119:
3027:
2983:
2760:
2638:
2537:
658:
330:
4142:
3780:
3612:
3605:
3563:
3277:
3224:
3112:
3063:
2844:
2502:
1142:
578:
425:
420:
400:
375:
355:
3954:
3217:
2869:
765:
385:
2509:
1214:
as acting Director-General. On 1 September 1978, BOSS was renamed the Department of National Security (DONS).
588:
3591:
3486:
3353:
3203:
3084:
2816:
2599:
887:
842:
795:
563:
65:
4277:
3161:
3126:
2328:
1189:
and security police – are well-documented and dated back at least to 1969. The agencies coordinated their
1070:
1002:
495:
3696:
3626:
3521:
3416:
3270:
2920:
2700:
2613:
2408:
2228:
1759:
1150:
760:
750:
445:
365:
310:
214:– they were frequently locked in an extremely hostile competition over funding, power, and resources.
17:
3444:
3330:
3098:
3034:
2767:
2530:
2523:
2475:
2258:
895:
727:
528:
485:
335:
275:
211:
2123:
Really Inside BOSS: A Tale of South Africa's Late Intelligence Service (and Something about the CIA)
997:
3899:
3871:
3745:
3263:
3256:
3189:
3154:
3105:
2585:
2392:
1903:"Parallel Diplomacy, Parallel War: The PIDE/DGS's Dealings with Rhodesia and South Africa, 1961–74"
1294:
1111:
805:
159:
1211:
1210:, which implicated both BOSS and Vorster, van den Bergh resigned in June 1978 and was replaced by
2592:
1930:
1732:
1598:
1590:
1541:
1496:
1363:
1355:
1190:
948:
835:
270:
221:
143:
513:
1388:"Intimidation, interception and break-ins: SA security forces and the threat of accountability"
4177:
4163:
3500:
3316:
3140:
2730:
2320:
2250:
2145:
2127:
2107:
2079:
1962:
1922:
1881:
1822:
1793:
1724:
1676:
1582:
1529:
1519:
1446:
1347:
1146:
922:. Vorster and van der Bergh were close allies – they were both former members of the pro-Nazi
716:
430:
171:
952:
struggle for power between military intelligence and BOSS which lasted throughout the 1970s.
4101:
3465:
3175:
2955:
2645:
2400:
2368:
2304:
1914:
1714:
1574:
1337:
1329:
1037:
974:
to perform such other functions and responsibilities as may be determined from time to time.
919:
668:
618:
548:
1902:
3423:
3337:
3231:
2899:
2823:
2744:
2468:
2352:
2344:
2336:
2312:
1852:
1772:
785:
775:
285:
166:
on its broad national security mandate. Under this mandate, it was at the centre of the
162:
from 1969 to 1980. A high-budget and secretive institution, it reported directly to the
4170:
3892:
3766:
3409:
3323:
3006:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2652:
2578:
2424:
2384:
1178:
1114:
of 1978, BOSS acted as banker for the Department of Information in respect of a secret
1089:
1049:
923:
648:
638:
608:
593:
573:
568:
558:
533:
4261:
4087:
3808:
2913:
2892:
2862:
2855:
2564:
1934:
1736:
1602:
1367:
1222:
800:
673:
623:
295:
280:
2178:
3752:
3361:
3182:
3133:
2296:
2210:
1751:
1229:
1093:
1079:
1062:
927:
899:
701:
663:
653:
643:
543:
186:
102:
1789:
South Africa and the International Media, 1972-1979: A Struggle for Representation
1668:
2139:
2101:
2073:
1956:
1787:
1440:
3345:
2288:
1218:
1138:
981:
871:
870:. In the same year, Vorster was replaced as prime minister by defence minister,
603:
598:
583:
518:
1442:
The South African Intelligence Services: From Apartheid to Democracy, 1948-2005
3920:
3458:
2571:
2516:
2376:
2360:
2172:
1578:
1333:
1207:
1133:
1115:
1105:
1085:
863:
862:
General van den Bergh resigned as director-general in 1978 in the wake of the
711:
678:
553:
538:
523:
380:
1926:
1918:
1826:
1728:
1680:
1586:
1533:
1351:
170:
state's domestic intelligence and foreign intelligence activities, including
3379:
3370:
3301:
2707:
2684:
2673:
1217:
On 20 September, Vorster resigned and was replaced by his Defence Minister,
732:
696:
633:
237:
229:
167:
1719:
1702:
938:
4149:
3647:
3292:
2416:
2273:
1487:
Hepple, Alex (October 1969). "South Africa's Bureau for State Security".
1198:(CIA) – van den Bergh received CIA training before BOSS was established.
1158:
931:
1594:
1562:
1500:
2557:
2075:
Apartheid's Friends: The Rise and Fall of South Africa's Secret Service
1958:
Apartheid's Friends: The Rise and Fall of South Africa's Secret Service
1342:
985:
1359:
1317:
1048:
Other intelligence divisions, including military intelligence and the
3284:
2440:
2219:
1984:"South Africa's security sector is in crisis – reform must start now"
1066:
722:
2432:
1877:
Into the Heart of the Whore: The Story of Apartheid's Death Squads
1161:
and Mozambique, some of whom were killed after interrogation. The
937:
129:
Alec van Wyk (acting), Director-General (1978 – 80)
942:
John Vorster, the Prime Minister who established and oversaw BOSS
1563:"Tested loyalties: police and politics in South Africa, 1939—63"
1182:
996:
On 5 September 1969, Vorster formed a commission led by Justice
2182:
947:
security section under van den Bergh. Minister of the Interior
1318:"South Africa's National Security Management System, 1972-90"
1296:
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report
185:, who, while special Security Adviser to Prime Minister
193:
saw the creation of BOSS as an example of the growing
181:
For most of its existence, BOSS was headed by General
2173:
Hendrik van den Bergh denies allegations against BOSS
1901:
de Meneses, Filipe Ribeiro; McNamara, Robert (2014).
1752:"A historical perspective of the information scandal"
1073:, where BOSS was investigating local chapters of the
1013:
BOSS reportedly comprised the following departments:
198:
intelligence and security services – especially the
4205:
4111:
3944:
3399:
3390:
3248:
3044:
2683:
2628:
2547:
2485:
2458:
2451:
2217:
2103:
A Spook's Progress: From Making War to Making Peace
1703:"Journalism during South Africa's apartheid regime"
1132:At the Erasmus Commission of inquiry following the
1040:, who for most of its existence was van den Bergh.
116:
108:
98:
82:
74:
58:
50:
45:
1032:National Evaluation, Research and Special Studies
4298:Defunct law enforcement agencies of South Africa
2998:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
1302:. Vol. 2. Cape Town: The Commission. 1998.
2194:
1036:As a department of state, it was headed by a
843:
189:, was instrumental in its establishment. The
126:, Director-General (1969 – 78)
8:
1516:South Africa: the rise and fall of apartheid
27:
4293:Defunct South African intelligence agencies
4283:Defunct organisations based in South Africa
1514:Clark, Nancy L.; William H. Worger (2016).
1128:Z-Squad and alleged extra-judicial killings
1077:. In late 1979 and early 1980, the British
3396:
2455:
2201:
2187:
2179:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1669:"S. Africa's police: men of many letters?"
1546:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1445:. Abingdon, Oxford: Taylor & Francis.
850:
836:
216:
2141:Inside BOSS: South Africa's Secret Police
1815:"Acid general is key in Pretoria scandal"
1754:– via University of the Free State.
1718:
1482:
1434:
1432:
1341:
1185:of colonial Mozambique and the Rhodesian
1173:The TRC heard evidence that BOSS and the
1065:, before he became security chief in the
3071:Reconstruction and Development Programme
1489:Royal Institute of International Affairs
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1169:Operations in southern African countries
1141:and his wife; the 1978 assassination of
4288:Organisations associated with apartheid
2667:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
1245:
791:Music in the movement against apartheid
228:
4308:1980 disestablishments in South Africa
3148:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
1768:
1757:
1539:
26:
18:South African Bureau of State Security
2106:. Penguin Random House South Africa.
1648:. South African History Online (SAHO)
1322:The Journal of Modern African Studies
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
7:
2120:Swanepoel, Petrus Cornelius (2007).
1381:
1379:
1377:
1311:
1309:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
158:)) was the main South African state
4303:1969 establishments in South Africa
3078:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
2724:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
1163:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
266:Coloured vote constitutional crisis
191:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
1518:(Third ed.). Abingdon, Oxon.
1228:In November 1979, Botha appointed
25:
4230:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
3865:South African Party (Cape Colony)
1848:"Obituary: Hendrik van den Bergh"
1187:Central Intelligence Organisation
908:General Law Amendment Act of 1963
4242:
4241:
1023:Political and Economic Espionage
819:
818:
781:Internal resistance to apartheid
236:
3879:South African Party (1977–1980)
3872:South African Party (1911–1934)
3788:Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
3585:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
2175:(Associated Press, 2 July 1979)
2049:from the original on 2010-03-05
1994:from the original on 2021-07-21
1982:Cilliers, Jakkie (2021-07-21).
1907:Journal of Contemporary History
1627:from the original on 2021-11-23
1398:from the original on 2019-03-15
868:Department of National Security
291:Church Street, Pretoria bombing
40:Department of National Security
4273:Anti-communism in South Africa
3197:2019 service delivery protests
3183:#FeesMustFall student protests
2928:1983 constitutional referendum
1846:Braid, Mary (21 August 1997).
1667:Tyler, Humphrey (1980-01-08).
1567:The Journal of African History
1069:homeland, was a BOSS agent in
930:, and had been imprisoned for
912:arbitrary arrest and detention
1:
3655:Johannesburg Reform Committee
2884:Israel–South Africa Agreement
2277:
2262:
2239:
2232:
1813:Burns, John F. (1979-04-01).
1786:Sanders, James (2012-10-12).
1234:National Intelligence Service
876:National Intelligence Service
204:Department of Foreign Affairs
90:National Intelligence Service
3310:Black Consciousness Movement
3064:Government of National Unity
1880:. Jonathan Ball Publishers.
1874:Pauw, Jacques (2017-12-14).
1707:Cosmopolitan Civil Societies
1621:South African History Online
1075:Black Consciousness Movement
898:. Under Minister of Justice
756:Apartheid in popular culture
3021:Saint James Church massacre
2907:Weapons of mass destruction
2100:Spaarwater, Maritz (2012).
1386:Swart, Heidi (2019-03-14).
1196:Central Intelligence Agency
1175:South African Defence Force
866:, and BOSS was renamed the
326:Saint James Church massacre
321:Assassination of Chris Hani
200:South African Defence Force
4324:
2761:1957 Alexandra bus boycott
2639:South West Africa campaign
2538:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
2503:French Huguenot settlement
1750:Haasbroek, Joshua (2016).
1439:O'Brien, Kevin A. (2011).
1103:
331:1994 Bophuthatswana crisis
4239:
4216:African National Congress
3676:Liberal Party (1953–1968)
3014:1992 apartheid referendum
1673:Christian Science Monitor
1579:10.1017/S0021853712000370
1334:10.1017/S0022278X00002743
1316:Seegers, Annette (1991).
962:Government Notice No. 808
579:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela
148:Buro vir Staatsveiligheid
140:Bureau for State Security
32:
28:Bureau for State Security
3669:Labour Party (1969–1994)
3662:Labour Party (1910–1958)
3218:2020 Phala Phala Robbery
3176:#RhodesMustFall protests
2775:1960 republic referendum
1919:10.1177/0022009413515536
1009:Organisational structure
766:Cape Qualified Franchise
152:Bureau of State Security
35:Bureau of State Security
4114:terrorist organisations
3204:2019 Johannesburg riots
2817:Constructive engagement
2782:International isolation
2600:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
2138:Winter, Gordon (1981).
2072:Sanders, James (2006).
1955:Sanders, James (2006).
1110:As was revealed in the
888:Republican Intelligence
796:Nostalgia for apartheid
66:Republican Intelligence
3127:Attack on Kennedy Road
2738:Congress of the People
2329:South African Republic
1767:Cite journal requires
1720:10.5130/ccs.v10i2.5924
1701:Alhadeff, Vic (2018).
1003:State Security Council
977:
943:
771:Disinvestment campaign
496:State Security Council
147:
3697:Natal Indian Congress
3417:Afrikaner Broederbond
3271:Afrikaner nationalism
3057:1994 general election
3028:Bophuthatswana crisis
2921:Church Street bombing
2701:Apartheid legislation
2694:1948 general election
2614:South Africa Act 1909
2409:Union of South Africa
2229:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
2209:Political history of
2043:The O'Malley Archives
2017:The O'Malley Archives
1561:Shear, Keith (2012).
1056:Internal surveillance
1026:Military Intelligence
984:likening BOSS to the
967:
941:
916:Hendrik van den Bergh
761:Apartheid legislation
751:Afrikaner nationalism
311:Cape Town peace march
301:Trojan Horse Incident
261:1948 general election
183:Hendrik van den Bergh
124:Hendrik van den Bergh
4268:Apartheid government
3331:Greater South Africa
3169:2014 platinum strike
3035:Shell House massacre
2963:Transkei coup d'état
2768:Sharpeville massacre
2531:Battle of Blaauwberg
2524:Battle of Muizenberg
2476:Battle of Salt River
2259:Mthethwa Paramountcy
992:Potgieter Commission
956:Formal establishment
904:Sabotage Act of 1962
896:South African Police
659:Eugène Terre'Blanche
529:Mangosuthu Buthelezi
336:Shell House massacre
306:Khotso House bombing
276:Sharpeville massacre
212:South African Police
150:; also known as the
4223:Democratic Alliance
3400:Civic and political
3264:Afrikaner Calvinism
3257:African nationalism
3106:African Renaissance
2796:UNSC Resolution 591
2717:Internal resistance
2618:National Convention
2586:Transvaal Civil War
2510:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
2393:Orange River Colony
2037:O'Malley, Padraig.
1208:Information Scandal
1206:In the wake of the
1112:Information Scandal
1071:King William's Town
806:Sullivan Principles
176:inside South Africa
160:intelligence agency
29:
2970:Ciskei coup d'état
2789:UN Resolution 1761
2754:Women's March 1956
2607:South African Wars
2593:Mineral Revolution
2126:. Piet Swanepoel.
1819:The New York Times
944:
864:Muldergate scandal
391:Conservative Party
271:1956 Treason Trial
83:Superseding agency
41:
36:
4255:
4254:
4208:political parties
4201:
4200:
4178:Orde van die Dood
3795:Progressive Party
3501:Congress Alliance
3317:Cape Independence
3249:Political culture
3244:
3243:
3211:COVID-19 pandemic
3141:Marikana massacre
2977:Venda coup d'état
2731:Defiance Campaign
2321:Orange Free State
2251:Dutch Cape Colony
2151:978-0-7139-1391-0
2132:978-0-620-38272-4
2113:978-1-77022-438-4
2085:978-0-7195-6675-2
1968:978-0-7195-6675-2
1887:978-1-86842-895-3
1799:978-1-136-32727-8
1525:978-1-138-12444-8
1452:978-0-203-84061-0
1191:counterinsurgency
1020:Counter-Espionage
860:
859:
717:South-West Africa
172:counterinsurgency
136:
135:
117:Agency executives
39:
34:
16:(Redirected from
4315:
4245:
4244:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4112:Paramilitary and
4104:
4102:Umkosi Wezintaba
4097:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4013:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3947:social movements
3945:Trade unions and
3937:
3930:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3713:
3706:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3466:Boerestaat Party
3461:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3397:
3383:
3374:
3365:
3356:
3349:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3296:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3237:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2956:Dakar Conference
2951:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2886:
2879:
2877:Israeli alliance
2872:
2865:
2858:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2831:Sporting boycott
2826:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2803:Academic boycott
2798:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2660:Great Depression
2655:
2648:
2646:Maritz rebellion
2641:
2621:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2496:Dutch settlement
2478:
2471:
2469:Bantu migrations
2456:
2444:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2404:
2401:Transvaal Colony
2396:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2369:Nieuwe Republiek
2364:
2356:
2348:
2340:
2332:
2324:
2316:
2308:
2305:Natalia Republic
2300:
2292:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2274:Ndwandwe Kingdom
2269:
2267:
2264:
2254:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2180:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2117:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1952:
1939:
1938:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1755:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1722:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1545:
1537:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1484:
1457:
1456:
1436:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1383:
1372:
1371:
1345:
1313:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1291:
1147:Umkhonto weSizwe
1038:Director-General
960:On 16 May 1969,
920:Hendrik Verwoerd
910:, which allowed
852:
845:
838:
822:
821:
619:Albertina Sisulu
614:Benjamin Moloise
549:Arthur Goldreich
240:
217:
59:Preceding agency
30:
21:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4235:
4228:
4221:
4214:
4207:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3849:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3613:HNP (Herstigte)
3611:
3606:HNP (Herenigde)
3604:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3424:Afrikaner Party
3422:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3392:
3386:
3377:
3368:
3359:
3352:
3343:
3338:Honorary whites
3336:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3299:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3240:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3099:Soweto bombings
3097:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2900:Soweto Uprising
2898:
2891:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2824:Tar Baby Option
2822:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2745:Freedom Charter
2743:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2624:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2447:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2415:
2407:
2399:
2391:
2383:
2375:
2367:
2359:
2351:
2345:Griqualand West
2343:
2337:Griqualand East
2335:
2327:
2319:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2287:
2280:
2272:
2265:
2257:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2227:
2213:
2207:
2169:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2137:
2114:
2099:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2078:. John Murray.
2071:
2068:
2066:Further reading
2063:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2021:
2019:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1997:
1995:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1961:. John Murray.
1954:
1953:
1942:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1856:
1853:The Independent
1845:
1844:
1840:
1831:
1829:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1766:
1756:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1630:
1628:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1538:
1526:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1495:(10): 436–439.
1486:
1485:
1460:
1453:
1438:
1437:
1410:
1401:
1399:
1385:
1384:
1375:
1315:
1314:
1307:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1247:
1242:
1204:
1171:
1151:Onkgopotse Tiro
1130:
1108:
1102:
1058:
1050:Security Branch
1046:
1011:
994:
958:
892:Security Branch
884:
856:
811:
810:
786:Kairos Document
776:Freedom Charter
746:
738:
737:
721:
692:
684:
683:
514:Vernon Berrangé
509:
501:
500:
461:Security Branch
351:
341:
340:
286:Soweto uprising
256:
255:
208:Security Branch
132:
94:
78:6 February 1980
70:
46:Agency overview
37:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4321:
4319:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4260:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4211:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4171:Ossewabrandwag
4167:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4117:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4098:
4091:
4084:
4077:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4035:
4028:
4021:
4014:
4007:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3965:
3958:
3950:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3914:Unionist Party
3910:
3903:
3896:
3893:Torch Commando
3889:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3767:Orde Boerevolk
3763:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3543:DP (1989–2000)
3539:
3536:DP (1973–1977)
3532:
3529:Dominion Party
3525:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3410:Afrikaner Bond
3405:
3403:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3375:
3366:
3357:
3350:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3324:Day of the Vow
3320:
3313:
3306:
3297:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3092:Floor crossing
3088:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3052:
3050:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3007:Bisho massacre
3003:
3002:
3001:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2949:Operation Vula
2945:
2942:Rubicon speech
2938:
2935:Langa massacre
2931:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2841:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2697:
2689:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2653:Rand Rebellion
2649:
2642:
2634:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2579:Boer Republics
2575:
2568:
2561:
2553:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2491:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2472:
2464:
2462:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2437:
2429:
2425:Bophuthatswana
2421:
2413:
2405:
2397:
2389:
2385:Klein Vrystaat
2381:
2373:
2365:
2357:
2349:
2341:
2333:
2325:
2317:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2285:
2270:
2255:
2247:
2224:
2222:
2215:
2214:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2168:
2167:External links
2165:
2164:
2163:
2150:
2144:. Allen Lane.
2135:
2118:
2112:
2097:
2084:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2029:
2004:
1974:
1967:
1940:
1913:(2): 366–389.
1893:
1886:
1866:
1838:
1805:
1798:
1778:
1769:|journal=
1742:
1693:
1659:
1637:
1608:
1573:(2): 173–193.
1553:
1524:
1506:
1458:
1451:
1408:
1392:Daily Maverick
1373:
1328:(2): 253–273.
1305:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1203:
1200:
1170:
1167:
1129:
1126:
1104:Main article:
1101:
1098:
1057:
1054:
1045:
1042:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1029:Administration
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1010:
1007:
998:H.J. Potgieter
993:
990:
976:
975:
972:
957:
954:
924:Ossewabrandwag
883:
880:
858:
857:
855:
854:
847:
840:
832:
829:
828:
827:
826:
813:
812:
809:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
747:
745:Related topics
744:
743:
740:
739:
736:
735:
730:
725:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
693:
690:
689:
686:
685:
682:
681:
676:
671:
669:H. F. Verwoerd
666:
661:
656:
651:
649:Adelaide Tambo
646:
641:
639:Robert Sobukwe
636:
631:
629:J. G. Strijdom
626:
621:
616:
611:
609:Raymond Mhlaba
606:
601:
596:
594:Nelson Mandela
591:
586:
581:
576:
574:Albert Luthuli
571:
569:Ahmed Kathrada
566:
561:
559:Bantu Holomisa
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
534:F. W. de Klerk
531:
526:
521:
516:
510:
507:
506:
503:
502:
499:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
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463:
458:
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451:National Party
448:
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438:
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428:
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408:
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398:
393:
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195:National Party
164:prime minister
134:
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96:
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10:
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4:
3:
2:
4320:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
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4279:
4278:Secret police
4276:
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4250:
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4119:
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4110:
4103:
4099:
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4088:Die Spoorbund
4085:
4082:
4078:
4075:
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4068:
4064:
4061:
4057:
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3966:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3943:
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3932:
3929:
3928:Workers Party
3925:
3922:
3918:
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3911:
3908:
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3901:
3897:
3894:
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3809:Radio Freedom
3806:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3778:
3775:
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3760:Oranjewerkers
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3435:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:organisations
3398:
3395:
3393:organisations
3389:
3382:
3381:
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3226:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3190:Tshwane riots
3187:
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2925:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2914:Project Coast
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2893:Mafeje affair
2890:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2863:Durban Moment
2860:
2857:
2856:Rivonia Trial
2853:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2810:Disinvestment
2807:
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2569:
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2565:1820 Settlers
2562:
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2018:
2014:
2008:
2005:
1993:
1989:
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1792:. Routledge.
1791:
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1223:Kobie Coetsee
1220:
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801:Project Coast
799:
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707:Robben Island
705:
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695:
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688:
687:
680:
677:
675:
674:B. J. Vorster
672:
670:
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657:
655:
652:
650:
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645:
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637:
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630:
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624:Walter Sisulu
622:
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369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
353:
350:
349:Organisations
345:
344:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
296:Vaal uprising
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
281:Rivonia Trial
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
258:
252:
249:
248:
244:
243:
239:
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227:
223:
219:
218:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
196:
192:
188:
184:
179:
177:
174:efforts both
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
128:
125:
122:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
104:
101:
97:
91:
88:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
67:
64:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
44:
31:
19:
4246:
4206:Histories of
3907:United Party
3816:Reform Party
3753:Orangia Unie
3378:
3369:
3362:Swart gevaar
3360:
3344:
3300:
3291:
3232:
3134:Blikkiesdorp
2460:Pre-colonial
2313:Natal Colony
2297:Zulu Kingdom
2211:South Africa
2155:. Retrieved
2140:
2121:
2102:
2089:. Retrieved
2074:
2051:. Retrieved
2042:
2032:
2020:. Retrieved
2016:
2007:
1996:. Retrieved
1987:
1977:
1957:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1876:
1869:
1857:. Retrieved
1851:
1841:
1830:. Retrieved
1818:
1808:
1788:
1781:
1760:cite journal
1745:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1684:. Retrieved
1672:
1662:
1650:. Retrieved
1640:
1629:. Retrieved
1620:
1611:
1570:
1566:
1556:
1515:
1509:
1492:
1488:
1441:
1400:. Retrieved
1391:
1325:
1321:
1295:
1230:Niel Barnard
1227:
1216:
1212:Alec van Wyk
1205:
1172:
1131:
1119:
1109:
1094:Helen Suzman
1078:
1063:Charles Sebe
1059:
1047:
1035:
1012:
995:
978:
961:
959:
945:
928:World War II
900:John Vorster
890:unit of the
885:
867:
861:
702:District Six
664:Desmond Tutu
654:Oliver Tambo
644:Helen Suzman
544:Bram Fischer
187:John Vorster
180:
155:
151:
139:
137:
103:South Africa
99:Jurisdiction
3346:Rooi gevaar
3225:2021 unrest
3155:Nkandlagate
2984:Third Force
2845:Rugby union
2443:(1981–1994)
2435:(1979–1994)
2427:(1977–1994)
2419:(1976–1994)
2411:(1910–1961)
2403:(1902–1910)
2395:(1902–1910)
2387:(1886–1891)
2379:(1885–1887)
2371:(1884–1888)
2363:(1882–1885)
2355:(1882–1883)
2347:(1870–1873)
2339:(1861–1879)
2331:(1856–1902)
2323:(1854–1902)
2315:(1843–1910)
2307:(1839–1843)
2299:(1816–1897)
2291:(1795–1910)
2289:Cape Colony
2281: 1780
2266: 1780
2253:(1652–1806)
2243: 1220
2236: 1075
2053:21 November
2022:21 November
1859:20 February
1713:(2): 7–11.
1652:29 December
1343:11427/25748
1143:Rick Turner
1139:Robert Smit
1090:André Brink
982:Alex Hepple
949:S.L. Muller
872:P. W. Botha
604:Thabo Mbeki
599:Govan Mbeki
589:D. F. Malan
584:Mac Maharaj
519:P. W. Botha
446:Broederbond
4262:Categories
4157:Greyshirts
3921:Volksparty
3459:Black Sash
3120:Xenophobia
3113:Travelgate
2870:Border War
2674:Bantustans
2572:Great Trek
2517:Xhosa Wars
2377:Upingtonia
2361:Stellaland
2157:15 October
2091:15 October
1998:2021-11-23
1988:ISS Africa
1832:2021-11-28
1686:15 October
1631:2021-11-23
1402:2021-11-23
1240:References
1219:P.W. Botha
1134:Muldergate
1116:slush fund
1106:Muldergate
1100:Propaganda
1086:Alan Paton
1044:Activities
1017:Subversion
882:Background
712:Sophiatown
679:Jacob Zuma
564:Joel Joffe
554:Chris Hani
539:Ruth First
524:Steve Biko
381:Black Sash
206:, and the
54:1 May 1969
38:Later the
3380:Volkstaat
3371:Uitlander
3302:Boerehaat
3278:Anarchism
3085:Arms Deal
3048:apartheid
2708:Pass laws
2685:Apartheid
2630:1910–1948
2549:1815–1910
2487:1652–1815
1935:159755969
1927:0022-0094
1827:0362-4331
1737:158655245
1729:1837-5391
1681:0882-7729
1603:153477610
1587:0021-8537
1542:cite book
1534:883649263
1368:154278709
1352:0022-278X
878:in 1980.
733:Vlakplaas
697:Bantustan
634:Joe Slovo
230:Apartheid
168:Apartheid
144:Afrikaans
75:Dissolved
4248:Category
4150:Boeremag
3648:Jeugkrag
3599:Het Volk
3293:Baasskap
3235:incident
2838:Olympics
2417:Transkei
2220:polities
2218:Defunct
2047:Archived
1992:Archived
1625:Archived
1623:. 2016.
1595:23353654
1501:40394202
1396:Archived
1159:Rhodesia
1080:Observer
932:sabotage
906:and the
824:Category
728:Sun City
222:a series
220:Part of
4053:SAAPAWU
3391:Defunct
3354:Slavery
2558:Mfecane
1121:Citizen
986:Gestapo
926:during
894:of the
210:of the
112:Defunct
33:a.k.a.
4004:FOSATU
3858:SAYRCO
3830:SADECO
3746:Occupy
3285:Azania
3233:Lady R
3162:Racism
2991:CODESA
2452:Events
2441:Ciskei
2353:Goshen
2283:–1819)
2268:–1817)
2148:
2130:
2110:
2082:
2039:"1980"
2013:"1978"
1965:
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1925:
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1796:
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1727:
1679:
1601:
1593:
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1532:
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1366:
1360:161023
1358:
1350:
1202:Demise
1179:Kaunda
1092:, and
1067:Ciskei
723:Soweto
691:Places
508:People
456:COSATU
406:FOSATU
316:CODESA
251:Events
202:, the
109:Status
51:Formed
4185:PAGAD
4081:SATUC
4074:SARHU
4060:SACTU
4039:NURHS
3997:FNETU
3983:CTSWU
3976:CNETU
3969:BLATU
3851:SAYCO
3739:NUSAS
3620:IDASA
3431:AITUP
3046:Post-
2433:Venda
1931:S2CID
1733:S2CID
1599:S2CID
1591:JSTOR
1497:JSTOR
1364:S2CID
1356:JSTOR
1300:(PDF)
965:were:
4192:SANF
4122:APLA
4067:SAIF
4046:PAWE
4032:NEUM
4025:MUSA
3990:FCWU
3935:WOSA
3886:TNIP
3844:SASO
3837:SAIC
3823:SABP
3774:PAVN
3508:COSG
3487:CTEG
3480:CNIP
2159:2022
2146:ISBN
2128:ISBN
2108:ISBN
2093:2022
2080:ISBN
2055:2014
2024:2014
1963:ISBN
1923:ISSN
1882:ISBN
1861:2019
1823:ISSN
1794:ISBN
1773:help
1725:ISSN
1688:2022
1677:ISSN
1654:2014
1583:ISSN
1548:link
1530:OCLC
1520:ISBN
1447:ISBN
1348:ISSN
1183:PIDE
1155:SASO
1149:and
491:SACP
481:SAMA
476:SAIC
471:SADF
466:SACC
361:APLA
156:BOSS
138:The
4143:BBB
4136:AWB
4129:ARM
4095:UDF
4018:IWW
4011:ICU
3962:BCM
3955:APF
3900:UFP
3802:PRP
3781:PFP
3732:NRP
3725:NPP
3711:NNP
3704:NLP
3690:NCP
3641:ISL
3592:GNP
3564:ECC
3557:DSM
3550:DPP
3522:DLF
3494:COD
3473:CDA
3452:BPC
3445:AVF
3438:APO
1915:doi
1715:doi
1575:doi
1338:hdl
1330:doi
1153:of
971:and
486:SAP
441:UDF
436:PAC
426:HNP
421:PFP
401:ECC
386:CCB
376:BBB
371:AWB
366:IFP
356:ANC
4264::
4164:MK
3718:NP
3683:NA
3634:IP
3627:ID
3578:FD
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