31:
487:). From Plateau Station to the turning point, the surface sloped downward with an average gradient of -0.5 to -1 m/km, and became much more negative on the southwest leg of the traverse. Two pronounced valleys, about 50 m deep and 10 km wide, and several smaller valleys, were encountered near the end of the traverse.
141:, and traveled such that one led the other by 8 km. Every 8 km they paused for simultaneous readings of the altimeters and magnetometers; and for measurements of gravity, surface slope, and snow density, and for weather observations. The surface slope was measured by scanning the horizon with a
511:
The average rate of ice accumulation in the area of the traverse has been estimated at 3.7 g/cm/yr with a method that involves profiling the radioactivity in the core samples and identifying layers that correspond to a 1955 atmospheric atomic test. This estimate is now considered to be more accurate
502:
The elevation of the subglacial terrain, based on the seismic soundings, radio sounding (SPQMLT-2 and SPQMLT-3), and gravity measurements, ranged from nearly 1 km below sea level to more than 1 km above sea level. On SPQMLT-1 and SPQMLT-2 the thickness of the ice averaged 2740 m and
376:
built of empty fuel drums were erected at the sites of resupply airdrops. The temperature ranged from −40 °C to −10 °C, and the wind rarely exceeded 18 km/h. Severe whiteouts occurred during the final week of travel. Two pickup flights, on
January 30 and 31, airlifted personnel,
148:
At the beginning and ending points, and approximately every 50 to 75 km in between, a station was set up for the following work: a vertical 40-m hole was bored into the ice, the density and temperature of the ice at various depths in the borehole were measured, the ice sheet was sounded
105:
The traverse parties consisted of two to three traverse engineers and seven to eight scientists, who were affiliated with The Ohio State
University, the University of Wisconsin, the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, the Free University of Brussels, and the Norwegian Polar Institute. Three
368:. Aerial reconnaissance of the planned route showed no significant crevassing except near the end point. On December 14, at 320 km from Plateau Station, the traverse encountered a sled-mounted building, similar to the one at Pole of Inaccessibility Station, which was left by a
197:
occurred several times. The average air temperature was −28 °C, with a maximum of −18°C on
January 5 and a minimum of −45 °C on January 26. The greatest wind speed measured was 9 m/s, on December 29 and January 17. On January 8 two
390:
The elevation (above sea level) of the surface along the routes of SPQMLT-1 and SPQMLT-2, based on the altimeter measurements, averaged 2780 m and 3090 m, respectively. On SPQMLT-1 it ranged from 2628 m at the second turning point
110:, one of which was equipped with a drilling rig, provided locomotion. Fuel was hauled in large rolling rubber tires, and supplies were carried on several 1-ton and 2-ton sleds. Additional fuel and supplies were delivered en route by
149:
seismically, the accumulation rate was studied in hand-excavated 2-m pits, the intensity and direction of the geomagnetic field were measured, snow samples and ice cores were collected and analyzed, and the geographic position (
214:
SPQMLT-2 began on
December 15, 1965, at Pole of Inaccessibility Station (where SPQMLT-1 had ended the previous summer) and, after traveling a dogleg route of 1340 km, ended on January 29, 1966, at the newly constructed
336:
SPQMLT-3 began on
December 5, 1967, at Plateau Station (where SPQMLT-2 had ended nearly two years earlier) and, after traveling a dogleg route of 1326 km, ended on January 29, 1968, at geographic position
219:. At Pole of Inaccessibility Station a detailed map was drawn, the existing strain-rate and accumulation-stake networks were measured, and a 5-km accumulation stake line was installed. On January 4 a heavily
65:
summers of 1964–1965, 1965–1966, and 1967–1968. The participants included scientists from
Belgium, Norway, and the United States. Their objectives included determining the thickness of the
258:
and had to be retrieved. The main crevasses were several tens of meters wide, 5 to 7 km long, and oriented approximately east-west. The crevassed zone is above a major anomaly in the
202:
were sighted. At Pole of
Inaccessibility Station a snow-accumulation stake net was installed and the vehicles were secured. On February 1 personnel and cargo were airlifted to
145:
and recording the azimuth and vertical angle of the highest and lowest points. Beginning with SPQMLT-2, the ice thickness was profiled en route with a new radio sounder.
536:. The measurements from SPQMLT-3 were compared to the (existing) 1965 World Magnetic Charts (corrected to 1968) and found to disagree on average by more than 1° in
743:, vol. Institute of Polar Studies, Report No. 23, Columbus, Ohio: Research Foundation and the Institute of Polar Studies, The Ohio State University,
533:
1190:
328:. After reaching Plateau Station, a strain network was installed, and all three vehicles were backloaded to McMurdo Station for reconditioning.
340:
394:
174:
459:
425:
226:
300:
269:
262:
topography, an abrupt rise of over 1200 m over a horizontal distance of less than 9 km. Two similar crevassed zones were spotted by
728:
521:
490:
Based on the altimeter and slope measurements, the surface in the region of the traverse slopes downward to the west, toward the
422:) to 3718 m at Pole of Inaccessibility Station. On SPQMLT-2 it decreased from there to 2512 m at the turning point (
1180:
520:
The measurements of the intensity and direction of the geomagnetic field were added to the database (now maintained by the
955:
Rundle, Arthur S. (1971), "Snow
Accumulation and Firn Stratigraphy on the East Antarctic Plateau", in Crary, A.P. (ed.),
1200:
937:; De Breuck, W. (1971), "Accumulation on the South Pole–Queen Maud Land Traverse, 1964–1968", in Crary, A.P. (ed.),
190:
1195:
74:
178:
525:
1035:
711:
Beitzel, John E. (1971), "Geophysical
Exploration in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica", in Crary, A.P. (ed.),
53:
of
Antarctica undertaken by the United States in the 1960s. The three parts, referred to individually as
263:
119:
541:
537:
529:
162:
1185:
138:
66:
62:
17:
853:
177:
and, after traveling a zigzag route of 1530 km, ended on January 27, 1965, at the unoccupied
194:
741:
Glaciology of the Queen Maud Land Traverse, 1964–65, South Pole–Pole Of Relative Inaccessibility
456:
On SPQMLT-3 the elevation ranged from 3625 m at Plateau Station to 2210 m at the ending point (
1008:
752:
724:
90:
58:
960:
942:
934:
744:
716:
715:, Antarctic Research Series, Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, pp. 39–87,
453:), from where it increased eastward (toward Plateau Station) at a gradient of 1 to 3 m/km.
1127:
876:
824:
766:
216:
203:
115:
41:
1098:
979:
905:
795:
1156:
107:
34:
Map of Antarctica showing route of the South Pole–Queen Maud Land Traverse (1964–1968)
1174:
181:
Station. The surface encountered varied from soft and smooth to hard and rough, with
123:
186:
57:(SPQMLT-1, -2, and -3), traveled a zigzag route across nearly 4200 km of the
491:
255:
86:
50:
142:
78:
756:
474:
461:
440:
427:
409:
396:
355:
342:
315:
302:
284:
271:
241:
228:
154:
134:
70:
796:"Geomagnetism and Navigation on the South Pole–Queen Maud Land Traverse II"
1076:
1054:
561:
559:
557:
220:
182:
150:
964:
946:
720:
259:
158:
127:
111:
94:
82:
47:
30:
748:
1099:"Glaciological Studies on the South Pole–Queen Maud Land Traverse II"
369:
855:
Geomagnetic Report, South Pole–Queen Maud Land Traverse I, 1964–1965
980:"Geophysical Studies on the South Pole–Queen Maud Land Traverse II"
959:, Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, pp. 239–255,
941:, Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, pp. 257–315,
373:
29:
642:
640:
861:, Wash., D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Coast and Geodetic Survey
739:
Cameron, R. L.; Picciotto, E.; Kane, H. S.; Gliozzi, J. (1968),
199:
978:
Beitzel, John E.; Clough, John W.; Bentley, Charles R. (1966),
377:
equipment, snow samples, and one Sno-Cat to McMurdo Station.
185:
over 1-m high. The sky was often clear or patched with light
565:
1009:"South Pole Queen Maud Land Traverses, 1964–68 (Invited)"
658:
906:"The South Pole–Queen Maud Land Traverse II, 1965–1966"
608:
606:
765:
Clough, J. W.; Bentley, C. R.; Poster, C. K. (1968),
627:
625:
623:
621:
1077:"South Pole–Queen Maud Land Traverse III (SPQMLT-3)"
1013:
Eos Trans. AGU (Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract C51D-01)
593:
591:
578:
576:
574:
646:
1055:"South Pole–Queen Maud Land Traverse I (SPQMLT-1)"
55:South Pole–Queen Maud Land Traverse I, II, and III
512:than earlier estimates based on the pit studies.
1128:"Snow Stratigraphy and Accumulation, SPQMLT III"
794:Hastings, James V.; Elvers, Douglas J. (1966),
524:) upon which are based the 1970 and subsequent
254:was encountered when a vehicle broke through a
823:Hastings, James V.; Peddie, Norman W. (1968),
694:
682:
1097:Picciotto, Edgard E.; Kane, H. Scott (1966),
825:"Magnetic Studies and Navigation, SPQMLT III"
8:
767:"Ice-Thickness Investigations on SPQMLT III"
97:, and obtaining snow samples and ice cores.
81:. Other objectives included measuring the
877:"South Pole–Queen Maud Land Traverse III"
612:
534:International Geomagnetic Reference Field
133:Two of the vehicles each carried several
631:
553:
498:Ice Thickness and Subglacial Topography
173:SPQMLT-1 began on December 4, 1964, at
1135:Antarctic Journal of the United States
1106:Antarctic Journal of the United States
987:Antarctic Journal of the United States
913:Antarctic Journal of the United States
884:Antarctic Journal of the United States
832:Antarctic Journal of the United States
803:Antarctic Journal of the United States
774:Antarctic Journal of the United States
670:
659:Picciotto, Crozaz & De Breuck 1971
597:
582:
73:and slope of its surface, the rate of
7:
494:, with a gradient of about -2 m/km.
89:of the ice at depth, measuring the
18:South Pole—Queen Maud Land Traverse
25:
957:Antarctic Snow and Ice Studies II
939:Antarctic Snow and Ice Studies II
713:Antarctic Snow and Ice Studies II
647:Clough, Bentley & Poster 1968
544:, and 500 nT in total intensity.
175:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
1019:(52). American Geophysical Union
522:National Geophysical Data Center
122:. Direction was maintained with
1191:United States and the Antarctic
193:were observed frequently, and
163:celestial (solar) observations
1:
1157:"The Pole of Inaccessibility"
904:Picciotto, Edgard E. (1966),
118:aircraft of the U.S. Navy's
1038:. Norwegian Polar Institute
503:2770 m, respectively.
386:Surface Elevation and Slope
1217:
1126:Rundle, Arthur S. (1968),
695:Hastings & Peddie 1968
683:Hastings & Elvers 1966
46:(SPQMLT) was a three-part
372:traverse in March 1967.
1007:Bentley, C. R. (2009).
875:Peddie, Norman (1968),
852:Peddie, Norman (1966),
179:Pole of Inaccessibility
35:
1181:Antarctic expeditions
530:World Magnetic Models
526:World Magnetic Charts
264:aerial reconnaissance
120:Operation Deep Freeze
77:, and the subglacial
33:
27:Scientific Expedition
1036:"US Traverses 64–68"
542:magnetic inclination
538:magnetic declination
1201:1960s in Antarctica
566:Cameron et al. 1968
471: /
437: /
406: /
352: /
312: /
281: /
238: /
165:with a theodolite.
161:were determined by
157:) and a geographic
139:proton magnetometer
67:Antarctic Ice Sheet
965:10.1029/AR016p0039
947:10.1029/AR016p0039
721:10.1029/AR016p0039
381:Scientific Results
128:magnetic compasses
36:
507:Accumulation Rate
356:78.7033°S 6.867°W
316:82.000°S 22.000°E
266:at approximately
242:82.750°S 15.033°E
91:geomagnetic field
59:Antarctic Plateau
16:(Redirected from
1208:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1155:Spindler, Bill.
1149:
1148:
1146:
1132:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1103:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1075:Peddie, Norman.
1069:
1067:
1065:
1053:Peddie, Norman.
1047:
1045:
1043:
1034:Muto, Atsuhiro.
1028:
1026:
1024:
1001:
1000:
998:
984:
967:
949:
927:
926:
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910:
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476:
475:78.700°S 6.867°W
472:
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452:
451:
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442:
441:82.000°S 9.583°E
438:
435:
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430:
421:
420:
418:
417:
416:
411:
410:85.167°S 1.600°E
407:
404:
403:
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399:
367:
366:
364:
363:
362:
361:-78.7033; -6.867
357:
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285:82.500°S 8.000°E
282:
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75:ice accumulation
21:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1196:Queen Maud Land
1171:
1170:
1161:
1159:
1154:
1144:
1142:
1130:
1125:
1115:
1113:
1101:
1096:
1085:
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1052:
1041:
1039:
1033:
1022:
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1006:
996:
994:
982:
977:
974:
972:Further reading
954:
933:Picciotto, E.;
932:
922:
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480:-78.700; -6.867
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321:-82.000; 22.000
320:
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247:-82.750; 15.033
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217:Plateau Station
212:
204:McMurdo Station
171:
108:Tucker Sno-Cats
106:diesel-powered
103:
42:Queen Maud Land
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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663:
651:
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617:
613:Picciotto 1966
602:
587:
570:
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551:
549:
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517:
514:
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499:
496:
446:-82.000; 9.583
415:-85.167; 1.600
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382:
379:
333:
330:
290:-82.500; 8.000
211:
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730:9781118668917
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187:cirrus clouds
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32:
19:
1160:. Retrieved
1143:, retrieved
1138:
1134:
1114:, retrieved
1109:
1105:
1084:. Retrieved
1080:
1062:. Retrieved
1058:
1040:. Retrieved
1021:. Retrieved
1016:
1012:
995:, retrieved
993:(4): 132–133
990:
986:
956:
938:
921:, retrieved
919:(4): 129–131
916:
912:
892:, retrieved
887:
883:
863:, retrieved
854:
840:, retrieved
835:
831:
811:, retrieved
809:(4): 131–132
806:
802:
782:, retrieved
777:
773:
740:
712:
690:
678:
666:
654:
632:Beitzel 1971
519:
516:Geomagnetism
510:
501:
489:
455:
389:
335:
213:
172:
147:
132:
104:
54:
39:
37:
671:Rundle 1971
598:Peddie 1968
583:Peddie 1966
492:Weddell Sea
478: /
444: /
413: /
359: /
319: /
288: /
256:snow bridge
245: /
87:temperature
51:exploration
40:South Pole–
1186:Glaciology
1175:Categories
1141:(4): 95–96
935:Crozaz, G.
890:(4): 93–95
838:(4): 97–98
780:(4): 96–97
749:1811/38761
705:References
143:theodolite
135:altimeters
101:Operations
79:topography
48:scientific
1162:March 11,
1145:March 11,
1116:March 11,
1042:March 11,
1023:March 11,
997:March 11,
923:March 11,
894:March 11,
865:March 11,
842:March 11,
813:March 11,
784:March 11,
757:0078-415X
548:Citations
344:78°42.2′S
221:crevassed
195:whiteouts
155:longitude
71:elevation
1112:(4): 132
1081:Ice Pics
1059:Ice Pics
332:SPQMLT-3
223:zone at
210:SPQMLT-2
189:. Solar
183:sastrugi
169:SPQMLT-1
151:latitude
112:airdrops
44:Traverse
1086:May 16,
1064:May 16,
463:78°42′S
429:82°00′S
401:1.6°0′E
398:85°10′S
273:82°30′S
260:bedrock
230:82°45′S
159:azimuth
95:gravity
83:density
63:austral
61:in the
755:
727:
532:, and
466:6°52′W
432:9°35′E
374:Cairns
370:Soviet
347:6°52′W
307:22°0′E
304:82°0′S
233:15°2′E
137:and a
116:LC-130
69:, the
1131:(PDF)
1102:(PDF)
983:(PDF)
909:(PDF)
880:(PDF)
859:(PDF)
828:(PDF)
799:(PDF)
770:(PDF)
276:8°0′E
200:skuas
191:halos
124:solar
114:from
1164:2015
1147:2015
1118:2015
1088:2015
1066:2015
1044:2015
1025:2015
999:2015
925:2015
896:2015
867:2015
844:2015
815:2015
786:2015
753:ISSN
725:ISBN
540:and
297:and
153:and
126:and
93:and
85:and
38:The
961:doi
943:doi
745:hdl
717:doi
1177::
1137:,
1133:,
1108:,
1104:,
1079:.
1057:.
1017:90
1015:.
1011:.
989:,
985:,
915:,
911:,
886:,
882:,
834:,
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