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Ferrara. Immediately after the plane halted--with engines running to avoid a freeze-up (a practice still followed to this day)--U.S. Navy Adm. George J. Dufek., commander of
Operation Deep Freeze, stepped out onto the ice, along with pilot Douglas Cordiner, to plant the stars and stripes at the Pole. They were the first to stand there since Briton Robert Falcon Scott did more than 40 years before. Norwegian Roald Amundsen had beaten Scott in his race to the Pole. Amundsen's party survived the 800-mile return trip, Scott's did not. This flight was one part of the expeditions mounted for the IGY. This was not only the first aircraft to land at the South Pole, it was also the first time that Americans had ever set foot on the South Pole. The aircraft was named
1584:. Upon its deactivation in 2005, the detachment consisted of a full-time officer (Commander) and four full-time non-commissioned officers (Logistics, Communications, Security Forces, and Information Management) which remained in New Zealand year-round. Operational command now belongs to Commander, Thirteenth Air Force as part of USPACOM. In 2005, through the office of the Secretary of Defense, the commander of U.S. Pacific Command was designated to support the Joint Task Force Support Forces Antarctica, Operation Deep Freeze. CDRUSPACOM delegated this joint operation to the Commander,
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1457:(DEW) radar sites that it supported in Greenland was going to be shut down. The other sites would soon follow, and the 109th would be largely out of business because its primary mission had ended. The unit had been informally keeping tabs on Navy LC-130 operations supporting the National Science Foundation in Antarctica. Because of its aging aircraft fleet and extensive depot maintenance period, the United States Navy asked if the 109th could provide limited emergency
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1355:) to support the International Geophysical Year. It was commissioned on January 1, 1957. The original station ("Old Byrd") lasted about four years before it began to collapse under the snow. Construction of a second underground station in a nearby location began in 1960, and it was used until 1972. The station was then converted into a summer-only field camp until it was abandoned in 2004–05. The mission's second base,
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1524:. At the end of the October 1997 – March 1998 season, the Air National Guard would assume command of the program. During the third year of the transition program (October 1998 to March 1999), the U.S. Navy would augment the ANG before the latter took over the entire program the following year. There would be seven LC-130s in theater. They would stage from
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1461:(SAR) capability for two years to support Operation Deep Freeze, which the Air Guard accepted. At that time, it had no thought of taking over the mission. The 109th believed it to be an exercise in futility for its aircraft to deploy to the Antarctic to merely wait for emergency SAR missions, so it asked if the Navy could help carry cargo to the
1964:
1179:, was formed to provide logistical support for the expedition. Operation Deep Freeze I prepared a permanent research station and paved the way for more exhaustive research in later Deep Freeze operations. The expedition transpired over the Antarctic summer of November 1955 to April 1956, and was filmed by the
1477:, and the United States Navy. Among other issues, it was difficult at first for the Air Guard to convince the Air Staff to commit long term resources to an area of the world that had not been declared a warfighting region because of international treaties. The Air Guard had supported military operations in
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in its inventory. These would include upgrades of four LC-130 aircraft in-service with the unit plus three new aircraft and three that would be transferred from the U.S. Navy. Air
National Guard estimates of the savings to be realized by consolidating the operation in the hands of the 109th Airlift
1359:, was a (former) research station in West Antarctica established by the US Navy for Operation Deep Freeze II during the International Geophysical Year. The United States Antarctic Program airfield, built to service Operation Deep Freeze (first mission) was later named Williams Field or Willy Field.
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Lockheed Martin is currently the prime contractor for the
National Science Foundation's United States Antarctic Program. The contract award was announced via a NSF press release on 28 December 2011 after a bid solicitation process of almost four years. Support operations began on 1 April 2012. The
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in 1999. The
Antarctic operation would be fully funded by the National Science Foundation. The 109th expected to add approximately 235 full-time personnel to support that operation. The decision to switch from Naval leadership to National Guard was one of a cost-saving measure due to post cold war
1334:
On
October 31, 1956, at 8:34 p.m. local time, the first aircraft ever to touch down at the South Pole skied to a halt atop the Antarctic ice sheet at 90 degrees South latitude. The U.S. Navy R4D, was piloted by Lieutenant Commander (LCDR) Conrad C. "Gus" Shinn USN and included officer Frederick
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In March 1993, the U.S. Navy hosted a two-day workshop with representatives of the
National Science Foundation, Air National Guard, and other interested parties to explore logistics support options for the operation. A draft concept of operations had been prepared by the Air Directorate of the
995:
proposed 'Deep Freeze'). Given the continuing and constant US presence in
Antarctica since that date, "Operation Deep Freeze" has come to be used as a general term for US operations in that continent, and in particular for the regular missions to resupply US Antarctic bases, coordinated by the
1383:
The
Operation Deep Freeze activities were succeeded by "Operation Deep Freeze II", and so on. In 1960, the year of the fifth mission, codenames began to be based on the year (e.g., "Operation Deep Freeze 60"). The Coast Guard sometimes participated; among others, the
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to the Air
National Guard. In September 1996, senior officers from the 109th Airlift Wing briefed the National Guard Bureau on their concept of operations and the status of their preparations to implement Operation Deep Freeze.
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was to airlift fuel and supplies to the
National Science Foundation's South Pole Station so that its personnel could survive the isolation of the long Antarctic winter, which lasted from February to October.
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are conducted during the Antarctic summer (late September to early March) each year by The 109th Airlift Wing Scotia New York. The Ski equipped LC-130 Hercules is the backbone of Operation Deep Freeze.
1465:. The Navy resisted at first because its procedures and cargo configurations differed from those of the Air Guard, but eventually it agreed. The main mission of the U.S. Navy and Air National Guard
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specifically brought on board to support Operation Deep Freeze would all be involved in the mission. When fully transitioned to the Air National Guard, the 109th Airlift Wing would have ten
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Under the transition plan which they had developed, the Air National Guard would continue to augment the United States Navy during the October 1996 – March 1997 operating season for the
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991:, beginning with "Operation Deep Freeze I" in 1955–56, followed by "Operation Deep Freeze II", "Operation Deep Freeze III", and so on. (There was an initial operation before
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NAVY MEDICINE SUPPORT COMMAND JACKSONVILLE FL (2010-03-01). Commander's Guidance 2010-2011 (Navy Medicine Support Command) (Report). Fort Belvoir, Virginia.
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An Air National Guard working group had been formed to study the idea in 1990. The following year, a dialog began among the Air National Guard, the
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assuming operational control of the mission had first emerged in 1988. The 109th Airlift Wing had been notified that, almost overnight, one of the
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By 1999, the United States Navy had transferred military support operations for Antarctica over to the United States Air Force and its contractor
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that it was not in the nation's best interest to abandon the capability to achieve quick and reliable air access to both polar regions.
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aircraft provide the logistical movement of cargo to remote operating locations on the continent. These aircraft are augmented by the
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since 1988. The official name for the Navy's command in Antarctica was US Naval Support Force Antarctica, (NSFA) Terminal Operations.
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1351:. This marked the beginning of the establishment of the first permanent base, by airlift, at the South Pole (today known as the
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National Guard Bureau in 1993. In February 1996, a commitment was made to transfer the Operation Deep Freeze mission and all
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agreed to go to the South Pole, the least explored area on Earth. Their goal was to advance world knowledge of Antarctic
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1957–58. IGY as it was known was a collaborative effort among forty nations to carry out earth science studies from the
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and the Arctic (including classified U.S. Navy operations) since the mid-1970s with the ski-equipped C-130s of the
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Deep Freeze: The United States, the International Geophysical Year, and the Origins of Antarctica's Age of Science
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Gillespie, Noel (November–December 1999). "'Deep Freeze': US Navy Operations in Antarctica 1955–1999, Part One".
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led an expedition that photographed over 450,000 square miles (1.1 million km) by air. Then in 1954–55, the
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2271:"NSF Awards Logistical Support Contract for U.S. Antarctic Program - NSF - National Science Foundation"
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to explore further inland, and conducted the first flight over the South Pole. From 1934 to 1935, the
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explored much further inland and also "wintered over". The third Byrd Expedition in 1940 charted the
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5 million to US$ 15 million a year. The actual transition to Air Guard control began in March 1996.
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was charged with supporting the U.S. scientists for their portion of the IGY studies. Rear Admiral
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original contract synopsis indicated that the government was contemplating a contract period of
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United States civilian and scientific operations on the Antarctic continent are overseen by the
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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1787:"February 1, 1955: Task Force 43 Commissioned to Plan and Execute Operation Deepfreeze"
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and the arctic compound's Williams Field since 1975. The 109th operated ski-equipped
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from 1946 to 1947, which charted most of the Antarctic coastline. In 1948, Commander
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already had a record of earlier exploration in Antarctica. As early as 1839, Captain
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1807:(director); Beebe, Lloyd (cameraman); and Jones, Elmo G. (cameraman) (25 Dec 1958).
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Operation Deep Freeze I – United States Navy Photographic Report – MN 8500 (1957)
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1948:"NSF Commemorates the 50th Anniversary of First Flight To Land at the South Pole"
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as well as the National Science Foundation. Military support missions flown from
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Operation Deep Freeze: 50 Years of US Air Force Airlift in Antarctica 1956–2006
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2289:"Antarctic Support Contract - Federal Business Opportunities: Opportunities"
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The ships of the task force were supplemented by a specially trained Navy
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2373:. Scott Air Force Base: Office of History, Air Mobility Command, 2006.
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Operation Deep Freeze: 50 Years of US Air Force Airlift in Antarctica
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deploys to Christchurch, New Zealand during the operational season.
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1982:"The Antarctic Sun: News about Antarctica - Byrd History (page 1)"
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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Airmen saluting the last LC-130 to depart from Antarctica in 2010
1024:
Squadron patch for the Navy Antarctic Development Squadron SIX (
4262:
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made a scouting expedition for future landing sites and bays.
18:
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making the first landing at the South Pole, 31 October 1956
2422:
Flight to the South Pole: Operation Deep Freeze USAF Film
2338:. Boulder, Colorado: University Press of Colorado, 2006.
1687:
Ice Eagles: An Account of American Aviation in Antarctica
1327:, formed at the Naval Construction Battalion Center at
2222:"Veteran recalls details of his mission to Antarctica"
2088:
Taylor, P. (1980). "Ship operations, Deep Freeze 80".
2157:"Navy Comes In From Cold, Ends Antarctica Operations"
2125:"Navy Comes In From Cold, Ends Antarctica Operations"
1913:
United States Antarctic Projects Officer (Jan 1961).
2437:
Operation Deep Freeze web site at Pacific Air Forces
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had been flying scientific and military missions to
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1187:. For having designed the emblem of Task Force 43,
1097:The impetus behind Operation Deep Freeze I was the
2189:"OPERATION DEEP FREEZE DEPLOYMENT GUIDE 2004-2005"
1441:was slated to assume that entire mission from the
1175:In 1955, Task Force 43, commanded by Rear Admiral
1833:Walt Disney anthology television series episodes
1757:, online newspaper of the U.S. Antarctic Program
1230:Task Force 43 consisted of the following ships:
1922:Bulletin of the U.S. Antarctic Projects Officer
1402:occasionally supported the mission. The Navy's
2478:
2042:Wallwork, Ellery; Wilcoxson, Kathryn (2006).
1191:became an honorary member of the expedition.
953:
8:
2452:Operation Deep Freeze, The New Zealand Story
2402:Antarctic Highlights: Operation Deep Freeze
1556:. Operation Deep Freeze was managed by the
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4259:
2514:
2501:
2485:
2471:
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2457:Operation Deep Freeze Color Transparencies
2369:Ellery D. Wallwork, Kathryn A. Wilcoxson.
960:
946:
777:United States Antarctic Service Expedition
80:
2447:history.navy.mil: Operation Deep Freeze I
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
5543:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
1831:Theatrical release which combines three
1689:, was scheduled to be released in 2016.
1044:into Antarctic waters. In 1929, Admiral
32:This article includes a list of general
5118:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
2404:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O., 1969.
1778:
1516:participating in Operation Deep Freeze.
1004:Prior to International Geophysical Year
912:
858:
714:
642:
606:
552:
516:
433:
199:
163:
91:
83:
2442:Operation Deep Freeze Deployment Guide
1366:Helmut P. Jaron, Aurora Researcher at
262:Scottish National Antarctic Expedition
1685:A documentary on the early missions,
7:
1067:Byrd was instrumental in the Navy's
4904:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
3101:Norse colonization of North America
2194:. 30 September 2007. Archived from
5624:Expeditions from the United States
4433:United States Exploring Expedition
2359:. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1957.
2220:Mary Stortstrom (March 15, 2015).
1866:"Antarctica: Operation Deepfreeze"
1738:Military activity in the Antarctic
1650:Christchurch International Airport
1526:Christchurch International Airport
1404:Antarctic Development Squadron Six
1028:), known as the Puckered Penguins.
687:6th Norwegian Antarctic Expedition
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
5507:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
4875:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
2007:"OAE's Williams Field Antarctica"
1817:. Los Angeles, California (USA):
1353:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
5401:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
4794:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
1962:
1928:(5). Washington, DC: USAPO: 28.
1604:
1576:, and operationally reported to
1566:Air National Guard Detachment 13
860:
716:
644:
608:
554:
518:
442:
435:
201:
165:
93:
23:
5619:United States and the Antarctic
1888:"To the South Pole for Science"
1761:United States Antarctic Program
1646:United States Antarctic Program
1522:United States Antarctic Program
1000:. Task Force 199 was involved.
903:2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition
885:1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition
5629:History of the Ross Dependency
1915:"Operation Deep Freeze Plaque"
1844:"Antarctica: Past and Present"
1678:. The United States Air Force
1497:aircraft operating within the
1109:and at points in between. The
1099:International Geophysical Year
983:) is codename for a series of
334:Shackleton's second expedition
136:International Geophysical Year
1:
4780:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
4715:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
1723:List of Antarctic expeditions
1578:United States Pacific Command
1485:. It convinced Headquarters,
1343:and is now on display at the
633:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
352:Shackleton's third expedition
280:Shackleton's first expedition
207:British Empire / Commonwealth
5137:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
4953:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
4759:French Antarctic Expeditions
4689:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
4575:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
2693:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
2459:at Dartmouth College Library
2325:Resources in other libraries
2249:"Antarctic Support Contract"
2064:"Northwind, 1945 (WAGB 282)"
1680:13th Air Expeditionary Group
1427:United States National Guard
1048:established a naval base at
543:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
190:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
4222:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
3901:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
2766:Andrée's balloon expedition
1416:National Science Foundation
1042:first U.S. Naval expedition
597:Charcot's second expedition
16:US operations in Antarctica
5645:
3423:Franklin's lost expedition
3123:Christian IV's expeditions
1810:Seven Cities of Antarctica
1672:Air Force Materiel Command
1499:U.S. Department of Defense
1455:Distant Early Warning Line
1435:Schenectady County Airport
932:NBSX (Maudheim Expedition)
579:Charcot's first expedition
424:Trans-Antarctic Expedition
370:Mawson's second expedition
5599:1955 in the United States
4275:
4271:
4258:
3777:Great Northern Expedition
3453:Rae–Richardson expedition
2653:British Arctic Expedition
2517:
2513:
2500:
2320:Resources in your library
2068:United States Coast Guard
1874:. Season 3. Episode 26 .
1659:United States Coast Guard
1613:This article needs to be
316:Mawson's first expedition
298:Scott's second expedition
226:Southern Cross Expedition
5061:British Antarctic Survey
5055:Captain Arturo Prat Base
4300:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
1896:. Season 4. Episode 9 .
1852:. Season 3. Episode 1 .
1676:Military Sealift Command
1329:Davisville, Rhode Island
759:Byrd's second expedition
244:Scott's first expedition
118:International Polar Year
99:International agreements
5537:Pole of inaccessibility
5200:Antarctic Treaty System
3541:2nd Grinnell expedition
1819:Walt Disney Productions
1554:Raytheon Polar Services
1538:Active Guard Reservists
1487:United States Air Force
1449:The possibility of the
1379:Subsequent developments
1319:, aviation fuel carrier
1312:, aviation fuel carrier
1093:Operation Deep Freeze I
741:Byrd's first expedition
154:Antarctic Treaty System
53:more precise citations.
2334:Belanger, Dian Olson.
2011:www.coolantarctica.com
1835:filmed in Antarctica:
1641:
1570:Andrews Air Force Base
1517:
1375:
1331:and several aircraft.
1325:Construction Battalion
1227:
1209:
1058:second Byrd Expedition
1029:
1017:
998:United States military
388:Graham Land expedition
5614:Antarctic expeditions
5594:Operation Deep Freeze
5207:Transglobe Expedition
5106:Operation Deep Freeze
4515:Challenger expedition
3381:Coppermine expedition
2902:Drifting ice stations
2357:Operation Deep Freeze
2311:Operation Deep Freeze
2048:. Office of History,
1986:antarcticsun.usap.gov
1639:
1508:
1365:
1345:Naval Aviation Museum
1215:
1197:
1023:
1011:
973:Operation Deep Freeze
849:Operation Deep Freeze
507:New Swabia expedition
2432:Thirteenth Air Force
2201:on 30 September 2007
2050:Air Mobility Command
1418:support missions to
1199:Admiral Richard Byrd
993:Admiral Richard Byrd
5377:South magnetic pole
4043:Brusilov expedition
3152:Danish colonization
2590:North magnetic pole
1884:Disney, Walt (host)
1862:Disney, Walt (host)
1840:Disney, Walt (host)
1766:Winter Quarters Bay
1429:announced that the
1425:In early 1996, the
1185:Walt Disney Studios
669:Amundsen expedition
489:Filchner expedition
5609:1956 in Antarctica
5604:1955 in Antarctica
5068:Operation Windmill
5049:Operation Highjump
4024:Rusanov expedition
3929:A. E. Nordenskiöld
3673:North East Passage
3477:McClure expedition
2253:lockheedmartin.com
2111:10.21236/ada524217
1813:(Motion picture).
1791:Naval History Blog
1642:
1586:Pacific Air Forces
1562:Air National Guard
1518:
1483:109th Airlift Wing
1451:Air National Guard
1443:United States Navy
1431:109th Airlift Wing
1376:
1374:are named for him.
1349:Pensacola, Florida
1297:Greenville Victory
1228:
1210:
1069:Operation Highjump
1030:
1018:
813:Operation Windmill
795:Operation Highjump
5581:
5580:
5577:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5035:Operation Tabarin
4897:Far Eastern Party
4743:Nimrod Expedition
4254:
4253:
4250:
4249:
3813:M. Pronchishcheva
3735:Siberian Cossacks
3204:Northwest Passage
2537:Research stations
2494:Polar exploration
2355:Dufek, George J.
2306:Library resources
2161:Los Angeles Times
2129:Los Angeles Times
2091:Antarctic Journal
1815:People and Places
1754:The Antarctic Sun
1634:
1633:
1545:Wing ranged from
1532:, New Zealand to
1459:search and rescue
1291:, gasoline tanker
1155:glacial movements
970:
969:
705:Luncke expedition
406:Operation Tabarin
79:
78:
71:
5636:
5082:Ronne Expedition
4567:
4561:
4425:Dumont d'Urville
4273:
4260:
3808:V. Pronchishchev
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2255:. Archived from
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1794:
1793:. February 2013.
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1582:Honolulu, Hawaii
1514:C-141 Starlifter
1439:Scotia, New York
1414:had been flying
1299: (T-AK-237)
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4981:Modern research
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2070:. March 9, 2020
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1226:(Dec 1955)
1224:McMurdo Station
1208:(Dec 1955)
1177:George J. Dufek
1170:Richard E. Byrd
1151:weather systems
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1046:Richard E. Byrd
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2259:on 2014-06-26.
2240:
2212:
2180:
2163:. 1998-03-13.
2148:
2131:. 1998-03-13.
2116:
2097:
2080:
2055:
2034:
2023:
1998:
1973:
1939:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1880:
1864:(5 Jun 1957).
1858:
1796:
1777:
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1720:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1632:
1631:
1612:
1610:
1603:
1597:
1596:Current status
1594:
1590:13th Air Force
1558:U.S. Air Force
1380:
1377:
1337:Que Sera, Sera
1321:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1292:
1289: (AOG-55)
1282:
1272:
1262:
1252:
1249: (AKA-56)
1242:
1239: (AKA-92)
1119:United Kingdom
1094:
1091:
1050:Little America
1038:Charles Wilkes
1005:
1002:
968:
967:
965:
964:
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100:
89:
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77:
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31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
5641:
5630:
5627:
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5607:
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5032:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5009:
5008:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4962:
4961:
4957:
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4955:
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4927:
4923:
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4918:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4907:
4906:
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4887:
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4884:
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4860:
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4855:
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4798:
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4756:
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4733:
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4712:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4660:Discovery Hut
4658:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4630:
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4609:
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4601:
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4579:
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4564:
4557:
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4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4524:
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4512:
4510:
4507:
4502:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4356:
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4351:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
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4274:
4270:
4266:
4261:
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4241:
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4236:
4232:
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4229:
4225:
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4223:
4220:
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4215:
4213:
4212:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4190:A. Sibiryakov
4187:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4162:Glavsevmorput
4159:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4131:
4128:
4127:
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4117:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4105:
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4079:
4076:
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4064:
4062:
4059:
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4054:
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4047:
4046:
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4044:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3954:
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3946:
3944:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3465:
3464:J. Richardson
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3226:M. Corte-Real
3224:
3222:
3221:G. Corte-Real
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3144:C. Richardson
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2953:Georgiy Sedov
2949:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2840:Riiser-Larsen
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2388:(84): 54–63.
2387:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2299:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2216:
2213:
2197:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2092:
2084:
2081:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2052:. p. 25.
2051:
2047:
2046:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2024:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1969:public domain
1953:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1906:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1743:Mount Lisicky
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1728:McMurdo Sound
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1690:
1688:
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1677:
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1638:
1628:
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1611:
1602:
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1595:
1593:
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1587:
1583:
1580:(USPACOM) in
1579:
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1563:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1515:
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1507:
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1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1446:budget cuts.
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1378:
1373:
1370:in 1961. The
1369:
1364:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1283:
1281:, ice breaker
1280:
1278:
1273:
1271:, ice breaker
1270:
1269: (AGB-4)
1268:
1263:
1261:, ice breaker
1260:
1259: (AGB-2)
1258:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1225:
1221:
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1148:
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1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
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1116:
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1111:United States
1108:
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1100:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:an expedition
1051:
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1043:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1022:
1015:
1010:
1003:
1001:
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990:
986:
985:United States
982:
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974:
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951:
949:
944:
943:
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940:
933:
919:
918:
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916:
913:International
911:
904:
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871:
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869:
863:
857:
850:
836:
832:
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814:
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722:United States
719:
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688:
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508:
494:
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476:
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411:
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393:
389:
375:
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353:
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267:
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155:
141:
137:
123:
119:
105:
104:
103:
102:
90:
86:
82:
73:
70:
62:
59:February 2024
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
5535:
5523:Pole of Cold
5521:
5447:
5438:
5406:
5399:
5375:
5346:
5332:
5326:Borchgrevink
5318:
5305:
5290:
5270:
5255:
5224:
5205:
5198:
5182:
5168:
5159:
5142:
5135:
5116:
5105:
5104:
5080:
5066:
5059:
5047:
5033:
5019:
5005:
4998:
4959:
4951:
4937:
4930:
4928:
4910:
4902:
4895:
4882:
4873:
4835:
4827:
4818:
4811:
4799:
4792:
4778:
4766:Pourquoi-Pas
4765:
4757:
4749:
4741:
4736:Orcadas Base
4734:
4726:
4713:
4707:C. A. Larsen
4695:
4687:
4673:
4666:
4653:
4645:
4639:Borchgrevink
4632:
4624:
4581:
4573:
4548:C. A. Larsen
4541:
4522:
4513:
4495:
4477:
4468:
4455:
4440:
4431:
4418:
4379:
4365:
4358:
4339:
4324:
4234:
4227:
4210:
4203:
4189:
4174:
4160:
4147:
4122:
4108:
4106:
4092:
4090:
4084:
4082:
4048:
4041:
4022:
3988:
3986:
3972:
3970:
3952:
3942:
3940:
3920:
3918:
3899:
3775:
3733:
3716:
3684:
3648:
3646:
3626:
3625:
3605:
3604:
3590:
3577:
3562:
3548:
3539:
3526:
3497:
3485:Investigator
3484:
3475:
3451:
3438:
3430:
3421:
3408:
3379:
3356:
3341:
3326:
3296:
3281:
3251:
3170:
3150:
3121:
3117:Erik the Red
3099:
3077:
3070:
3027:submersibles
3024:
3018:Arktika 2007
3016:
3009:
3002:
2999:
2983:
2974:
2971:
2952:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2907:
2900:
2876:
2862:
2861:
2853:
2851:
2817:
2815:
2786:
2783:
2772:S. A. Andrée
2764:
2751:
2726:
2718:
2715:
2691:
2673:
2660:
2651:
2633:
2624:
2622:
2588:
2401:
2385:
2370:
2356:
2335:
2310:
2300:Bibliography
2283:
2274:
2265:
2257:the original
2252:
2243:
2231:. Retrieved
2225:
2215:
2203:. Retrieved
2196:the original
2183:
2172:. Retrieved
2160:
2151:
2140:. Retrieved
2128:
2119:
2100:
2089:
2083:
2072:. Retrieved
2067:
2058:
2044:
2037:
2026:
2014:. Retrieved
2010:
2001:
1989:. Retrieved
1985:
1976:
1955:. Retrieved
1951:
1942:
1925:
1921:
1908:
1892:
1870:
1848:
1809:
1799:
1790:
1781:
1752:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1666:
1643:
1622:
1614:
1551:
1530:Christchurch
1519:
1511:US Air Force
1491:
1472:
1448:
1424:
1398:
1387:
1382:
1372:Jaron Cliffs
1368:Byrd Station
1357:Byrd Station
1341:popular song
1336:
1333:
1322:
1316:
1309:
1296:
1286:
1276:
1266:
1256:
1246:
1236:
1229:
1218:
1204:
1174:
1163:
1096:
1085:
1073:World War II
1066:
1031:
987:missions to
980:
976:
972:
971:
866:Soviet Union
848:
471:) expedition
468:
65:
56:
37:
5226:Lake Vostok
5176:Tryoshnikov
5098:Schlossbach
4989:Christensen
4931:James Caird
4852:E. R. Evans
4618:Dobrowolski
4588:de Gerlache
4290:Expeditions
4176:Aviaarktika
4130:Samoylovich
4001:Kolomeitsev
3895:Middendorff
3855:Gedenshtrom
3275:I. Fyodorov
3037:Chilingarov
2925:E. Fyodorov
2532:Expeditions
2227:The Journal
1952:www.nsf.gov
1564:members of
1275:USCGC
1251:, freighter
1241:, freighter
1222:mooring at
1189:Walt Disney
1159:marine life
1147:hydrography
1115:New Zealand
1113:along with
467:Drygalski (
87:expeditions
51:introducing
5588:Categories
5449:Terra Nova
5354:Shackleton
5297:J. C. Ross
5256:Resolution
5246:South Pole
5021:New Swabia
4945:Mackintosh
4917:Shackleton
4836:Terra Nova
4829:Terra Nova
4563:Heroic Age
4523:Challenger
4483:J. C. Ross
4393:Bransfield
4325:Resolution
4240:icebreaker
4204:Chelyuskin
3945:expedition
3923:Expedition
3865:Matyushkin
3823:Kh. Laptev
3818:Chelyuskin
3712:Heemskerck
3702:Chancellor
3697:Willoughby
3692:Koch boats
3635:Stefansson
3569:McClintock
3533:Inglefield
3375:J. C. Ross
3282:Resolution
3134:Cunningham
3032:Sagalevich
2721:expedition
2680:Stephenson
2640:C. F. Hall
2627:expedition
2601:J. C. Ross
2564:Heemskerck
2551:North Pole
2344:0870818309
2174:2019-07-07
2142:2019-07-07
2074:2022-12-26
1957:2023-09-02
1893:Disneyland
1871:Disneyland
1849:Disneyland
1773:References
1674:, and the
1667:Polar Star
1662:icebreaker
1625:April 2024
1463:South Pole
1420:Antarctica
1295:USNS
1141:, and the
1107:South Pole
1103:North Pole
1081:icebreaker
1077:Finn Ronne
1012:U.S. Navy
989:Antarctica
151:–present:
34:references
5548:Tolstikov
5334:Discovery
5304:HMS
5289:HMS
5271:Adventure
5269:HMS
5254:HMS
5190:Tolstikov
4911:Endurance
4696:Antarctic
4681:Drygalski
4654:Discovery
4647:Discovery
4608:Arctowski
4521:HMS
4494:HMS
4488:Abernethy
4476:HMS
4454:USS
4441:Vincennes
4439:USS
4419:Astrolabe
4359:San Telmo
4340:Adventure
4338:HMS
4323:HMS
4318:Kerguelen
4280:Continent
4265:Antarctic
4142:Urvantsev
4100:Vilkitsky
3953:Jeannette
3951:USS
3943:Jeannette
3907:Weyprecht
3885:Pakhtusov
3835:Chichagov
3828:D. Laptev
3771:Permyakov
3746:Stadukhin
3741:Perfilyev
3718:Mangazeya
3656:H. Larsen
3621:Rasmussen
3576:HMS
3547:USS
3496:HMS
3483:HMS
3447:Collinson
3437:HMS
3429:HMS
3407:HMS
3355:HMS
3340:HMS
3325:HMS
3310:Mackenzie
3297:Discovery
3295:HMS
3280:HMS
3252:Discovery
3231:Frobisher
3194:Rasmussen
3107:Gunnbjörn
3053:Greenland
2982:USS
2973:USS
2845:Ellsworth
2787:Roosevelt
2717:Nansen's
2674:Discovery
2672:HMS
2659:HMS
2606:Abernethy
2574:Marmaduke
2394:0143-5450
2379:156828085
2233:March 15,
2169:0458-3035
2137:0458-3035
1934:0503-5392
1479:Greenland
1475:Air Staff
1408:Greenland
1388:Northwind
1305:freighter
1285:USS
1265:USS
1255:USS
1245:USS
1235:USS
1201:on board
1181:U.S. Navy
1166:U.S. Navy
1139:Argentina
1034:U.S. Navy
85:Antarctic
5560:A. Fuchs
5517:V. Fuchs
5497:McKinley
5460:E. Evans
5419:Bjaaland
5414:Amundsen
5364:Marshall
5277:Furneaux
5129:V. Fuchs
5093:E. Ronne
5088:F. Ronne
5027:Ritscher
4881:SY
4869:Filchner
4813:Framheim
4807:Amundsen
4613:Racoviță
4598:Amundsen
4593:Lecointe
4462:Ringgold
4456:Porpoise
4346:Furneaux
4182:Shevelev
4137:Begichev
4116:Amundsen
4078:Nagórski
4056:Brusilov
4050:Sv. Anna
3964:Melville
3934:Palander
3890:Tsivolko
3850:Sannikov
3845:Billings
3788:Chirikov
3707:Barentsz
3649:St. Roch
3640:Bartlett
3614:Amundsen
3598:Sverdrup
3498:Resolute
3387:Franklin
3315:Kotzebue
3182:Sverdrup
3165:Scoresby
3139:Lindenov
2990:Plaisted
2975:Nautilus
2920:Shirshov
2894:Belyakov
2889:Baydukov
2863:Nautilus
2825:Amundsen
2785:SS
2744:Sverdrup
2739:Johansen
2709:Brainard
2704:Lockwood
2559:Barentsz
2410:39250653
2365:41818128
2351:69594000
2205:26 March
2016:26 March
1991:26 March
1827:85925436
1748:Ross Sea
1718:Ice pier
1711:See also
1574:Maryland
1395:and the
1339:after a
1287:Nespelen
1277:Eastwind
1143:U.S.S.R.
1062:Ross Sea
1040:led the
5565:Messner
5512:Hillary
5492:Balchen
5440:Polheim
5434:Wisting
5312:Crozier
5284:Weddell
5262:J. Cook
5232:Kapitsa
5213:Fiennes
5155:Klenova
5124:Hillary
5074:Ketchum
5000:BANZARE
4975:·
4820:Polheim
4786:Shirase
4772:Charcot
4582:Belgica
4501:Crozier
4413:Morrell
4408:Weddell
4386:Lazarev
4331:J. Cook
4285:History
4235:Arktika
4211:Krassin
4196:Voronin
4168:Schmidt
4154:Ushakov
4093:Vaygach
4061:Albanov
4030:Rusanov
4011:Kolchak
4006:Matisen
3980:Makarov
3959:De Long
3860:Wrangel
3840:Lyakhov
3793:Malygin
3751:Dezhnev
3578:Pandora
3549:Advance
3516:Kennedy
3511:Belcher
3504:Kellett
3491:McClure
3415:Beechey
3409:Blossom
3402:Simpson
3370:Crozier
3363:Hoppner
3320:J. Ross
3288:J. Cook
3236:Gilbert
3129:J. Hall
3095:Ingólfr
3085:Naddodd
3079:Vikings
3066:Brendan
3061:Pytheas
3049:Iceland
3003:Arktika
2995:Herbert
2960:Badygin
2930:Krenkel
2915:Papanin
2884:Chkalov
2870:Wilkins
2835:Wisting
2779:F. Cook
2685:Markham
2645:Bessels
2634:Polaris
2625:Polaris
2596:J. Ross
2579:Carolus
2527:History
2275:nsf.gov
1707:years.
1702:⁄
1615:updated
1542:LC-130s
1495:LC-130H
1412:LC-130s
1399:Glacier
1267:Glacier
1237:Wyandot
1219:Wyandot
1205:Wyandot
1105:to the
1052:I, led
929:–1952:
923: (
900:–1958:
894: (
882:–1957:
876: (
846:–1956:
840: (
828:–1948:
822: (
810:–1948:
804: (
792:–1947:
786: (
774:–1941:
768: (
750: (
738:–1930:
732: (
702:–1958:
696: (
684:–1960:
678: (
666:–1912:
660: (
630:–1912:
624: (
594:–1910:
588: (
576:–1905:
570: (
540:–1904:
534: (
504:–1939:
498: (
486:–1912:
480: (
464:–1903:
458: (
448:Germany
421:–1958:
415: (
403:–1945:
397: (
385:–1937:
379: (
367:–1931:
361: (
349:–1922:
343: (
331:–1917:
325: (
313:–1914:
307: (
295:–1913:
289: (
277:–1909:
271: (
259:–1904:
253: (
241:–1904:
235: (
223:–1900:
217: (
187:–1899:
181: (
171:Belgium
145: (
133:–1958:
127: (
115:–1933:
109: (
47:improve
5475:Bowers
5470:Wilson
5429:Hassel
5424:Helmer
5393:Mackay
5383:Mawson
5348:Nimrod
5306:Terror
5291:Erebus
5218:Burton
5013:Rymill
4889:Mawson
4883:Aurora
4862:Lashly
4847:Wilson
4750:Nimrod
4727:Scotia
4534:Murray
4509:Cooper
4496:Terror
4478:Erebus
4447:Wilkes
4398:Palmer
4366:Vostok
4313:Bouvet
4237:-class
4217:Gakkel
4085:Taymyr
4066:Konrad
4035:Kuchin
3973:Yermak
3880:Lavrov
3798:Ovtsyn
3783:Bering
3761:Ivanov
3724:Hudson
3686:Pomors
3663:Cowper
3628:Karluk
3527:Isabel
3521:Bellot
3471:Austin
3439:Terror
3431:Erebus
3327:Griper
3303:Clerke
3263:Baffin
3246:Hudson
3177:Nansen
3090:Garðar
3011:Barneo
2878:ANT-25
2854:Italia
2830:Nobile
2799:Henson
2758:Amedeo
2734:Nansen
2699:Greely
2569:Hudson
2507:Arctic
2408:
2392:
2377:
2363:
2349:
2342:
2308:about
2167:
2135:
2094:: 230.
1932:
1825:
1670:, the
1665:USCGC
1467:C-130s
1397:USCGC
1391:, the
1386:USCGC
1317:YOG-70
1310:YOG-34
1257:Edisto
1157:, and
1131:Norway
1123:France
1117:, the
1071:after
977:OpDFrz
650:Norway
560:France
524:Sweden
36:, but
5555:Crary
5502:Dufek
5465:Oates
5455:Scott
5388:David
5369:Adams
5340:Barne
5161:Mirny
5150:Somov
4960:Quest
4857:Crean
4842:Scott
4721:Bruce
4675:Gauss
4668:Gauss
4542:Jason
4529:Nares
4403:Davis
4380:Mirny
4353:Smith
4308:Roché
4228:Lenin
4148:Sadko
4073:Wiese
4018:Sedov
3989:Zarya
3912:Payer
3875:Litke
3870:Anjou
3803:Minin
3766:Vagin
3756:Popov
3729:Poole
3584:Young
3397:Dease
3342:Hecla
3333:Parry
3258:Bylot
3241:Davis
3216:Cabot
3189:Peary
3171:Jason
3158:Egede
3072:Papar
2984:Skate
2965:Wiese
2945:NP-37
2938:NP-36
2818:Norge
2806:Sedov
2794:Peary
2752:Jason
2667:Nares
2661:Alert
2616:Hayes
2584:Parry
2522:Ocean
2199:(PDF)
2192:(PDF)
1918:(PDF)
1547:US $
1247:Arneb
1135:Chile
1127:Japan
1026:VXE-6
614:Japan
469:Gauss
5487:Byrd
5408:Fram
5359:Wild
5041:Marr
5007:BGLE
4994:Byrd
4922:Wild
4801:Fram
4603:Cook
4124:AARI
4109:Maud
3996:Toll
3921:Vega
3607:Gjøa
3592:Fram
3555:Kane
3392:Back
3357:Fury
3348:Lyon
3270:Munk
2909:NP-1
2811:Byrd
2728:Fram
2719:Fram
2611:Kane
2406:OCLC
2390:ISSN
2375:OCLC
2361:OCLC
2347:OCLC
2340:ISBN
2235:2015
2207:2018
2165:ISSN
2133:ISSN
2018:2018
1993:2018
1930:ISSN
1823:OCLC
1560:and
1315:USS
1308:USS
1217:USS
1203:USS
1183:and
1164:The
1149:and
1086:Atka
1084:USS
1032:The
925:1949
921:1949
896:1956
892:1956
878:1955
874:1955
842:1955
838:1955
824:1947
820:1947
806:1947
802:1947
788:1946
784:1946
770:1939
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