2317:
272:
646:
733:
593:
385:
768:
indigenous elements. Evidence from modern archaeological digs in the area reveal the extent of Han
Chinese influence. Han dynasty tombs in Guangzhou, Guangdong show that the native tools and ceramics were gradually replaced by those modeled after Chinese styles by the Western Han. Excavations from the period have uncovered bronze mirrors, stoves, wells, incense burners, tripods, and lanterns manufactured in the style of the Han Chinese.
397:
533:
42:
681:'s reign as usurper of the Han throne between 9â23 AD, hostilities in southwestern China persisted. Wang sent military campaigns to quell the unrest. Seventy percent of the soldiers in one campaign died from illness. Another campaign, comprising 100,000 men and with double the supplies, was not fruitful. Rebellions continued in 42-45 and 176.
800:
786:
Modern Yunnan in southwestern China was annexed into the Han Empire after the establishment of a
Chinese prefecture in 109 BC. The growing influence of Chinese culture is apparent in excavated Dian artifacts, and coins, ceramics, mirrors, and bronzes have been discovered in Dian manufactured with Han
565:
The Han dynasty took umbrage at the diplomats killed with her and saw this event as an act of rebellion. Emperor Wu sent a military campaign consisting of 2,000 soldiers led by
General Han Qianqiu to quell the revolt. The general died in battle and the Han forces lost. The second campaign, led by the
823:
Han dynasty emperors and their successors maintained commercial and diplomatic ties with various South and
Southeast Asian kingdoms. Han dynasty ships traveled as far as India, expanding the horizon for new foreign markets for Chinese goods and services through maritime trade within the orbit of the
664:
on the north, the rising cost of administration in the distant state led to the Han abandoning the commandery. A group of
Chinese explorers were captured by the Dian for four years. They were part of an expedition traveling southwards to establish an alternative trade route for the goods reported in
641:
In 135 BC, Tang Meng led the earliest Han expedition against Dian, establishing the
Jianwei commandery in southwestern China. The Dian tribes were involved in the trade of livestock, horses, fruit, and slaves, and was attractive to the Han because of their resources and metalworking expertise. Trade
465:
The only thing we should worry about is whether we have strength enough to rescue them and virtue enough to command their loyalty... Now a small country has come to report its distress to the Son of Heaven. If he does not save it, to whom can it turn for aid? And how can the Son of Heaven claim that
250:
took root into the newly conquered territories and the Baiyue and Dian tribes were eventually assimilated or displaced by the Han Empire. Evidence of Han dynasty influences are apparent in artifacts excavated in the Baiyue tombs of modern southern China. This sphere of influence eventually extended
492:
Zou Ying was assassinated with a spear by his younger brother Zou Yushan, who plotted against the ruler with the royal family and prime minister. Ying beheaded the corpse and gave the head to a messenger, who delivered it to Wang as a sign of Minyue's surrender. After the assassination, Minyue was
676:
in 109 BC, and the Yizhou commandery was established in the former kingdom. Archaeologists discovered the king of Dian's imperial seal inscribed by the Han, confirming Dian's surrender and status as a subject of the Han. The Dian led a series of unsuccessful rebellions against Han rule, beginning
718:
of the tribes during his reign between. Under
Emperor Huangti, sinicization of the Dian involved the teaching of Chinese ethics and Han Chinese culture was promoted in Yunnan. Despite periodic unrest, the Dian Kingdom was eventually absorbed into the Han Empire. Conquered by the Han dynasty, Han
622:
The Han reestablished control of Nanyue. The Trung sisters were executed or killed during the fighting. In popular accounts, they vanished in the sky, fell sick, or took their own lives by jumping into a river and drowning. Violence in the region continued, and there were seven periods of unrest
767:
Sinicization of the Yue and Dian tribes was brought about by a combination of Han imperial military power, regular Han
Chinese settlement and an influx of Han Chinese refugees. The military invasions and an influx Han Chinese immigrants created a culture that merged Han Chinese traditions with
438:
requested Han military assistance when Minyue invaded the kingdom in 138 BC. Supreme commander Tian Fen opposed Han intervention. Tian told the emperor that the Yue tribes could not be trusted. Battles between the Yue tribes occurred frequently, and Tian believed that protecting them was not a
500:
in 111 BC, he requested the emperor's permission to annex
Dongyue. The emperor refused after he considered the morale of the troops. Zou Yushan had promised to supply an army to assist the Han in their war against the Nanyue. The army never arrived and Zou blamed the weather conditions, while
807:
The southward expansion of the Han dynasty brought the empire into contact with the civilizations of
Southeast Asia. Chinese cultural and technological influence spread to nearby Southeast Asian kingdoms. Remnants of Chinese pottery from the Han dynasty have been excavated in
375:
in Central China, and the ruling class of the new kingdom was composed of Chinese officials from the former Qin dynasty. In 180 BC, Zhao offered to submit as a vassal state and the Han accepted, a decision partly based on his family's northern Han Chinese ancestry.
509:
of Yue ancestry. The revolt was repressed and the Han annexed Dongyue in the last months of 111 BC, conquering the remaining territory of the former Minyue. Sima Qian records that the entire population of Dongyue was exiled, a claim that is implausible.
787:
stylistic elements. Dian art adopted the aesthetics of Han imports and by 100, the indigenous Dian culture had largely disappeared. Northern Chinese culture had become largely ingrained in the south. The expansion of China from the
161:
2316:
558:, mooted the unification of Nanyue with Han China. This proposal was met with resistance in the Nanyue nobility which, although nominally tributary to the Han, had not paid tribute in years. The queen was executed by
504:
Zou began a rebellion against the Han after learning of Yang's plot against him. A Han military campaign was dispatched and led by General Han Yue, General Yang Pu, military commander Wang Wenshu, and two
154:
719:
Chinese settlers began moving into the lowlands once inhabited by the Dian. Over the centuries, the Dian were assimilated by the Han Chinese and were virtually extinct by the 11th century AD.
147:
2495:
489:. Nanyue had been a Han vassal since 180 BC. Zhao asked the Han for their support, and the emperor responded by sending an army led by Wang Hui and Han Anguo against Minyue.
312:
of the Qin craved for the resources of the Baiyue and ordered military expeditions against the region between 221 and 214 BC. He sent a large contingent of soldiers against
623:
between 100 and 184. A new strategy was adopted, orchestrated by the official Li Gu, that sought to appoint honest officials, exile hostile tribes, and pit tribal leaders
612:
862:
in 284. Foreign products have been found at archaeological sites excavating tombs in southern China. Originating with the overseas demand for Chinese silk, the ancient
320:
was constructed, and new areas were placed under Qin administration. The collapse of the Qin caused the dissolution of Qin administration in southern China. Indigenous
493:
succeeded by a state divided into a dual monarchy composed of the kingdom of Minyue, controlled by a Han proxy ruler, and the kingdom of Dongyue, ruled by Zou Yushan.
251:
to various ancient Southeast Asian kingdoms, where contact led to the spread of Han Chinese culture, trade and political diplomacy. The increased demand for Chinese
642:
routes between Dian and the rest of the Han empire were opened up by Han soldiers. The Han continued their expansion northward, and annexed the territory near Shu.
824:
Indian Ocean. Trade relationships were also established between China and foreign empires through the conquered territories. Trade connected China with the Indian
2394:
756:'s usurpation led to another wave of Chinese migration. Han settlers and soldiers from the north were affected by diseases common in tropical regions, such as
850:
as Huangzhi delivered a rhinoceros in the year 2 AD as a tribute. An Indian embassy arrived in China between 89 and 105. Roman merchants from the province of
779:
happened during the late Western Han and occurred later than in Guangdong. As in Guangdong, a number of Han-style mirrors, coins, ceramics, bronze, iron, and
2155:
439:
responsibility of the Han court. The Han official Zhuang Zhu convinced the emperor to intervene in the war. Zhuang's argument was based on the emperor's
2065:
2677:
2555:
2108:. Asian Studies Monographs: New Series of the Faculty of Asian Studies (16). Canberra: Faculty of Asian Studies at the Australian National University.
589:. The two Han commanderies located in Hainan were abandoned in 82 BC and 46 BC, despite the Han government's interest in the area's rare resources.
2777:
2325:
2284:
607:
and the re-establishment of the Han, the tribal elites of Nanyue remained loyal to the Han. In 40 AD, revolts against Han rule were led by the
271:
2732:
2504:
2051:
2024:
2005:
1986:
1967:
1948:
1929:
1910:
1891:
1872:
1853:
1834:
866:
trade routes were responsible for the transmission of goods and services as well as ideas between ancient Europe, the Near East, and China.
2466:
2259:
820:
that date from the 1st century. Archaeologists have also discovered bronze axes in Cambodia that were based on the design of Chinese axes.
527:
2767:
2500:
2461:
2249:
577:
Lingnan was once again brought under Chinese control, and nine Chinese commanderies were created to administer Guangdong, the island of
523:
408:
and ten infantrymen with armor, shields, and missing weapons in the foreground, and three more cavalrymen in the rear, from the tomb of
301:
2762:
1800:
1775:
1735:
1710:
1661:
1636:
1611:
1571:
1461:
1436:
989:
964:
939:
914:
844:. Roman dancers and entertainers were sent to Luoyang as a gift to China from a Burmese kingdom in 120. A kingdom referred to in the
2510:
570:
and Yang Pu, was dispatched by sea with 100,000 soldiers in the fall of 112 BC. They reached the city of Panyu, located in modern
2727:
2148:
2737:
2656:
2473:
2344:
457:
474:
in northern Zhejiang, and withdrew from Eastern Ou. The Yue tribes of Eastern Ou were transferred to the north, between the
359:
Supported by the Han military, Minyue was established in 202 BC and Eastern Ou in 192 BC after the fall of the Qin dynasty.
2752:
2434:
2365:
2289:
2196:
2772:
2234:
677:
with two revolts in 86 BC and 83 BC. Chen Li, governor of the Zangge commandery, crushed a rebellion in 28â25 BC. Under
425:
405:
185:
2757:
2438:
2141:
875:
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200:
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1846:
The Rise of the Chinese Empire: Nation, State, and Imperialism in Early China, ca. 1600 B.C. - A.D. 8. Volume One
880:
2490:
2223:
2218:
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413:
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2069:
829:
2181:
2299:
2239:
2191:
851:
519:
190:
2483:
2451:
2371:
2358:
2113:
2077:
616:
371:, first emperor of the Han dynasty, approved Zhao Tuo's new title as king. Zhao was born in the city of
645:
485:
A second intervention was launched in 135 BC after Minyue, ruled by Zou Ying, invaded Nanyue, ruled by
17:
2633:
2545:
2388:
2304:
2244:
636:
559:
368:
363:, a former Chinese commander of the Qin, established Nanyue in 208 BC after the death of the emperor
195:
2206:
2102:
661:
2593:
2528:
2424:
711:
685:
653:
409:
286:
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448:
316:
in 214 BC, comprising conscripted merchants and soldiers. Military garrisons were installed, the
732:
435:
349:
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2098:
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2020:
2001:
1982:
1963:
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Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel
1629:
Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel
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to the south, a process that began in the Qin dynasty, had reached its height under the Han.
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2456:
649:
444:
401:
372:
221:
71:
2044:
Hanshu Volume 95 The Southwest Peoples, Two Yues, and Chaoxian: Translation with Commentary
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825:
430:
Military campaigns were launched against the Baiyue under the reign of the Han emperor
396:
217:
101:
67:
2721:
2691:
833:
652:
statues of a prancing horse (foreground) and a cavalryman on horseback (background),
608:
475:
470:
The Minyue surrendered after a Han naval force led by Zhuang Zhu was dispatched from
364:
309:
2017:
Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. â A.D. 220
2698:
2270:
715:
699:
666:
317:
241:
132:
803:
Map of the provinces, commanderies, and protectorates of the Han dynasty in 87 BC.
740:. Artifacts uncovered in Nanyue sites show a mixture of Chinese and Yue elements.
216:
was a series of Chinese military campaigns and expeditions in what is now modern
2603:
2417:
2351:
2265:
2164:
846:
780:
555:
551:
466:
the rulers of all other states are like sons to him if he ignores their pleases?
305:
247:
225:
119:
94:
536:
Zhao Tuo, the founder of Nanyue kingdom in southern China and northern Vietnam.
532:
2618:
2613:
2412:
479:
2573:
2540:
2407:
2377:
2338:
2103:"Generals of the South: CHAPTER ONE South China under the Later Han Dynasty"
863:
753:
749:
678:
604:
571:
452:
333:
290:
256:
228:
and continued during the Han era. Campaigns were dispatched to conquer the
41:
2608:
2568:
2446:
2401:
2279:
506:
471:
360:
353:
275:
Mural showing cavalry and chariots, from the Dahuting Tomb (Chinese:
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2583:
2563:
859:
855:
809:
776:
772:
757:
737:
707:
703:
586:
567:
486:
337:
329:
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1920:
Lorge, Peter (2012). Graff, David Andrew; Higham, Robin D. S. (eds.).
1755:. World Scientific Publishing (published March 13, 2009). p. 169.
1591:. World Scientific Publishing (published March 13, 2009). p. 169.
2649:
2588:
2578:
2333:
2133:
813:
745:
619:, a participant in the battles that followed Wang Mang's usurpation.
597:
578:
345:
341:
325:
321:
237:
233:
229:
128:
124:
88:
1960:
The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An Archaeological Perspective
1768:
Becoming Chinese American: A History of Communities and Institutions
1604:
Becoming Chinese American: A History of Communities and Institutions
1905:. Translation and commentary by Watson. Columbia University Press.
799:
603:
In the early years of the Eastern Han, following the usurpation of
2274:
798:
731:
644:
591:
531:
383:
294:
392:
successfully conquered Nanyue and annexed it into the Han empire.
817:
744:
Han Chinese migration from northern and central China populated
562:, leader of those who had opposed her, in the summer of 112 BC.
252:
2137:
1705:. Taylor and Francis (published August 14, 2007). p. 365.
1656:. Taylor and Francis (published August 14, 2007). p. 365.
1566:. Taylor and Francis (published August 14, 2007). p. 365.
1431:. Taylor and Francis (published August 14, 2007). p. 365.
143:
702:. The Dian tribes west of Yuexi/Yuesui Commandery (è¶ć·, modern
496:
As general Yang Pu returned north with his soldiers after the
324:
kingdoms emerged in the former Qin territories, including the
1526:
1524:
1227:
1225:
1212:
1210:
1182:
1180:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
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secretly maintaining a diplomatic relationship with Nanyue.
2015:
Yu, Yingshi (1986). Denis Twitchett; Michael Loewe (eds.).
224:. Military expansion to the south began under the previous
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
672:
Dian was conquered during a military campaign launched by
1751:
H. Brill, Robert; Gan, Fuxi (2009). Tian, Shouyun (ed.).
1587:
H. Brill, Robert; Gan, Fuxi (2009). Tian, Shouyun (ed.).
1053:
1051:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
46:
Map of the expansion of the Han dynasty in 2nd century BC
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1332:
1330:
1317:
1315:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
100:
Contact and trade with various foreign kingdoms across
27:
Series of Chinese military campaigns by the Han dynasty
1366:
1364:
1362:
1197:
1195:
688:'s reign (57â75 AD). The new commandery of Yongchang (
1770:. AltaMira Press (published May 4, 2004). p. 5.
1606:. AltaMira Press (published May 4, 2004). p. 5.
1487:
1485:
1456:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 162.
1410:
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1406:
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1097:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
984:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 146.
959:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 127.
934:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 146.
909:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 127.
2699:
Treatise on Cold Injury and Miscellaneous Disorders
2632:
2554:
2519:
2433:
2324:
2172:
1822:
1793:The Penguin History of Modern Vietnam: A History
2671:Essential Prescriptions from the Golden Cabinet
34:
1903:Records of the Grand Historian: Han Dynasty II
627:. The strategy was only partially successful.
87:Cultural assimilation and displacement of the
2395:Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals
2149:
1884:The Genesis of East Asia: 221 B.C. - A.D. 907
689:
541:
155:
8:
1979:Rivers in Time: A Cultural History of China
728:Chinese migration and cultural assimilation
2156:
2142:
2134:
1865:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China
1753:Ancient Glass Research Along the Silk Road
1589:Ancient Glass Research Along the Silk Road
1231:
1216:
1186:
1159:
162:
148:
140:
40:
31:
2678:The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art
574:, in 111â110 BC and defeated the rebels.
308:, the dynasty that preceded the Han. The
1382:
1285:
1171:
1057:
1011:
395:
270:
897:
783:were discovered in the region's tombs.
420:Campaigns against Minyue and Eastern Ou
2285:Disasters of the Partisan Prohibitions
2122:
2111:
2086:
2075:
1688:
1676:
1549:
1530:
1515:
1321:
1030:
752:. The political turmoil that followed
214:southward expansion of the Han dynasty
173:Southward expansion of the Han dynasty
35:Southward expansion of the Han dynasty
18:Southward expansion of the Han Dynasty
1766:Him, Mark Lai; Hsu, Madeline (2004).
1602:Him, Mark Lai; Hsu, Madeline (2004).
1370:
1201:
302:Military campaigns against the Baiyue
255:also led to the establishment of the
7:
2260:Second Chinese domination of Vietnam
1730:. McFarland Publishing. p. 65.
1701:Fagan, Brian; Scarre, Chris (2007).
1652:Fagan, Brian; Scarre, Chris (2007).
1631:. McFarland Publishing. p. 65.
1562:Fagan, Brian; Scarre, Chris (2007).
1427:Fagan, Brian; Scarre, Chris (2007).
694:) was established in what is modern
412:(r. 157â141 BC), now located at the
2501:Protectorate of the Western Regions
2250:First Chinese domination of Vietnam
2046:. Gutenberg Self Publishing Press.
1901:Sima, Qian; Watson, Burton (1993).
710:) submitted to Han rule in 114 AD.
461:, Zhuang is reported to have said:
1943:. University of California Press.
1503:
1491:
1476:
1414:
1397:
1353:
1336:
1306:
1266:
1243:
1138:
1117:
1105:
1088:
1069:
1042:
97:settlement and migration southward
25:
2019:. University of Cambridge Press.
1825:A History of Chinese Civilization
736:The imperial seal of Nanyue king
236:by the Han in 135 BC and 111 BC,
91:and Dian tribes by the Han Empire
2511:Translation of government titles
2315:
1924:. University Press of Kentucky.
1863:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2010).
1848:. University of Michigan Press.
684:The Han expanded further during
596:Ma Yuan's statue on Mount Fubo,
550:of Nanyue, wife of the deceased
2657:Book on Numbers and Computation
2066:"South China in the Han Period"
1454:China: An Environmental History
982:China: An Environmental History
957:China: An Environmental History
932:China: An Environmental History
907:China: An Environmental History
232:, leading to the annexation of
2778:Wars involving the Han dynasty
2474:Three Lords and Nine Ministers
2345:Records of the Grand Historian
1886:. University of Hawaii Press.
1867:. Cambridge University Press.
1829:. Cambridge University Press.
611:near the Red River Delta. The
458:Records of the Grand Historian
281:
276:
1:
2366:Records of the Three Kingdoms
2290:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
2197:Rebellion of the Seven States
2042:Amies, Alex; Ban, Gu (2020).
1981:. Columbia University Press.
1939:Taylor, Keith Weller (1983).
2733:Campaigns of the Han dynasty
1791:Goscha, Christopher (2016).
714:(r. 146â168) encouraged the
449:Chinese political philosophy
426:Han campaigns against Minyue
1998:The Arts of China to Ad 900
1922:A Military History of China
1726:Howard, Michael C. (2012).
1627:Howard, Michael C. (2012).
876:Military of the Han dynasty
2794:
2768:Military history of Yunnan
2496:Provinces and commanderies
2384:Eight Immortals of Huainan
2212:War of the Heavenly Horses
1882:Holcombe, Charles (2001).
634:
517:
423:
2763:2nd century BC in Vietnam
2313:
2202:Han dynasty in Inner Asia
2000:. Yale University Press.
1962:. Yale University Press.
1452:Marks, Robert B. (2017).
980:Marks, Robert B. (2011).
955:Marks, Robert B. (2011).
930:Marks, Robert B. (2011).
905:Marks, Robert B. (2011).
881:Han dynasty in Inner Asia
795:Trade and foreign contact
771:Cultural assimilation in
690:
542:
181:
113:
50:
39:
2255:Trung sisters' rebellion
2219:Han conquest of Gojoseon
2186:Feast at Swan Goose Gate
1996:Watson, William (2000).
1844:Chang, Chun-Shu (2007).
1821:Gernet, Jacques (1996).
540:In the 110s BC, Jiushi (
414:Hainan Provincial Museum
289:(25â220 AD), located in
2728:2nd century BC in China
2534:Ancient Chinese coinage
2295:Yellow Turban Rebellion
854:visited Nanyue in 166,
723:Historical significance
514:Campaign against Nanyue
259:connecting Europe, the
2738:Emperor Guangwu of Han
2556:Science and technology
2300:End of the Han dynasty
2240:Han conquest of Nanyue
2121:Cite journal requires
2085:Cite journal requires
1232:Sima & Watson 1993
1217:Sima & Watson 1993
1187:Sima & Watson 1993
1160:Sima & Watson 1993
804:
741:
657:
613:rebellion was defeated
600:
537:
520:Han conquest of Nanyue
468:
416:
393:
298:
2484:Three Ducal Ministers
2372:Flying Horse of Gansu
2359:Book of the Later Han
1958:Xu, Pingfang (2005).
1703:Ancient Civilizations
1654:Ancient Civilizations
1564:Ancient Civilizations
1429:Ancient Civilizations
802:
735:
716:cultural assimilation
648:
631:Campaign against Dian
615:in 43 by the general
595:
535:
463:
399:
387:
274:
2753:History of Guangdong
2546:Sino-Roman relations
2389:Mawangdui Silk Texts
2305:Battle of Red Cliffs
2245:Han conquest of Dian
1977:Xu, Zhuoyun (2012).
1941:The Birth of Vietnam
1383:Amies & Ban 2020
637:Han conquest of Dian
2773:History of Zhejiang
2425:Eastern Han Chinese
2326:Society and culture
2231:Southward expansion
2192:LĂŒ Clan disturbance
1679:, pp. 127â128.
1533:, pp. 126â127.
1506:, pp. 279â281.
1339:, pp. 457â458.
1246:, pp. 452â453.
1120:, pp. 455â456.
1072:, pp. 451â452.
842:Roman Mediterranean
840:, and the European
669:markets in 122 BC.
654:Eastern Han Dynasty
410:Emperor Jing of Han
287:Eastern Han Dynasty
248:Han Chinese culture
2758:History of Guangxi
2643:Balanced Discourse
2182:ChuâHan Contention
2099:de Crespigny, Rafe
2072:on 16 August 2016.
2062:de Crespigny, Rafe
805:
742:
658:
625:against each other
601:
538:
436:Eastern Ou Kingdom
417:
406:Chinese cavalryman
394:
380:Military campaigns
299:
2748:History of Fujian
2743:Emperor Wu of Han
2715:
2714:
2224:Four Commanderies
2053:978-0-9833348-7-3
2026:978-0-5212-4327-8
2007:978-0-300-08284-5
1988:978-0-231-52818-4
1969:978-0-300-09382-7
1950:978-0-520-07417-0
1931:978-0-8131-3584-7
1912:978-0-231-08166-5
1893:978-0-8248-2465-5
1874:978-0-521-12433-1
1855:978-0-472-11533-4
1836:978-0-521-49781-7
1385:, pp. 11â23.
789:North China Plain
674:Emperor Wu of Han
390:Emperor Wu of Han
209:
208:
138:
137:
109:
108:
16:(Redirected from
2785:
2319:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2135:
2130:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2109:
2107:
2094:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2073:
2068:. Archived from
2057:
2030:
2011:
1992:
1973:
1954:
1935:
1916:
1897:
1878:
1859:
1840:
1828:
1807:
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996:
995:
977:
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952:
946:
945:
927:
921:
920:
902:
693:
692:
545:
544:
528:Second BáșŻc thuá»c
304:began under the
283:
278:
222:Northern Vietnam
176:
174:
164:
157:
150:
141:
72:Northern Vietnam
52:
51:
44:
32:
21:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:Zhoubi Suanjing
2685:Huangdi Neijing
2650:Book of Origins
2628:
2624:Zhang Zhongjing
2550:
2515:
2429:
2320:
2311:
2207:HanâXiongnu War
2168:
2162:
2120:
2110:
2105:
2097:
2084:
2074:
2060:
2054:
2041:
2038:
2036:Further reading
2033:
2027:
2014:
2008:
1995:
1989:
1976:
1970:
1957:
1951:
1938:
1932:
1919:
1913:
1900:
1894:
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942:
929:
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924:
917:
904:
903:
899:
894:
889:
872:
838:Parthian Empire
797:
762:schistosomiasis
730:
725:
696:Baoshan, Yunnan
662:HanâXiongnu War
639:
633:
583:Red River Delta
548:empress dowager
530:
524:First BáșŻc thuá»c
518:Main articles:
516:
447:, a concept in
428:
422:
402:ceramic statues
382:
297:province, China
282:Dahuting Han mu
269:
240:in 111 BC, and
210:
205:
177:
172:
170:
168:
131:
127:
74:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2571:
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2551:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2525:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2505:Chief Official
2498:
2493:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2479:Nine Ministers
2471:
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2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2235:HanâMinyue War
2228:
2227:
2226:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2178:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2123:|journal=
2095:
2087:|journal=
2058:
2052:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2025:
2012:
2006:
1993:
1987:
1974:
1968:
1955:
1949:
1936:
1930:
1917:
1911:
1898:
1892:
1879:
1873:
1860:
1854:
1841:
1835:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1802:978-1846143106
1801:
1795:. Allen Lane.
1783:
1777:978-0759104587
1776:
1758:
1743:
1737:978-0786468034
1736:
1718:
1712:978-0131928787
1711:
1693:
1691:, p. 128.
1681:
1669:
1663:978-0131928787
1662:
1644:
1638:978-0786468034
1637:
1619:
1613:978-0759104587
1612:
1594:
1579:
1573:978-0131928787
1572:
1554:
1552:, p. 127.
1535:
1520:
1508:
1496:
1494:, p. 279.
1481:
1479:, p. 154.
1469:
1463:978-1442277878
1462:
1444:
1438:978-0131928787
1437:
1419:
1417:, p. 460.
1402:
1400:, p. 459.
1387:
1375:
1358:
1356:, p. 458.
1341:
1326:
1311:
1309:, p. 454.
1290:
1288:, p. 150.
1271:
1269:, p. 453.
1248:
1236:
1234:, p. 223.
1221:
1219:, p. 222.
1206:
1191:
1189:, p. 221.
1176:
1174:, p. 148.
1164:
1162:, p. 220.
1143:
1141:, p. 456.
1122:
1110:
1108:, p. 281.
1093:
1091:, p. 452.
1074:
1062:
1060:, p. 149.
1047:
1045:, p. 455.
1035:
1033:, p. 126.
1016:
1014:, p. 147.
997:
991:978-1442212756
990:
972:
966:978-1442212756
965:
947:
941:978-1442212756
940:
922:
916:978-1442212756
915:
896:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
884:
883:
878:
871:
868:
836:, the Persian
834:Shunga Empires
796:
793:
729:
726:
724:
721:
698:in the former
635:Main article:
632:
629:
515:
512:
498:HanâNanyue War
424:Main article:
421:
418:
381:
378:
285:) of the late
279:; pinyin:
268:
265:
218:Southern China
207:
206:
204:
203:
198:
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188:
182:
179:
178:
169:
167:
166:
159:
152:
144:
136:
135:
122:
116:
115:
111:
110:
107:
106:
105:
104:
102:Southeast Asia
98:
92:
80:
76:
75:
68:Southern China
66:
64:
60:
59:
58:2nd century BC
56:
48:
47:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2790:
2779:
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2744:
2741:
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2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2692:Shuowen Jiezi
2689:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2654:
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2651:
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2640:
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2631:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2482:
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2477:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2463:
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2436:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2416:
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2404:
2403:
2399:
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2368:
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2349:
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2329:
2327:
2323:
2318:
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2303:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2147:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2128:
2115:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1827:
1826:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1804:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1784:
1779:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1595:
1590:
1583:
1580:
1575:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1518:, p. 88.
1517:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1376:
1373:, p. 83.
1372:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1324:, p. 40.
1323:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1286:Holcombe 2001
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1204:, p. 85.
1203:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1172:Holcombe 2001
1168:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1058:Holcombe 2001
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:Holcombe 2001
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
998:
993:
987:
983:
976:
973:
968:
962:
958:
951:
948:
943:
937:
933:
926:
923:
918:
912:
908:
901:
898:
891:
886:
882:
879:
877:
874:
873:
869:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
848:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
821:
819:
815:
811:
801:
794:
792:
790:
784:
782:
778:
774:
769:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
739:
734:
727:
722:
720:
717:
713:
712:Emperor Huang
709:
705:
701:
697:
687:
682:
680:
675:
670:
668:
667:Central Asian
663:
655:
651:
647:
643:
638:
630:
628:
626:
620:
618:
614:
610:
609:Trung sisters
606:
599:
594:
590:
588:
584:
580:
575:
573:
569:
563:
561:
557:
554:and a native
553:
549:
534:
529:
525:
521:
513:
511:
508:
502:
499:
494:
490:
488:
483:
481:
477:
476:Yangtze River
473:
467:
462:
460:
459:
454:
450:
446:
445:Son of Heaven
442:
437:
433:
427:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
398:
391:
386:
379:
377:
374:
370:
369:Emperor Gaozu
366:
365:Qin Shi Huang
362:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
310:First Emperor
307:
303:
296:
292:
288:
284:
273:
266:
264:
263:, and China.
262:
258:
254:
249:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
202:
201:Trung sisters
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
183:
180:
175:
165:
160:
158:
153:
151:
146:
145:
142:
134:
130:
126:
123:
121:
118:
117:
112:
103:
99:
96:
93:
90:
86:
85:
84:
81:
78:
77:
73:
69:
65:
62:
61:
57:
54:
53:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2400:
2393:
2376:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2271:Red Eyebrows
2230:
2114:cite journal
2078:cite journal
2070:the original
2043:
2016:
1997:
1978:
1959:
1940:
1921:
1902:
1883:
1864:
1845:
1824:
1792:
1786:
1767:
1761:
1752:
1746:
1727:
1721:
1702:
1696:
1684:
1672:
1653:
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1689:Gernet 1996
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1550:Gernet 1996
1531:Gernet 1996
1516:Watson 2000
1322:Taylor 1983
1031:Gernet 1996
847:Book of Han
781:lacquerware
660:Due to the
656:(25â220 AD)
556:Han Chinese
552:Zhao Yingqi
388:By 111 BC,
328:kingdom in
244:in 109 BC.
226:Qin dynasty
120:Han dynasty
2722:Categories
2619:Zhang Heng
2614:Wang Chong
2435:Government
2413:Han poetry
1371:Ebrey 2010
1202:Lorge 2012
887:References
830:SÄtavÄhana
581:, and the
480:Huai River
350:Eastern Ou
267:Background
230:Yue tribes
2594:Liu Xiang
2574:Ding Huan
2541:Silk Road
2408:Old Texts
2378:Huainanzi
2339:Sima Qian
892:Citations
864:Silk Road
754:Wang Mang
750:Guangdong
679:Wang Mang
605:Wang Mang
572:Guangzhou
566:generals
507:marquises
453:Sima Qian
334:Guangdong
291:Zhengzhou
261:Near East
257:Silk Road
2609:Sima Tan
2569:Cai Yong
2447:Ban Chao
2439:military
2402:Yiwu Zhi
2280:Chengjia
2101:(1990).
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870:See also
472:Shaoxing
400:Painted
373:Zhending
361:Zhao Tuo
354:Zhejiang
63:Location
2664:Fangyan
2599:Liu Xin
2584:Hua Tuo
2564:Cai Lun
2529:Coinage
2521:Economy
2457:Emperor
2452:Ma Yuan
2174:History
1814:Sources
1504:Xu 2005
1492:Xu 2005
1477:Xu 2012
1415:Yu 1986
1398:Yu 1986
1354:Yu 1986
1337:Yu 1986
1307:Yu 1986
1267:Yu 1986
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1118:Yu 1986
1106:Xu 2005
1089:Yu 1986
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826:Mauryan
810:Sumatra
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773:Guangxi
758:malaria
738:Zhao Mo
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617:Ma Yuan
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546:), the
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2275:Lulin
2106:(PDF)
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