670:") is the notion of having control over one's conditions of existence, whether at the level of the self, social group, region, nation or globe. Typically used for describing the acquiring or preserving political independence of a nation or a region, a sovereigntist aims to "take back control" from perceived powerful forces, either against internal subversive minority groups (ethnic, sexual or gender), or from external global governance institutions,
589:
1532:, seen as a collapse of borders protecting them from being engulfed culturally, economically and politically by Europe and the West. As a cultural and political protector against threatening Western powers, the idea of a sovereign union of multiple peoples under Russia's leadership has been employed as a legitimation theory for imperial expansion. This usage predates the Soviet Union, tracing back to
1761:
842:
694:
Sovereigntism has a cultural as well as political component and can take the form of hostility towards outsiders having different values or different countries or regions of origin. Sovereigntist groups are associated with populism since they typically claim legitimacy for carrying out the sovereign
1503:
has espoused the current
Russian sovereigntist view of a political, economic, and cultural battle between sovereign peoples of Russia on one side, and on the other- transnational institutions with their neoliberal and cosmopolitan ideologies undermining Russia's sovereignty and cultural existence.
1284:
adopted the
Sovereignty Protection Act, which creates a new government agency, called the Sovereignty Protection Office, to be established by February 1, 2024. It will have broad powers to investigate alleged attacks on Hungarian sovereignty, including the activities of civic organizations supported
698:
Though there are wide differences in ideology and historical context between sovereigntist movements, those of the twenty first century can be thought of as belonging to three separate categories: conservative sovereigntism, archeo-sovereigntism, and neo-sovereigntism. Conservative sovereignism
703:
model of sovereignty seeking to preserve the interstate order with norms promoting global economic order but halting further advances towards political integration. Some vestiges of colonialism remain, with old powers retaining what they see as historical special responsibilities to intervene in
910:
completely (or oppose joining it) and (on the other), those who aim for a "Europe of the nations", a less integrated Europe respecting the individual characteristics and sovereignty of constituent states. Supporters of these doctrines tend to regard themselves as Euro-realists opposed to the
1968:
concept of the sovereign people refers exclusively to a specifically defined
Christian community that "invites people of different backgrounds to unite under a common 'American' sense of self". Similar to the perspective of Putinism, those individuals who maintain a separate minority
695:
will of the people. While leftist sovereigntists tend to think of their national border as a defensive line against the corrosive effects of neo-liberal economics, right wing sovereigntists see it more as a filter protecting the sovereign people from undesired new members.
720:. It seeks to strengthen norms and agreements protecting the independence of each state, granting their equality, and restraining more powerful states from attempts to influence the behavior of other nations. Archeo-sovereigntism is the most radical, rejecting forces of
1959:
A more extreme conservative view of popular sovereignty involves a radical unwinding of centralized government and an expansion of regional sovereignty, where freedoms are controlled at the local level, not adjudicated at the federal level. From the perspective of the
661:
1973:
are not only excluded, but are regarded as a threat to the majority's sovereignty, especially when they seek legal redress for violation of their human rights as defined by constitutional and international norms.
2360:
De
Spiegeleire, Stephan; Skinner, Clarissa; Sweijs, Tim; Novak, Ekaterina (2017). "The Rise of Populist Sovereignism: What It Is, Where It Comes from, and What It Means for International Security and Defense".
2574:
McGovern, Clare J., Separatist
Parties in National Parliaments: The Scottish National Party and the Bloc Québécois (2009). APSA 2009 Toronto Meeting Paper, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1451747
724:
and restraints on states by transnational bodies, norms and agreements, calling for a return to a pre- World War II order when states were freer from such interference. Examples in Europe include the
1934:
action. Sovereigntism in foreign policy is charactized by opposition to multilateral regimes relating to climate change, war crimes, arms control and international declaration of human rights.
1508:, the "national wealth" of the multiethnic Russian peoples (its morality, values, memory of its forefathers and its culture) both defines and is protected by its sovereignty. Putin advisor
951:
2526:
1473:
915:. (The European Union is not a federation but shares many characteristics of one.) Thus, sovereigntism in Europe is opposed to federalism and typically involves
956:
944:
1687:
617:
2846:
1952:
The needs of the
American people come first before any other concern of government. Any other prioritization violates the sovereignty of the people.
1648:
2494:
1955:
Sovereigntism is used partisan weapon, where anyone who differs with
Trumpian formulations of sovereignty are identified as political enemies.
2477:
1157:
1427:
1115:
2585:
2232:
Azmanova, Albena (2022). "Populism and the
Recasting of the Ideological Landscape of Liberal Democracies". In Oswald, Michael (ed.).
2450:
2249:
2084:
1808:
1280:
party, in power since 2010, have increasingly followed a sovereigntist policy against the
European Union. On December 12, 2023, the
978:
966:
940:
889:
737:
485:
91:
2836:
1983:
1946:
1695:
1109:
1067:
709:
2831:
1930:, US sovereigntism is largely a conservative perspective, celebrating both American self-definition and liberty to engage in
1786:
1782:
867:
863:
610:
480:
258:
106:
20:
2749:
1683:
1238:
495:
1691:
244:
76:
47:
1634:
2841:
2019:
2001:
1834:
1435:
1281:
548:
1771:
852:
1606:
1333:
81:
52:
1790:
1775:
871:
856:
1463:
1449:
1228:
1097:
603:
208:
2655:
1564:
1033:
323:
213:
733:
1512:
articulated the threat to "sovereign democracy" posed by international organizations serving the interest of
1927:
1723:
1715:
1403:
1139:
1077:
906:, sovereigntist populisms political movements divide (on the one hand) between those that seek to leave the
700:
253:
712:, especially against more privileged nations with concentrated power in transnational entities such as the
2166:"The new sovereigntism and transnational law: Legal utopianism, democratic scepticism and statist realism"
2007:
1301:
1260:
1252:
1091:
1081:
490:
432:
378:
2550:
1886:
1670:
1662:
1610:
1596:
1578:
1528:, Georgian and Ukrainian sovereignty could not be respected since it had already been lost due to their
1481:
1453:
1327:
1200:
1087:
310:
143:
2236:(e-book ed.). Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave MacMillan- Springer Nature Switzerland AG. p. 383.
1864:
1407:
1232:
1119:
2286:
1945:
World order and peace is best secured by sovereign states looking after themselves, as opposed to the
2826:
1910:
1882:
1868:
1652:
1431:
1006:
420:
291:
281:
266:
193:
111:
2669:"Law as Affiliation: Foreign Law, Democratic Federalism, and the Sovereigntism of the Nation-State"
2075:
Minakov, Mikhail (2022). "Sovereignty as a
Contested Concept: The Cases of Trumpism and Putinism".
1902:
1850:
1666:
1614:
1600:
1568:
1541:
1537:
1494:
1467:
1443:
1323:
1305:
1214:
1204:
1143:
1057:
1047:
1002:
961:
713:
705:
675:
532:
442:
296:
198:
148:
86:
1842:
2790:
2773:
Ettinger, Aaron (2020). "Principled realism and populist sovereignty in Trump's foreign policy".
2718:
2417:
2366:
2309:
2255:
2187:
1961:
1906:
1872:
1642:
1638:
1355:
1347:
1256:
1242:
1218:
1210:
1193:
1165:
1161:
1071:
1051:
1041:
1010:
570:
163:
2618:
2638:
2593:
2502:
2473:
2446:
2245:
2080:
1970:
1846:
1822:
1656:
1529:
1397:
1383:
1375:
1319:
1189:
565:
239:
101:
96:
57:
30:
1845:, have preferred the terms "sovereignty" and "sovereigntist" over other common names such as
2782:
2710:
2630:
2409:
2301:
2237:
2177:
2116:
2062:
1892:
1876:
1582:
1509:
1181:
Parties with tendencies that could be described also as sovereigntists can also be found in
1103:
1019:
515:
271:
125:
1626:
Parties with tendencies that could be described also as sovereigntist can be also found in
1556:
Parties with tendencies that could be described also as sovereigntist can be also found in
1419:
Parties with tendencies that could be described also as sovereigntist can be also found in
1293:
Parties with tendencies that could be described also as sovereigntist can be also found in
1131:
Parties with tendencies that could be described also as sovereigntist can be also found in
747:
outlining these three major tendencies, researchers Alles and Badie summarised them thus:
1682:
In the Parliament of Catalonia, parties explicitly supporting independence from Spain are
1477:
1389:
1369:
1196:
686:
movements, but has also been used to justify violating the independence of other nations.
654:
642:
593:
575:
400:
385:
1273:
2287:"Populism, Sovereigntism, and the Unlikely Re-Emergence of the Territorial Nation-State"
2398:"Geographical Metanarratives in Russia and the European East: Contemporary Pan-Slavism"
1989:
1707:
1586:
1572:
1521:
1500:
920:
912:
907:
725:
717:
471:
390:
344:
286:
2668:
588:
2820:
2794:
2421:
2313:
2259:
2191:
2104:
1931:
1896:
1027:
721:
395:
373:
348:
178:
2010: â Ideology that seeks to promote subnational administrative division interests
1706:
Parties with policies that could be described as sovereigntist can be also found in
2031:
1923:
1889:
and social democratic, represents Quebec separatism in Canada's federal parliament)
1457:
1439:
1341:
1309:
1222:
1151:
1061:
683:
679:
158:
2786:
2619:"The right to self-determination in Ireland and the justification of IRA violence"
1737:
2467:
1995:
1760:
1729:
1719:
1533:
1393:
1379:
1365:
1147:
1037:
1013:
916:
841:
667:
462:
427:
330:
318:
183:
2495:"Separatist parties set to lose power in Catalan regional election, polls show"
2413:
2047:
2634:
2305:
2241:
2182:
2165:
2025:
2013:
1545:
1313:
1246:
1169:
671:
552:
542:
537:
276:
138:
2642:
2597:
2506:
2370:
2656:
https://www.politico.com/news/2023/03/10/quebec-sovereignty-polling-00086428
2066:
1711:
1361:
729:
437:
335:
218:
173:
153:
1965:
1938:
1841:
and become an independent country. Many leaders in the movement, notably
1525:
1505:
1351:
1337:
1023:
996:
560:
520:
203:
188:
168:
37:
2722:
2699:"The New Sovereigntists: American Exceptionalism and Its False Prophets"
2698:
2120:
1420:
1132:
708:. Amongst rising powers, neo-sovereigntism is concerned with issues of
475:
133:
1524:
order controlled by the United States. According to the ideology of
931:
where parties on the left and right margins lean strongly towards it.
2714:
2077:
Inventing Majorities: Ideological Creativity in Post-Soviet Societies
1838:
1826:
1557:
1277:
1182:
988:
928:
924:
903:
525:
467:
365:
2750:"It's not just Trump. Much of America has turned its back on Europe"
2397:
751:
Three coexisting types of sovereigntism in the post-bipolar context
1998: â Political ideology that promotes the interests of a nation
1627:
1592:
1294:
2048:"Sovereigntism in the International System: From Change to Split"
1517:
1513:
16:
Ideology supporting political independence of a nation or region
1937:
The dominant US sovereigntist perspective is currently that of
1536:âs origins in the 16th century, later becoming integrated with
1754:
835:
2445:(e-book ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 37â38.
1853:, although this terminology may be objected to by opponents.
911:
Euro-federalists and call for a more confederal version of a
2215:
2213:
2551:"Separatism on the rise: The role of regional resources"
2584:
Times, Roy Reed Special to The New York (1977-04-22).
2586:"In Land of Plaid Cymru, Wales Is Very Much a Nation"
947:
have been formed which contain sovereignist parties:
704:
former possessions, such as in the case of Russia's
2294:
Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences
2016: â Advocacy for separation from a larger group
991:, where numerous political movements adhere to it:
2469:Putin's Wars: The Rise of Russia's New Imperialism
2443:Putin's Wars: The Rise of Russia's New Imperialism
2028: â Rights and obligations of a dominant state
1986: â Acquiring or preserving political autonomy
1964:and continuing among followers of Trumpism, the
2105:"A note on populism and global systemic crisis"
1992: â Body of criticism of the European Union
2365:. Hague Centre for Strategic Studies: iiâxvi.
1474:Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party
952:The Left in the European Parliament â GUE/NGL
611:
8:
2472:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 35â43.
1718:(with respect to the European Union through
2673:International Journal of Constitutional Law
1949:of interdependent and integrated countries.
1837:, which argues for Quebec to separate from
1789:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1735:
1727:
945:political groups in the European Parliament
870:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2338:
2219:
2034: â State subordinate to another state
618:
604:
25:
2775:Cambridge Review of International Affairs
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2181:
2046:Alles, Delphine; Badie, Bertrand (2016).
1809:Learn how and when to remove this message
890:Learn how and when to remove this message
2272:
2055:European Review of International Studies
987:doctrine is particularly influential in
832:Sovereigntist populist parties in Europe
749:
745:European Review of International Studies
2807:
2735:
2383:
2326:
2204:
2151:
2095:
2022: â Movement to achieve sovereignty
36:
2176:(1). Cambridge University Press: 109.
2139:
1688:ConvergĂšncia DemocrĂ tica de Catalunya
957:European Conservatives and Reformists
682:, and can be associated with certain
678:. It generally leans instead toward
653:
7:
2004: â Quebec independence movement
1787:adding citations to reliable sources
1158:National Democratic Party of Germany
868:adding citations to reliable sources
1428:Alliance for the Union of Romanians
1116:Pole of Communist Revival in France
756:Contemporary types of sovereigntism
2748:Ash, Timothy Garton (2018-09-28).
14:
2617:Macfarlane, Leslie (March 1990).
2363:The Rise of Populist Sovereignism
2234:The Palgrave Handbook of Populism
1692:Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya
979:Sovereign Right (French politics)
941:2024 European Parliament election
486:Biology and political orientation
2623:Terrorism and Political Violence
2402:Eurasian Geography and Economics
1759:
840:
587:
2847:Political terminology in Canada
1984:Autonomism (political doctrine)
1947:rules-based international order
1833:or sovereigntism refers to the
1068:Citizen and Republican Movement
2466:Van Herpen, Marcel H. (2014).
2441:Van Herpen, Marcel H. (2014).
2396:Suslov, Mikhail (2013-05-15).
1895:(centre-left, nationalist and
481:Theories of political behavior
107:Political history of the world
21:Sovereigntism (disambiguation)
1:
2787:10.1080/09557571.2019.1659229
496:Critique of political economy
2079:. Stuttgart: ibidem-Verlag.
1922:Coupled with its history of
1696:Candidatura d'Unitat Popular
1686:(JxCat), heir of the former
1649:Falange Española de las JONS
925:withdrew from the EU in 2020
743:In a paper published in the
77:Outline of political science
2103:Friedman, Jonathan (2018).
2020:Sovereigntism (Puerto Rico)
2002:Quebec sovereignty movement
1835:Quebec sovereignty movement
1282:Hungarian National Assembly
967:Europe of Sovereign Nations
666:, meaning "the ideology of
2863:
2414:10.2747/1539-7216.53.5.575
2285:Kallis, Aristotle (2018).
1941:and has three dimensions:
1607:Democratic Party of Serbia
1492:
976:
812:Conservative sovereigntism
768:Approach of globalisation
82:Index of politics articles
18:
2635:10.1080/09546559008427049
2493:Jones, Sam (2024-05-12).
2306:10.1007/s40647-018-0233-z
2242:10.1007/978-3-030-80803-7
2183:10.1017/S2045381716000010
1464:Alliance for the Homeland
1450:Romanian Nationhood Party
1229:Communist Party of Greece
1112:(Gaullist and republican)
1106:(Gaullist and republican)
1098:Nouvelle Action Royaliste
759:Conception of sovereignty
2810:, pp. 295â296, 305.
2697:Spiro, Peter J. (2000).
2339:Alles & Badie (2016)
2220:Alles & Badie (2016)
2170:Global Constitutionalism
2164:Benhabib, Seyla (2016).
1110:Popular Republican Union
1034:French Nationalist Party
822:Emergence of challengers
2067:10.3224/eris.v3i1.26004
1928:American exceptionalism
1724:Scottish National Party
1716:Conservative Party (UK)
1140:Alternative for Germany
491:Political organisations
254:International relations
92:Politics by subdivision
2837:Conservatism in France
2008:Regionalism (politics)
1736:
1734:(Party of Wales), and
1728:
1684:Together for Catalonia
1261:religious conservatism
1253:Popular Orthodox Rally
1092:right-wing nationalist
1082:right-wing nationalist
919:, particularly in the
699:embraces the national
646:
2832:Political terminology
2527:"Reform UK Manifesto"
2109:Economic Anthropology
1742:in Northern Ireland.
1671:national conservative
1611:national conservative
1597:national conservative
1579:Serbian Radical Party
1548:in the 19th century.
1493:Further information:
1482:national conservative
1454:national conservative
1328:national conservative
1201:left-wing nationalism
655:[su.vÊÉ.nism]
571:Political campaigning
311:Public administration
144:Collective leadership
1911:democratic socialist
1783:improve this section
1714:and the Johnson-led
1653:national syndicalist
1635:ADĂâSpanish Identity
1615:Christian democratic
1601:Christian democratic
1058:Mouvement for France
864:improve this section
793:Archeo sovereigntism
736:in Denmark, and the
676:supranational unions
421:Separation of powers
292:Political psychology
267:Comparative politics
245:political scientists
232:Academic disciplines
112:Political philosophy
19:For other uses, see
1569:right-wing populist
1546:Orthodox messianism
1538:Russian nationalism
1495:Sovereign democracy
1468:economic patriotism
1444:right-wing populist
1324:right-wing populist
1306:right-wing populist
1205:hard Euroscepticism
962:Patriots for Europe
752:
714:UN security council
706:invasion of Ukraine
594:Politics portal
443:Election commission
414:Government branches
297:Political sociology
149:Confessional system
87:Politics by country
2842:Politics of Quebec
2590:The New York Times
2386:, p. 306-307.
2121:10.1002/sea2.12108
1643:ethnic nationalist
1356:left-wing populism
1348:Five Star Movement
1257:ethnic nationalist
1243:ethnic nationalist
1219:ethnic nationalist
1211:Independent Greeks
1194:anti-establishment
1166:ethnic nationalist
1042:ethnic nationalism
995:Democratic Rally (
750:
277:Political analysis
209:Semi-parliamentary
2667:Resnick, Judith.
2479:978-1-4422-3138-2
1877:social democratic
1823:Canadian province
1819:
1818:
1811:
1657:third positionist
1530:color revolutions
1398:third positionist
1384:third positionist
1320:Brothers of Italy
1190:Course of Freedom
900:
899:
892:
829:
828:
774:Neo-sovereigntism
628:
627:
576:Political parties
516:Electoral systems
240:Political science
214:Semi-presidential
126:Political systems
102:Political history
97:Political economy
2854:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2715:10.2307/20049963
2694:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2664:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2581:
2575:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2531:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2357:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2291:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2185:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2100:
2090:
2070:
2052:
1903:Québec solidaire
1893:Option nationale
1814:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1794:
1763:
1755:
1741:
1733:
1583:ultranationalist
1565:Enough is Enough
1510:Vladislav Surkov
1408:MarxistâLeninist
1233:MarxistâLeninist
1120:MarxistâLeninist
1104:Rally for France
895:
888:
884:
881:
875:
844:
836:
778:Self-affirmation
753:
734:Dansk Folk Party
665:
664:
663:
657:
652:
620:
613:
606:
592:
591:
382:
327:
282:Political theory
272:Election science
262:
248:
26:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2758:
2756:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2734:
2730:
2703:Foreign Affairs
2696:
2695:
2691:
2682:
2680:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2650:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2602:
2600:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2560:
2558:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2511:
2509:
2492:
2491:
2487:
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2465:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2426:
2424:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2382:
2378:
2359:
2358:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2271:
2267:
2252:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2218:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2125:
2123:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2074:
2050:
2045:
2041:
1980:
1920:
1865:Parti Québécois
1859:
1815:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1780:
1764:
1753:
1748:
1704:
1680:
1624:
1554:
1497:
1491:
1478:Christian right
1417:
1404:Communist Party
1390:Tricolour Flame
1370:anti-capitalist
1291:
1272:Prime Minister
1270:
1197:catch-all party
1179:
1129:
999:and monarchist)
981:
975:
937:
896:
885:
879:
876:
861:
845:
834:
728:in France, the
692:
660:
659:
658:
650:
624:
586:
581:
580:
511:
510:
501:
500:
458:
457:
448:
447:
416:
415:
406:
405:
401:Public interest
386:Domestic policy
376:
369:
368:
357:
356:
321:
314:
313:
302:
301:
263:
256:
249:
242:
234:
233:
224:
223:
129:
128:
117:
116:
72:
71:
62:
31:Politics series
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2860:
2858:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2808:Minakov (2022)
2800:
2781:(3): 410â431.
2765:
2740:
2738:, p. 297.
2736:Minakov (2022)
2728:
2689:
2659:
2648:
2609:
2576:
2567:
2542:
2518:
2485:
2478:
2458:
2451:
2433:
2408:(5): 575â595.
2388:
2384:Minakov (2022)
2376:
2343:
2331:
2329:, p. 292.
2327:Minakov (2022)
2319:
2277:
2275:, p. 167.
2265:
2250:
2224:
2209:
2207:, p. 299.
2205:Minakov (2022)
2197:
2156:
2154:, p. 307.
2152:Minakov (2022)
2144:
2132:
2094:
2093:
2085:
2072:
2071:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1990:Euroscepticism
1987:
1979:
1976:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1900:
1890:
1885:(centre-left,
1883:Bloc Québécois
1880:
1858:
1855:
1851:independentist
1817:
1816:
1799:September 2024
1767:
1765:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1708:United Kingdom
1703:
1702:United Kingdom
1700:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1660:
1646:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1604:
1590:
1576:
1553:
1550:
1522:unipolar world
1501:Vladimir Putin
1490:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1471:
1461:
1447:
1436:traditionalist
1416:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1401:
1387:
1373:
1359:
1345:
1331:
1317:
1290:
1287:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1250:
1236:
1226:
1208:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1155:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1090:(Gaullist and
1085:
1078:National Rally
1075:
1065:
1055:
1048:France Unbowed
1045:
1031:
1017:
1000:
974:
971:
970:
969:
964:
959:
954:
936:
935:European Union
933:
921:United Kingdom
913:European Union
908:European Union
898:
897:
880:September 2024
848:
846:
839:
833:
830:
827:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
808:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
789:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
770:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
732:in Italy, the
726:Front National
691:
690:Classification
688:
626:
625:
623:
622:
615:
608:
600:
597:
596:
583:
582:
579:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
557:
556:
540:
535:
530:
529:
528:
518:
512:
508:
507:
506:
503:
502:
499:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
465:
459:
456:Related topics
455:
454:
453:
450:
449:
446:
445:
440:
435:
430:
424:
423:
417:
413:
412:
411:
408:
407:
404:
403:
398:
393:
391:Foreign policy
388:
383:
370:
364:
363:
362:
359:
358:
355:
354:
353:
352:
338:
333:
328:
315:
309:
308:
307:
304:
303:
300:
299:
294:
289:
287:Policy studies
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
252:
250:
238:
235:
231:
230:
229:
226:
225:
222:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
130:
124:
123:
122:
119:
118:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
73:
70:Primary topics
69:
68:
67:
64:
63:
61:
60:
55:
50:
44:
41:
40:
34:
33:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2859:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2809:
2804:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2766:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2690:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2652:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2610:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2486:
2481:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2452:9781442231382
2448:
2444:
2437:
2434:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2377:
2372:
2371:resrep12603.3
2368:
2364:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2341:, p. 18.
2340:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2273:Azmanova 2022
2269:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2251:9783030808037
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2225:
2222:, p. 16.
2221:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2133:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2096:
2091:
2088:
2086:9783838216416
2082:
2078:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1926:and sense of
1925:
1918:United States
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1843:René Lévesque
1840:
1836:
1832:
1831:souverainisme
1828:
1824:
1813:
1810:
1802:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1768:This section
1766:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1750:
1746:North America
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1732:
1731:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1710:; notably by
1709:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1496:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1288:
1286:
1285:from abroad.
1283:
1279:
1275:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1003:French Action
1001:
998:
994:
993:
992:
990:
986:
985:souverainiste
980:
972:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
949:
948:
946:
942:
934:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
909:
905:
894:
891:
883:
873:
869:
865:
859:
858:
854:
849:This section
847:
843:
838:
837:
831:
824:
821:
818:
815:
813:
810:
809:
805:
803:Globalisation
802:
799:
796:
794:
791:
790:
786:
783:
780:
777:
775:
772:
771:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
754:
748:
746:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
722:globalization
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
696:
689:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
662:
656:
648:
647:souverainisme
644:
640:
636:
632:
631:Sovereigntism
621:
616:
614:
609:
607:
602:
601:
599:
598:
595:
590:
585:
584:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
554:
550:
546:
545:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
527:
524:
523:
522:
519:
517:
514:
513:
505:
504:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
473:
469:
466:
464:
461:
460:
452:
451:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
425:
422:
419:
418:
410:
409:
402:
399:
397:
396:Civil society
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
380:
375:
374:Public policy
372:
371:
367:
361:
360:
350:
346:
342:
341:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
325:
320:
317:
316:
312:
306:
305:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
260:
255:
251:
246:
241:
237:
236:
228:
227:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
194:Parliamentary
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
179:Hybrid regime
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
131:
127:
121:
120:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
74:
66:
65:
59:
56:
54:
51:
49:
46:
45:
43:
42:
39:
35:
32:
28:
27:
22:
2803:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2757:. Retrieved
2754:The Guardian
2753:
2743:
2731:
2706:
2702:
2692:
2681:. Retrieved
2676:
2672:
2662:
2651:
2629:(1): 35â53.
2626:
2622:
2612:
2601:. Retrieved
2589:
2579:
2570:
2559:. Retrieved
2557:. 2020-02-18
2554:
2545:
2534:. Retrieved
2532:. 2024-07-08
2521:
2510:. Retrieved
2499:The Guardian
2498:
2488:
2468:
2461:
2442:
2436:
2425:. Retrieved
2405:
2401:
2391:
2379:
2362:
2334:
2322:
2300:(3): 10,14.
2297:
2293:
2280:
2268:
2233:
2227:
2200:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2147:
2142:, p. 3.
2135:
2124:. Retrieved
2112:
2108:
2098:
2076:
2073:
2061:(2): 16â18.
2058:
2054:
2032:Vassal state
1958:
1936:
1924:isolationism
1921:
1860:
1830:
1820:
1805:
1796:
1781:Please help
1769:
1705:
1681:
1625:
1555:
1499:Since 2006,
1498:
1470:, syncretic)
1458:Islamophobic
1440:conservative
1418:
1342:conservative
1310:conservative
1292:
1274:Viktor OrbĂĄn
1271:
1223:conservative
1180:
1152:conservative
1130:
1100:(monarchist)
1088:The Patriots
1062:conservative
1020:France Arise
984:
982:
938:
901:
886:
877:
862:Please help
850:
811:
792:
773:
744:
742:
697:
693:
684:independence
680:isolationism
639:souverainism
638:
635:sovereignism
634:
630:
629:
324:street-level
199:Presidential
159:Dictatorship
29:Part of the
2827:Sovereignty
2709:(6): 9â15.
2140:Kallis 2018
1996:Nationalism
1897:progressive
1887:nationalist
1873:nationalist
1869:centre-left
1730:Plaid Cymru
1720:hard Brexit
1694:(ERC), and
1587:eurosceptic
1573:eurosceptic
1542:imperialism
1534:Pan-slavism
1432:nationalist
1394:neo-fascist
1380:neo-fascist
1366:neo-fascist
1239:Golden Dawn
1148:nationalist
1014:reactionary
917:nationalism
806:Antagonist
797:Specificity
740:in the UK.
701:Westphalian
668:sovereignty
463:Sovereignty
428:Legislature
331:Technocracy
319:Bureaucracy
184:Meritocracy
164:Directorial
2821:Categories
2759:2022-07-02
2683:2022-07-01
2679:(1): 34â35
2603:2024-06-21
2561:2024-06-21
2536:2024-07-08
2512:2024-07-30
2427:2022-06-29
2126:2022-07-01
2115:(5): 136.
2039:References
2026:Suzerainty
2014:Separatism
1932:unilateral
1847:separatist
1667:right-wing
1520:, and the
1314:federalist
1247:neofascist
1215:right-wing
1170:neofascist
1144:right-wing
1038:neofascist
1028:republican
1007:monarchist
977:See also:
939:After the
825:Selective
710:autonomism
672:federalism
651:pronounced
553:Governance
543:Government
538:Federalism
139:City-state
2795:203085341
2643:0954-6553
2598:0362-4331
2507:0261-3077
2422:155015782
2314:158092242
2260:244164991
2192:155699112
1962:tea party
1907:left-wing
1770:does not
1738:Sinn FĂ©in
1712:Reform UK
1678:Catalonia
1639:far-right
1376:New Force
1362:CasaPound
1162:far-right
1072:left-wing
1052:left-wing
1011:far-right
927:) and in
851:does not
819:Hierarchy
816:Normative
784:Hierarchy
730:Lega Nord
533:Unitarism
521:Elections
509:Subseries
438:Judiciary
433:Executive
336:Adhocracy
219:Theocracy
174:Feudalism
154:Democracy
2723:20049963
1978:See also
1971:identity
1966:populist
1939:Trumpism
1690:(CDC));
1526:Putinism
1506:Putinism
1352:populist
1338:populist
1334:Italexit
1276:and his
1024:Gaullist
997:centrist
800:Identity
787:Example
781:Equality
561:Ideology
379:doctrine
340:Service
204:Republic
189:Monarchy
169:Federacy
58:Category
38:Politics
1821:In the
1791:removed
1776:sources
1722:), the
1698:(CUP).
1421:Romania
1415:Romania
1268:Hungary
1133:Germany
1127:Germany
923:(which
872:removed
857:sources
765:Protest
566:Culture
476:Country
134:Anarchy
48:Outline
2793:
2721:
2641:
2596:
2505:
2476:
2449:
2420:
2369:
2312:
2258:
2248:
2190:
2083:
1857:Quebec
1839:Canada
1827:Quebec
1751:Canada
1558:Serbia
1552:Serbia
1516:, the
1489:Russia
1302:League
1278:Fidesz
1183:Greece
1177:Greece
989:France
973:France
929:France
904:Europe
643:French
641:(from
526:voting
468:Polity
366:Policy
345:Public
259:theory
2791:S2CID
2719:JSTOR
2530:(PDF)
2418:S2CID
2367:JSTOR
2310:S2CID
2290:(PDF)
2256:S2CID
2188:S2CID
2051:(PDF)
1628:Spain
1622:Spain
1593:Dveri
1295:Italy
1289:Italy
943:four
762:Claim
549:forms
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