Spanish literature - Knowledge (XXG)

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twentieth century. Juan Ramón was Spain's great modernist poet and the maestro of the coming vanguardist Generation of 1927. In 1957 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature. José Ortega y Gasset became the spokesman for this and essential every generation of writers in the first half of the twentieth century. In essays like “Meditations on the Quijote," “The Rebellion of the Masses," and most famously, “The Dehumanization of Art," Ortega laid out theories of art and society that lucidly explained and celebrated twentieth century vanguard experimentation while holding fast to an elitist social vision whose eclipse this art ironically expressed. The most elusive voice of this generation, and arguably, unclassifiable within this group was the novelist Ramón Gómez de la Serna who carried the narrative experiments of Unamuno and Valle Inclán to absurd extremes, such as in his 1923 novel,

1557: 2244:, lasting from July 1936 to April 1939, had a devastating impact on the trajectory of Spanish letters. In July 1936, Spain was at the height of its Silver Age. Every major writer of the three major generations—1898, 1914, and 1927—was still alive and productive. Those of 1914 and 1927 were at the height or just reaching the height of their literary powers. Several were recognized among Western civilization's most talented and influential writers. But by April 1939, Miguel de Unamuno, Antonio Machado, and Federico García Lorca, among others, were dead. All but a small handful of the remaining writers had fled into exile, dispersed across the length of the American continent, most never to enjoy the close associations of conferences, tertulias, and theater premiers that had so often united them in pre-war Madrid. 1501: 1786: 1196: 246: 1210: 1595: 2095:". The label from its outset was controversial and even Azorín, the source of its origin, came to reject it. Nevertheless, it stuck as a way to describe a group of writers who turned in content from the more general exploration of universal middle class values characteristic of Nineteenth Century Realism to an obsession with questions of a more national nature. Their articles, essays, poems, and novels exploring Spanish history and geography carried existential overtones, expressing overall a sense of deep malaise at the social injustice, political bungling, and cultural indifference evident in contemporary Spanish society. 1840: 1294: 1800: 2033:). Modernism was rooted in the idea that "traditional" forms of art, literature, religious faith, social organization, and daily life had become outdated; therefore it was essential to sweep them aside. The intellectual movement that thinks objectively and scientifically about the causes of the decadence of Spain as a nation between the 19th and the 20th century is called Regenerationism. It expresses a pessimist judgement about Spain. The regenerationist intellectuals divulgated their studies in journals with a big diffusion, so the movement expanded. Some important Modernist authors are 1224: 1683: 2274:, used just enough experimental arrangement (temporally disjointed narrative development to problematize simple accusations of political cause-effect critique; prefaces and post-scripts that confuse authorial intentions) to avoid the censors´ cuts and to present to discerning Spanish readers an exposé of a spiritually troubled, socially impoverished, and structurally violent society. Cela was to remain for the next five decades as one of Spain's most important novelists, eventually receiving the Nobel Prize for literature in 1989. 1529: 1487: 1182: 1252: 1417: 2148:. While still driven by the national and existential questions that obsessed the writers of ´98, they approached these topics with a greater sense of distance and objectivity. These writers had enjoyed more formal academic training than their predecessors, many taught within the walls of academia, and one, Azaña, was to become President and face of the Second Republic. Their genre of choice were the essay and the article, their arguments more systematic, and their tastes, more European. 1280: 841: 1445: 568:'s reactionary vision of a second, Catholic Spanish golden age. By the mid-1950s, just as with the novel, a new generation which had only experienced the Spanish Civil War in childhood was coming of age. By the early 1960s, Spanish authors moved towards a restless literary experimentation. When Franco died in 1975, the important work of establishing democracy had an immediate impact on Spanish letters. Over the next several years a wealth of young new writers, among them 2472:

contemporary Spanish life under Franco, ultimately failed politically in that it directly modeled the very transparent discourse used so effectively by the authoritarian regime to crush the very opposition to which these writers aspired. Shaped in part by the French "nouveau roman" of writers like Alain Robbe-Grillet, the French "La Nouvelle Vague" cinema of Godard and Truffaut, and Latin American “Boom", Spanish novelists and poets, beginning perhaps with

1431: 1154: 1543: 1571: 1168: 2532:(1973–1981) stand out. While arguably pulling Spanish narrative by the collar from the relative dark of social realism towards the aesthetic standards of Europe's most elite avant-garde, many of these novels proved almost unreadable to much of the public, a reality nicely embodied at the end of Juan Goytisolo's trilogy when an already deconstructed Spanish prose gradually transforms into an unreadable Arabic. 1728:. In part a revolt against aristocratic, social, and political norms of the Enlightenment period and a reaction against the rationalization of nature, in art and literature Romanticism stressed strong emotion as a source of aesthetic experience, placing new emphasis on such emotions as trepidation, horror, and the awe experienced in confronting the sublimity of nature. It elevated folk art, nature and custom. 2226:. From mid decade until the arrival of Spain's Second Republic in 1931, the Generation's poets reached the apex of their experimental writings, manifesting a clear awareness of the international vanguard “—isms" sweeping major Western capitals of the day. After 1931, the Generation's writing increasingly displays the imprint of the political and social stresses that would lead to Spain's bloody civil war. 2610:, would begin carving out a prominent place for themselves within the Spanish cultural field. During the 1980s, Spanish narrative began appearing regularly on best seller lists for the first time since the pre-war era and many of this new generation became literary and cultural celebrities, living off their work as writers with all its blessing and curses, including the obligation to publish or perish. 1266: 1515: 42: 2559:(1975) invited readers to escape to the roaring 1920s of Spain's pre-political, culturally vibrant Silver Age. While availing itself of various “New Novel" experiments such as narrative fragmentation, the use of mixed media, and the presence of numerous often contradictory narrative voices, Mendoza's novel could be read and enjoyed as an adventure story with romantic and dramatic appeal. 2297:, readers of intelligent Spanish narrative at last had cause for hope. While the fresh, joyful experimentation of Spain's "Silver Age" writers had disappeared, Cela, Laforet, and Delibes at least showed a renewed commitment to a kind of writing that first, was connected to Spain's material reality, and second, would stretch itself aesthetically in its attempts to capture the experience. 1854: 2099:

were much admired by the new generation of writers. Nevertheless, with the novels of Unamuno, Azorín, Pío Baroja, and Valle Inclán, the theater of the latter, and the poetry of Antonio Machado and Unamuno, a definitive literary shift had taken place—a shift in both form and content—pointing towards the more celebrated experimental writings of Spain's vanguard writers of the 1920s.

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focused on the interactive processes of communication with the reader who was contemporaneously living these experiences. Rather than passively ingest the poet's vision of contemporary society, the poets of what came to be called variously the generation of 1956 or “of the 1960s" produced poetry that engaged the reader in the interpretation if not the production of that vision.

1238: 318:, composed some time between 1140 and 1207. Spanish prose gained popularity in the mid-thirteenth century. Lyric poetry in the Middle Ages includes popular poems and the courtly poetry of the nobles. During the 15th century the pre-Renaissance occurred and literary production increased greatly. In the Renaissance important topics were poetry, religious literature, and prose. 1473: 1878: 1740:

it is melancholic, tetric, mysterious, dark... as opposed to the neoclassicals, who barely showed interest in the landscape. The longings for passionate love, desire for happiness, and possession of the infinite, cause a discomfort in the romanticist, an immense deception that from time to time carries them to suicide, as is the case of Mariano José de Larra.

1994: 1040: 636:(39–65 CE). While the invasion of Germanic tribes in the fifth century CE put an end to Roman Spain, the tribes’ relative lack of advanced culture, including any kind of literary tradition, meant that any written literature produced in the Iberian Peninsula continued along Romanized lines. Outstanding amongst the works produced is 2566:, was another manifestation of the happy melding of experiment with old-fashioned storytelling, pulling readers down through various narrative levels to explore dark memories of Spain's recent political past but with the light, ironic touch of a romance novel. Over the next several years a wealth of young new writers, among them 832:(El Cantar de mío Cid) (1140 CE) in the history of Spanish literature, they cannot be seen as a precursor to Spain's great epic poem. What the discovery of the jarchas makes clear instead is that from its origins, the literature of Spain has arisen out of and born witness to a rich, heterogeneous mix of cultures and languages. 2638:

Nadal prizes, already media events, grew in importance and remuneration. They were joined during the decade by the Primavera, Alfaguara, and Lara Prizes, the return of the Café Gijón and the Biblioteca Breve prizes. Most carried large sums for the winners and guaranteed—often obligated—long international book tours.

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stands out. A young disciple and associate of the Generation of 1898, Hernández, like Lorca, became a martyr to the Republican cause but this time as a post-war prisoner, fighting and writing as a soldier poet throughout the war and then languishing and dying in one of Franco's prisons in 1942. Among

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Attraction to the nocturnal and mysterious. The romantics situate their aching and disillusioned feelings in mysterious or melancholic places, such as ruins, forests, cemeteries... Similarly they feel an attraction toward the supernatural, things that escape any logic, such as miracles, apparitions,

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Themes such as love - conceived from the platonic point of view; nature - as somewhat idyllic (bucolic); pagan mythology - concerned with female beauty and the histories of the gods, following always the same classical ideal. In relation to these themes, various Renaissance points exist (???) some of

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became popular in the thirteenth century. It is the verse form of the learned poets, usually clerics (hence the name 'clerecía'). The poetry was formal, with carefully counted syllables in each line. Popular themes were Christian legends, lives of saints and tales from classical antiquity. The poems

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The big money available through novel publishing manifest itself in the 1990s in the explosion of literary prizes, awarded in Spain, unlike the UK's Man Booker or the U.S.´s Pulitzer, to unpublished works. Literary prizes became little more than publicity opportunities. The long-standing Planeta and

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In contrast to Unamuno's existential obsessions or Machado's conceptual, earth-bound verse, Juan Ramón's poetry pursued a more esoteric version of beauty and truth above all, while still manifesting an internalized sense of the existential dilemmas that plagued intellectuals in the first half of the

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Thanks to Azorín's designation of his fellow writers as a “generation", contemporary critics and later literary historians were to catalogue and then interpret the arrival of new batches of authors in such generational terms for nearly the next one hundred years. Certainly, the terminology possesses

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The destruction of Spain's fleet in Cuba by U.S. gunboats in 1898 provoked a general cultural crisis in Spain. The "Disaster" of 1898 led established writers to seek practical political, economic, and social solutions in essays grouped under the literary heading of "Regeneracionismo". For a group of

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Pre-Romanticism (end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century): The influence of the English philosopher John Locke, together with that of the French Étienne Bonnot of Condillac, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Denis Diderot, will cause a new feeling, dissatisfaction with the tyranny of reason, that

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This combination of Hispano-Romance expression with Arabic script, only discovered in 1948, locates the rise of a Spanish literary tradition in the cultural heterogeneity that characterized Medieval Spanish society and politics. However, the Mozarabic language of the Jarchas appears to be a separate

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This group of poets continues to be, without contest, the most celebrated and studied of Spain's twentieth century writers. Their work provides a capstone to what some have called the “Silver Age" of Spanish Letters, a period that began with the veritable explosion of novel production following the

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were equally experimental and academic. Many of this generation were full-time university professors, while others spent periods as guest teachers and students. All were scholars of their national literary heritage, again evidence of the impact of the calls of “Regeneracionistas" and the Generation

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Within a matter of years, these young authors had transformed their nation’s literary landscape. To be sure, established nineteenth century realists, such as Benito Pérez Galdós, continued to write novels and theater into the second decade of the twentieth century, and, again in the case of Galdós,

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Subjectivism. Whatever kind of work it is, the exalted soul of the author pours into it all his feelings of dissatisfaction against a world that limits and breaks the flight of his desire about love, society, patriotism, etc. They do so in such a way that nature fuses with their state of spirit and

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Pessimism: The Renaissance had not achieved its purpose of imposing harmony and perfection in the world, as the humanists intended, nor had it made man happier; wars and social inequality continued to be present; pain and calamities were commonplace throughout Europe. An intellectual pessimism took

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By the 1990s, the pressure to produce for the large publishing houses was clearly diminishing the early literary promise of some of these writers. On the other hand, some like Javier Marías, after publishing since the early 1970s, finally achieved international fame, appearing on best-seller lists

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recognized a group of artists whose works had similarly returned to early century experimentation. The works of Pere Gimferrer, Guillermo Carnero, and Leopoldo Panero, arguably the most important poets of the group, manifest a decidedly baroque style full of oblique cultural references, metapoetic

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among others are less politically committed. Scholars differentiate these poets´ social focus as one of communication of experience versus Hierro's and Celaya's representation of experience. That is, while these younger poets were still interested in talking about Spain, they were at least equally

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The earliest years of the post-war were characterized more by hunger, repression, and suffering than by any significant literature. The published works of this period were true to pseudo-fascist dictator Francisco Franco's reactionary vision of a second Spanish golden age than to the material and

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Rejection of Neoclassicism. Contrary to the scrupulous severity and order with which the rules were observed in the 18th century, the romanticist writers combine the genres and verses of different measures, at times mixing verse and prose; in theater, the rule of the three units (place, space and

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Anti-Baroquism (until approximately 1750): It fights against the style of the preceding Baroque, which is considered excessively rhetorical and twisted. The recreational literature is not cultivated, but they are more interested in the essay and satire, utilizing the language with simplicity and

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When Franco at last died in November 1975, the important work of establishing democracy had an immediate impact on Spanish letters. Elitist narrative and poetry quickly gave way to narrative and poetry interested anew in not merely teaching (via content or style) but in delighting. Storytelling

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was written about a real man—his battles, conquests, and daily life. The poet, name unknown, wrote the epic in about 1140 and Cid supposedly died forty years before in 1099. This epic represents realism, because nothing was exaggerated and the details are very real, even the geography correctly

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Escape from the world that surrounds them. Rejection of the bourgeois society in which they are forced to live makes the romanticist be evaded from his circumstances, imagining passed epochs in which their ideals prevailed over the others, or being inspired in the exotic. In contrast with the

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among others. In the final decade of the 1990s, then, arguably five generations of writers—from Cela, to Sánchez Ferlosio, to Mendoza, to Muñoz Molina, to the Generation X authors—were sharing the expanding literary space of Spanish narrative. Notwithstanding the plethora of prize money that

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who has managed to merit a certain critical acclaim while topping the sales charts with nearly every novel he writes. Many of his novels have been converted into popular films. A lesser figure as far as novel sales, but still important to the overall industry is the literary celebrity. These

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a certain organizational elegance and indeed, recognizes the significant impact of major political and cultural events on changing literary expressions and tastes (for example, the 1898 connection, or a 1927 literary celebration that briefly united nearly every major vanguard poet in Spain).

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penned works of theology, science, philosophy, and mathematics that would have lasting impacts on Hebrew and Muslim philosophy and prove essential to the flowering of the European Renaissance centuries later. While none of their works can be considered direct ancestors of a Spanish literary

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to brief media flashes like Ray Loriga, José Ángel Mañas, and Lucía Etxebarría. The latter three were the most representative members of the last of the twentieth century's supposed literary “generations." The “Generación X," as critics dubbed them, brought black humor to a certain kind of

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By the early 1960s, the brief social realist burst in narrative was already growing stale. Numerous novelists took a brief hiatus from writing. The general consensus as a new decade began was that the straightforward “realism" of the previous decade, while manifesting the brutal “truth" of

537:. Around 1920 a younger group of writers—mostly poets—began publishing works that from their beginnings revealed the extent to which younger artists were absorbing the literary experimentation of the writers of 1898 and 1914. Poets were closely tied to formal academia. Novelists such as 653:, an attempted summa of all classical knowledge. Called “the last scholar of the ancient world", St. Isidore penned theological and proto-scientific treatises, letters, and a series of histories that would serve as models for the rest of Western Europe throughout the Middle Ages. 2111:

The next supposed “generation" of Spanish writers following those of ´98 already calls into question the value of such terminology. By the year 1914—the year of the outbreak of the First World War and of the publication of the first major work of the generation's leading voice,

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Objective vision of reality through the direct observation of customs or psychological characters. They eliminate any subjective aspect, fantastic events, and every feeling that moves away from reality: "The novel is the image of life" (Galdós), "an artistic copy of reality"

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Romance language whose evolution from Vulgar Latin paralleled that of Castilian Spanish rather than deriving from or fusing into the latter. Hence, while the relatively recent discovery of the Jarchas challenges pride of chronological place that belonged for so long to the

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The writing of this supposed generation can be roughly divided into three moments. In their early years their work arises still out of mostly local and national traditions, culminating in their united celebration of the tri-centennial of the death of Golden Age poet

1100:. Among the principal features of the Renaissance were the revival of learning based on classical sources, the rise of courtly patronage, the development of perspective in painting, and advances in science. The most important characteristics of the Renaissance are: 1960:. Realism offered depictions of contemporary life and society 'as they were'. In the spirit of general "Realism," Realist authors opted for depictions of everyday and banal activities and experiences, instead of a romanticized or similarly stylized presentation. 1894: 656:

The arrival of Muslim invaders in 711 CE brought the cultures of the Middle and Far East to the Iberian Peninsula and ultimately to all of Europe. During the era of relative religious tolerance that followed, writers such as the Jewish theologian

279:. Its development coincides and frequently intersects with that of other literary traditions from regions within the same territory, particularly Catalan literature, Galician intersects as well with Latin, Jewish, and Arabic literary traditions of the 2442:

However, by the mid-1950s, just as with the novel, a new generation which had only experienced the Spanish civil war in childhood was coming of age. While still informed by the material social and political conditions of Spanish society, the works of

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which is a frame story or short stories within an overall story. In this work, the Conde Lucanor seeks advice from his wise counselor, Patronio, who gives the advice through the telling of stories. Juan Manuel also wrote lesser-known works such as

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in which he represents the detailed lives of twenty-four distinguished contemporaries. He explores their moral and psychological natures as well as physical traits. Pulgar was the official historian of the monarchs Fernando and Isabel, the famous

1403:. Quevedo said that life is formed by "successions of deceased". Newborns turn into the deceased, and diapers into the shroud that covers lifeless bodies. This leads to the conclusion that nothing is important except obtaining eternal salvation. 1655:

Neoclassicism (until the end of the 18th century): It is strongly influenced by French and Italian classicism. The writers also imitate the old classics (Greek and Roman); its boom extended since the reign of Fernando VI until the end of the

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emphasizes the right of the individuals to express their personal emotions (repressed then by the neoclassicals), among which figures fundamentally love. This current announces the decline of Neoclassicism and opens the door to Romanticism.

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which accounted for the history of Spain from the creation until the end of Alfonso's father's reign, San Fernando. For his direction of these works and many others he directed, Alfonso X is called the father of Spanish prose. His nephew,

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Around 1920 a younger group of writers—mostly poets—began publishing works that from their beginnings revealed the extent to which younger artists were absorbing the literary experimentation of the writers of 1898 and 1914. Poets

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Disillusionment: As the Renaissance ideals failed, and, in the case of Spain, political power was being dispelled, disillusionment continued to arise in literature. Many cases recall those of two centuries before, with the

1025:. In this piece, Manrique shows classical feelings by expressing himself in a universal manner (all things come to an end). He is still considered a poet of the Middle Ages in that he finds peace and finality in religion. 2651:

post-political social realism focused principally on sex, drugs, rock-n-roll and the mental illness that accompanies it. These writers proved an excellent marketing phenomenon. That their works will endure is doubtful.

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devices, and other forms of extreme poetic self-consciousness spilling into the precious. Like the works of the New Novelists, this poetry was for a select group of readers, if not exclusive to the poets themselves.

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Defense of a thesis: the narrators write their works approaching reality from their moral conception. They are the so-called omniscient narrators. The defense of a thesis usually compromises the objectivity of the

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By the middle of the next decade, a whole new generation of novelists was latching onto the early models laid down by Cela and Laforet. Equally influenced by the films of the Italian neorealists, novelists such as

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neoclassicals, who admired the Greco-Latin antiquity, the romanticists prefer the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Among their more frequent kinds of works, they cultivate the novel, legend and historic drama.

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as a literary form written by the minstrels (juglares) and composed of varying line length and use of assonance instead of rhyme. These poems were sung to uneducated audiences, nobles and peasants alike.

501:(Azorín), made changes to literature's form and content. By the year 1914—the year of the outbreak of the First World War and of the publication of the first major work of the generation's leading voice, 4399: 2261:

existential anguish facing the majority of the country's population of the time. Neo-baroque poetry and paeans to Franco's Spain satisfied the censors but has enjoyed no subsequent critical shelf-life.

1644:. Enlightenment thinkers sought to apply systematic thinking to all forms of human activity, carrying it to the ethical and governmental spheres in exploration of the individual, society and the state. 1556: 5258: 4646: 804:

The earliest recorded examples of a vernacular Romance-based literature date from the same time and location, the rich mix of Muslim, Jewish, and Christian cultures in Muslim Spain, in which

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The Roman conquest and occupation of the peninsula, spanning from the 3rd century BCE to 409 CE, brought a fully developed Latin culture to Spanish territories. The Roman philosopher

1379:. The Baroque style used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, literature, dance, and music. 1785: 1009:

the Marqués de Santillana (1398–1458), begins to show the movement away from the traditions of the Middle Ages. He shows a knowledge of Latin authors and familiarity with the works of

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Into this economically charged mix stepped two new phenomena, the literary superstar and the literary celebrity. The former is almost entirely embodied by journalist turned novelist

4328: 1195: 824:, which were lengthy glosses on the ideas expressed in the jarchas. Typically spoken in the voice of a woman, the jarchas express the anxieties of love, particularly of its loss. 2683:

threatened to drown out quality with media-generated noise, the Spanish literary field at the end of the twentieth century was as promising as it had been since the 1920s.

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is widely considered as the most distinguished author in contemporary Spanish literature. Other acclaimed and widely read writers both nationally and internationally are

1209: 2480:(1961), returned to the restless literary experimentation last seen in Spanish letters in the early 1930s. Among Spain's most celebrated “New Novels" of this period, 2075:(Azorín), the Disaster and its cultural repercussions inspired a deeper, more radical literary shift that affected both form and content. These writers, along with 868:

portrays the areas in which Cid traveled and lived. Unlike other European epics, the poem is not idealized and there is no presence of supernatural beings. It has

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is an important branch of Spanish literature, with its own particular characteristics dating back to the earliest years of Spain’s conquest of the Americas (see

5053: 4880: 3994:" The new-found Mozarabic poetry is not written in Castilian, and that therefore its existence cannot be used to prove that there was a lyric poetry in Castile" 2252:

his important works, Perito en lunas (1933) from his pre-war surrealist days and Viento del pueblo (1937), evidence of the work of a soldier-poet, stand out.

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tradition, it was out of the cultural milieu fostered by such intellectual energy that the first written manifestations of a Spanish literature proper arise.

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gave support and recognition to the writing form. He, with the help of his groups of intellectuals, directed the composition of many prose works including

245: 3956:"The use of Mozarabic should not be limited to "Christians and Jews living under Muslim rulers", since it is clear that most Hispano-Moslems also spoke " 1839: 1128:

but applied to female beauty, described always following the same plan: a young blonde, with serene, clear eyes, white skin, red lips, rosy cheeks, etc.

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Y paso largas horas gimiendo como el huracán, ladrando como un perro enfurecido, fluyendo como la leche de la ubre caliente de una gran vaca amarilla.

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and other poets; prose, which can have several forms (the historical novel, scientific prose, the description of regional customs, journalism —where

311:, the earliest recorded examples of a vernacular Romance-based literature mix Muslim, Jewish, and Christian culture. One of the notable works is the 1293: 300: 4074: 4917: 4668: 1387:

hold, which increased as time passed. This was shown by the angry character of the comedies of that epoch, and by rascal characters on which the

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The 15th century may be thought of as a pre-Renaissance period. Literary production increases greatly. Outstanding poets of this century include

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The Roman conquest and occupation of the Iberian Peninsula beginning in the 3rd century BC brought a Latin culture to Spanish territories. The

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Ironically, the narrative production of one of Franco's censors would provide the first sign of literary revival in post-war Spain. In 1942,

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had established in Spain to a fictional narrative that became the template for many novelists throughout the history of Spanish literature.

1882: 4305: 1594: 2116:—a number of slightly younger writers had established their own place within the Spanish cultural field. Leading voices include the poet 505:—a number of slightly younger writers had established their own place within the Spanish cultural field. Leading voices include the poet 3246: 59: 4590: 2235: 780: 3121: 1775:

Nature, shown in all its modalities and variations. Usually set in mysterious places, such as cemeteries, storms, the rough sea, etc.

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from 711 to 1492 brought many new literary traditions to Spain. Most literature at this time was produced in standard Arabic, though

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were recited to villagers in public plazas. Two traits separate this form from the mester de juglaría: didacticism and erudition.

489:. The destruction of Spain's fleet in Cuba by the U.S. in 1898 provoked a crisis in Spain. A group of younger writers, among them 4431: 3830: 3825: 3236: 2555: 1589: 1022: 816:, dating from the 9th to the 12th centuries C.E., were short poems spoken in local colloquial Hispano-Romance dialects, known as 182: 106: 3897: 418:, and other authors. In Realism (end of the 19th century), which is mixed with Naturalism, important topics are the novel, with 4693: 4636: 4506: 4458: 4453: 4426: 4389: 4384: 4295: 3381: 1913: 1528: 745: 419: 78: 1058: 5317: 3835: 1034: 936: 158: 63: 3714: 3216: 3111: 3101: 2738: 2029: 1641: 1629: 1279: 1118:, ("seize the day" or "take advantage of the moment"), which recommends the enjoyment of life before the arrival of old age. 971:

of Spain. This position gave him close encounters with the characters in this book, making the work realistic and detailed.

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The popular and colloquial language acquires great importance since it situates the characters in their real environment.

5265: 5039: 4631: 4595: 4421: 3845: 3156: 3076: 1988: 1613: 1598: 1416: 1364: 1017:. Mendoza was also the first to introduce the sonnet into Spanish literature. The last great poet of the Middle Ages is 371: 346: 206: 3491: 2456: 2322: 2076: 820:, but written in Arabic script. The Jarchas appeared at the end of longer poetry written in Arabic or Hebrew known as 256:

is considered the most emblematic work in the canon of Spanish literature and a founding classic of Western literature.

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or praise of rural life, away from material things, as opposed to life in the city, with its dangers and intrigues.

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a heartwrenching confession of love and disillusion, he has managed to poeticize his feelings with great success.

1713: 1542: 1187: 439: 435: 288: 3759: 3277: 2024: 1921: 427: 5389: 5285: 5163: 4927: 4573: 4448: 4245: 1375: 1153: 351: 304: 74: 3442: 3299: 3151: 2985: 2840: 2452: 2174: 2117: 2072: 2038: 1997: 1701: 1682: 1091: 733: 506: 498: 5295: 5083: 4688: 4546: 4285: 3707: 3624: 3339: 3166: 3010: 2980: 2945: 2703: 2642: 2603: 2583: 2550: 2370:'s poem, "Insomnia" (1947) captures much of the angst and sense of violence that informed the works of Cela 2113: 1676: 1548: 605: 585: 502: 1570: 5329: 5198: 4626: 4469: 4275: 4265: 3598: 2332: 2302: 1167: 1005:, twenty-nine fables, a sermon on Christian armor, and many lyric poems that praise the Virgin Mary. Poet 704: 363: 333: 5464: 2567: 2125: 1769:

Religion, although it is often in defiance of the consequent compassion and even exaltation of the devil.

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y paso largas horas oyendo gemir al huracán, o ladrar los perros, o fluir blandamente la luz de la luna.

2218:

bloodless coup of 1868 and that would come to a tragic end with the outbreak of civil war in July 1936.

1265: 786: 5253: 3329: 3185: 3146: 2473: 2198: 1941: 1925: 1721: 1697: 983:

the popular poems originating from folk-songs sung by commoners, and the courtly poetry of the nobles.

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prize is awarded to honour the career of a writer in the Spanish language, regardless of nationality.

3395: 3288: 3201: 2995: 2975: 2965: 2901: 2743: 2707: 1953: 1845: 1717: 1705: 1686: 1534: 1506: 1356: 1328: 1083: 984: 931: 923: 459: 411: 338: 232: 216: 2383:

A veces en la noche yo me revuelvo y me incorporo en este nicho en el que hace 45 años que me pudro,

2034: 5516: 5442: 5427: 5412: 5270: 5243: 5213: 5168: 5108: 5103: 5093: 5078: 5062: 4902: 4789: 4769: 4759: 4541: 4516: 4280: 3769: 3664: 3593: 3539: 3282: 3086: 3032: 2870: 2860: 2799: 2265: 2248: 2194: 1637: 1625: 1576: 1492: 1436: 1332: 1285: 1096: 1087: 955: 877: 686: 561: 395: 383: 342: 327: 249: 166: 5469: 2587: 2535:

The novel's experimentation was shadowed in Spanish poetry. José María Castellet's publication of

1608:

of the 18th century, with the arrival of "the lights" to Spain, important topics are the prose of

589: 5541: 5501: 5491: 5481: 5459: 5432: 5399: 5374: 5354: 5324: 5238: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5193: 5173: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5138: 5128: 5123: 4892: 4794: 4764: 4713: 4553: 4536: 4475: 4372: 4338: 4230: 3840: 3634: 3524: 3005: 2788: 2733: 2695: 2595: 2178: 1853: 1318: 992: 637: 621: 597: 2970: 2579: 2397:¿Temes que se te sequen los grandes rosales del día, las tristes azucenas letales de tus noches? 2223: 2210: 1957: 1887: 1464: 1348: 1243: 1237: 840: 581: 550: 463: 99: 2654:

New novelists whose work is more likely to endure that began publishing in this period include

1763:

Passionate love, with sudden, total deliveries and quick abandonments. Exaltation and distaste.

560:

had a devastating impact on Spanish writing. Among the handful of civil war poets and writers,

17: 5476: 5417: 5334: 5275: 5248: 5233: 5183: 5133: 5113: 5073: 4912: 4824: 4809: 4804: 4744: 4683: 4673: 4585: 4494: 4480: 4436: 4415: 4353: 4141: 4123: 4104: 4028: 3911: 3876: 3867: 3754: 3619: 3481: 3430: 2818: 2806: 2765: 2241: 2064: 2046: 2042: 1975:

Themes that are familiar to the reader: marital conflicts, infidelity, defense of ideals, etc.

1949: 1299: 1271: 1173: 1068: 1047: 999:

is a framework tale in which he includes translations from Ovid, satires, little poems called

968: 911: 864: 845: 612:, would begin carving out a prominent place for themselves within the Spanish cultural field. 557: 490: 455: 315: 280: 930:

the first modern book of laws of the land written in the people's language. Another work was

5496: 5349: 5312: 5280: 5178: 5006: 4999: 4844: 4703: 4609: 4531: 4441: 4409: 4323: 4213: 4205: 4018: 3903: 3856: 3799: 3774: 3749: 3654: 3644: 3639: 3614: 3568: 3529: 3496: 3413: 3261: 3256: 3017: 2691: 2659: 2607: 2575: 2460: 2389:

Y paso largas horas preguntándole a Dios, preguntándole por qué se pudre lentamente mi alma,

2367: 2182: 2170: 2133: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2012: 2008: 1859: 1709: 1472: 1422: 1388: 1201: 941: 849: 817: 774: 609: 577: 565: 522: 478: 474: 415: 356: 303:

in 711 CE brought the cultures of West Asia and the North Africa to the peninsula, creating

272: 884:(verse form of the minstrels). The epic is divided into three parts, also known as cantos. 5379: 4872: 4867: 4663: 4358: 4290: 4051: 3573: 3452: 3000: 2935: 2891: 2667: 2363:, 1954) produced a social realist tradition that was as celebrated as it was short-lived. 2344: 2080: 1826: 1520: 1344: 1010: 853: 722: 284: 3794: 3554: 3052: 2850: 2137: 2129: 1617: 1450: 1257: 526: 518: 375: 3945:

Andalusian Lyrical Poetry and Old Spanish Love Songs: The "Muwashshah" and Its "Kharja."

5015: 4932: 4907: 4834: 4749: 4333: 4260: 3804: 3688: 3514: 3037: 2960: 2775: 2711: 2671: 2655: 2525: 2464: 2413: 2405: 2381:

Madrid es una ciudad de más de un millón de cadáveres (según las últimas estadísticas).

2354: 2338: 2288: 2284: 2186: 1159: 1079: 1018: 987:

fits into the third group with his series of three hundred poems, written in Galician:

760: 264: 5556: 4973: 4829: 3902:. The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3649: 3583: 3578: 3549: 3418: 2896: 2715: 2517: 2409: 2166: 2068: 1897: 1140: 741: 737: 494: 1108:

and the over-refined phrase, producing simple vocabulary and straightforward syntax.

564:

stands out. During the early dictatorship (1939–1955), literature followed dictator

5020: 4978: 4862: 4718: 3544: 3435: 2911: 2811: 2699: 2679: 2675: 2663: 2647: 2571: 2190: 2020: 1478: 1352: 1336: 1063: 1054: 1043: 573: 486: 2646:

celebrities range from politically powerful figures like Antonio Muñoz Molina and

1893: 3930:

J.A. Garrido Ardila "A Concise Introduction to the History of the Spanish Novel"

914:

was one of the greatest advocates of this school, writing on religious subjects.

4960: 4857: 4250: 2875: 2823: 2599: 2202: 1360: 861: 649: 601: 542: 403: 312: 253: 41: 4023: 4006: 2622:(1994), and his ever-expanding experiment with real fiction (begun with 1989's 1061:(Marquess of Santillana). Spanish literature of the Middle Ages concludes with 3907: 3871: 3471: 3304: 2481: 2197:

were likewise the most closely tied to formal academia yet. Novelists such as

1712:, and other authors. In the latter romanticism (post-romanticism) some appear: 1647:

Three phases in the Spanish literature of the 18th century are distinguished:

1369: 1001: 821: 805: 752: 712: 692: 658: 629: 4032: 4814: 4521: 2755: 2750: 869: 729: 470: 1124:

which literary means "Pick virgin the roses" and is a metaphor similar to

337:. In the Baroque era of the 17th century important works were the prose of 3896:

Menocal, María Rosa; Scheindlin, Raymond P.; Sells, Michael, eds. (2000).

1877: 1104:

The prevalence of natural, uncomplicated language, avoiding affectation,

4240: 2391:

por qué se pudren más de un millón de cadáveres en esta ciudad de Madrid,

2016: 1811: 1014: 809: 662: 482: 954:

on philosophical discussions. Toward the end of the Middle Ages, writer

922:

Spanish prose gained popularity in the mid-thirteenth century when King

3990: 3724: 1772:

Social demands (revaluation of marginalized types, such as the beggar).

813: 625: 355:. In this novel Cervantes consolidated the form of literature that the 5031: 3975: 3952: 2496:(1966), Juan Goytisolo's so called “Trilogy of Treason" consisting of 2027:", Regenerationism, and the Free Institution of Education (founded by 1993: 1039: 979:

Lyric poetry in the Middle Ages can be divided into three groups: the

2214:

of 1898 for Spanish intelligence to turn at least partially inwards.

1830: 1632:), and the lyric of the Sevillian school; and also the theater, with 995:

is an outstanding lyricist of the fourteenth century. His only work,

799: 756: 708: 1696:(beginning of the 19th century) important topics are: the poetry of 406:(beginning of the 19th century) important topics are: the poetry of 2393:

por qué mil millones de cadáveres se pudren lentamente en el mundo.

1021:. He is famous for his work which laments the death of his father, 4201: 4158: 1992: 1892: 1876: 1681: 1593: 1038: 873: 839: 633: 322: 276: 268: 244: 4170: 4164: 2416:

were more direct, penning poems with such transparent titles as

5035: 4174: 275:

within the territory that presently constitutes the Kingdom of

1956:, and other dramatists; and the literary critics, emphasizing 1624:), the lyric of the Madrilenian group (with the story-tellers 462:, and other dramatists; and the literary critics, emphasizing 35: 2549:

became the mantra for a new generation of Spanish novelists.

624:(1 BCE–65 CE) was born in Spain as were the poets 366:

era of the 18th century, notable works include the prose of

2634:), placed him on numerous critics´ Nobel Prize shortlists. 1744:

visions of the afterlife, the diabolic and the witchlike...

876:

and its lines vary in length, the most common length being

2395:

Dime, ¿qué huerto quieres abonar con nuestra podredumbre?

1963:

The realistic works of this period are characterized by:

4011:

Cartaphilus. Revista de investigación y crítica estética

2366:

Spanish poetry experienced renewal along similar lines.

2626:

and continued through weekly newspaper columns, 1998's

1736:

time) is despised and they alternate comedy with drama.

1675:

Early Romanticism appeared with the singular figure of

1144:

or description of nature in all its idyllic perfection.

1382:

The Baroque is characterized by the following points:

1327:

of the 17th century important topics are the prose of

2835:

Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España

2374:

and that would infuse the Spanish poetry of the era:

2277:

With the 1945 publication of the Nadal Prize winning

2023:. Literary Modernism in Spain was influenced by the " 1731:

The characteristics of the works of Romanticism are:

1778:

Satire, connected with political or literary events.

4951: 4843: 4731: 4608: 4493: 4371: 4316: 4221: 4212: 1766:

They are inspired in legendary and historic themes.

958:(1436-1490?) created a new type of prose named the 66:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3027:Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias 2247:Among the handful of civil war poets and writers, 3985:CASTRO, Américo: "Mozarabic Poetry and Castile", 1752:Various are the themes of the romanticist works: 728:Other major literary figures of the time include 2845:Historia General de las cosas de la Nueva España 137: 4007:"Romanticism in the North American Short Story" 2376: 1908:(end of the 19th century), which is mixed with 661:(1135–1204) or the Muslim polymath (1126–1198) 239:• Literature subsequent to the Civil War 2718:have published acclaimed best-selling novels. 1074:Important Renaissance themes are poetry, with 5047: 4186: 4099:Pattison, Walter and Donald Bleznick (1971). 3989:. Vol. 4, No. 2 (Spring, 1952), pp. 188-189. 2429: 2423: 2417: 2379: 2358: 2348: 2336: 2326: 2316: 2306: 2292: 2278: 2269: 2256:Witnessing the early dictatorship (1939–1955) 1409:Loss of confidence in the Renaissance ideals. 905:This Castilian narrative poetry known as the 8: 4138:The Cambridge History of Spanish Literature. 4122:(3 ed.). Oxford University Press, Inc. 3972:International Journal of Middle East Studies 3951:, Vol. 46, No. 1. (Winter, 1978), pp. 92-95 2630:, and extended in his 21st century trilogy, 4159:La biblioteca virtual "Miguel de Cervantes" 4075:10 of the Best Contemporary Spanish Authors 3974:.Vol. 24, No. 3 (Aug., 1992), pp. 519-521 1620:; the lyric of the Salmantine school (with 962:This form is demonstrated by Pulgar's work 5054: 5040: 5032: 4737: 4614: 4499: 4377: 4218: 4193: 4179: 4171: 2706:, as well as more commercial authors like 410:and other poets; prose; the theater, with 4022: 2438:Economic and cultural renewal (1955–1975) 2136:, and Ortega y Gasset, and the novelists 525:, and Ortega y Gasset, and the novelists 126:Learn how and when to remove this message 4101:Representative Spanish Authors: Volume I 553:were equally experimental and academic. 29:For broader coverage of this topic, see 4120:Representative Spanish Authors, Vol. II 4103:(3 ed.). Oxford University Press. 4005:Sánchez Auñón, Estefanía (2021-01-13). 3888: 1912:, important topics are the novel, with 1781: 1412: 1149: 2431:La poesía es un arma cargada de futuro 2107:The Generation of 1914 or Novecentismo 892:Medieval Spanish poets recognized the 751:Important literary styles include the 321:In the 16th century the first Spanish 4464:Natural Sites of Community Importance 1948:, and other poets; the theater, with 1704:can be mentioned—; the theater, with 1112:them taken from the classical world: 715:, for example, wrote his magnum opus 699:and other forms of literature of the 454:, and other poets; the theater, with 7: 2544:Writing in the democracy (1975–1999) 1319:Spanish Golden Age § Literature 64:adding citations to reliable sources 4943:UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage 2614:throughout Europe. Marías's novels 2502:Reivindicación del conde Don Julián 4140:Cambridge University Press, 2008. 3324:Los cuatro jinetes del Apocalipsis 2710:. In recent years authors such as 2562:Carmen Martín Gaite's 1978 novel, 2236:Art and culture in Francoist Spain 781:The Incoherence of the Incoherence 25: 3970:by Leopoldo Penarroja Torrejon", 3851:List of Asturian language authors 2620:Mañana en la batalla piensa en mí 952:El libro del caballero y escudero 880:. This type of verse is known as 4161:Online Spanish literature texts. 4047:"El escritor José de Espronceda" 3831:List of Spanish-language authors 3826:Philippine literature in Spanish 2556:The Truth about the Savolta Case 2537:Nueve novísimos poetas españoles 2294:La sombra del ciprés es alargada 1852: 1838: 1798: 1784: 1590:Spanish Enlightenment literature 1569: 1555: 1541: 1527: 1513: 1499: 1485: 1471: 1457: 1443: 1429: 1415: 1406:Worry about the passing of time. 1292: 1278: 1264: 1250: 1236: 1222: 1208: 1194: 1180: 1166: 1152: 1094:; and prose, with the anonymous 991:Another poet, Juan Ruiz, or the 263:generally refers to literature ( 40: 4507:Autonomous communities of Spain 3251:Don Álvaro o la fuerza del sino 1883:Portrait of Benito Pérez Galdós 1720:. Some anti-romantic poets are 975:Lyric poetry of the Middle Ages 746:Hafsa Bint al-Hajj al-Rukuniyya 51:needs additional citations for 18:Spanish Language and Literature 4918:National and regional identity 3943:Linda Fish Compton: Review of 3934:, Oxford University Press 2015 3932:A History of the Spanish Novel 3836:List of Spanish-language poets 2888:The classical Spanish theater 2780:Coplas a la muerte de su padre 2120:, the academics and essayists 1807:El escritor José de Espronceda 1401:Coplas a la muerte de su padre 1035:Spanish Renaissance literature 1023:Coplas a la muerte de su padre 509:, the academics and essayists 1: 4088:What they're reading in Spain 4077:Culture Trip 18 December 2018 3870:, for literature produced in 3629:Meditaciones sobre el Quijote 3237:Francisco Martínez de la Rosa 1819: 1082:; religious literature, with 939:is famous for his prose work 641: 349:, famous for his masterpiece 3966:LIPSKI, John M.: "Review of 3899:The Literature of Al-Andalus 3846:Galician-language literature 3673:La familia de Pascual Duarte 3122:Leandro Fernández de Moratín 3077:Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos 2271:La familia de Pascual Duarte 2063:younger writers, among them 1989:Spanish Modernist literature 1634:Leandro Fernández de Moratín 1614:Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos 1599:Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos 1365:Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra 989:Las cantigas de Santa María. 392:Leandro Fernández de Moratín 347:Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra 305:Andalusi literary traditions 271:, and drama) written in the 4938:UNESCO World Heritage Sites 3112:Vicente García de la Huerta 2488:(1967), Camilo José Cela's 2091:, came to be known as the " 1642:Vicente García de la Huerta 1610:Fray Benito Jerónimo Feijoo 718:The Guide for the Perplexed 676:Medieval Spanish literature 670:Medieval Spanish literature 400:Vicente García de la Huerta 309:medieval Spanish literature 31:Spanish-language literature 5579: 4090:The Guardian 28 March 2011 4024:10.6018/cartaphilus.456101 3703:Gonzalo Torrente Ballester 3443:José Martínez Ruiz, Azorín 3191:El estudiante de Salamanca 2926:Pedro Calderón de la Barca 2770:Milagros de Nuestra Señora 2510:Gonzalo Torrente Ballester 2233: 1986: 1873:Spanish Realist literature 1870: 1671:Spanish Romance literature 1668: 1587: 1563:Pedro Calderón de la Barca 1341:Pedro Calderón de la Barca 1335:; the theater is notable ( 1316: 1313:Spanish Baroque literature 1310: 1032: 964:Claros varones de Castilla 950:on the social classes and 932:La primera crónica general 797: 684: 673: 28: 5069: 4993: 4740: 4617: 4502: 4380: 4118:Bleznick, vol II (1971). 3908:10.1017/chol9780521471596 3821:Latin American literature 3355:El sombrero de tres picos 3241:La conjuración de Venecia 3227:Juan Eugenio Hartzenbusch 3157:Marcelino Menéndez Pelayo 2952:Spanish classical poetry 2787:Renaissance and Baroque ( 2492:(1969), Miguel Delibes's 2007:several currents appear: 1756:Oneself. In Espronceda's 812:, and others worked. The 473:several currents appear: 390:), and the theater, with 289:Latin American literature 4596:Wars and armed conflicts 4236:Ancient History Timeline 3789:Historia de una escalera 3715:Manuel Vázquez Montalbán 3683:El viaje a ninguna parte 3563:La casa de Bernarda Alba 3350:Pedro Antonio de Alarcón 3217:Antonio García Gutiérrez 3102:Félix María de Samaniego 2831:Bernal Díaz del Castillo 2739:Poema de Fernán González 2628:Negra espalda del tiempo 2592:Cristina Fernández Cubas 2287:and the 1947 release of 1376:Don Quixote de la Mancha 1230:Diego Hurtado de Mendoza 848:is the oldest preserved 766:Important works include 628:(41–104 CE), 594:Cristina Fernández Cubas 352:Don Quixote de la Mancha 4296:Transition to democracy 4271:Reaction and revolution 4073:Andrew Kingsford-Smith 3968:El Mozarabe de Valencia 3740:Ramón Gómez de la Serna 3708:Los gozos y las sombras 3366:La hermana San Sulpicio 3340:Enrique Gaspar y Rimbau 3212:Adelardo López de Ayala 2981:Saint John of the Cross 2687:Contemporary literature 2313:Rafael Sánchez Ferlosio 2146:Ramón Gómez de la Serna 2053:20th century literature 1007:Íñigo López de Mendoza, 948:El libro de los estados 616:Pre-medieval literature 535:Ramón Gómez de la Serna 345:. A notable author was 4886:International Interest 4694:Science and technology 4390:Autonomous communities 4167:Latin American Poetry. 4136:Gies, David T. (Ed.). 3987:Comparative Literature 3599:The farmer of more air 3492:Ramón del Valle-Inclán 3362:Armando Palacio Valdés 3172:Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer 3072:José Francisco de Isla 3067:Benito Jerónimo Feijoo 3023:Bartolomé de las Casas 2940:El burlador de Sevilla 2916:El perro del hortelano 2666:, the Basques writers 2457:José Agustín Goytisolo 2430: 2424: 2418: 2402: 2380: 2359: 2349: 2337: 2327: 2323:Jesús Fernández Santos 2317: 2307: 2293: 2279: 2270: 2160:The Generation of 1927 2077:Ramón del Valle-Inclán 2058:The Generation of 1898 2000: 1934:Armando Palacio Valdés 1930:Leopoldo Alas (Clarín) 1901: 1890: 1816:Antonio María Esquivel 1792:Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer 1714:Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer 1689: 1601: 1188:Bartolomé de las Casas 1097:El Lazarillo de Tormes 1059:Íñigo López de Mendoza 1050: 857: 693:Islamic rule in Iberia 632:(35–100 CE), and 440:Armando Palacio Valdés 436:Leopoldo Alas (Clarín) 257: 4923:National Day of Spain 3947:by S. G. Armistead", 3785:Antonio Buero Vallejo 3730:Salvador de Madariaga 3693:Cinco horas con Mario 3679:Fernando Fernán Gómez 3486:Los intereses creados 3424:The Tree of Knowledge 3316:Vicente Blasco Ibáñez 3300:Leopoldo Alas, Clarín 3231:Los amantes de Teruel 3196:La canción del pirata 3152:Mariano José de Larra 3108:Neoclassical theater 2986:Saint Teresa of Ávila 2906:Las Mocedades del Cid 2841:Bernardino de Sahagún 2494:Cinco horas con Mario 2350:El fulgor y la sangre 2230:The Spanish Civil War 2175:Federico García Lorca 1996: 1938:Vicente Blasco Ibáñez 1896: 1880: 1702:Mariano José de Larra 1685: 1630:Félix María Samaniego 1597: 1122:Collige, virgo, rosas 1092:Santa Teresa de Jesús 1042: 843: 787:Hadith Bayad wa Riyad 734:Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad 444:Vicente Blasco Ibáñez 388:Félix María Samaniego 248: 4527:Constitutional Court 4055:(in Spanish). Madrid 3863:José María Gironella 3697:Los santos inocentes 3625:José Ortega y Gasset 3372:José María de Pereda 3289:Episodios Nacionales 3167:Manuel José Quintana 3097:Juan Meléndez Valdés 3083:Neoclassical poetry 3011:Gramática Castellana 2996:Francisco de Vitoria 2976:Francisco de Quevedo 2956:Garcilaso de la Vega 2946:Juan Ruiz de Alarcón 2794:The classical prose 2744:Mocedades de Rodrigo 2704:Antonio Muñoz Molina 2643:Arturo Pérez-Reverte 2604:Antonio Muñoz Molina 2514:La saga/fuga de J.B. 2425:A la inmensa mayoría 2142:Ramón Pérez de Ayala 2122:Ramón Menéndez Pidal 2114:José Ortega y Gasset 1983:Modernist literature 1954:Manuel Tamayo y Baus 1946:Gaspar Núñez de Arce 1918:José María de Pereda 1726:Gaspar Núñez de Arce 1677:Manuel José Quintana 1622:Juan Meléndez Valdés 1549:Juan Ruiz de Alarcón 1535:Francisco de Quevedo 1357:Francisco de Quevedo 1329:Francisco de Quevedo 1216:Garcilaso de la Vega 1076:Garcilaso de la Vega 985:Alfonso X of Castile 924:Alfonso X of Castile 703:found expression in 606:Antonio Muñoz Molina 531:Ramón Pérez de Ayala 511:Ramón Menéndez Pidal 503:José Ortega y Gasset 460:Manuel Tamayo y Baus 452:Gaspar Núñez de Arce 424:José María de Pereda 380:Juan Meléndez Valdés 339:Francisco de Quevedo 283:. The literature of 75:"Spanish literature" 60:improve this article 5063:European literature 4470:Plazas de soberanía 3604:El rayo que no cesa 3540:Manuel Altolaguirre 3283:Fortunata y Jacinta 3278:Benito Pérez Galdós 3049:Neoclassical prose 2871:Miguel de Cervantes 2855:Guzmán de Alfarache 2800:Lazarillo de Tormes 2522:Si te dicen que caí 2333:Carmen Martín Gaite 2195:Manuel Altolaguirre 1922:Benito Pérez Galdós 1437:Miguel de Cervantes 1367:notable novels are 1363:). In the works of 1347:); and poetry with 1286:Fernando de Herrera 1088:San Juan de la Cruz 956:Fernando del Pulgar 928:Las siete partidas, 687:Andalusi literature 681:Andalusi literature 428:Benito Pérez Galdós 334:Guzmán de Alfarache 328:Lazarillo de Tormes 167:Miguel de Cervantes 151:Medieval literature 142:Literature of Spain 5563:Spanish literature 4699:Telecommunications 4400:Biosphere Reserves 4301:Contemporary Spain 4291:Spain under Franco 4231:Prehistoric Iberia 3841:Catalan literature 3635:Alexandre Deulofeu 3588:La voz a ti debida 3525:Vicente Aleixandre 3519:Marinero en tierra 3502:Martes de Carnaval 3461:Campos de Castilla 3334:Los pazos de Ulloa 3330:Emilia Pardo Bazán 3186:José de Espronceda 3147:Juan Donoso Cortés 3126:El sí de las niñas 3091:Fábulas literarias 3006:Antonio de Nebrija 2881:Novelas ejemplares 2760:Libro de buen amor 2734:The Lay of the Cid 2696:Enrique Vila-Matas 2616:Corazón tan blanco 2596:Enrique Vila-Matas 2564:El cuarto de atrás 2498:Señas de identidad 2478:Tiempo de silencio 2474:Luis Martín Santos 2453:José Ángel Valente 2179:Vicente Aleixandre 2118:Juan Ramón Jiménez 2073:José Martínez Ruiz 2039:Juan Ramón Jiménez 2001: 1998:Juan Ramón Jiménez 1942:Ramón de Campoamor 1926:Emilia Pardo Bazán 1902: 1891: 1722:Ramón de Campoamor 1698:José de Espronceda 1690: 1602: 1397:Danza de la Muerte 1051: 997:Libro de buen amor 993:Arcipreste de Hita 907:Mester de Clerecía 901:Mester de Clerecía 894:Mester de Juglaría 888:Mester de Juglaría 882:mester de juglaria 878:fourteen syllables 858: 598:Enrique Vila-Matas 507:Juan Ramón Jiménez 499:José Martínez Ruiz 448:Ramón de Campoamor 432:Emilia Pardo Bazán 408:José de Espronceda 261:Spanish literature 258: 5550: 5549: 5029: 5028: 4989: 4988: 4913:Myths and legends 4881:National Interest 4727: 4726: 4679:Largest companies 4604: 4603: 4591:Political parties 4559:Foreign relations 4489: 4488: 4437:Iberian Peninsula 4385:Autonomous cities 4367: 4366: 3917:978-0-521-47159-6 3877:Basque literature 3868:Arabic literature 3719:Yo maté a Kennedy 3511:Generation of 27 3482:Jacinto Benavente 3431:Miguel de Unamuno 3407:Generation of 98 3404:The 20th century 3396:Concepción Arenal 3208:Romantic theater 3202:Rosalía de Castro 3135:The 19th century 3046:The 18th century 2966:Fray Luis de León 2902:Guillén de Castro 2819:Alonso de Ercilla 2807:Fernando de Rojas 2766:Gonzalo de Berceo 2708:Carlos Ruiz Zafón 2674:, the Galician's 2584:José María Merino 2486:Volverás a Región 2449:Claudio Rodríguez 2242:Spanish Civil War 2065:Miguel de Unamuno 2043:Miguel de Unamuno 2030:Giner de los Ríos 1846:Rosalía de Castro 1718:Rosalía de Castro 1708:(Duke of Rivas), 1706:Ángel de Saavedra 1687:Ángel de Saavedra 1507:Guillén de Castro 1389:picaresque novels 1300:John of the Cross 1272:Alonso de Ercilla 1174:Fernando de Rojas 1084:Fray Luis de León 1069:Fernando de Rojas 1048:Fernando de Rojas 969:Catholic Monarchs 912:Gonzalo de Berceo 865:Cantar de Mio Cid 846:Cantar de Mio Cid 836:Cantar de Mio Cid 701:Jewish golden age 586:José María Merino 558:Spanish Civil War 491:Miguel de Unamuno 414:(Duke of Rivas), 412:Ángel de Saavedra 316:Cantar de Mio Cid 281:Iberian Peninsula 243: 242: 233:Generation of '27 217:Generation of '98 136: 135: 128: 110: 16:(Redirected from 5570: 5473: 5403: 5262: 5202: 5056: 5049: 5042: 5033: 5009: 5002: 4738: 4669:Financial crisis 4659:Economic history 4615: 4532:Cortes Generales 4500: 4442:Peninsular Spain 4378: 4329:Pre-Roman Iberia 4324:General overview 4219: 4195: 4188: 4181: 4172: 4133: 4114: 4091: 4084: 4078: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4026: 4002: 3996: 3983: 3977: 3964: 3958: 3941: 3935: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3893: 3857:Premio Cervantes 3800:Fernando Arrabal 3779:La dama del alba 3775:Alejandro Casona 3770:Santiago Rusiñol 3760:José María Pemán 3665:Camilo José Cela 3645:Fernando Savater 3615:George Santayana 3594:Miguel Hernández 3497:Luces de bohemia 3390:Juanita la Larga 3262:Don Juan Tenorio 3163:Romantic poetry 3087:Tomás de Iriarte 3057:Cartas marruecas 3033:Francisco Suárez 2930:La vida es sueño 2861:Baltasar Gracián 2632:Tu rostro mañana 2608:Almudena Grandes 2568:Juan José Millás 2461:Francisco Brines 2433: 2427: 2421: 2399: 2362: 2352: 2342: 2330: 2320: 2310: 2296: 2282: 2273: 2266:Camilo José Cela 2249:Miguel Hernández 2126:Gregorio Marañón 2093:Generation of 98 2085:Ramiro de Maeztu 1856: 1842: 1824: 1821: 1802: 1788: 1638:Ramón de la Cruz 1626:Tomás de Iriarte 1577:Baltasar Gracián 1573: 1559: 1545: 1531: 1517: 1503: 1493:Francisco Suárez 1489: 1475: 1461: 1447: 1433: 1423:Juan de la Cueva 1419: 1333:Baltasar Gracián 1296: 1282: 1268: 1254: 1240: 1226: 1212: 1198: 1184: 1170: 1156: 960:verbal portrait. 942:El Conde Lucanor 775:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan 769:Al-ʿIqd al-Farīd 646: 643: 610:Almudena Grandes 570:Juan José Millás 566:Francisco Franco 562:Miguel Hernández 515:Gregorio Marañón 396:Ramón de la Cruz 384:Tomás de Iriarte 357:picaresque novel 343:Baltasar Gracián 273:Spanish language 138: 131: 124: 120: 117: 111: 109: 68: 44: 36: 21: 5578: 5577: 5573: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5568: 5567: 5553: 5552: 5551: 5546: 5537:Western Lombard 5507:Turkish Cypriot 5467: 5453:Scottish Gaelic 5401: 5256: 5200: 5065: 5060: 5030: 5025: 5012: 5005: 4998: 4985: 4980:Toro de Osborne 4947: 4928:Public holidays 4839: 4800:Life expectancy 4723: 4689:Property bubble 4600: 4485: 4363: 4359:Spanish miracle 4312: 4286:Second Republic 4208: 4199: 4165:Palabra virtual 4155: 4130: 4117: 4111: 4098: 4095: 4094: 4086:Borja Hermoso 4085: 4081: 4072: 4068: 4058: 4056: 4052:Museo del Prado 4045: 4044: 4040: 4004: 4003: 3999: 3984: 3980: 3965: 3961: 3949:Hispanic Review 3942: 3938: 3929: 3925: 3918: 3895: 3894: 3890: 3885: 3817: 3574:Leopoldo Panero 3534:Hijos de la ira 3453:Antonio Machado 3344:El anacronópete 3320:Arroz y tartana 3143:Romantic Prose 3061:Noches lúgubres 3001:Juan Luis Vives 2971:Luis de Góngora 2936:Tirso de Molina 2892:Juan del Encina 2724: 2689: 2668:Bernardo Atxaga 2624:Todas las almas 2580:Luis Mateo Díez 2551:Eduardo Mendoza 2546: 2506:Juan sin tierra 2440: 2401: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2360:Juegos de manos 2345:Ignacio Aldecoa 2258: 2238: 2232: 2224:Luis de Góngora 2211:Ramón J. Sender 2207:Francisco Ayala 2199:Benjamín Jarnés 2162: 2109: 2081:Antonio Machado 2060: 2055: 2025:disaster of '98 1991: 1985: 1958:Menéndez Pelayo 1940:; poetry, with 1888:Joaquín Sorolla 1875: 1869: 1862: 1857: 1848: 1843: 1834: 1827:Museo del Prado 1822: 1803: 1794: 1789: 1758:Song to Teresa, 1673: 1667: 1592: 1586: 1579: 1574: 1565: 1560: 1551: 1546: 1537: 1532: 1523: 1521:Tirso de Molina 1518: 1509: 1504: 1495: 1490: 1481: 1476: 1467: 1465:Luis de Góngora 1462: 1453: 1448: 1439: 1434: 1425: 1420: 1349:Luis de Góngora 1345:Tirso de Molina 1321: 1315: 1309: 1302: 1297: 1288: 1283: 1274: 1269: 1260: 1255: 1246: 1244:Teresa of Ávila 1241: 1232: 1227: 1218: 1213: 1204: 1199: 1190: 1185: 1176: 1171: 1162: 1157: 1037: 1031: 977: 937:Don Juan Manuel 920: 903: 890: 854:cantar de gesta 838: 802: 796: 721:in Arabic with 689: 683: 678: 672: 644: 618: 582:Luis Mateo Díez 551:Ramón J. Sender 547:Francisco Ayala 539:Benjamín Jarnés 464:Menéndez Pelayo 446:; poetry, with 378:; the lyric of 301:Muslim conquest 297: 285:Spanish America 144: 132: 121: 115: 112: 69: 67: 57: 45: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5576: 5574: 5566: 5565: 5555: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5533: 5532: 5527: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5462: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5450: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5321: 5320: 5318:Northern Irish 5310: 5305: 5300: 5299: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5210: 5209: 5207:Middle English 5204: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5061: 5059: 5058: 5051: 5044: 5036: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5023: 5018: 5011: 5010: 5003: 4995: 4994: 4991: 4990: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4983: 4976: 4971: 4970:Cultural icons 4968: 4963: 4957: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4889: 4888: 4883: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4849: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4741: 4735: 4729: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4655: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4577: 4576: 4571: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4550: 4549: 4547:Prime Minister 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4503: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4466: 4461: 4459:National parks 4456: 4454:Municipalities 4451: 4446: 4445: 4444: 4434: 4429: 4427:Extreme points 4424: 4419: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4387: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4334:Spanish Empire 4331: 4326: 4320: 4318: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4276:First Republic 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4246:Medieval Spain 4243: 4241:Roman Hispania 4238: 4233: 4227: 4225: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4200: 4198: 4197: 4190: 4183: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4162: 4154: 4153:External links 4151: 4150: 4149: 4134: 4128: 4115: 4109: 4093: 4092: 4079: 4066: 4038: 3997: 3978: 3959: 3936: 3923: 3916: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3879: 3874: 3865: 3860: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3816: 3813: 3812: 3811: 3810: 3809: 3808: 3807: 3805:Paloma Pedrero 3802: 3797: 3792: 3782: 3772: 3764: 3763: 3762: 3757: 3755:José Luis Cano 3752: 3747: 3734: 3733: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3712: 3700: 3689:Miguel Delibes 3686: 3676: 3659: 3658: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3622: 3620:María Zambrano 3617: 3609: 3608: 3607: 3591: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3527: 3522: 3515:Rafael Alberti 3509: 3508: 3507: 3506: 3505: 3489: 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Celaya 2377: 2355:Juan Goytisolo 2339:Entre visillos 2289:Miguel Delibes 2285:Carmen Laforet 2257: 2254: 2231: 2228: 2187:Rafael Alberti 2161: 2158: 2108: 2105: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2035:Salvador Rueda 1987:Main article: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1950:José Echegaray 1871:Main article: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1863: 1858: 1851: 1849: 1844: 1837: 1835: 1804: 1797: 1795: 1790: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1750: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1669:Main article: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1588:Main article: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1580: 1575: 1568: 1566: 1561: 1554: 1552: 1547: 1540: 1538: 1533: 1526: 1524: 1519: 1512: 1510: 1505: 1498: 1496: 1491: 1484: 1482: 1477: 1470: 1468: 1463: 1456: 1454: 1449: 1442: 1440: 1435: 1428: 1426: 1421: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1399:or Manrique's 1392: 1311:Main article: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1303: 1298: 1291: 1289: 1284: 1277: 1275: 1270: 1263: 1261: 1256: 1249: 1247: 1242: 1235: 1233: 1228: 1221: 1219: 1214: 1207: 1205: 1200: 1193: 1191: 1186: 1179: 1177: 1172: 1165: 1163: 1160:Jorge Manrique 1158: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1145: 1136: 1129: 1119: 1109: 1033:Main article: 1030: 1027: 1019:Jorge Manrique 976: 973: 919: 916: 902: 899: 889: 886: 837: 834: 798:Main article: 795: 792: 691:The period of 685:Main article: 682: 679: 674:Main article: 671: 668: 645: 560–636 640:of Seville’s ( 617: 614: 456:José Echegaray 296: 293: 265:Spanish poetry 241: 240: 236: 235: 228: 227: 220: 219: 212: 211: 202: 201: 194: 193: 186: 185: 178: 177: 170: 169: 162: 161: 154: 153: 146: 145: 134: 133: 116:September 2007 48: 46: 39: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5575: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5471: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5445: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5398: 5396: 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3580: 3579:Emilio Prados 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3569:Jorge Guillén 3567: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3550:Gerardo Diego 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3531: 3530:Dámaso Alonso 3528: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3516: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3503: 3499: 3498: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3483: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3437: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3425: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3414:Ángel Ganivet 3412: 3411: 3409: 3408: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3310:Su único hijo 3307: 3306: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3291: 3290: 3285: 3284: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3274: 3271: 3264: 3263: 3258: 3257:José Zorrilla 3255: 3252: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3193: 3192: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3141: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3127: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3113: 3110: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3088: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3018:Gómez Pereira 3016: 3013: 3012: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2920:Fuenteovejuna 2917: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2897:Lope de Rueda 2895: 2893: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2877: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2801: 2796: 2795: 2793: 2792: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2729: 2728: 2726: 2725: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2716:Javier Cercas 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2692:Javier Marías 2686: 2684: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2660:Belén Gopegui 2657: 2652: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2588:Félix de Azúa 2585: 2581: 2577: 2576:Javier Marías 2573: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2558: 2557: 2552: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2533: 2531: 2528:'s tetralogy 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2469: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2415: 2411: 2410:Blas de Otero 2407: 2400: 2398: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2368:Dámaso Alonso 2364: 2361: 2356: 2353:, 1954), and 2351: 2346: 2341: 2340: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2298: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2275: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2245: 2243: 2237: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2219: 2215: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2183:Dámaso Alonso 2180: 2176: 2172: 2171:Jorge Guillén 2168: 2167:Pedro Salinas 2159: 2157: 2155: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2134:Eugenio d'Ors 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2089:Ángel Ganivet 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2057: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2031: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2009:Parnassianism 2006: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1982: 1977: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1965: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1899: 1898:Leopoldo Alas 1895: 1889: 1885: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1866: 1861: 1860:José Zorrilla 1855: 1850: 1847: 1841: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1808: 1801: 1796: 1793: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1755: 1754: 1753: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1710:José Zorrilla 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1678: 1672: 1664: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1606:Enlightenment 1600: 1596: 1591: 1584:Enlightenment 1583: 1578: 1572: 1567: 1564: 1558: 1553: 1550: 1544: 1539: 1536: 1530: 1525: 1522: 1516: 1511: 1508: 1502: 1497: 1494: 1488: 1483: 1480: 1474: 1469: 1466: 1460: 1455: 1452: 1446: 1441: 1438: 1432: 1427: 1424: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1390: 1385: 1384: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1377: 1372: 1371: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1320: 1314: 1306: 1301: 1295: 1290: 1287: 1281: 1276: 1273: 1267: 1262: 1259: 1253: 1248: 1245: 1239: 1234: 1231: 1225: 1220: 1217: 1211: 1206: 1203: 1202:John of Ávila 1197: 1192: 1189: 1183: 1178: 1175: 1169: 1164: 1161: 1155: 1150: 1143: 1142: 1141:Locus Amoenus 1137: 1134: 1130: 1127: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1106:amaneramiento 1103: 1102: 1101: 1099: 1098: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1056: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1028: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1003: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 974: 972: 970: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 944: 943: 938: 933: 929: 925: 918:Spanish prose 917: 915: 913: 908: 900: 898: 895: 887: 885: 883: 879: 875: 871: 866: 863: 856: 855: 851: 847: 842: 835: 833: 831: 830:Poema del Cid 825: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 801: 793: 791: 789: 788: 783: 782: 777: 776: 771: 770: 764: 762: 758: 754: 749: 747: 743: 739: 738:Ibn al-Khatib 735: 731: 726: 724: 723:Hebrew script 720: 719: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 688: 680: 677: 669: 667: 664: 660: 654: 652: 651: 639: 638:Saint Isidore 635: 631: 627: 623: 615: 613: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 590:Félix de Azúa 587: 583: 579: 578:Javier Marías 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 554: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 523:Eugenio d'Ors 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 467: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 416:José Zorrilla 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 364:Enlightenment 360: 358: 354: 353: 348: 344: 340: 336: 335: 330: 329: 324: 319: 317: 314: 310: 306: 302: 294: 292: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 255: 251: 247: 238: 237: 234: 230: 229: 226: 222: 221: 218: 214: 213: 210: 209: 204: 203: 200: 196: 195: 192: 188: 187: 184: 183:Enlightenment 180: 179: 176: 172: 171: 168: 164: 163: 160: 156: 155: 152: 148: 147: 143: 140: 139: 130: 127: 119: 108: 105: 101: 98: 94: 91: 87: 84: 80: 77: – 76: 72: 71:Find sources: 65: 61: 55: 54: 49:This article 47: 43: 38: 37: 32: 27: 19: 5486: 5199:Old English 5084:Anglo-Norman 4979: 4966:Coat of arms 4897: 4863:Bullfighting 4853:Architecture 4820:Prostitution 4780:Homelessness 4755:Demographics 4709:Trade unions 4647:unemployment 4632:Car industry 4564:Human rights 4512:Constitution 4468: 4414: 4394:ranked lists 4306:1975–present 4137: 4119: 4100: 4082: 4069: 4057:. Retrieved 4050: 4041: 4014: 4010: 4000: 3993: 3986: 3981: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3955: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3931: 3926: 3898: 3891: 3795:Manuel Azaña 3788: 3778: 3743: 3718: 3706: 3696: 3692: 3682: 3672: 3668: 3628: 3603: 3597: 3587: 3562: 3558: 3555:García Lorca 3545:Luis Cernuda 3533: 3518: 3501: 3495: 3485: 3460: 3456: 3434: 3422: 3389: 3385: 3375: 3365: 3353: 3343: 3333: 3323: 3319: 3309: 3303: 3294:Misericordia 3293: 3287: 3281: 3260: 3250: 3240: 3230: 3220: 3195: 3189: 3179: 3175: 3139:Romanticists 3125: 3115: 3090: 3060: 3056: 3053:José Cadalso 3026: 3009: 2939: 2929: 2919: 2915: 2912:Lope de Vega 2905: 2880: 2874: 2864: 2854: 2851:Mateo Alemán 2844: 2834: 2822: 2812:La Celestina 2810: 2798: 2789:Siglo de oro 2779: 2769: 2759: 2727:Middle Ages 2700:Rosa Montero 2690: 2680:Suso de Toro 2676:Manuel Rivas 2664:David Trueba 2653: 2648:Jon Juaristi 2640: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2612: 2602:, and later 2572:Rosa Montero 2563: 2561: 2554: 2547: 2536: 2534: 2529: 2524:(1973), and 2521: 2513: 2505: 2504:(1970), and 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2477: 2470: 2441: 2428:(Otero), or 2403: 2378: 2371: 2365: 2299: 2276: 2263: 2259: 2246: 2239: 2220: 2216: 2191:Luis Cernuda 2163: 2154:El novelista 2153: 2150: 2138:Gabriel Miró 2130:Manuel Azaña 2110: 2101: 2097: 2061: 2028: 2004: 2002: 1962: 1909: 1905: 1903: 1881: 1805: 1757: 1751: 1730: 1693: 1691: 1674: 1646: 1618:José Cadalso 1605: 1603: 1479:Lope de Vega 1451:Mateo Alemán 1400: 1396: 1381: 1374: 1368: 1337:Lope de Vega 1324: 1322: 1258:Luis de León 1139: 1132: 1125: 1121: 1115: 1105: 1095: 1073: 1064:La Celestina 1062: 1055:Juan de Mena 1052: 1044:La Celestina 1006: 1000: 996: 988: 980: 978: 963: 959: 951: 947: 940: 927: 921: 904: 891: 881: 859: 852: 829: 826: 803: 785: 779: 773: 767: 765: 750: 727: 716: 705:Judeo-Arabic 690: 655: 648: 619: 604:, and later 574:Rosa Montero 555: 527:Gabriel Miró 519:Manuel Azaña 475:Parnasianism 468: 361: 350: 332: 326: 320: 298: 260: 259: 225:Novecentismo 224: 207: 141: 122: 113: 103: 96: 89: 82: 70: 58:Please help 53:verification 50: 26: 5468: [ 5402:(Provençal) 5390:Montenegrin 5257: [ 4785:Immigration 4775:Health care 4637:Communities 4622:Agriculture 4422:Earthquakes 4281:Restoration 4251:Reconquista 3611:Philosophy 3382:Juan Valera 3221:El trovador 2992:Philosophy 2961:Juan Boscán 2876:Don Quixote 2865:El Criticón 2824:La Araucana 2797:Anonymous ( 2618:(1992) and 2600:Carme Riera 2406:José Hierro 2303:Luis Romero 2203:Rosa Chacel 2047:Rubén Darío 2021:Creationism 1914:Juan Valera 1823: 1845 1694:Romanticism 1665:Romanticism 1353:Culteranist 1133:Beatus Ille 1080:Juan Boscán 1029:Renaissance 1002:serranillas 872:instead of 794:The kharjas 650:Etymologiae 602:Carme Riera 543:Rosa Chacel 487:Creationism 420:Juan Valera 404:Romanticism 254:Don Quixote 191:Romanticism 159:Renaissance 5525:in English 5423:Portuguese 5370:Macedonian 5365:Luxembourg 5360:Lithuanian 5119:Belarusian 4903:Mass media 4898:Literature 4790:Irreligion 4770:Euthanasia 4760:Disability 4542:Government 4517:Corruption 4339:Golden Age 3883:References 3744:Greguerías 3669:La colmena 3472:Mario Satz 3419:Pío Baroja 3305:La Regenta 2518:Juan Marsé 2482:Juan Benet 2476:'s novel, 2434:(Celaya). 2422:(Hierro), 2328:Los bravos 2268:'s novel, 2234:See also: 2069:Pío Baroja 1910:Naturalism 1900:, "Clarín" 1391:are based. 1370:La Galatea 1361:Conceptist 1359:(who is a 1351:(who is a 1317:See also: 1126:Carpe Diem 1116:Carpe Diem 822:muwashshah 806:Maimonides 742:Ibn Zaydún 713:Maimonides 659:Maimonides 630:Quintilian 495:Pío Baroja 372:Jovellanos 325:appeared, 208:Modernismo 86:newspapers 5512:Ukrainian 5438:Sardinian 5408:Old Norse 5395:Norwegian 5340:Kashubian 5308:Icelandic 5303:Hungarian 5144:Bulgarian 5099:Aromanian 5089:Aragonese 4893:Languages 4795:Languages 4765:Education 4714:Transport 4554:Elections 4537:Judiciary 4476:Provinces 4373:Geography 4354:Civil War 4261:Expansion 4059:March 27, 4033:1887-5238 3457:Soledades 2756:Juan Ruiz 2751:Alfonso X 2530:Antagonía 2404:Poems by 2343:, 1957), 2331:, 1956), 2321:, 1956), 2318:El jarama 2311:, 1951), 2013:Symbolism 2005:Modernism 1968:(Clarín). 870:assonance 862:epic poem 818:Mozarabic 730:Ibn Arabi 479:Symbolism 471:Modernism 313:epic poem 250:Cervantes 5557:Category 5530:in Welsh 5517:Venetian 5465:Silesian 5443:Scottish 5428:Romanian 5413:Ossetian 5400:Occitan 5385:Moldovan 5330:Jèrriais 5291:medieval 5271:Georgian 5266:Galician 5244:Friulian 5214:Estonian 5169:Croatian 5109:Austrian 5104:Asturian 5094:Armenian 5079:Albanian 5016:Category 4877:Fiestas 4825:Religion 4810:Pensions 4805:Naturism 4745:Abortion 4684:Taxation 4674:Forestry 4586:Monarchy 4581:Military 4574:Intersex 4495:Politics 4481:Wildlife 4416:Comarcas 4349:Military 4344:Economic 4317:By topic 4223:Timeline 4206:articles 3815:See also 3766:Theater 3478:Theater 3376:Sotileza 3273:Realists 2516:(1972), 2508:(1975), 2500:(1966), 2308:La noria 2017:Futurism 1812:portrait 1656:century. 1015:Petrarch 981:jarchas, 810:Averroes 753:muwashah 663:Averroes 483:Futurism 295:Overview 231:• 223:• 215:• 205:• 197:• 189:• 181:• 173:• 165:• 157:• 149:• 5542:Yiddish 5502:Turkish 5492:Swedish 5487:Spanish 5482:Slovene 5460:Serbian 5433:Russian 5375:Maltese 5355:Latvian 5345:Kosovar 5325:Italian 5286:ancient 5239:Frisian 5229:Flemish 5224:Finnish 5219:Faroese 5194:English 5174:Cypriot 5159:Cornish 5154:Chuvash 5149:Catalan 5139:British 5129:Bosnian 5124:Belgian 5000:Outline 4953:Symbols 4873:Cuisine 4845:Culture 4733:Society 4704:Tourism 4610:Economy 4449:Islands 4432:Forests 4410:Climate 4405:Borders 4214:History 3736:Poetry 3725:Max Aub 3449:Poetry 3180:Legends 2730:Epics: 2722:Outline 1906:Realism 1867:Realism 1652:purity. 1604:In the 1325:Baroque 1323:In the 1307:Baroque 850:Spanish 814:Jarchas 626:Martial 376:Cadalso 362:In the 199:Realism 175:Baroque 100:scholar 5521:Welsh 5477:Slovak 5418:Polish 5335:Kazakh 5296:modern 5276:German 5254:Gagauz 5249:Gaelic 5234:French 5184:Danish 5134:Breton 5114:Basque 5074:Abkhaz 5021:Portal 4961:Anthem 4868:Cinema 4815:People 4664:Energy 4204: 4144: 4126: 4107: 4031: 3914: 3661:Prose 3410:Prose 3176:Rhymes 3116:Raquel 2463:, and 2412:, and 2372:et al. 2209:, and 2144:, and 2087:, and 2071:, and 2019:, and 1972:novel. 1936:, and 1831:Madrid 1616:, and 1355:) and 1343:, and 1090:, and 800:Kharja 784:, and 759:, and 757:maqama 709:Hebrew 697:poetry 622:Seneca 549:, and 533:, and 497:, and 485:, and 442:, and 398:, and 374:, and 368:Feijoo 323:novels 102: 95: 88: 81: 73: 5497:Swiss 5472:] 5448:Scots 5350:Latin 5313:Irish 5281:Greek 5261:] 5189:Dutch 5179:Czech 5007:Index 4933:Sport 4908:Music 4835:Women 4750:Crime 4627:Banks 4256:Union 4202:Spain 3559:Yerma 1886:, by 1011:Dante 874:rhyme 761:nawba 634:Lucan 402:. In 307:. In 277:Spain 269:prose 107:JSTOR 93:books 5380:Manx 4974:Flag 4830:Time 4719:Wine 4569:LGBT 4142:ISBN 4124:ISBN 4105:ISBN 4061:2013 4029:ISSN 3912:ISBN 3855:The 3436:Mist 2714:and 2678:and 2670:and 2606:and 2280:Nada 2240:The 2045:and 1724:and 1716:and 1640:and 1628:and 1373:and 1331:and 1138:The 1131:The 1078:and 1057:and 1013:and 860:The 844:The 744:and 608:and 556:The 386:and 341:and 331:and 79:news 4858:Art 4642:GDP 4019:doi 3992:: 3904:doi 2553:'s 2520:'s 2512:'s 2484:'s 2291:'s 2283:by 2003:In 1904:In 1825:) ( 1814:by 1692:In 1067:by 1046:by 707:or 469:In 291:). 252:'s 62:by 5559:: 5470:cs 5259:ru 4049:. 4027:. 4017:. 4015:18 4013:. 4009:. 3954:: 3910:. 3695:, 3671:, 3602:, 3561:, 3500:, 3459:, 3388:, 3322:, 3308:, 3292:, 3286:, 3194:, 3178:, 3059:, 2918:, 2879:, 2791:) 2702:, 2698:, 2662:, 2658:, 2598:, 2594:, 2590:, 2586:, 2582:, 2578:, 2574:, 2570:, 2459:, 2455:, 2451:, 2447:, 2408:, 2205:, 2201:, 2193:, 2189:, 2185:, 2181:, 2177:, 2173:, 2169:, 2140:, 2132:, 2128:, 2124:, 2083:, 2079:, 2067:, 2049:. 2041:, 2037:, 2015:, 2011:, 1952:, 1944:, 1932:, 1928:, 1924:, 1920:, 1916:, 1829:, 1820:c. 1810:, 1679:. 1636:, 1612:, 1339:, 1086:, 1071:. 808:, 790:. 778:, 772:, 763:. 755:, 748:. 740:, 736:, 732:, 725:. 711:. 647:) 642:c. 600:, 596:, 592:, 588:, 584:, 580:, 576:, 572:, 545:, 541:, 529:, 521:, 517:, 513:, 493:, 481:, 477:, 466:. 458:, 450:, 438:, 434:, 430:, 426:, 422:, 394:, 382:, 370:, 267:, 5055:e 5048:t 5041:v 4396:) 4392:( 4194:e 4187:t 4180:v 4148:. 4132:. 4113:. 4063:. 4035:. 4021:: 3920:. 3906:: 3791:) 3787:( 3781:) 3777:( 3746:) 3742:( 3721:) 3717:( 3711:) 3705:( 3699:) 3691:( 3685:) 3681:( 3675:) 3667:( 3631:) 3627:( 3606:) 3596:( 3590:) 3586:( 3565:) 3557:( 3536:) 3532:( 3521:) 3517:( 3504:) 3494:( 3488:) 3484:( 3463:) 3455:( 3439:) 3433:( 3427:) 3421:( 3392:) 3384:( 3378:) 3374:( 3368:) 3364:( 3358:) 3352:( 3346:) 3342:( 3336:) 3332:( 3326:) 3318:( 3312:) 3302:( 3296:) 3280:( 3265:) 3259:( 3253:) 3249:( 3243:) 3239:( 3233:) 3229:( 3223:) 3219:( 3198:) 3188:( 3182:) 3174:( 3128:) 3124:( 3118:) 3114:( 3093:) 3089:( 3063:) 3055:( 3029:) 3025:( 3014:) 3008:( 2942:) 2938:( 2932:) 2928:( 2922:) 2914:( 2908:) 2904:( 2883:) 2873:( 2867:) 2863:( 2857:) 2853:( 2847:) 2843:( 2837:) 2833:( 2827:) 2821:( 2815:) 2809:( 2803:) 2782:) 2778:( 2772:) 2768:( 2762:) 2758:( 2357:( 2347:( 2335:( 2325:( 2315:( 2305:( 1833:) 1818:( 129:) 123:( 118:) 114:( 104:· 97:· 90:· 83:· 56:. 33:. 20:)

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