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to disaster monitoring to vessel traffic surveillance, not to forget the military applications (many civilian SAR satellites are, in fact, dual-use systems). SAR imaging offer the great advantage, over its optical counterparts, of not being affected by meteorological conditions such as clouds, fog,
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observes the same portion of the ocean surface from different (at least 3) angles of view as the satellite passes by, measuring the echo amplitude and the corresponding surface reflectivity. Reflectivity being affected by the ocean surface "roughness", which in turn is affected by the wind and also
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While the SAR, in principle, is similar to its airborne counterparts (with the advantage of the increased coverage and worldwide access offered by the satellite platform), the other two are specific to satellite operations.
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with an accuracy in the order of few centimeters. Additionally, analysis of the echo amplitude and shape can extract information about the wind speed and wave height, respectively. Some radar-altimeters (like
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program), and potentially land vehicles from space. This information would then be relayed to regional and national command centers, as well as
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Most of the radars flown as payload in planetary missions (i.e., not considering avionics radar, such as docking and landing radars used in
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are used for the accurate determination of the geoid, monitoring of tides, ocean currents and other large-scale ocean phenomena such as
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so that diurnal variations of vegetation are ignored, allowing long-term variations to be more accurately measured.
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Earth-observing radar satellites and satellite constellations include the following, with operational dates.
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Other types of radars have been flown for Earth observation missions: precipitation radars such as the
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was a proposed military space-based radar program initiated in
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891:(MRO). Both are currently operational. A radar sounder is also used on the Japanese Moon probe
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etc., making it the sensor of choice when continuity of data must be ensured. Additionally,
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dimensions, the beam is very wide) and, thus, the unwanted echo from other surface objects.
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are the only instruments capable of penetrating heavy cloud cover around planets such as
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dependent on its direction, this instrument can determine the wind speed and direction.
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techniques: their reduced footprint allows mapping of rougher surfaces like polar ices.
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SARs applications are many: they range from geology to crop monitoring, from
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are of high value for operational meteorology, allowing reconstruction of
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These three types of radar are currently used on several satellites.
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1st and 2nd generation (SAR, Italy, 2007-; 6 satellites as of 2023)
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program. The concept was to provide high-range-resolution ground
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Tomorrow-R1, the first commercial radar satellite, operated by
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190:(SAR) to obtain terrain and land-cover information about the
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611:(cloud radar, United States, 2006-; daytime only since 2011)
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a.k.a. US-A (SAR, Soviet Union, 1967-1988, 33 satellites)
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satellite, which carried three different radar sensors:
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A similar instrument (primarily devoted to ionospheric
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probing) was embarked on the
Japanese Martian mission
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Other sounder instruments flown (in this case around
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67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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436:(both dual-pass or single-pass, as used in the
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440:mission) allows accurate 3-D Reconstruction.
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811:surface during each fly-by of the moon. The
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807:between 2004 and 2017, provided images of
27:Use of radar systems mounted on satellites
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494:(SAR, altimeter, scatterometer, US, 1978)
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
867:(Mars Advanced Radar for SubSurface and
466:List of Earth-observing radar satellites
228:) is a proposed constellation of active
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447:, or cloud radars like the one used on
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243:, ocean-going vessels (similar to the
500:(altimeter, United States, 1985-1990)
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781:also imaged Venus in 1990 and 1994.
65:adding citations to reliable sources
923:Valérie Ciarletti (November 2016).
517:Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission
445:Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission
349:to measure wind speed and direction
237:United States Department of Defense
848:The first radar sounder flown was
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505:European Remote-Sensing Satellite
376:A satellite radar-altimeter is a
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335:(SAR) for high-resolution imaging
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883:(mars SHAllow RADar sounder) on
536:Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
519:(precipitation radar, 1997-2015)
258:Active military radar satellites
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895:, launched September 14, 2007.
283:Information Gathering Satellite
52:needs additional citations for
32:Radiolocation-satellite service
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906:(launched in 1998 but lost).
534:Shuttle Imaging Radar on the
458:, radar satellites often use
416:on a global scale. Data from
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992:"The Space Based Radar Plan"
784:The only other target of an
603:, planned for launch in 2025
554:(SAR, ISRO India, 2012-2016)
456:Earth observation satellites
987:Northrop Grumman info sheet
889:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
710:(L band SAR constellation,
696:(planned to launch in 2024)
595:Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich
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944:10.1016/J.CRHY.2016.07.022
538:(SAR, United States, 2000)
180:Earth-observing satellites
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759:Synthetic aperture radars
488:(Soviet Union, 1973-1977)
1556:Synthetic aperture radar
932:Comptes Rendus. Physique
817:Synthetic Aperture Radar
382:ocean surface topography
333:synthetic aperture radar
315:purposes was started by
311:Use of radar sensor for
254:airborne command posts.
216:moving target indication
188:synthetic aperture radar
30:Not to be confused with
982:Globalsecurity.org page
871:Sounding) on board the
525:(SAR, Japan, 1998-2001)
299:Italian COSMO - Skymed
1526:Outer space portal
792:, the largest moon of
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636:(SAR, Canadian, 2007-)
630:; 5 satellites, 2006-)
565:Jason satellite series
460:Sun-synchronous orbits
429:measurement of sea ice
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361:from Umbra space radar
307:Earth-observing radars
202:In the United States,
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1158:Extraterrestrial life
873:European Space Agency
676:European Space Agency
546:European Space Agency
356:
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977:Air Force fact sheet
658:(SAR, Israel, 2008-)
172:Earth orbiting radar
61:improve this article
76:"Space-based radar"
1441:Other technologies
997:Air Force Magazine
994:, John A. Tirpak,
434:SAR interferometry
391:synthetic aperture
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1420:Carbonated drinks
1392:Human spaceflight
1272:of items in space
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788:mission has been
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503:ERS-1 and ERS-2 (
313:Earth observation
222:Space-based radar
148:Space-based radar
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16:(Redirected from
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72:Find sources:
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56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
1546:Space radars
1517:
1492:
1405:Architecture
1289:Colonization
1263:Archaeology
1078:Neuroscience
1035:... in space
995:
935:
931:
918:
897:
877:Mars Express
858:
847:
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650:COSMO-SkyMed
624:SAR Lupe 1-5
583:OSTM/Jason-2
548:, 2002-2012)
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301:COSMO-SkyMed
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59:Please help
54:verification
51:
1316:Exploration
1254:Advertising
1198:Environment
1173:Astrobotany
1136:Fruit flies
879:probe, and
719:Tomorrow.io
700:Sentinel-1D
694:Sentinel-1C
690:(2016-2021)
688:Sentinel-1B
682:Sentinel-1A
601:Sentinel-6B
585:(2008-2019)
579:(2001-2013)
573:(1992-2006)
454:Like other
414:wind fields
160:outer space
1540:Categories
1498:Telescopes
1383:Technology
1236:Weathering
1083:Psychology
1068:Locomotion
960:Q106518362
910:References
869:Ionosphere
829:radiometer
672:Sentinel-1
640:TerraSAR-X
634:RADARSAT-2
511:RADARSAT-1
233:satellites
182:, such as
87:newspapers
1479:for Earth
1466:Batteries
1448:Logistics
1400:Accidents
1346:Christmas
1211:Corrosion
1151:Tortoises
1109:Non-human
952:1878-1535
856:in 1972.
854:Apollo 17
771:Venera 16
767:Venera 15
712:Argentina
702:(planned)
357:Image of
281:Japanese
269:American
252:E-10 MC2A
1341:Religion
1331:Military
1267:of Earth
1146:Primates
1073:Medicine
956:Wikidata
714:, 2018-)
668:, 2010-)
662:TanDEM-X
646:, 2007-)
619:MetOp-SG
609:CloudSat
529:QuikSCAT
474:Inactive
449:Cloudsat
295:Huanjing
293:Chinese
289:SAR-Lupe
275:Russian
271:Lacrosse
241:aircraft
235:for the
198:Military
184:RADARSAT
117:May 2021
1503:Weapons
1471:Nuclear
1432:Writing
1427:Toilets
1410:Farming
1358:Tourism
1353:Selfies
1294:Economy
1259:Alcohol
1247:Society
1231:Weather
1206:Climate
1116:Animals
1063:Hygiene
1042:Biology
863:), are
843:antenna
813:Cassini
809:Titan's
799:Cassini
726:Planned
684:(2014-)
666:Germany
644:Germany
597:(2020-)
591:(2016-)
589:Jason-3
577:Jason-1
552:RISAT-1
542:Envisat
422:El Niño
400:A wind
393:and/or
387:CryoSat
345:a wind
287:German
263:Indian
101:scholar
1475:Solar
1462:Power
1458:Mining
1363:Voting
1311:Ethics
1299:Mining
1284:Burial
1216:Debris
1168:Plants
958:
950:
904:Nozomi
900:plasma
893:SELENE
881:SHARAD
865:MARSIS
839:Radars
805:Saturn
794:Saturn
777:. The
745:Apollo
708:SAOCOM
678:, SAR
656:TecSAR
626:(SAR,
559:Active
523:JERS-1
498:Geosat
492:Seasat
480:RORSAT
367:Seasat
365:After
325:Seasat
277:Kondor
245:Soviet
210:, and
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
1493:Radar
1373:Women
1336:Music
1304:Trade
1131:Frogs
1100:Sleep
1050:Human
928:(PDF)
801:probe
790:Titan
763:Venus
732:NISAR
664:(SAR
642:(SAR
615:MetOp
486:Almaz
378:nadir
265:RISAT
230:radar
208:DARPA
192:Earth
170:and
168:orbit
156:radar
154:is a
143:ORS-2
108:JSTOR
94:books
1415:Food
1321:Food
1221:Dust
1141:Mice
1126:Dogs
1121:Cats
948:ISSN
861:Mars
850:ALSE
827:and
769:and
747:and
438:SRTM
317:NASA
248:US-A
80:news
1368:War
1326:Law
1279:Art
1095:Sex
940:doi
887:'s
885:JPL
875:'s
749:LEM
323:'s
321:JPL
226:SBR
212:NRO
150:or
63:by
1542::
954:.
946:.
936:17
934:.
930:.
831:.
823:,
819:,
757::
451:.
424:.
338:a
331:a
194:.
162:;
1027:e
1020:t
1013:v
962:.
942::
319:/
224:(
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
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