456:
direction. This implies that there is stream of new information being received by the spatial view cells constantly. This integration from various inputs develops continuous attractor networks. Continuous attractor neural networks, also known as CANN, are routinely used when studying spatial view cells from an
431:
independent of head direction and place cells. Spatial view cells have been shown to respond even in the dark without any visual cues as long as the test subject was facing in the proper direction. It is believed that in the absence of visual cues, spatial view cells respond from the inputs being received from
406:
the same location and the firing of the cell in the hippocampus that is specifically associated with the location at which the monkey is looking and is independent of the location of the monkey helps identify the spatial view cell. The monkeys in this of experiment are encouraged by rewarding them with
405:
in sync with the experiment being conducted in order to identify these spatial view cells. For example, in a delayed spatial response task, the monkey is shown a stimulus on one side of a screen and then the stimulus is taken away. After a short while, the stimulus is again presented to the monkey in
328:
about the places of objects and about the places where responses should be made. This sort of damage to the brain often results in impaired object-place memory. Object-place memory tasks require the monkey to not only remember the object seen, but they must also remember where the object was seen in
202:
that helps with remembering where a particular object was in the environment. Imaging studies have shown that the hippocampus plays an important role in spatial navigation and episodic memories. Also, spatial view cells enable them to recall locations of objects even if they are not physically
430:
at that time. These recollections do not only happen if a place is recalled, but they are prone to occur if the person is in the same mood as they were at the time of the event. Rewards are also remembered along with the place at which it was received. Spatial view cells have been proven to be
455:
Research has led to the finding the spatial view cells are consistently updated with other inputs from the body. For example, when a monkey is oriented in a different position spatially such as being upside down, the spatial view cells still respond when the test subject faces the appropriate
74:
is looking at a certain direction in the environment; this is independent of the head direction or the location of the monkey. Also, these cells are confirmed to be spatial view cells by observing that there is minimal randomized firing of the cells without the appropriate
368:. Patients with amnesia often have memory impairments in which they have difficulty remembering both what they saw and where they saw the object or event take place. These signs point to the possible damage to spatial view cells found in the hippocampus.
400:
as test subjects. These types of cells are identified by monitoring the hippocampus of the monkeys while the brains are stimulated by presenting various images and objects in the monkey's vision. Various researchers use different
70:
of test subjects by monitoring individual neurons while the test subject is moved around in a cue controlled spatial environment. The spatial view cells are the cells that fire consistently when the
356:, and optic nerve damage. Another illness that reflects signs of spatial view damage is fornix lesions that impair conditional left–right discrimination learning. Patients with damage to the
426:. It is also believed that whenever an episodic memory is stored, part of the context from that event is also stored along with it. As a result, recalling a certain place can link up the
257:, or worldly manner that allows them to convey directions to others without physically going through the entire route. These cells are used by primates in regular day-to-day lives.
241:
control systems enables them to explore and remember information about what's present at places in the environment without having to physically visit those places. These sorts of
381:
Current research shows that the maximum firing rate of spatial view cells is obtained when the test agent is allowed to explore the environment freely. Tests in which the
585:
de Araujo IE, Rolls ET, Stringer SM (2001). "A view model which accounts for the spatial fields of hippocampal primate spatial view cells and rat place cells".
931:
Rolls ET, Treves A, Robertson RG, Georges-François P, Panzeri S (April 1998). "Information about spatial view in an ensemble of primate hippocampal cells".
237:
use spatial view cells when they try to recall where they may have seen a person or where they left their keys. Primates' highly developed visual and
410:
when they correctly identify the same object in the same location twice in a row and if they get it incorrect, the monkeys receive a saline taste.
1022:
Rolls ET, Stringer SM (November 2005). "Spatial view cells in the hippocampus, and their idiothetic update based on place and head direction".
969:
Stringer SM, Rolls ET, Trappenberg TP (January 2005). "Self-organizing continuous attractor network models of hippocampal spatial view cells".
691:
Robertson RG, Rolls ET, Georges-Fran ois P (March 1998). "Spatial view cells in the primate hippocampus: effects of removal of view details".
921:
Dr. Manish N. Patel, Resident
Physician at St. Vincent's Medical Center Department of Family Medicine. Interview date October 19th, 2010.
661:
1063:
333:
impair even a simple type of object-place learning in which only one pair of unique stimuli are needed for memory.
385:
was not allowed to have active locomotion provided very few results of spatial view cells being detected in the
546:"Spatial view cells in the primate hippocampus: allocentric view not head direction or eye position or place"
831:
Rolls ET, Robertson RG, Georges-François P (August 1997). "Spatial view cells in the primate hippocampus".
978:
647:
594:
349:
301:
238:
163:
309:
183:
171:
167:
159:
76:
785:
498:
461:
432:
353:
292:
are only a few of the various illnesses that can cause harm to the spatial view cells. Some clinical
155:
51:
43:
729:
Rolls ET (December 2010). "A computational theory of episodic memory formation in the hippocampus".
983:
599:
652:
638:
Rolls ET (1999). "Spatial view cells and the representation of place in the primate hippocampus".
1004:
904:
856:
754:
673:
620:
1039:
996:
948:
896:
879:
Rolls ET, Xiang JZ (2006). "Spatial view cells in the primate hippocampus and memory recall".
848:
813:
746:
708:
665:
612:
567:
526:
444:
419:
320:
studies have shown that damage to the hippocampus or to some of its connections, such as the
154:
The spatial view cells that respond in the absence of visual cues are generally found in the
131:
ability to maintain their spatial properties for periods of up to several minutes in the dark
1031:
988:
940:
888:
840:
803:
793:
738:
700:
657:
604:
557:
516:
506:
447:
and proprioceptive cues also provide a sense of direction the animal is facing in the dark.
222:
around the place in order to gain a better understanding of where the places are spatially.
91:
respond to a region of visual space being looked at, relatively independently of where the
321:
199:
99:
214:. These spatial view cells do not only recall specific locations, but they also remember
789:
502:
104:
activated when doing spatial tasks which include active walking in a spatial environment
844:
808:
773:
521:
486:
418:
The experiments often use object-place memory tasks because they are representative of
313:
59:
1057:
908:
892:
402:
357:
32:
860:
758:
624:
1008:
677:
289:
1035:
511:
465:
436:
407:
386:
361:
277:
254:
211:
142:
67:
66:
when a particular location is being recalled. These cells are identified in the
63:
47:
39:
28:
487:"Slowness and sparseness lead to place, head-direction, and spatial-view cells"
992:
944:
742:
704:
457:
390:
344:
with damage to spatial view cells will often show similar symptoms from other
329:
the environment. It has been shown that posterior para-hippocampal lesions in
285:
246:
179:
562:
545:
798:
468:
along with the spatial view cells as one close "packet of neural activity".
269:
219:
215:
162:, and the presubiculum, while the ones that do not respond are found in the
1043:
1000:
900:
817:
750:
669:
616:
571:
530:
207:
associated with remembering the location and object are often found in the
147:
responses still occur in some cases even if view details are obscured with
58:), but the direction towards a specific object. Spatial view cells are the
952:
852:
712:
280:
can also damage spatial view cells, which are located in the hippocampus.
170:, and presubiculum regions often provide a longer response even after the
427:
345:
341:
330:
325:
297:
293:
265:
250:
242:
195:
175:
31:; they respond when a certain part of the environment is in the animal's
662:
10.1002/(SICI)1098-1063(1999)9:4<467::AID-HIPO13>3.0.CO;2-F
460:
stand point. CANNs allow researchers to closely monitor the associated
440:
397:
394:
365:
226:
208:
204:
148:
55:
24:
608:
382:
317:
281:
234:
135:
125:
115:
108:
92:
71:
20:
772:
Jacobs J, Kahana MJ, Ekstrom AD, Mollison MV, Fried I (April 2010).
87:
Spatial view cells can be characterized by the following features:
423:
305:
273:
230:
182:
inputs in the dark and these cells are commonly found in the CA1,
178:. Spatial view cells update their representations by the use of
98:
respond to a small number of visual cues generally within a 30°
121:
generally stimulated by at least 3 cues present in optimal view
50:, since they are not localized in space. They also differ from
124:
fire uniformly all over different areas in space as long as
54:
since they don't represent a global orientation (like a
393:
conducted for spatial view cells involved the use of
544:Georges-François P, Rolls ET, Robertson RG (1999).
107:fire relatively independent of the place where the
774:"A sense of direction in human entorhinal cortex"
174:is removed for up to several minutes in complete
964:
962:
372:Current research involving spatial view cells
8:
874:
872:
870:
724:
722:
485:Franzius M, Sprekeler H, Wiskott L (2007).
982:
807:
797:
651:
598:
561:
520:
510:
477:
451:Ability to update with new information
422:and often employ similar parts of the
138:is looking, by measuring eye position
7:
233:with the aid of spatial view cells.
845:10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01538.x
414:Association with episodic memories
324:, in monkeys produces deficits in
14:
114:represent the place at which the
46:. Spatial view cells differ from
893:10.1515/REVNEURO.2006.17.1-2.175
203:present in the environment. The
439:along with eye position of the
194:Spatial view cells are used by
337:Relationship to other diseases
166:. The cells found in the CA1,
134:responses depend on where the
1:
229:remember where they saw ripe
1036:10.1016/j.neunet.2005.08.006
778:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
512:10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030166
348:such as: vascular dementia,
261:Removal of spatial view cell
245:would be useful for spatial
225:In real world applications,
186:, and presubiculum regions.
253:visualize everything in an
128:is looking at the same area
1080:
491:PLOS Computational Biology
141:spatial representation is
993:10.1016/j.nlm.2004.08.003
945:10.1152/jn.1998.79.4.1797
743:10.1016/j.bbr.2010.03.027
705:10.1152/jn.1998.79.3.1145
360:which also includes the
799:10.1073/pnas.0911213107
563:10.1093/cercor/9.3.197
302:central nervous system
164:Cornu Ammonis region 3
310:altered mental status
184:parahippocampal gyrus
168:parahippocampal gyrus
160:parahippocampal gyrus
462:head direction cells
433:head direction cells
354:macular degeneration
156:Cornu Ammonis area 1
62:that respond in the
52:head direction cells
44:head direction cells
38:They are related to
1064:Hippocampus (brain)
971:Neurobiol Learn Mem
790:2010PNAS..107.6487J
503:2007PLSCB...3..166F
377:Optimal firing rate
364:can sometimes have
350:Alzheimer's disease
300:with damage to the
389:. Majority of the
17:Spatial view cells
609:10.1002/hipo.1085
445:vestibular system
443:. The use of the
420:episodic memories
352:, amnesia fugue,
1071:
1048:
1047:
1019:
1013:
1012:
986:
966:
957:
956:
928:
922:
919:
913:
912:
887:(1–2): 175–200.
876:
865:
864:
833:Eur. J. Neurosci
828:
822:
821:
811:
801:
769:
763:
762:
731:Behav. Brain Res
726:
717:
716:
688:
682:
681:
655:
635:
629:
628:
602:
582:
576:
575:
565:
541:
535:
534:
524:
514:
482:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1021:
1020:
1016:
968:
967:
960:
939:(4): 1797–813.
933:J. Neurophysiol
930:
929:
925:
920:
916:
878:
877:
868:
830:
829:
825:
784:(14): 6487–92.
771:
770:
766:
728:
727:
720:
693:J. Neurophysiol
690:
689:
685:
637:
636:
632:
584:
583:
579:
543:
542:
538:
484:
483:
479:
474:
453:
416:
379:
374:
339:
263:
200:episodic memory
198:for storing an
192:
100:receptive field
85:
83:Characteristics
12:
11:
5:
1077:
1075:
1067:
1066:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1030:(9): 1229–41.
1014:
984:10.1.1.67.2605
958:
923:
914:
866:
839:(8): 1789–94.
823:
764:
718:
699:(3): 1145–56.
683:
630:
600:10.1.1.15.6551
593:(6): 699–706.
577:
556:(3): 197–212.
536:
497:(8): 1605–22.
476:
475:
473:
470:
452:
449:
415:
412:
378:
375:
373:
370:
338:
335:
314:neck stiffness
272:that harm the
262:
259:
218:between other
191:
188:
152:
151:
145:
139:
132:
129:
122:
119:
112:
105:
102:
96:
84:
81:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1076:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
985:
980:
976:
972:
965:
963:
959:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
927:
924:
918:
915:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
875:
873:
871:
867:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
827:
824:
819:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
768:
765:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
737:(2): 180–96.
736:
732:
725:
723:
719:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
687:
684:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
654:
653:10.1.1.7.5431
649:
646:(4): 467–80.
645:
641:
634:
631:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
601:
596:
592:
588:
581:
578:
573:
569:
564:
559:
555:
551:
550:Cereb. Cortex
547:
540:
537:
532:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
481:
478:
471:
469:
467:
463:
459:
450:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
429:
425:
421:
413:
411:
409:
404:
403:methodologies
399:
396:
392:
388:
384:
376:
371:
369:
367:
363:
359:
358:temporal lobe
355:
351:
347:
343:
336:
334:
332:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
260:
258:
256:
252:
249:in which the
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
221:
217:
213:
210:
206:
201:
197:
189:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
150:
146:
144:
140:
137:
133:
130:
127:
123:
120:
117:
113:
110:
106:
103:
101:
97:
94:
90:
89:
88:
82:
80:
78:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
34:
33:field of view
30:
26:
22:
18:
1027:
1023:
1017:
977:(1): 79–92.
974:
970:
936:
932:
926:
917:
884:
881:Rev Neurosci
880:
836:
832:
826:
781:
777:
767:
734:
730:
696:
692:
686:
643:
639:
633:
590:
586:
580:
553:
549:
539:
494:
490:
480:
454:
417:
380:
340:
290:encephalitis
264:
239:eye movement
224:
193:
153:
86:
37:
16:
15:
1024:Neural Netw
640:Hippocampus
587:Hippocampus
466:place cells
437:place cells
408:fruit juice
391:experiments
387:hippocampus
362:hippocampus
296:present in
278:hippocampus
255:allocentric
212:hippocampus
143:allocentric
68:hippocampus
64:hippocampus
48:place cells
40:place cells
29:hippocampus
472:References
458:idiothetic
286:meningitis
247:navigation
180:idiothetic
118:is looking
111:is located
95:is located
979:CiteSeerX
909:147636287
648:CiteSeerX
595:CiteSeerX
304:include:
270:illnesses
220:landmarks
216:distances
79:present.
1058:Category
1044:16257507
1001:15607692
901:16703951
861:17993926
818:20308554
759:13605251
751:20307583
670:10495028
625:15203881
617:11811664
572:10355900
531:17784780
428:emotions
346:diseases
342:Patients
331:macaques
326:learning
298:patients
294:symptoms
276:and the
266:Diseases
251:primates
243:memories
196:primates
176:darkness
172:stimulus
149:curtains
77:stimulus
25:primates
1009:2513451
953:9535949
853:9283835
809:2851993
786:Bibcode
713:9497397
678:7685147
522:1963505
499:Bibcode
441:primate
398:monkeys
395:macaque
366:amnesia
282:Strokes
227:monkeys
209:primate
205:neurons
56:compass
21:neurons
1042:
1007:
999:
981:
951:
907:
899:
859:
851:
816:
806:
757:
749:
711:
676:
668:
650:
623:
615:
597:
570:
529:
519:
383:monkey
322:fornix
318:Lesion
312:, and
288:, and
235:Humans
158:, the
136:monkey
126:monkey
116:monkey
109:monkey
93:monkey
72:monkey
1005:S2CID
905:S2CID
857:S2CID
755:S2CID
674:S2CID
621:S2CID
424:brain
306:fever
274:brain
231:fruit
60:cells
1040:PMID
997:PMID
949:PMID
897:PMID
849:PMID
814:PMID
747:PMID
709:PMID
666:PMID
613:PMID
568:PMID
527:PMID
464:and
435:and
268:and
190:Uses
42:and
19:are
1032:doi
989:doi
941:doi
889:doi
841:doi
804:PMC
794:doi
782:107
739:doi
735:215
701:doi
658:doi
605:doi
558:doi
517:PMC
507:doi
23:in
1060::
1038:.
1028:18
1026:.
1003:.
995:.
987:.
975:83
973:.
961:^
947:.
937:79
935:.
903:.
895:.
885:17
883:.
869:^
855:.
847:.
835:.
812:.
802:.
792:.
780:.
776:.
753:.
745:.
733:.
721:^
707:.
697:79
695:.
672:.
664:.
656:.
642:.
619:.
611:.
603:.
591:11
589:.
566:.
552:.
548:.
525:.
515:.
505:.
493:.
489:.
316:.
308:,
284:,
35:.
27:'
1046:.
1034::
1011:.
991::
955:.
943::
911:.
891::
863:.
843::
837:9
820:.
796::
788::
761:.
741::
715:.
703::
680:.
660::
644:9
627:.
607::
574:.
560::
554:9
533:.
509::
501::
495:3
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.