Spear - Knowledge (XXG)

686: 1963: 821: 538: 1078: 426: 148: 677:, or continental contemporaries. Spears eventually evolved into lances; this is where the lance depiction comes from. With a good majority of Medieval weapons being spears they became integrated into many war tactics. Spears were very commonly used while providing a defensive block. When men on horses tried to get by these blocks, they would often be killed by the spears that could poke through the shield walls. Spears became more common than swords and axes because of how cheap, long, and fast spears were made. 1940: 1093: 2090: 462: 2317: 360: 1386: 1288: 2007: 2038: 341: 2181: 1628: 1499: 883: 51: 965: 949: 1560: 1689: 1765: 1163: 2272:) was made by the sons of Ivaldi. It had the special property that it never missed its mark. During the War with the Vanir, Odin symbolically threw Gungnir into the Vanir host. This practice of symbolically casting a spear into the enemy ranks at the start of a fight was sometimes used in historic clashes, to seek Odin's support in the coming battle. In 1374: 710:, which had two prominent wings at the base of the spearhead, either to prevent the spear penetrating too far into an enemy or to aid in spear fencing. Originally a Frankish weapon, the winged spear also was popular with the Vikings. It would become the ancestor of later medieval polearms, such as the 693:

Broadly speaking, spears were either designed to be used in melee, or to be thrown. Within this simple classification, there was a remarkable range of types. For example, M. J. Swanton identified thirty different spearhead categories and sub-categories in early Saxon England. Most medieval spearheads

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Typically, most spears made by Native Americans were created from materials surrounding their communities. Usually, the shaft of the spear was made with a wooden stick while the head of the spear was fashioned from arrowheads, pieces of metal such as copper, or a bone that had been sharpened. Spears

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era, when spearmen were used as especially highly disciplined soldiers in organized group attacks. When used in formation fighting, spearmen would line up their large rectangular or circular shields in a shieldwall manner. The Qin also employed long spears (more akin to a pike) in formations similar

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The thrusting spear also has the advantage of reach, being considerably longer than other weapon types. Exact spear lengths are hard to deduce as few spear shafts survive archaeologically, but 180–240 cm (6–8 ft) would seem to have been the average length. Some nations were noted for their

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into battle. The tepoztopilli was a polearm, and to judge from depictions in various Aztec codices, it was roughly the height of a man, with a broad wooden head about twice the length of the users' palm or shorter, edged with razor-sharp obsidian blades which were deeply set in grooves carved into

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in four categories: "一曰漆枪，二曰木枪，三曰白杆枪，四曰扑头枪。” Roughly translated the four categories are: Qi (a kind of wood) Spears, Wooden Spears, Bai Gan (A kind of wood) Spears and Pu Tou Qiang. The Qiang that were produced in the Song and Ming dynasties consisted of four major parts: Spearhead, Shaft, End

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Barred spears: A barred spear has a crossbar beneath the blade, to prevent too deep a penetration of the spear into an animal. The bar may be forged as part of the spearhead or may be more loosely tied by means of loops below the blade. Barred spears are known from the Bronze Age, but the first

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humans began to make complex stone blades with flaked edges which were used as spear heads. These stone heads could be fixed to the spear shaft by gum or resin or by bindings made of animal sinew, leather strips or vegetable matter. During this period, a clear difference remained between spears

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The Romans and their early enemies would force prisoners to walk underneath a 'yoke of spears', which humiliated them. The yoke would consist of three spears, two upright with a third tied between them at a height which made the prisoners stoop. It has been suggested that the arrangement has a

1994:, was when a runner would lead the animals towards a cliff. As the buffalo got close to the cliff, other members of the tribe would jump out from behind rocks or trees and scare the buffalo over the cliff. Other hunters would be waiting at the bottom of the cliff to spear the animal to death. 1732:. Sibat are typically made from rattan, either with a sharpened tip or a head made from metal. These heads may either be single-edged, double-edged or barbed. Styles vary according to function and origin. For example, a sibat designed for fishing may not be the same as those used for hunting. 807:

In the 14th century, tactical developments meant that knights and men-at-arms often fought on foot. This led to the practice of shortening the lance to about 150 cm (5 ft) to make it more manageable. As dismounting became commonplace, specialist polearms such as the

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invasion into Egypt, wooden spears were used, which were prone to splinter, but the influx of a new population brought innovations around bronze technology. Unlike other cultures who wielded spears at this time, the Egyptians did not treat their

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method to kill buffalo, which required a hunter to dress as a buffalo and lure one into a ravine where other hunters were hiding. Once the buffalo appeared, the other hunters would kill him with spears. A variation of this technique, called the

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wielded a type of spear for infantrymen which had a club integrated into the spearhead, and a pointed butt end. Other spears had forked blades, several spear-points, and numerous other innovations. One particular spear unique to India was the

1317:(approximately 320 cm or 10 ft), Litte-Flower Spears (Xiao Hua Qiang 小花枪) that are the length of one person and their arm extended above his head, double hooked spears, single hooked spears, ringed spears and many more. 636:

In the late period of the Roman Empire, the spear became more often used because of its anti-cavalry capacities as the barbarian invasions were often conducted by people with a developed culture of cavalry in warfare.

1906:. This did not mean that they were less lethal, as obsidian may be sharpened to become many times sharper than steel. Meso-American spears varied greatly in shape and size. While the Aztecs preferred the sword-like 397:, may have developed the technology of hafted stone-tipped spears in Africa about 500,000 years ago. Wood does not preserve well, however, and Craig Stanford, a primatologist and professor of anthropology at the 852:

were beginning to make their mark. Cavalry armed with pistols and other lighter firearms, along with a sword, had virtually replaced lance armed cavalry in Western Europe by the beginning of the 17th century.

1590:. Medieval Japan employed spears again for infantrymen to use, but it was not until the 11th century in that samurai began to prefer spears over bows. Several polearms were used in the Japanese theatres; the 529:. The pike phalanx, supported by peltasts and cavalry, became the dominant mode of warfare among the Greeks from the late 4th century onward until Greek military systems were supplanted by the Roman legions. 323:, Senegal have been observed to create spears by breaking straight limbs off trees, stripping them of their bark and side branches, and sharpening one end with their teeth. They then used the weapons to hunt 479:. The use of both a single thrusting spear and two throwing spears are mentioned. It has been suggested that two styles of combat are being described; an early style, with thrusting spears, dating to the 1251:

can be loosely defined as a halberd) rose to prominence in the military. Interesting to note is that the amount of iron Mao-heads found exceeds the number of bronze heads. By the end of the Han dynasty

260:, it is one of the earliest and most widespread tools ever developed by early humans. As a weapon, it may be wielded with either one or two hands. It was used in virtually every conflict up until the 1414:

were used both in missile and non-missile form, both by cavalry and foot-soldiers. Mounted spear-fighting was practiced using with a 300 cm (10 ft), ball-tipped wooden lance called a

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to Swiss pikemen in order to ward off cavalry. The Han Empire would use similar tactics as its Qin predecessors. Halberds, polearms, and dagger axes were also common weapons during this time.

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The Handbook Of The SAS And Elite Forces. How The Professionals Fight And Win. Edited by Jon E. Lewis. p.502-Tactics And Techniques, Survival. Robinson Publishing Ltd 1997. ISBN 1-85487-675-9

1196:). In some archaeological examples two tiny holes or ears can be found in the blade of the spearhead near the socket, these holes were presumably used to attach tassels, much like modern day 796:, this allowed all the momentum of the horse and knight to be focused on the weapon's tip, whilst still retaining accuracy and control. This use of the spear spurred the development of the 1159:

Spears were also common weaponry for Warring States, Qin, and Han era cavalry units. During these eras, the spear would develop into a longer lance-like weapon used for cavalry charges.

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firearms in Renaissance Europe saw an ever-increasing focus on integrated infantry tactics. Those infantry not armed with these weapons carried variations on the polearm, including the

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After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the spear and shield continued to be used by nearly all Western European cultures. Since a medieval spear required only a small amount of

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Assyrian soldier holding a spear and wearing a helmet. Detail of a basalt relief from the palace of Tiglath-pileser III at Hadatu, Syria. 744–727 BC. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul

2107:), but the later Middle Ages saw the development of specialised types, such as the boar-spear and the bear-spear. The boar-spear could be used both on foot or horseback. 780:

Cavalry spears were originally the same as infantry spears and were often used with two hands or held with one hand overhead. In the 12th century, after the adoption of

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Hunt, Peter. The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare: Volume 1, Greece, The Hellenistic World and the Rise of Rome. Cambridge University Press, 2007, p. 108

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noted the phallic nature of the spear and suggested that in the Arthurian legends the spear or lance functioned as a symbol of male fertility, paired with the

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were a preferred weapon by many since it was inexpensive to create, could more easily be taught to others, and could be made quickly and in large quantities.

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invented a shorter stabbing spear with a 30 cm (1 ft) shaft and a larger, broader blade one foot (0.3m) long. This weapon is otherwise known as the

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by which troops were directed. The half-pike, sometimes known as a boarding pike, was also used as a weapon on board ships until the late 19th century.

860:, a shortened version of the pike carried by officers of various ranks. While originally a weapon, this came to be seen more as a badge of office, or 1610:; the horseback samurai used shorter yari for his single-armed combat; on the other hand, ashigaru infantries used long yari (similar with European 2217:' bolts of lightning may be interpreted as a symbolic spear. Some would carry that interpretation to the spear that frequently is associated with 2241:

in classical Greek mythology, was an ashen spear as the nature of ashwood with its straight grain made it an ideal choice of wood for a spear.

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would be stiff. Scholars seem to lean toward the latter explanation more than the former. Because of the difference in the construction of the

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was that most of these animals were hunted to extinction by humans with spears. Even after the invention of other hunting weapons such as the

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The spear was used as the primary weapon in expeditions and battles against neighbouring island kingdoms and it became famous during the 1521

4243: 4210: 4159: 4097: 4018: 3658: 3633: 3608: 3583: 3522: 3441: 3416: 3391: 3322: 3297: 3272: 3112: 3051: 3016: 2989: 1017:". It is a polearm used for throwing or hurling, usually a light spear or javelin made of hard wood and pointed with a forged iron tip. The 1926:. Throwing spears were typically shorter and more stream-lined than the tepoztopilli, and some had obsidian edges for greater penetration. 2131:

Spear hunting fell out of favor in most of Europe in the 18th century, but continued in Germany, enjoying a revival in the 1930s. Spear

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along the sharpened edges (most of the spear-tip was wrought iron), it was an economical weapon. Quick to manufacture, and needing less

1829:, after the sound that was heard as it was withdrawn from the victim's wound. The traditional spear was not abandoned, but was used to 848:

with the heavy knightly lance and lighter cavalry with a variety of lighter lances. By the 1540s, however, pistol-armed cavalry called

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continues to this day as both a means of catching food and as a cultural activity. Some of the most common prey for early humans were

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clubs for fighting, the advantage of a far-reaching thrusting weapon was recognised, and a large portion of the army would carry the

1418:, the end of which was covered in dye so that hits may be confirmed. Spears were constructed from a variety of materials such as the 4290: 3781: 3710: 1675: 1546: 930: 398: 134: 730:. To resist cavalry, spear shafts could be planted against the ground. William Wallace drew up his schiltrons in a circle at the 401:, has suggested that the discovery of spear use by chimpanzees means that early humans may have used wooden spears before this. 578:, heavy javelins that were specifically designed to be thrown at an enemy to pierce and foul a target's shield. Originally the 1313:

Spike and Tassel. The types of Qiang that exist are many. Among the types there are cavalry Qiang that were the length of one

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in the 5th century BC. Examples also are shown in Roman art. In the Middle Ages, a winged or lugged war-spear was developed (

1653: 1524: 908: 351: 72: 3904: 1864:-tipped spear (dja) and shield (ikem), which were used in elaborate formations much like Greek and Roman forces. Before the 147: 3952: 3934: 1120:槍) is popularly known as the "king of weapons". The spear is listed in the group of the four major weapons (along with the 2492: 2426: 1147:

Spears were used first as hunting weapons amongst the ancient Chinese. They became popular as infantry weapons during the

206:. The most common design for hunting and/or warfare, since ancient times has incorporated a metal spearhead shaped like a 4076: 4008: 2961: 1113: 388: 300: 2167:

One of the gymnastic exercises performed by the ancient Greeks was the throwing of a spear, referred to as ἀκυντισμός.

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sometimes carry a spear even today. Spears were used in conflicts and training by armed paramilitary units such as the

1352:, the usage is also different, though there is no definitive answer as to what exactly the differences are between the 387:

document that wooden spears have been used for hunting since at least 400,000 years ago. A 2012 study from the site of

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was a longer polearm, with a straight-bladed spearhead, which became the weapon of choice of both the samurai and the

1041:, although these places already had their own variants of the spear. This javelin was the weapon of choice during the 753:

Throwing spears became rarer as the Middle Ages drew on, but survived in the hands of specialists such as the Catalan

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long spears, including the Scots and the Flemish. Spears usually were used in tightly ordered formations, such as the

621:, however, were equipped with a simple hasta and, perhaps, javelins or darts. During the 3rd century AD, although the 248:

The spear has been used throughout human history as a tool for hunting and/or fishing and as a weapon. Along with the

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would symbolically destroy a dead warrior's spear either to prevent its use by another or as a sacrificial offering.

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continued to be used, legionaries usually were equipped with other forms of throwing and thrusting spear, similar to

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or fire-hardened tip) were used throughout Africa and it was the most common weapon used before the introduction of

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A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), William Smith, LLD, William Wayte, G. E. Marindin, Ed., Hasta

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and a high-cantled saddle, the spear became a decidedly more powerful weapon. A mounted knight would secure the

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period in which the Iliad is set, and, anachronistically, a later style, with throwing spears, from Homer's own

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Ultimately, the spear proper was rendered obsolete on the battlefield. Its last flowering was the half-pike or

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used by cavalry were fitted with much longer shafts, as is mentioned above. During this era, the use of the

35: 3153: 1962: 506:). The hoplite phalanx dominated warfare among the Greek City States from the 7th into the 4th century BC. 1649: 1520: 1022: 904: 734:

in 1298 to deter charging cavalry; this was a widespread tactic sometimes known as the "crown" formation.

68: 31: 4175: 174:, with a pointed head. The head may be simply the sharpened end of the shaft itself, as is the case with 3727: 3700: 2089: 1952: 1939: 1834: 1396: 1224: 845: 764:

that combined the thrusting properties of the spear with the cutting properties of the axe, such as the

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is also used (in a somewhat archaic manner) to describe the male line of a family, as opposed to the

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Throwing spears also were used extensively in Meso-American warfare, usually with the help of an

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or plant resin as an adhesive. The tepoztopilli was able both to thrust and slash effectively.

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appeared to have a relatively short shaft as well as a relatively narrow shaft as opposed to

3876: 3743: 3042:(1999). "Chapter 2 : The Rise of the City State and the Invention of Western Warfare". 2893: 2885: 2844: 2791: 2734: 2305: 2073:, the spear continued to be used, either as a projectile weapon or used by hand, such as in 2037: 1860:

forces were centered around the use of the spear. In battle, spearmen would be armed with a

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Spears began to lose fashion among the infantry during the 14th century, being replaced by

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was a glaive-like weapon with a long, curved blade popularly among the samurai and the

1411: 1336:, others say that the main difference is between the stiffness of the shaft, where the 1148: 1125: 484: 175: 2006: 4322: 3773: 3761: 2915: 2669: 2654: 2614: 2512: 2397: 2066: 2050: 1986: 1857: 1830: 1713: 1611: 1304: 1204: 1197: 1185: 1176: 1117: 1098: 841: 829: 769: 586: 513:, light infantry armed with spear and javelins. The other was the development of the 502:) and a 210–270 cm (7–9 ft) spear with an iron head and bronze butt-spike ( 376: 347: 249: 238: 234: 3355:"'We have met Devils!': The Almogavars of James I and Peter III of Catalonia–Aragon" 2756: 2221:, interpreting her spear as a symbolic connection to some of Zeus' power beyond the 2049:

One of the earliest forms of killing prey for humans, hunting game with a spear and

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There are many words in Chinese that would be classified as a spear in English. The

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In the 7th century BC, the Greeks evolved a new close-order infantry formation, the

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spears, or it may be made of a more durable material fastened to the shaft, such as

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designed to be thrown and those designed to be used in hand-to-hand combat. By the

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Spears can be divided into two broad categories: those designed for thrusting as a

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continued to be the standard legionary spear until the end of the 2nd century AD.

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Spear manufacture and use is not confined to humans. It is also practiced by the

3960: 3938: 3354: 2529: 2393: 2376: 2180: 1816: 1800: 1768: 1705: 1627: 1498: 1459: 1265: 1253: 1231: 1152: 1121: 1048: 882: 723: 410: 405: 320: 50: 3828:"Ancient Egyptian Weapons: Spears, Bows, Axes, and More! | History Cooperative" 1559: 844:. At the start of the Renaissance, cavalry remained predominantly lance-armed; 742:. However, the rectangular schiltron was much more common and was used by King 694:

were generally leaf-shaped. Notable types of early medieval spears include the

340: 3766: 2739: 2722: 2586: 2445: 2331: 2294: 2290: 1907: 1887: 1193: 1006: 964: 793: 754: 658: 650: 261: 3872: 3864: 2907: 2487: 2483: 2473: 2343: 2321: 2283: 2148: 2054: 1740: 1688: 1571: 833: 772:, which would be a dominant infantry weapon in the 16th and 17th centuries. 727: 604: 580: 562: 2858: 2748: 2229:. Athena was depicted with a spear prior to that change in myths, however. 1025:

as well as during later periods, well into the 20th century. A longer pole

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skill than a sword, it remained the main weapon of the common soldier. The

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is still practiced in the United States. Animals taken are primarily wild

1764: 1162: 350:, a spear point from about 400,000 years ago, and the oldest known spear, 4282:

The Many Faces of Murukan̲: The History and Meaning of a South Indian God

2649: 2547: 2537: 2455: 2417: 2335: 2100: 1903: 1841:. This weapon was typically used with one hand while the off hand held a 1729: 1603: 1595: 1591: 857: 801: 269: 207: 187: 27:

Polearm with a long shaft and pointed head used for thrusting or throwing

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had been rendered completely obsolete. After the Han dynasty toward the

757:. They were commonly used in Ireland until the end of the 16th century. 4305:

P. K. Ford, "On the Significance of some Arthurian Names in Welsh", in

2664: 2634: 2629: 2604: 2564: 2533: 2525: 2502: 2432: 2421: 2384: 2380: 2364: 2269: 2189: 2156: 2152: 2132: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2058: 1916: 1870: 1842: 1796: 1784: 1780: 1725: 1583: 1563: 1474: 1430: 1392: 1054: 1014: 998: 993: 975: 971: 955: 837: 809: 781: 765: 761: 654: 617: 592: 568: 556: 518: 514: 510: 495: 384: 265: 242: 167: 152: 3802:"9 Ancient Egyptian Weapons and Tools That Powered the Pharaoh's Army" 3729:Śaṅgam polity: the administration and social life of the Śaṅgam Tamils 1033:

was widely used. It existed in various forms in areas stretching from

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historical record of their use in Europe is found in the writings of

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Culhwch and Olwen. An Edition and Study of the Oldest Arthurian Tale

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The Arab presence in Sindh and the Mameluks of Delhi introduced the

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in Sudan. It is still being used by certain wandering Sufi ascetics

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Couch your lances ! Knights and tournaments in the Middle Ages

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tribes of South Africa were renowned for their use of the assegai.

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J. Wilkins et al. "Evidence for early hafted hunting technology".

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which were hunted with various kinds of spear. One theory for the

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as a distinct weapon that was perfected in the medieval sport of

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by holding it with one hand and tucking it under the armpit (the

4063: 3342:. New York: Peter Bedrick Books. pp. 148, 158–159, 202–203. 2516: 2436: 2265: 2214: 2185: 2140: 2136: 1946: 1792: 1788: 1744: 1599: 1137: 498:, who was equipped with a large, circular, bronze-faced shield ( 413:

period (c. 15,000–9500 BC), spear-throwers similar to the later

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30 (1983), pp.268–273 at p.71; R. Bromwich and D. Simon Evans,

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referred to simply as Ron ("spear") in Geoffrey of Monmouth's

517:, a two-handed pike 550 cm (18 ft) in length, by the 2560: 2352: 2326: 2001: 1621: 1492: 1454: 876: 509:

The 4th century saw major changes. One was the greater use of

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Hunting Weapons from the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century

2723:"Savanna Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus, Hunt with Tools" 1328:, as they are obviously very similar. Some people say that a 1188:. This weapon was less prominent on the battlefield than the 218:. The heads of fishing spears usually feature multiple sharp 3458:

Rompez les lances ! Chevaliers et tournois au Moyen Age

3317:(2nd. ed.). Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 184–5. 2528:, a three-pronged fishing spear associated with a number of 1837:

with the iklwa. This tactical combination originated during

2833:"The age of the Lower Paleolithic occupation at Schöningen" 1566:

print of a samurai general holding a yari in his right hand

432:

spearmen advancing in close formation with large shields –

30:"Spears" and "Spearman" redirect here. For other uses, see 2282:, the haft of Gungnir is said to be from the "World-Tree" 746:

on the second day of the Battle of Bannockburn and in the

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Re-enactor outfitted as a Late Roman legionary carrying a

3517:. Guildford & London: Lutterworth Press. p. 56. 2563:, a flattened broad tipped spear used by the Hindu deity 1223:

from this era are heavily decorated as is evidenced by a

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Bronze spears, notice the ears on the side of the socket.

700:, a throwing spear with a long head similar to the Roman 3315:

The Art of Warfare in Western Europe in the Middle Ages

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Richter, Daniel; Krbetschek, Matthias (December 2015).

2018: 1704:) were used as both a weapon and a tool throughout the 1029:

was being used as a hunting weapon from horseback. The

264:, where even to this day, it lives on in the form of a 669:

in hand, were armed mostly with spears, as were their

3267:. Vol. 1. London: Greenhill Books. p. 451. 2550:, a three-pronged spear wielded by the Hindu deities 2410:

which could inflict wounds that none can recover from

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spear was used in ancient Japan sometime between the

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There is some confusion as to how to distinguish the

2771: 4116:, Vol. 21, No. 3/4 (June–October 1927), pp. 122–127 3557:"Spear Training | Spear Fighting | 枪矛厹" 3436:. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 102–3. 3154:"The Ten Most Important Weapons of the Middle Ages" 75:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3765: 812:were adopted by knights and this practice ceased. 738:used a circular schiltron on the first day of the 4202:Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 2930:"Stone-tipped spear may have much earlier origin" 2297:, believed by some to have vast mystical powers. 1284:can be likened to a pike or simply a long spear. 657:, for instance, although often portrayed with an 629:of the previous century. By the 4th century, the 554:Roman armies, the first two lines of battle, the 391:in South Africa suggests that hominids, possibly 4313:(Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1992), p.64 2772:"Lower Palaeolithic hunting spears from Germany" 2448:, said to be the spear that pierced the side of 1485:as late as the second half of the 20th century. 991:Muslim warriors used a spear that was called an 469:The spear is the main weapon of the warriors of 2874:"The Clacton Spear: The Last One Hundred Years" 2289:Other spears of religious significance are the 2225:once he rose to replacing other deities in the 706:, used by the Franks and Anglo-Saxons, and the 1298:After the Tang dynasty, the popularity of the 2253:has its origins in this practice (from Latin 2249:origin, a way to trap evil spirits. The word 1971:, Crow (Native American), late 19th century, 828:The development of both the long, two-handed 633:had effectively disappeared from common use. 8: 3849:"Ancient technology in contemporary surgery" 3680:. Army Educational Stores. pp. 158. 281 3227:The Spearheads of the Anglo-Saxon Settlement 1882:West Mexico and South America (Pre-Colombia) 954:A Palestinian Sufi ascetic carrying a short 3411:. London: Cassel & Co. pp. 60–72. 1656:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1527:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1458:is a type of spear or lance, originated in 911:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 465:Athenian warrior wielding a spear in battle 3107:. Princes Risborough: Shire Publications. 2962:"Chimps Observed Making Their Own Weapons" 1280:(矟) was widespread among the footmen. The 4092:. London: Macdonald Phoebus. p. 89. 3880: 3229:. London: Royal Archaeological Institute. 3178:"Medieval Weapons That Maimed and Killed" 2897: 2848: 2738: 2721:Pruetz, Jill D.; Bertolani, Paco (2007). 2199:Like many weapons, a spear may also be a 1676:Learn how and when to remove this message 1547:Learn how and when to remove this message 1256:) the process of replacement of the iron 1005:, but the English term, derived from the 931:Learn how and when to remove this message 135:Learn how and when to remove this message 4112:M. Cary and A. D. Nock. "Magic Spears". 1856:Similar to most armies of their period, 4307:Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 3244:. London: Herbert Jenkins. p. 226. 2691: 2458:could wield, inherited from his father 2143:, although trophy animals as large as 1833:enemy formations before closing in for 584:were armed with a short spear called a 237:) and those designed for throwing as a 3953:"Pre-columbian Atl Atl Spear Throwers" 3744:"TherionArms – Zulu 'Iklwa' war spear" 3292:. Edinburgh: John Donald. p. 80. 404:From circa 200,000 BC onwards, Middle 4154:. London: Penguin. pp. 51, 197. 3795: 3793: 3677:Studies in Indian Weapons and Warfare 3103:Bishop, M.C.; Coulston, J.C. (1989). 1949:native American man with his spear – 1915:the head, and cemented in place with 1747:fought against Spanish forces led by 1614:) for their massed combat formation. 974:Arab warrior carrying a long hunting 566:, often fought with a sword called a 7: 1654:adding citations to reliable sources 1525:adding citations to reliable sources 1021:played an important role during the 909:adding citations to reliable sources 494:. The key to this formation was the 73:adding citations to reliable sources 3905:"Precolumbian Mesoamerican Warfare" 3046:. London: Cassell. pp. 42–83. 3011:. London: Methuen. pp. 166–8. 2984:. London: Croom Helm. p. 192. 2313:(as a symbol of female fertility). 1582:, but it became unpopular as early 1410:in Indian languages. Spears in the 1132:(a single-edged blade similar to a 3937:. February 4, 2008. Archived from 2872:Allington-Jones, Lu (2015-07-03). 2406:Gáe Buide and Gáe Derg, spears of 2324:, holding his primary weapon, the 1598:, often used against cavalry; the 1422:made completely of steel, and the 1308:(枪). The Tang dynasty divided the 1260:had been completed and the bronze 736:Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray 603:From the late 2nd century BC, all 170:consisting of a shaft, usually of 25: 4232:MacKillop, James (January 2004). 3265:The Art of War in the Middle Ages 1302:declined and was replaced by the 792:technique) In combination with a 750:when he defeated English armies. 399:University of Southern California 4150:Crossley-Holland, Kevin (1982). 4060:"Spear Hunting Museum > Home" 2454:Pelian Spear, a spear that only 2350:in the form of the spear called 2320:Statue of the Hindu God of War, 2005: 1961: 1938: 1896:Western Mexico and South America 1626: 1497: 1384: 1372: 1091: 1076: 963: 947: 881: 358: 339: 49: 4199:E. A. Livingstone, ed. (2006). 3853:The Western Journal of Medicine 3460:, Paris, ed. Autrement, 2010. ( 3353:Morris, Paul (September 2000). 3340:Robert the Bruce, King of Scots 3152:Medievalists.net (2020-01-09). 2711:. The Career Press, 2005, p 12. 2709:50 Weapons That Changed Warfare 2356:, which is his primary weapon. 60:needs additional citations for 4268:– via Project Gutenberg. 4235:Dictionary of Celtic Mythology 3800:Roos, Dave (2 December 2020). 3772:. Osprey Publishing. pp. 3491:Arnold (2001), pp.66–72, 78–81 3386:. Oxford: Osprey. p. 36. 3044:The Wars of the Ancient Greeks 2770:Thieme, Hartmut (1997-02-27). 2147:have been hunted with spears. 1379:Razakars during Operation Polo 365:Hunting spear and knife, from 352:Natural History Museum, London 1: 3338:Scott, Ronald McNair (1988). 2890:10.1080/00665983.2015.1008839 2493:Romance of the Three Kingdoms 2427:Romance of the Three Kingdoms 2213:In classical Greek mythology 2104: 1751:who was subsequently killed. 1692:A Filipino warrior holding a 978: 437: 3826:Dhar, Rittika (2023-01-09). 3705:. Finnish Oriental Society. 2850:10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.06.003 2264:In Norse mythology, the god 824:German reenactors of pikemen 4131:Online Etymology Dictionary 3957:www.precolumbianweapons.com 3909:www.precolumbianweapons.com 3674:Pant, Gayatri Nath (1970). 3653:. 上海: 上海文化出版社. p. 22. 3628:. 上海: 上海文化出版社. p. 21. 3603:. 上海: 上海文化出版社. p. 20. 3578:. 上海: 上海文化出版社. p. 19. 3515:European Weapons and Armour 2480:, the spear of King Arthur. 2414:Green Dragon Crescent Blade 2063:Quaternary extinction event 1696:(spear) in the Boxer Codex. 268:fixed onto the muzzle of a 229:(including weapons such as 4360: 4040:Blackmore (2003), pp.88–91 4007:Blackmore, Howard (2003). 3313:Verbruggen, J. F. (1997). 2837:Journal of Human Evolution 2582:Viking Age arms and armour 2237:when he married the nymph 2045:with a multi-pronged spear 1985:Native Americans used the 1426:which had a bamboo shaft. 1340:would be flexible and the 1174:is the predecessor of the 295:, from the Proto-Germanic 29: 4279:Clothey, Fred W. (1978). 4049:Blackmore (2003), pp92-3. 3726:Subrahmanian, N. (1996). 3432:Nicholson, Helen (2004). 2740:10.1016/j.cub.2006.12.042 2532:, including the Etruscan 1779:The various types of the 816:Introduction of gunpowder 379:found in England and the 222:, with or without barbs. 40:Spearman (disambiguation) 4088:Connolly, Peter (1981). 4013:. Dover. pp. 83–4. 3983:"Native American Spears" 3699:Nikkilä, Pertti (1997). 3500:Arnold (2001), pp.92–100 3473:Nicholson (2004), p. 102 3384:The Irish Wars 1485–1603 3202:"Hurstwic: Viking Spear" 3105:Roman Military Equipment 3084:Hanson (1999), pp149-150 3005:Webster, T.B.L. (1977). 1839:Shaka's military reforms 1083:Spear with inscription, 708:winged (or lugged) spear 367:Mesa Verde National Park 241:(usually referred to as 4114:The Classical Quarterly 3847:Buck, BA (March 1982). 3407:Arnold, Thomas (2001). 3288:Fisher, Andrew (1986). 3075:Hanson (1999), pp.147–8 2577:List of types of spears 2301:Sir James George Frazer 2093:A boar-spear with a bar 1890:was largely unknown in 1237:In the Han dynasty the 1215:in the later Shang and 607:were equipped with the 596:, continued to use the 36:Spears (disambiguation) 4090:Greece and Rome at War 3546:Oakeshott (1980), p.56 3537:Oakeshott (1980), p.55 3482:Nicholson (2004), p101 3409:The Renaissance at War 3225:Swanton, M.J. (1973). 2878:Archaeological Journal 2339: 2196: 2094: 2046: 1776: 1739:, where the chieftain 1708:. It is also called a 1697: 1596:Buddhist warrior-monks 1567: 1431:Middle Eastern javelin 1395:soldier with spear by 1295: 1167: 1047:as well as during the 825: 690: 547: 466: 443: 159: 32:Spear (disambiguation) 4285:. Walter de Gruyter. 3935:"Precolumbian Spears" 3240:Martin, Paul (1968). 3008:From Mycenae to Homer 2342:The Hindu god of war 2319: 2188:, carrying the spear 2183: 2092: 2040: 1953:Edward Sheriff Curtis 1902:were made of wood or 1892:pre-Columbian America 1835:close quarters battle 1767: 1691: 1606:(footmen) during the 1562: 1290: 1225:Warring States period 1165: 823: 740:Battle of Bannockburn 688: 540: 464: 434:Stele of the Vultures 428: 383:found in present-day 327:sleeping in hollows. 150: 4238:. Oxford Reference. 4205:. Oxford Reference. 3561:Imperial Combat Arts 3066:Hanson (1999), p. 59 3040:Hanson, Victor Davis 2982:The Palaeolithic Age 2980:Wymer, John (1982). 2687:Notes and references 2501:, the spear used by 2466:from an ash tree on 1650:improve this section 1521:improve this section 1462:, primarily used by 1406:Spears are known as 1110:Chinese martial arts 905:improve this section 748:Battle of Old Byland 394:Homo heidelbergensis 69:improve this article 3748:www.therionarms.com 3456:* Sébastien Nadot, 3382:Heath, Ian (1993). 2970:, February 22, 2007 2967:The Washington Post 2938:, November 16, 2012 2788:1997Natur.385..807T 2486:wielded by General 2420:wielded by General 2408:Diarmuid Ua Duibhne 2233:'s wedding-gift to 2041:Peruvian fisherman 1180:. The first bronze 1039:Indian subcontinent 527:Alexander the Great 452:Classical antiquity 319:. Chimpanzees near 301:Proto-Indo-European 4266:"The Golden Bough" 3963:on 4 February 2008 3915:on 4 February 2008 3242:Armour and weapons 2478:History of Britain 2389:Japanese mythology 2387:, creator gods in 2340: 2197: 2171:In myth and legend 2095: 2047: 2017:. You can help by 1945:A photograph of a 1898:, most weapons in 1783:(a light spear or 1777: 1749:Ferdinand Magellan 1724:in the islands of 1698: 1608:Warring States Era 1568: 1296: 1168: 826: 691: 548: 523:Phillip of Macedon 467: 444: 317:western chimpanzee 160: 157:Greco-Persian Wars 4334:Primitive weapons 4245:978-0-19-860967-4 4212:978-0-19-861442-5 4161:978-0-14-006056-0 4099:978-0-356-06798-8 4020:978-0-486-40961-0 3660:978-7-80740-220-6 3635:978-7-80740-220-6 3610:978-7-80740-220-6 3585:978-7-80740-220-6 3524:978-0-7188-2126-5 3443:978-0-333-76331-5 3418:978-0-304-35270-8 3393:978-1-85532-280-6 3324:978-0-85115-630-9 3299:978-0-85976-154-3 3274:978-1-85367-100-5 3261:Oman, Sir Charles 3256:Battle of Steppes 3114:978-0-7478-0005-7 3053:978-0-304-35982-0 3018:978-0-416-70570-6 2991:978-0-7099-2710-5 2935:Los Angeles Times 2782:(6619): 807–810. 2507:King Fuchai of Wu 2346:is worshipped by 2035: 2034: 1791:and pointed with 1700:Filipino spears ( 1686: 1685: 1678: 1588:horseback archers 1557: 1556: 1549: 1445:or corded lance. 1332:is longer than a 941: 940: 933: 732:Battle of Falkirk 381:Schöningen spears 145: 144: 137: 119: 16:(Redirected from 4351: 4314: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4253: 4252: 4229: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4219: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4186: 4180:Dlib.indiana.edu 4176:"Score: BHR0215" 4172: 4166: 4165: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4137: 4123: 4117: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4085: 4079: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4062:. Archived from 4056: 4050: 4047: 4041: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3959:. Archived from 3949: 3943: 3942: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3911:. Archived from 3901: 3895: 3894: 3884: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3834: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3797: 3788: 3787: 3771: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3553: 3547: 3544: 3538: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3511:Oakeshott, Ewart 3507: 3501: 3498: 3492: 3489: 3483: 3480: 3474: 3471: 3465: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3434:Medieval Warfare 3429: 3423: 3422: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3369: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3212: 3206:www.hurstwic.org 3198: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3188: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3165: 3164: 3158:Medievalists.net 3149: 3143: 3142: 3140: 3139: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3100: 3094: 3091: 3085: 3082: 3076: 3073: 3067: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2977: 2971: 2958: 2952: 2945: 2939: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2901: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2852: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2819: 2818: 2796:10.1038/385807a0 2767: 2761: 2760: 2742: 2718: 2712: 2705: 2699: 2696: 2367:or female line. 2306:The Golden Bough 2295:Lúin of Celtchar 2268:'s spear (named 2030: 2027: 2009: 2002: 1965: 1942: 1930:Native Americans 1858:Ancient Egyptian 1848:for protection. 1737:Battle of Mactan 1681: 1674: 1670: 1667: 1661: 1630: 1622: 1552: 1545: 1541: 1538: 1532: 1501: 1493: 1388: 1376: 1184:appeared in the 1095: 1080: 1023:Islamic conquest 983: 980: 967: 951: 936: 929: 925: 922: 916: 885: 877: 744:Robert the Bruce 442: 439: 362: 343: 140: 133: 129: 126: 120: 118: 77: 53: 45: 21: 4359: 4358: 4354: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4349: 4348: 4319: 4318: 4317: 4304: 4300: 4293: 4278: 4277: 4273: 4264: 4263: 4259: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4231: 4230: 4226: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4198: 4197: 4193: 4184: 4182: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4162: 4152:The Norse Myths 4149: 4148: 4144: 4135: 4133: 4125: 4124: 4120: 4111: 4107: 4100: 4087: 4086: 4082: 4075: 4071: 4066:on 9 July 2012. 4058: 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3083: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3061: 3054: 3038: 3037: 3033: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3004: 3003: 2999: 2992: 2979: 2978: 2974: 2959: 2955: 2946: 2942: 2927: 2923: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2816: 2814: 2769: 2768: 2764: 2727:Current Biology 2720: 2719: 2715: 2707:Weir, William. 2706: 2702: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2595: 2593:Related weapons 2573: 2521:Irish mythology 2505:'s arch-rival, 2499:Spear of Fuchai 2441:Norse mythology 2402:Irish mythology 2373: 2192:on his ride to 2178: 2173: 2165: 2155:with a type of 2129: 2087: 2031: 2025: 2022: 2015:needs expansion 2000: 1979: 1978: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1973:Brooklyn Museum 1966: 1958: 1957: 1943: 1932: 1884: 1879: 1854: 1762: 1757: 1682: 1671: 1665: 1662: 1647: 1631: 1620: 1586:often acted as 1553: 1542: 1536: 1533: 1518: 1502: 1491: 1483:Hyderabad State 1404: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1391:Engraving of a 1389: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1366: 1291:A later period 1106: 1105: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1096: 1088: 1087: 1081: 1070: 1065: 1035:Southern Africa 989: 988: 987: 986: 985: 981: 968: 960: 959: 952: 937: 926: 920: 917: 902: 886: 875: 870: 818: 778: 683: 643: 641:Medieval period 535: 459: 454: 449: 440: 423: 373: 372: 371: 370: 369: 363: 355: 354: 344: 333: 313: 307:"spear, pole". 286:comes from the 278: 141: 130: 124: 121: 78: 76: 66: 54: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4357: 4355: 4347: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4315: 4298: 4291: 4271: 4257: 4244: 4224: 4211: 4191: 4167: 4160: 4142: 4118: 4105: 4098: 4080: 4069: 4051: 4042: 4033: 4019: 3999: 3974: 3944: 3941:on 2008-02-04. 3926: 3896: 3859:(3): 265–269. 3839: 3818: 3789: 3782: 3762:McBride, Angus 3753: 3735: 3718: 3711: 3691: 3666: 3659: 3649:郑, 轶伟 (2007). 3641: 3634: 3624:郑, 轶伟 (2007). 3616: 3609: 3599:郑, 轶伟 (2007). 3591: 3584: 3574:郑, 轶伟 (2007). 3566: 3548: 3539: 3530: 3523: 3502: 3493: 3484: 3475: 3466: 3449: 3442: 3424: 3417: 3399: 3392: 3374: 3345: 3330: 3323: 3305: 3298: 3280: 3273: 3247: 3232: 3217: 3193: 3169: 3144: 3129:"Viking Spear" 3120: 3113: 3095: 3086: 3077: 3068: 3059: 3052: 3031: 3017: 2997: 2990: 2972: 2953: 2940: 2921: 2884:(2): 273–296. 2864: 2823: 2762: 2733:(5): 412–417. 2713: 2700: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2602: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2590: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2572: 2569: 2568: 2567: 2558: 2545: 2523: 2515:, named after 2510: 2496: 2481: 2471: 2452: 2443: 2430: 2411: 2404: 2391: 2372: 2369: 2184:The Norse god 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2164: 2161: 2151:are hunted in 2128: 2127:Modern revival 2125: 2124: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2086: 2083: 2033: 2032: 2012: 2010: 1999: 1996: 1967: 1960: 1959: 1944: 1937: 1936: 1935: 1934: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1853: 1850: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1684: 1683: 1634: 1632: 1625: 1619: 1616: 1555: 1554: 1505: 1503: 1496: 1490: 1487: 1460:Southern India 1412:Indian society 1390: 1383: 1382: 1378: 1371: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1272:dynasties the 1149:Warring States 1097: 1090: 1089: 1082: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1001:pronounced it 969: 962: 961: 953: 946: 945: 944: 943: 942: 939: 938: 889: 887: 880: 874: 871: 869: 866: 817: 814: 777: 774: 682: 679: 642: 639: 534: 533:Ancient Romans 531: 458: 457:Ancient Greeks 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 441: 2450 BC 422: 419: 364: 357: 356: 345: 338: 337: 336: 335: 334: 332: 329: 312: 309: 277: 274: 143: 142: 57: 55: 48: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4356: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4299: 4294: 4292:9789027976321 4288: 4284: 4283: 4275: 4272: 4267: 4261: 4258: 4247: 4241: 4237: 4236: 4228: 4225: 4214: 4208: 4204: 4203: 4195: 4192: 4181: 4177: 4171: 4168: 4163: 4157: 4153: 4146: 4143: 4132: 4128: 4127:"subjugation" 4122: 4119: 4115: 4109: 4106: 4101: 4095: 4091: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4073: 4070: 4065: 4061: 4055: 4052: 4046: 4043: 4037: 4034: 4022: 4016: 4012: 4011: 4003: 4000: 3988: 3984: 3978: 3975: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3948: 3945: 3940: 3936: 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2513:Spear of Lugh 2511: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2494: 2489: 2485: 2484:Serpent Spear 2482: 2479: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2451: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2428: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2375: 2374: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2355: 2354: 2349: 2345: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2307: 2302: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2280: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2209: 2204: 2202: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2175: 2170: 2168: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2126: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2096: 2091: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2051:spear fishing 2044: 2039: 2029: 2020: 2016: 2013:This section 2011: 2008: 2004: 2003: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1988: 1987:buffalo pound 1983: 1974: 1970: 1964: 1956: 1954: 1948: 1941: 1929: 1927: 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