288:. Although color is involved in spectroscopy, it is not equated with the color of elements or objects that involve the absorption and reflection of certain electromagnetic waves to give objects a sense of color to our eyes. Rather spectroscopy involves the splitting of light by a prism, diffraction grating, or similar instrument, to give off a particular discrete line pattern called a "spectrum" unique to each different type of element. Most elements are first put into a gaseous phase to allow the spectra to be examined although today other methods can be used on different phases. Each element that is diffracted by a prism-like instrument displays either an absorption spectrum or an emission spectrum depending upon whether the element is being cooled or heated.
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1422:, Isaac Newton described an experiment in which he permitted sunlight to pass through a small hole and then through a prism. Newton found that sunlight, which looks white to us, is actually made up of a mixture of all the colors of the rainbow." Newton applied the word "spectrum" to describe the rainbow of colors that combine to form white light and that are revealed when the white light is passed through a prism.
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understanding the atomic properties of all matter. As such spectroscopy opened up many new sub-fields of science yet undiscovered. The idea that each atomic element has its unique spectral signature enabled spectroscopy to be used in a broad number of fields each with a specific goal achieved by different spectroscopic procedures. The
292:
spectroscopy, information can be gathered about biological tissue by absorption and light scattering techniques. Light scattering spectroscopy is a type of reflectance spectroscopy that determines tissue structures by examining elastic scattering. In such a case, it is the tissue that acts as a diffraction or dispersion mechanism.
806:
blackbody radiation is due to the thermal motions of atoms and molecules within a material. Acoustic and mechanical responses are due to collective motions as well. Pure crystals, though, can have distinct spectral transitions, and the crystal arrangement also has an effect on the observed molecular spectra. The regular
778:, and electronic states. Rotations are collective motions of the atomic nuclei and typically lead to spectra in the microwave and millimetre-wave spectral regions. Rotational spectroscopy and microwave spectroscopy are synonymous. Vibrations are relative motions of the atomic nuclei and are studied by both infrared and
291:
Until recently all spectroscopy involved the study of line spectra and most spectroscopy still does. Vibrational spectroscopy is the branch of spectroscopy that studies the spectra. However, the latest developments in spectroscopy can sometimes dispense with the dispersion technique. In biochemical
1434:
made experimental advances with dispersive spectrometers that enabled spectroscopy to become a more precise and quantitative scientific technique. Since then, spectroscopy has played and continues to play a significant role in chemistry, physics, and astronomy. Per
Fraknoi and Morrison, "Later, in
805:
The combination of atoms or molecules into crystals or other extended forms leads to the creation of additional energetic states. These states are numerous and therefore have a high density of states. This high density often makes the spectra weaker and less distinct, i.e., broader. For instance,
1491:
Spectra of atoms and molecules often consist of a series of spectral lines, each one representing a resonance between two different quantum states. The explanation of these series, and the spectral patterns associated with them, were one of the experimental enigmas that drove the development and
396:
The broadening of the field of spectroscopy is due to the fact that any part of the electromagnetic spectrum may be used to analyze a sample from the infrared to the ultraviolet telling scientists different properties about the very same sample. For instance in chemical analysis, the most common
388:
has a unique light spectrum described by the frequencies of light it emits or absorbs consistently appearing in the same part of the electromagnetic spectrum when that light is diffracted. This opened up an entire field of study with anything that contains atoms. Spectroscopy is the key to
1429:
built an improved spectrometer that included a lens to focus the Sun's spectrum on a screen. Upon use, Wollaston realized that the colors were not spread uniformly, but instead had missing patches of colors, which appeared as dark bands in the spectrum." During the early 1800s,
261:. Most spectroscopic analysis in the laboratory starts with a sample to be analyzed, then a light source is chosen from any desired range of the light spectrum, then the light goes through the sample to a dispersion array (diffraction grating instrument) and captured by a
446:
The types of spectroscopy are distinguished by the type of radiative energy involved in the interaction. In many applications, the spectrum is determined by measuring changes in the intensity or frequency of this energy. The types of radiative energy studied include:
539:
is a spontaneous emission spectrum determined by its temperature. This feature can be measured in the infrared by instruments such as the atmospheric emitted radiance interferometer. Emission can also be induced by other sources of energy such as
1849:
Lazić, Dejan. "Introduction to Raman
Microscopy/Spectroscopy". Application of Molecular Methods and Raman Microscopy/Spectroscopy in Agricultural Sciences and Food Technology, edited by Dejan Lazić et al., Ubiquity Press, 2019, pp. 143–50,
529:: Absorption occurs when energy from the radiative source is absorbed by the material. Absorption is often determined by measuring the fraction of energy transmitted through the material, with absorption decreasing the transmitted portion.
383:
The underlying premise of spectroscopy is that light is made of different wavelengths and that each wavelength corresponds to a different frequency. The importance of spectroscopy is centered around the fact that every element in the
765:
The combination of atoms into molecules leads to the creation of unique types of energetic states and therefore unique spectra of the transitions between these states. Molecular spectra can be obtained due to electron spin states
2290:
Backman, V.; Wallace, M. B.; Perelman, L. T.; Arendt, J. T.; Gurjar, R.; MĂĽller, M. G.; Zhang, Q.; Zonios, G.; Kline, E.; McGillican, T.; Shapshay, S.; Valdez, T.; Badizadegan, K.; Crawford, J. M.; Fitzmaurice, M. (July 2000).
437:
Spectroscopy is a sufficiently broad field that many sub-disciplines exist, each with numerous implementations of specific spectroscopic techniques. The various implementations and techniques can be classified in several ways.
1292:, spectroscopy can be used to identify certain states of nature. The uses of spectroscopy in so many different fields and for so many different applications has caused specialty scientific subfields. Such examples include:
608:
interaction that is sustained by the radiating field. The coherence can be disrupted by other interactions, such as particle collisions and energy transfer, and so often require high intensity radiation to be sustained.
1222:
measures thermal radiation emitted from materials and surfaces and is used to determine the type of bonds present in a sample as well as their lattice environment. The techniques are widely used by organic chemists,
2008:
Mariani, Z.; Strong, K.; Wolff, M.; Rowe, P.; Walden, V.; Fogal, P. F.; Duck, T.; Lesins, G.; Turner, D. S.; Cox, C.; Eloranta, E.; Drummond, J. R.; Roy, C.; Turner, D. D.; Hudak, D.; Lindenmaier, I. A. (2012).
701:
of outer shell electrons as they rise and fall from one electron orbit to another. Atoms also have distinct x-ray spectra that are attributable to the excitation of inner shell electrons to excited states.
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705:
Atoms of different elements have distinct spectra and therefore atomic spectroscopy allows for the identification and quantitation of a sample's elemental composition. After inventing the spectroscope,
2889:
1867:
Perelman, L. T.; Backman, V.; Wallace, M.; Zonios, G.; Manoharan, R.; Nusrat, A.; Shields, S.; Seiler, M.; Lima, C.; Hamano, T.; Itzkan, I.; Van Dam, J.; Crawford, J. M.; Feld, M. S. (1998-01-19).
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454:
was the first source of energy used for spectroscopic studies. Techniques that employ electromagnetic radiation are typically classified by the wavelength region of the spectrum and include
1435:
1815, German physicist Joseph
Fraunhofer also examined the solar spectrum, and found about 600 such dark lines (missing colors), are now known as Fraunhofer lines, or Absorption lines."
5024:
935:
738:
1025:
is a method to create a complete picture of the environment or various objects, each pixel containing a full visible, visible near infrared, near infrared, or infrared spectrum.
2698:
Grau-Luque, Enric; Guc, Maxim; Becerril-Romero, Ignacio; Izquierdo-Roca, VĂctor; PĂ©rez-RodrĂguez, Alejandro; Bolt, Pieter; Van den Bruele, Fieke; Ruhle, Ulfert (March 2022).
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of the hydrogen atom. In some cases spectral lines are well separated and distinguishable, but spectral lines can also overlap and appear to be a single transition if the
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have unique spectra. As a result, these spectra can be used to detect, identify and quantify information about the atoms and molecules. Spectroscopy is also used in
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265:. For astronomical purposes, the telescope must be equipped with the light dispersion device. There are various versions of this basic setup that may be employed.
245:
equipment, and other techniques, in order to obtain information concerning the structure and properties of matter. Spectral measurement devices are referred to as
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390:
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Chou, Jason; Solli, Daniel R.; Jalali, Bahram (2008). "Real-time spectroscopy with subgigahertz resolution using amplified dispersive
Fourier transformation".
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2700:"Thickness evaluation of AlO x barrier layers for encapsulation of flexible PV modules in industrial environments by normal reflectance and machine learning"
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Molecular
Vibrational-rotational Spectra: Theory and Applications of High Resolution Infrared, Microwave, and Raman Spectroscopy of Polyatomic Molecules
1031:
uses the changes in current due to inelastic electron-vibration interaction at specific energies that can also measure optically forbidden transitions.
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1028:
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The types of spectroscopy also can be distinguished by the nature of the interaction between the energy and the material. These interactions include:
193:
Historically, spectroscopy originated as the study of the wavelength dependence of the absorption by gas phase matter of visible light dispersed by a
5079:
4898:
1381:: spectroscopy allows to determine the sex of the egg while it is hatching. Developed by French and German companies, both countries decided to ban
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There are several applications of spectroscopy in the fields of medicine, physics, chemistry, and astronomy. Taking advantage of the properties of
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phenomena involve an exchange of energy between the radiation and the matter that shifts the wavelength of the scattered radiation. These include
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employs the scattering of high energy radiation, such as x-rays and electrons, to examine the arrangement of atoms in proteins and solid crystals.
375:
and more). An important use for spectroscopy is in biochemistry. Molecular samples may be analyzed for species identification and energy content.
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and other types of coherent emission sources, such as optical parametric oscillators, for selective excitation of atomic or molecular species.
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1450:. The coupling of the two states is strongest when the energy of the source matches the energy difference between the two states. The energy
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discovered new elements by observing their emission spectra. Atomic absorption lines are observed in the solar spectrum and referred to as
3270:
2570:
1905:
Kumar, Manjit. Quantum: Einstein, Bohr, and the great debate about the nature of reality / Manjit Kumar.—1st
American ed., 2008. Chap.1.
971:
measures the physicochemical properties and characteristics of the electronic structure of multicomponent and complex molecular systems.
1869:"Observation of Periodic Fine Structure in Reflectance from Biological Tissue: A New Technique for Measuring Nuclear Size Distribution"
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operations enable a controllable ion to exchange information with a co-trapped ion that has a complex or unknown electronic structure.
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spectroscopy exploits Raman scattering and optical activity effects to reveal detailed information on chiral centers in molecules.
1114:
technique, generally used in harsh environments, that directly calculates chemical information from a spectrum as analogue output.
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5120:
4938:
4360:
1476:, and so a spectrum of the system response vs. photon frequency will peak at the resonant frequency or energy. Particles such as
1261:
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2193:
Evans, C. L.; Xie, X. S. (2008). "Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman
Scattering Microscopy: Chemical Imaging for Biology and Medicine".
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involve visible and ultraviolet light. These absorptions and emissions, often referred to as atomic spectral lines, are due to
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and its corresponding resonant frequency. Resonances by the frequency were first characterized in mechanical systems such as
57:
2257:; J. G. Haub; Y. He; R. T. White (2016). "Spectroscopic Applications of Pulsed Tunable Optical Parametric Oscillators". In
906:
is a method used to study surfaces of materials on a micro-scale. It is often used in connection with electron microscopy.
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1488:, between their kinetic energy and their wavelength and frequency and therefore can also excite resonant interactions.
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or resonance spectroscopy are techniques where the radiative energy couples two quantum states of the material in a
182:, allowing the composition, physical structure and electronic structure of matter to be investigated at the atomic,
79:
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Solli, D. R.; Chou, J.; Jalali, B. (2008). "Amplified wavelength–time transformation for real-time spectroscopy".
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involved spectroscopy because he was comparing the wavelength of light using a photometer to the temperature of a
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types of spectroscopy include atomic spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy,
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spectra. Distinct nuclear spin states can have their energy separated by a magnetic field, and this allows for
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285:
152:
1079:. The current recommendation is to use the latter term. The term "mass spectroscopy" originated in the use of
86:
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5927:
5917:
5209:
2346:
Murray, Kermit K.; Boyd, Robert K.; Eberlin, Marcos N.; Langley, G. John; Li, Liang; Naito, Yasuhide (2013).
1015:, and other particle properties. Baryon spectroscopy and meson spectroscopy are types of hadron spectroscopy.
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Spectroscopy, primarily in the electromagnetic spectrum, is a fundamental exploratory tool in the fields of
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315:, therefore providing the basis for discrete quantum jumps to match the discrete hydrogen spectrum. Also,
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Modern implementations of atomic spectroscopy for studying visible and ultraviolet transitions include
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measures quasiparticle propagation. It can track changes in metallic materials as they are irradiated.
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5550:
1689:"Einstein's Unfinished Symphony: The Story of a Gamble, Two Black Holes, and a New Age of Astronomy"
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spectroscopy, and spark or arc emission spectroscopy. Techniques for studying x-ray spectra include
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1101:
1004:
775:
686:
605:
581:
320:
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393:
maintains a public Atomic
Spectra Database that is continually updated with precise measurements.
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5410:
5389:
5332:
5307:
5173:
5110:
5089:
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4186:
4152:
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3400:
3390:
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2526:
2500:
2434:
2400:
2328:
1722:
1570:
1517:
1333:
1309:
1256:
1184:
1111:
999:
980:
914:
779:
754:
750:
682:
Atomic spectra comparison table, from "Spektroskopische
Methoden der analytischen Chemie" (1922).
595:
559:
541:
536:
479:
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328:
250:
218:
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In quantum mechanical systems, the analogous resonance is a coupling of two quantum mechanical
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of crystals also scatters x-rays, electrons or neutrons allowing for crystallographic studies.
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3159:
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2801:
2780:
2719:
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2175:
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1704:
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1199:
1117:
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993:
807:
405:. In nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), the theory behind it is that frequency is analogous to
356:
299:, because the first useful atomic models described the spectra of hydrogen, which include the
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2011:"Infrared measurements in the Arctic using two Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometers"
1888:
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1439:
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698:
632:
591:
355:
have spectrographs. The measured spectra are used to determine the chemical composition and
308:
202:
2861:
2699:
2216:
885:
Other types of spectroscopy are distinguished by specific applications or implementations:
782:. Electronic excitations are studied using visible and ultraviolet spectroscopy as well as
6308:
6283:
5982:
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5741:
5661:
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1555:
1473:
1305:
1061:
628:
576:: Impedance is the ability of a medium to impede or slow the transmittance of energy. For
567:
513:
can be employed to impart radiating energy, similar to acoustic waves, to solid materials.
206:
93:
2422:
2389:
N. A. Sinitsyn; Y. V. Pershin (2016). "The theory of spin noise spectroscopy: a review".
2237:
2670:
2514:
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2414:
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2026:
1965:
1884:
1204:
Spin noise spectroscopy traces spontaneous fluctuations of electronic and nuclear spins.
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2818:
Spectroscopy - An interdisciplinary integral description of spectroscopy from UV to NMR
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1411:
1313:
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1093:
1056:(LSS) is a spectroscopic technique typically used to evaluate morphological changes in
1008:
742:
667:
624:
566:
spectroscopy determine how incident radiation is reflected or scattered by a material.
498:
385:
348:
194:
137:
2545:"Media advisory: Press Conference to Announce Major Result from Brazilian Astronomers"
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650:
535:: Emission indicates that radiative energy is released by the material. A material's
246:
214:
160:
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2544:
2530:
1840:". The British Journal for the History of Science, vol. 7, no. 1, , 1974, pp. 42–60.
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1952:
1509:
1407:
988:
is an efficient method for processing spectra data obtained using interferometers.
865:
649:
that enables precision spectroscopy of ions with internal structures that preclude
563:
549:
545:
425:
269:
254:
242:
1272:
2348:"Definitions of terms relating to mass spectrometry (IUPAC Recommendations 2013)"
2159:
2124:
2086:
2051:
1934:
1748:
1736:
1661:
944:
measures concentration and analyzes parameters of electrically active defects in
6625:
6535:
6500:
6467:
6393:
6368:
6208:
6113:
6083:
5967:
5882:
5872:
5602:
5530:
4646:
4507:
4490:
4470:
4277:
4234:
3432:
3007:
1371:
Finding the physical properties of a distant star or nearby exoplanet using the
1121:
504:
486:
372:
364:
210:
35:
1892:
1210:
measures the decay rates of excited states using various spectroscopic methods.
6540:
6482:
6445:
6420:
6318:
6128:
5991:
4495:
4058:
3073:
2981:
2179:
1987:
1718:
1497:
1285:
1224:
1140:(PAC) uses radioactive nuclei as probe to study electric and magnetic fields (
1057:
923:
is a recent technique that has high sensitivity and powerful applications for
897:
818:
Nuclei also have distinct energy states that are widely separated and lead to
723:
352:
324:
316:
300:
262:
2723:
2475:
2375:
2366:
2316:
2106:
1851:
17:
6472:
6337:
6173:
5977:
5857:
5711:
5686:
4611:
4453:
4433:
4416:
4120:
3422:
3287:
3042:
2266:
2254:
1768:
1097:
854:
819:
646:
410:
406:
340:
171:
167:
2430:
2324:
2292:
2224:
2144:
2035:
2010:
1700:
959:
measures the real and imaginary components of the complex refractive index.
726:
observed in the hydrogen spectrum, which further led to the development of
2750:
2161:
Molecular
Vibrations: The Theory of Infrared and Raman Vibrational Spectra
2071:
1319:
Estimating weathered wood exposure times using near infrared spectroscopy.
6440:
6352:
6153:
6016:
6001:
5972:
5841:
5616:
5440:
5384:
5378:
5347:
5292:
5260:
4142:
1550:
1477:
1350:
1342:
1096:
in different atomic environments by analyzing the resonant absorption of
1080:
850:
636:
430:
368:
312:
234:
183:
3255:
2879:
272:
splitting light with a prism; a key moment in the development of modern
6605:
6435:
6388:
6347:
6303:
6245:
6240:
6203:
6193:
6188:
6143:
6138:
6078:
6011:
5902:
5897:
5847:
5726:
5716:
5469:
4162:
2899:
2776:
1481:
1359:
Monitoring dissolved oxygen content in freshwater and marine ecosystems
1090:
1037:
is similar to Raman spectroscopy, but uses neutrons instead of photons.
414:
276:. Therefore, it was originally the study of visible light that we call
179:
2522:
1837:
992:
is a common implementation of infrared spectroscopy. NMR also employs
789:
Studies in molecular spectroscopy led to the development of the first
6656:
6477:
6459:
5922:
5892:
5394:
2874:
2865:
2715:
2308:
1447:
1065:
577:
273:
221:
have been associated with a spectral signature in the context of the
6770:
2829:
2598:
Lines of Light: The Sources of Dispersive Spectroscopy, 1800 – 1930
2405:
1154:
measures the sound waves produced upon the absorption of radiation.
5691:
5621:
4369:
2505:
1346:
1271:
893:
794:
790:
677:
424:
336:
277:
156:
131:
2623:"Using NIR Spectroscopy to Predict Weathered Wood Exposure Times"
1326:
by absorption spectroscopy both in visible and infrared spectrum.
4137:
2158:
Wilson, Edgar B.; Decius, John C.; Cross, Paul C. (1980-03-01).
1838:
Sir John Herschel and the Development of Spectroscopy in Britain
1443:
1299:
Studying spectral emission lines of the sun and distant galaxies
222:
5225:
4679:
4675:
4342:
4238:
3259:
2903:
217:
can also be considered forms of radiative energy, and recently
4147:
1120:
spectroscopy measures internal dynamics in proteins and other
938:
encompasses several types of two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy.
833:
617:
is also possible in the infrared and visible spectral regions.
29:
1660:
Crouch, Stanley R.; Skoog, Douglas A.; Holler, F. J. (2007).
429:
A huge diffraction grating at the heart of the ultra-precise
155:. In narrower contexts, spectroscopy is the precise study of
722:
was an early success of quantum mechanics and explained the
718:
after their discoverer. A comprehensive explanation of the
4338:
1966:
The Different Types of Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis
1655:
1653:
1651:
1339:
Electronic structure research with various spectroscopes.
1130:
is a chemical spectroscopy method mediated by NMR of the
1007:
studies the energy/mass spectrum of hadrons according to
295:
Spectroscopic studies were central to the development of
241:
as a function of its wavelength or frequency measured by
1418:, "In 1672, in the first paper that he submitted to the
1362:
Altering the structure of drugs to improve effectiveness
1075:
Mass spectroscopy is a historical term used to refer to
861:
739:
inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
233:
Spectroscopy is a branch of science concerned with the
6826:
Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics)
2630:
WTCE 2006 – 9th World Conference on Timber Engineering
1798:. King's College London. 18 April 2011. Archived from
1496:
in particular was first successfully explained by the
6723:
2129:. Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company.
793:
and contributed to the subsequent development of the
413:, which have a frequency of motion noted famously by
2704:
Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications
2657:
Sher, D. (1968). "The Relativistic Doppler Effect".
27:
Study involving matter and electromagnetic radiation
6491:
6411:
6336:
6227:
6162:
6102:
6030:
5936:
5830:
5700:
5486:
5268:
5259:
5161:
5098:
5057:
5050:
5012:
4984:
4926:
4876:
4776:
4713:
4569:
4516:
4404:
4079:
3840:
3756:
3677:
3627:
3503:
3446:
3322:
3148:
3107:
3051:
3000:
2937:
2659:
Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada
1977:
Isaac Asimov, Understanding Physics, Vol. 1, p.108.
1165:
measures heat evolved upon absorption of radiation.
223:
Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory
151:is the field of study that measures and interprets
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1504:is high enough. Named series of lines include the
2123:Papoušek, Dušan; Aliev, Mamed Ragimovich (1982).
489:, can also be a source of radiative energy. Both
311:, all of which can produce the spectral lines of
2767:John M. Chalmers; Peter Griffiths, eds. (2006).
1922:. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. August 2013.
1446:, via an oscillatory source of energy such as a
1410:'s optics experiments (1666–1672). According to
623:are methods that use the properties of specific
1862:
1860:
1356:Determining the metabolic structure of a muscle
1329:Measurement of toxic compounds in blood samples
1043:, also called laser-induced plasma spectrometry
666:Spectroscopic studies are designed so that the
639:in liquids or frozen liquids and bio-molecules.
197:. Current applications of spectroscopy include
2885:MIT Spectroscopy Lab's History of Spectroscopy
1276:UVES is a high-resolution spectrograph on the
391:National Institute of Standards and Technology
163:to all bands of the electromagnetic spectrum.
5237:
4691:
4354:
4250:
3271:
2915:
2794:Jerry Workman; Art Springsteen, eds. (1998).
2737:
2735:
2733:
1968:". AZoOptics. Retrieved on November 10, 2021.
611:Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
8:
4763:Vibrational spectroscopy of linear molecules
2685:"Germany and France Will Stop Chick Culling"
2600:. Gordon and Breach Publishers. p. 57.
1296:Determining the atomic structure of a sample
931:Cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectroscopy
552:or electromagnetic radiation in the case of
1796:"1861: James Clerk Maxwell's greatest year"
1385:, mostly done through a macerator, in 2022.
689:was the first application of spectroscopy.
580:applications, this is characterized by the
5265:
5244:
5230:
5222:
5054:
4758:Nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy
4698:
4684:
4676:
4361:
4347:
4339:
4257:
4243:
4235:
3278:
3264:
3256:
2922:
2908:
2900:
1852:http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvmd85qp.12
1425:Fraknoi and Morrison state that "In 1802,
1171:can use ultrafast laser pulses to measure
5131:Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy
4811:Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization
2504:
2404:
2365:
2034:
1029:Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy
892:is based on sound waves primarily in the
670:interacts with specific types of matter.
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
4899:Extended X-ray absorption fine structure
1454:of a photon is related to its frequency
6730:
4622:Multiple-prism grating laser oscillator
2621:Wang, Xiping; Wacker, James P. (2006).
2575:(2nd ed.). IET. pp. 207–208.
2293:"Detection of preinvasive cancer cells"
2085:Bunker, Philip R.; Jensen, Per (1998).
1630:Duckett, Simon; Gilbert, Bruce (2000).
1622:
1406:The history of spectroscopy began with
990:Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
921:Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy
824:nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
613:is a widely used resonance method, and
497:are commonly used. For a particle, its
3174:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
2824:. ETH Zurich: vdf Hochschulverlag AG.
2217:10.1146/annurev.anchem.1.031207.112754
1819:
1817:
1750:The Oxford American College Dictionary
1332:Non-destructive elemental analysis by
1322:Measurement of different compounds in
1241:Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy
1134:(EFG) in the absence of magnetic field
969:Electron phenomenological spectroscopy
2962:High-performance liquid chromatograph
2572:Sir Charles Wheatstone FRS: 1802–1875
2196:Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry
1933:Nonell, Santi; Viappiani, Cristiano.
1783:Isaac Newton and the problem of color
1492:acceptance of quantum mechanics. The
1368:Respiratory gas analysis in hospitals
653:, state manipulation, and detection.
7:
5204:
4193:
3214:
2769:Handbook of Vibrational Spectroscopy
1484:have a comparable relationship, the
1041:Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
965:in transmission electron microscopy.
58:adding citations to reliable sources
4217:
3238:
2088:Molecular Symmetry and Spectroscopy
1916:"Spectra and What They Can Tell Us"
1663:Principles of instrumental analysis
6616:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
2880:NIST Atomic Spectroscopy Databases
2015:Atmospheric Measurement Techniques
1666:. Australia: Thomson Brooks/Cole.
1089:probes the properties of specific
25:
6516:Atomic and molecular astrophysics
5253:Molecules detected in outer space
5116:Deep-level transient spectroscopy
4868:Saturated absorption spectroscopy
2895:Spectroscopy: Reading the Rainbow
963:Electron energy loss spectroscopy
942:Deep-level transient spectroscopy
507:involves radiated pressure waves.
367:, density of elements in a star,
6793:
6781:
6769:
6757:
6745:
6733:
6706:
6694:
6682:
6671:
6670:
5477:
5468:
5459:
5203:
5192:
5191:
5121:Dual-polarization interferometry
4660:
4659:
4216:
4204:
4192:
4181:
4180:
3237:
3225:
3213:
3202:
3201:
1964:Saul, Louise. (April 6, 2020). "
1687:Bartusiak, Marcia (2017-06-27),
1262:X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
1246:Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy
957:Dual-polarization interferometry
838:
280:that later under the studies of
34:
6641:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
5136:Scanning tunneling spectroscopy
5111:Circular dichroism spectroscopy
5106:Acoustic resonance spectroscopy
1939:Photobiological Sciences Online
1634:. Oxford Science Publications.
1561:Least-squares spectral analysis
1195:Scanning tunneling spectroscopy
975:Electron paramagnetic resonance
890:Acoustic resonance spectroscopy
801:Crystals and extended materials
768:electron paramagnetic resonance
645:is a general technique used in
45:needs additional citations for
5065:Fourier-transform spectroscopy
4753:Vibrational circular dichroism
4531:Amplified spontaneous emission
2947:Atomic absorption spectrometer
2423:10.1088/0034-4885/79/10/106501
2392:Reports on Progress in Physics
2091:. Ottawa: NRC Research Press.
1693:Einstein’s Unfinished Symphony
1251:Vibrational circular dichroism
1235:Transient grating spectroscopy
1108:Multivariate optical computing
986:Fourier-transform spectroscopy
853:format but may read better as
691:Atomic absorption spectroscopy
136:An example of spectroscopy: a
1:
6566:Extraterrestrial liquid water
4863:Cavity ring-down spectroscopy
4768:Thermal infrared spectroscopy
3545:Interface and colloid science
3299:Glossary of chemical formulae
1611:Virtually imaged phased array
1498:Rutherford–Bohr quantum model
1220:Thermal infrared spectroscopy
1175:in the femtosecond timescale.
1138:Perturbed angular correlation
1054:Light scattering spectroscopy
910:Cavity ring-down spectroscopy
144:it into its component colors.
4997:Inelastic neutron scattering
2265:(3rd ed.). Boca Raton:
1753:. G.P. Putnam's Sons. 2002.
1365:Characterization of proteins
1128:Nuclear quadrupole resonance
1035:Inelastic neutron scattering
695:atomic emission spectroscopy
615:ultrafast laser spectroscopy
485:Particles, because of their
5797:Protonated hydrogen cyanide
5058:Data collection, processing
4934:Photoelectron/photoemission
4587:Chirped pulse amplification
3822:Bioorganometallic chemistry
3309:List of inorganic compounds
2952:Flame emission spectrometer
2244:, 3rd Ed. (Springer, 2003).
1785:", Steven A. Edwards, AAAS.
1632:Foundations of Spectroscopy
1591:Spectral power distribution
1373:Relativistic Doppler effect
904:Auger electron spectroscopy
743:glow discharge spectroscopy
735:flame emission spectroscopy
511:Dynamic mechanical analysis
284:came to include the entire
6857:
5143:Photoacoustic spectroscopy
5085:Time-resolved spectroscopy
4391:List of laser applications
3748:Dynamic covalent chemistry
3719:Enantioselective synthesis
3699:Physical organic chemistry
3652:Organolanthanide chemistry
2871:Amateur spectroscopy links
2800:. Boston: Academic Press.
2596:Brand, John C. D. (1995).
2353:Pure and Applied Chemistry
2263:Tunable Laser Applications
2053:Molecular Rotation Spectra
1893:10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.627
1442:of one system, such as an
1399:
1390:Industrial process control
1208:Time-resolved spectroscopy
1158:Photoemission spectroscopy
1152:Photoacoustic spectroscopy
643:Quantum logic spectroscopy
501:determines its wavelength.
403:nuclear magnetic resonance
327:. Spectroscopy is used in
186:and macro scale, and over
6665:
6556:Earliest known life forms
6551:Diffuse interstellar band
6022:Protonated cyanoacetylene
5792:Protonated carbon dioxide
5752:Hydromagnesium isocyanide
5457:
5187:
5169:Astronomical spectroscopy
5148:Photothermal spectroscopy
4655:
4376:
4328:List of organic compounds
4273:
4176:
3337:Electroanalytical methods
3294:
3197:
3028:Ion mobility spectrometry
3018:Electroanalytical methods
2815:Peter M. Skrabal (2012).
1695:, Yale University Press,
1536:Astronomical spectroscopy
1163:Photothermal spectroscopy
927:spectroscopy and imaging.
784:fluorescence spectroscopy
518:Nature of the interaction
452:Electromagnetic radiation
421:Classification of methods
239:electromagnetic radiation
6601:Iron–sulfur world theory
6596:Photodissociation region
6299:Methyl-cyano-diacetylene
4092:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
4008:Supramolecular chemistry
3647:Organometallic chemistry
2890:Timeline of Spectroscopy
2476:10.1038/nphoton.2007.253
2367:10.1351/PAC-REC-06-04-06
1502:density of energy states
1494:hydrogen spectral series
1046:Laser spectroscopy uses
936:Correlation spectroscopy
747:microwave induced plasma
442:Type of radiative energy
351:on Earth. Most research
286:electromagnetic spectrum
268:Spectroscopy began with
140:analyses white light by
6821:Observational astronomy
6676:Category:Astrochemistry
6266:, fullerene, buckyball)
5953:Cyanobutadiynyl radical
5928:Silicon-carbide cluster
5918:Protonated formaldehyde
5153:Pump–probe spectroscopy
5042:Ferromagnetic resonance
4834:Laser-induced breakdown
4030:Combinatorial chemistry
3941:Food physical chemistry
3904:Environmental chemistry
3788:Bioorthogonal chemistry
3714:Retrosynthetic analysis
3535:Chemical thermodynamics
3518:Spectroelectrochemistry
3461:Computational chemistry
3188:Analytical Biochemistry
2977:Melting point apparatus
2492:Applied Physics Letters
2164:. Courier Corporation.
1953:Atomic Spectra Database
1873:Physical Review Letters
1566:List of spectroscopists
1546:Biomedical spectroscopy
1402:History of spectroscopy
1388:Process monitoring in
1169:Pump-probe spectroscopy
1132:electric field gradient
1083:screens to detect ions.
952:Dielectric spectroscopy
862:converting this section
728:quantum electrodynamics
527:Absorption spectroscopy
199:biomedical spectroscopy
153:electromagnetic spectra
6689:Outer space portal
6531:Circumstellar envelope
5496:Aluminium(I) hydroxide
5406:Phosphorus mononitride
5283:Aluminium monofluoride
5278:Aluminium monochloride
4849:Glow-discharge optical
4829:Raman optical activity
4743:Rotational–vibrational
4381:List of laser articles
4102:of element discoveries
3948:Agricultural chemistry
3936:Carbohydrate chemistry
3827:Bioinorganic chemistry
3692:Alkane stereochemistry
3637:Coordination chemistry
3466:Mathematical chemistry
3332:Instrumental chemistry
3167:Analytica Chimica Acta
2036:10.5194/amt-5-329-2012
1701:10.12987/9780300228120
1606:Telluric contamination
1601:Spectroscopic notation
1427:William Hyde Wollaston
1281:
1190:Saturated spectroscopy
1179:Raman optical activity
1173:reaction intermediates
1142:hyperfine interactions
1087:Mössbauer spectroscopy
699:electronic transitions
683:
574:Impedance spectroscopy
434:
188:astronomical distances
145:
6836:Concepts in astronomy
6831:Scientific techniques
6586:Interplanetary medium
6561:Extraterrestrial life
6199:Octatetraynyl radical
5817:Tricarbon monosulfide
5364:Magnesium monohydride
5070:Hyperspectral imaging
4097:Timeline of chemistry
3994:Post-mortem chemistry
3979:Clandestine chemistry
3909:Atmospheric chemistry
3832:Biophysical chemistry
3664:Solid-state chemistry
3614:Equilibrium chemistry
3523:Photoelectrochemistry
3059:Coning and quartering
2967:Infrared spectrometer
2569:Brian Bowers (2001).
2050:Kroto, H. W. (1975).
1988:"A Taste of ESPRESSO"
1920:Imagine the Universe!
1825:What is Spectroscopy?
1576:Operando spectroscopy
1432:Joseph von Fraunhofer
1275:
1023:hyperspectral imaging
1019:Multispectral imaging
681:
533:Emission spectroscopy
505:Acoustic spectroscopy
428:
135:
6713:Chemistry portal
6701:Astronomy portal
6647:RNA world hypothesis
6631:PAH world hypothesis
6324:Heptatrienyl radical
6256:Buckminsterfullerene
6144:Methylcyanoacetylene
5652:Silicon carbonitride
5627:Methylidynephosphane
5593:Magnesium isocyanide
5501:Aluminium isocyanide
5303:Carbon monophosphide
4822:Coherent anti-Stokes
4777:UV–Vis–NIR "Optical"
4556:Population inversion
4087:History of chemistry
4042:Chemical engineering
3817:Bioorganic chemistry
3567:Structural chemistry
3304:List of biomolecules
3181:Analytical Chemistry
3023:Gravimetric analysis
2987:Optical spectrometer
2931:Analytical chemistry
2797:Applied Spectroscopy
2751:"OpenStax Astronomy"
2749:(October 13, 2016).
1935:"Basic Spectroscopy"
1586:Spectral line ratios
1531:Applied spectroscopy
1486:de Broglie relations
1278:Very Large Telescope
1229:planetary scientists
1148:) and bio-molecules.
621:Nuclear spectroscopy
588:Inelastic scattering
495:neutron spectroscopy
361:astronomical objects
333:analytical chemistry
305:Schrödinger equation
159:as generalized from
54:improve this article
6591:Interstellar medium
6571:Forbidden mechanism
6384:Hydrogen isocyanide
6074:Hexatriynyl radical
5657:c-Silicon dicarbide
5562:Hydrogen isocyanide
5426:Silicon monosulfide
5401:Phosphorus monoxide
5369:Methylidyne radical
5328:Fluoromethylidynium
5288:Aluminium(II) oxide
5126:Hadron spectroscopy
4916:Conversion electron
4877:X-ray and Gamma ray
4784:Ultraviolet–visible
4607:Laser beam profiler
4526:Active laser medium
4466:Free-electron laser
4386:List of laser types
4110:The central science
4064:Ceramic engineering
3989:Forensic toxicology
3962:Chemistry education
3860:Radiation chemistry
3842:Interdisciplinarity
3795:Medicinal chemistry
3733:Fullerene chemistry
3609:Microwave chemistry
3478:Molecular mechanics
3473:Molecular modelling
2771:. New York: Wiley.
2671:1968JRASC..62..105S
2515:2008ApPhL..92k1102C
2468:2008NaPho...2...48S
2415:2016RPPh...79j6501S
2269:. pp. 17–142.
2209:2008ARAC....1..883E
2027:2012AMT.....5..329M
1885:1998PhRvL..80..627P
1541:Atomic spectroscopy
1353:of a distant object
1005:Hadron spectroscopy
776:molecular vibration
772:molecular rotations
687:Atomic spectroscopy
582:index of refraction
472:ultraviolet-visible
357:physical properties
321:blackbody radiation
282:James Clerk Maxwell
219:gravitational waves
6611:Molecules in stars
6581:Intergalactic dust
6526:Circumstellar dust
6468:Naphthalene cation
6403:Trihydrogen cation
6379:Hydrogen deuteride
6304:Methyltriacetylene
6139:Hexapentaenylidene
5958:E-Cyanomethanimine
5878:Cyclopropenylidene
5812:Tricarbon monoxide
5802:Silicon tricarbide
5772:Methylene amidogen
5762:Isothiocyanic acid
5677:Thioxoethenylidene
5637:Trihydrogen cation
5451:Titanium(II) oxide
5411:Potassium chloride
5390:Sulfur mononitride
5333:Helium hydride ion
5308:Carbon monosulfide
5174:Force spectroscopy
5099:Measured phenomena
5090:Video spectroscopy
4794:Cold vapour atomic
4153:Chemical substance
4015:Chemical synthesis
3984:Forensic chemistry
3865:Actinide chemistry
3807:Clinical chemistry
3488:Molecular geometry
3483:Molecular dynamics
3438:Elemental analysis
3391:Separation process
3094:Separation process
3089:Sample preparation
2862:Spectroscopy links
2777:10.1002/0470027320
2242:Laser Spectroscopy
2112:Volumes Publishing
1571:Metamerism (color)
1518:fundamental series
1334:X-ray fluorescence
1290:astronomy emission
1282:
1257:Video spectroscopy
1185:Raman spectroscopy
1112:compressed sensing
1110:is an all optical
1060:in order to study
1000:Gamma spectroscopy
994:Fourier transforms
981:Force spectroscopy
915:Circular dichroism
864:, if appropriate.
780:Raman spectroscopy
755:X-ray fluorescence
751:X-ray spectroscopy
684:
631:in matter, mainly
596:Compton scattering
560:Elastic scattering
537:blackbody spectrum
435:
399:Raman spectroscopy
319:'s explanation of
259:spectral analyzers
251:spectrophotometers
146:
6721:
6720:
6636:Pseudo-panspermia
6332:
6331:
6279:Cyanodecapentayne
6219:N-Methylformamide
6194:Methyldiacetylene
6119:Aminoacetonitrile
6089:Methyl isocyanate
6007:Methyl isocyanide
5888:Isocyanoacetylene
5868:Cyanoformaldehyde
5747:Hydrogen peroxide
5632:Potassium cyanide
5588:Magnesium cyanide
5541:Disilicon carbide
5536:Dicarbon monoxide
5343:Hydrogen fluoride
5338:Hydrogen chloride
5219:
5218:
5183:
5182:
5075:Spectrophotometry
5002:Neutron spin echo
4976:Beta spectroscopy
4889:Energy-dispersive
4673:
4672:
4627:Optical amplifier
4476:Solid-state laser
4336:
4335:
4308:Organic synthesis
4303:Organic reactions
4298:Organic compounds
4288:Functional groups
4267:organic chemistry
4232:
4231:
4168:Quantum mechanics
4133:Chemical compound
4116:Chemical reaction
4054:Materials science
3972:General chemistry
3967:Amateur chemistry
3895:Photogeochemistry
3880:Stellar chemistry
3850:Nuclear chemistry
3771:Molecular biology
3738:Polymer chemistry
3709:Organic synthesis
3704:Organic reactions
3669:Ceramic chemistry
3659:Cluster chemistry
3589:Chemical kinetics
3577:Molecular physics
3456:Quantum chemistry
3369:Mass spectrometry
3253:
3252:
3135:Standard addition
3130:Internal standard
3120:Calibration curve
3033:Mass spectrometry
2992:Spectrophotometer
2972:Mass spectrometer
2957:Gas chromatograph
2839:978-3-7281-3385-4
2807:978-0-08-052749-9
2786:978-0-471-98847-2
2582:978-0-85296-103-2
2523:10.1063/1.2896652
2276:978-1-4822-6106-6
1581:Scattering theory
1440:stationary states
1345:to determine the
1302:Space exploration
1200:Spectrophotometry
1118:Neutron spin echo
1077:mass spectrometry
1064:and detect early
883:
882:
808:lattice structure
720:hydrogen spectrum
297:quantum mechanics
176:materials science
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
6848:
6841:Gustav Kirchhoff
6798:
6797:
6786:
6785:
6784:
6774:
6773:
6762:
6761:
6750:
6749:
6738:
6737:
6729:
6711:
6710:
6709:
6699:
6698:
6697:
6687:
6686:
6685:
6674:
6673:
6621:Organic compound
6521:Chemical formula
6426:Dihydroxyacetone
6374:Hydrogen cyanide
6059:Cyanodiacetylene
5913:Propadienylidene
5807:Thioformaldehyde
5682:Titanium dioxide
5647:Sodium hydroxide
5568:Hydrogen sulfide
5556:Hydrogen cyanide
5516:Carbonyl sulfide
5481:
5472:
5463:
5421:Silicon monoxide
5354:Hydroxyl radical
5266:
5246:
5239:
5232:
5223:
5207:
5206:
5195:
5194:
5055:
4966:phenomenological
4715:Vibrational (IR)
4700:
4693:
4686:
4677:
4663:
4662:
4637:Optical isolator
4602:Injection seeder
4582:Beam homogenizer
4561:Ultrashort pulse
4551:Lasing threshold
4363:
4356:
4349:
4340:
4283:Covalent bonding
4259:
4252:
4245:
4236:
4220:
4219:
4208:
4196:
4195:
4184:
4183:
4128:Chemical element
3783:Chemical biology
3642:Magnetochemistry
3619:Mechanochemistry
3572:Chemical physics
3513:Electrochemistry
3418:Characterization
3280:
3273:
3266:
3257:
3241:
3240:
3229:
3217:
3216:
3205:
3204:
3140:Isotope dilution
2924:
2917:
2910:
2901:
2851:
2823:
2811:
2790:
2755:
2754:
2739:
2728:
2727:
2716:10.1002/pip.3478
2695:
2689:
2688:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2638:
2632:. Archived from
2627:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2549:ESO Announcement
2541:
2535:
2534:
2508:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2455:Nature Photonics
2449:
2443:
2442:
2408:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2369:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2309:10.1038/35017638
2287:
2281:
2280:
2251:
2245:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2120:
2114:
2110:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1969:
1962:
1956:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1864:
1855:
1847:
1841:
1834:
1828:
1821:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1792:
1786:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1745:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1657:
1646:
1645:
1627:
1471:
1467:
1457:
1453:
1146:condensed matter
1102:Mössbauer effect
1058:epithelial cells
878:
875:
869:
860:You can help by
842:
841:
834:
716:Fraunhofer lines
712:Gustav Kirchhoff
662:Type of material
633:condensed matter
487:de Broglie waves
309:Matrix mechanics
201:in the areas of
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
6856:
6855:
6851:
6850:
6849:
6847:
6846:
6845:
6806:
6805:
6804:
6792:
6782:
6780:
6768:
6756:
6744:
6732:
6724:
6722:
6717:
6707:
6705:
6695:
6693:
6683:
6681:
6661:
6487:
6463:
6454:
6407:
6397:
6340:
6328:
6309:Propionaldehyde
6284:Ethylene glycol
6273:
6265:
6261:
6232:
6230:
6223:
6179:Cyanohexatriyne
6165:
6158:
6105:
6098:
6033:
6026:
5986:
5939:
5932:
5903:Methoxy radical
5833:
5826:
5822:Thiocyanic acid
5703:
5696:
5606:
5546:Ethynyl radical
5482:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5473:
5467:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5455:
5446:Sulfur monoxide
5431:Sodium chloride
5416:Silicon carbide
5323:Diatomic carbon
5313:Carbon monoxide
5255:
5250:
5220:
5215:
5179:
5157:
5094:
5046:
5008:
4980:
4922:
4872:
4772:
4733:Resonance Raman
4709:
4704:
4674:
4669:
4651:
4565:
4546:Laser linewidth
4536:Continuous wave
4512:
4405:Types of lasers
4400:
4372:
4367:
4337:
4332:
4323:Stereochemistry
4269:
4263:
4233:
4228:
4172:
4075:
4069:Polymer science
4025:Click chemistry
4020:Green chemistry
3914:Ocean chemistry
3890:Biogeochemistry
3836:
3752:
3724:Total synthesis
3687:Stereochemistry
3673:
3623:
3540:Surface science
3530:Thermochemistry
3499:
3442:
3413:Crystallography
3318:
3290:
3284:
3254:
3249:
3193:
3144:
3103:
3047:
2996:
2939:Instrumentation
2933:
2928:
2858:
2840:
2821:
2814:
2808:
2793:
2787:
2766:
2763:
2758:
2741:
2740:
2731:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2687:. 22 July 2021.
2683:
2682:
2678:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2551:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2303:(6791): 35–36.
2289:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2236:
2232:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2172:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2137:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2099:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2064:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1963:
1959:
1950:
1946:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1848:
1844:
1836:Sutton, M. A. "
1835:
1831:
1822:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1802:on 22 June 2013
1794:
1793:
1789:
1780:
1776:
1761:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1731:
1729:
1711:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1659:
1658:
1649:
1642:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1596:Spectral theory
1556:Frances Lowater
1526:
1474:Planck constant
1469:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1404:
1398:
1306:Cure monitoring
1270:
1144:) in crystals (
879:
873:
870:
859:
843:
839:
832:
816:
803:
763:
676:
664:
629:local structure
568:Crystallography
520:
444:
423:
381:
363:(such as their
231:
207:medical imaging
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6854:
6852:
6844:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6808:
6807:
6803:
6802:
6790:
6778:
6766:
6754:
6742:
6719:
6718:
6716:
6715:
6703:
6691:
6679:
6666:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6546:Cosmochemistry
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6511:Astrochemistry
6508:
6503:
6497:
6495:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6452:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6417:
6415:
6409:
6408:
6406:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6364:Formyl radical
6361:
6356:
6350:
6344:
6342:
6334:
6333:
6330:
6329:
6327:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6294:Methyl acetate
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6259:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6237:
6235:
6225:
6224:
6222:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6184:Dimethyl ether
6181:
6176:
6170:
6168:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6156:
6151:
6149:Methyl formate
6146:
6141:
6136:
6134:Glycolaldehyde
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6110:
6108:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6069:Glycolonitrile
6066:
6064:Ethylene oxide
6061:
6056:
6055:
6054:
6044:
6038:
6036:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5963:Cyclopropenone
5960:
5955:
5950:
5944:
5942:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5863:Cyanoacetylene
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5838:
5836:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5782:Methyl radical
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5757:Isocyanic acid
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5722:Isocyanic acid
5719:
5714:
5708:
5706:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5667:Sulfur dioxide
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5642:Sodium cyanide
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5559:
5553:
5551:Formyl radical
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5511:Carbon dioxide
5508:
5503:
5498:
5492:
5490:
5484:
5483:
5458:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5359:Iron(II) oxide
5356:
5351:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5274:
5272:
5263:
5257:
5256:
5251:
5249:
5248:
5241:
5234:
5226:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5213:
5201:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5177:
5171:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5139:
5138:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5102:
5100:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5061:
5059:
5052:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5016:
5014:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5005:
5004:
4994:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4949:Angle-resolved
4946:
4941:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4908:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4880:
4878:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4814:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4786:
4780:
4778:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4719:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4695:
4688:
4680:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4642:Output coupler
4639:
4634:
4632:Optical cavity
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4592:Gain-switching
4589:
4584:
4579:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4541:Laser ablation
4538:
4533:
4528:
4522:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4439:Carbon dioxide
4431:
4430:
4429:
4427:Liquid-crystal
4424:
4414:
4412:Chemical laser
4408:
4406:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4396:Laser acronyms
4393:
4388:
4383:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4358:
4351:
4343:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4254:
4247:
4239:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4214:
4202:
4190:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4113:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4094:
4089:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4012:
4011:
4010:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3981:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3953:Soil chemistry
3945:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3931:Food chemistry
3928:
3926:Carbochemistry
3923:
3921:Clay chemistry
3918:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3882:
3876:Astrochemistry
3872:Cosmochemistry
3869:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3855:Radiochemistry
3846:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3812:Neurochemistry
3809:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3762:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3743:Petrochemistry
3740:
3735:
3730:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3683:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3644:
3639:
3633:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3604:Spin chemistry
3601:
3599:Photochemistry
3596:
3591:
3586:
3584:Femtochemistry
3581:
3580:
3579:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3509:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3458:
3452:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3396:Chromatography
3393:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3314:Periodic table
3311:
3306:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3260:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3235:
3223:
3211:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3155:
3153:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3013:Chromatography
3010:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2868:
2857:
2856:External links
2854:
2853:
2852:
2838:
2830:10.3218/3385-4
2812:
2806:
2791:
2785:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2747:David Morrison
2743:Andrew Fraknoi
2729:
2710:(3): 229–239.
2690:
2676:
2649:
2613:
2607:978-2884491624
2606:
2588:
2581:
2561:
2536:
2499:(11): 111102.
2481:
2444:
2399:(10): 106501.
2381:
2338:
2282:
2275:
2246:
2230:
2185:
2170:
2150:
2135:
2115:
2097:
2077:
2062:
2042:
2021:(2): 329–344.
2000:
1979:
1970:
1957:
1944:
1925:
1907:
1898:
1879:(3): 627–630.
1856:
1842:
1829:
1813:
1787:
1774:
1759:
1740:
1709:
1679:
1672:
1647:
1641:978-0198503354
1640:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1416:David Morrison
1412:Andrew Fraknoi
1400:Main article:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1386:
1376:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1340:
1337:
1330:
1327:
1320:
1317:
1314:optical fibers
1303:
1300:
1297:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1232:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1176:
1166:
1160:
1155:
1149:
1135:
1125:
1115:
1105:
1084:
1073:
1062:mucosal tissue
1051:
1048:tunable lasers
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1016:
1002:
997:
983:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
949:
946:semiconducting
939:
933:
928:
918:
912:
907:
901:
881:
880:
846:
844:
837:
831:
828:
815:
812:
802:
799:
762:
759:
675:
672:
668:radiant energy
663:
660:
659:
658:
640:
618:
599:
585:
571:
557:
530:
519:
516:
515:
514:
508:
502:
499:kinetic energy
483:
443:
440:
422:
419:
386:periodic table
380:
377:
349:remote sensing
243:spectrographic
230:
227:
215:acoustic waves
128:
127:
69:"Spectroscopy"
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6853:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6813:
6811:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6789:
6779:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6727:
6714:
6704:
6702:
6692:
6690:
6680:
6678:
6677:
6668:
6667:
6664:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6576:Homochirality
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6498:
6496:
6494:
6490:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6458:
6456:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6431:Methoxyethane
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6414:
6410:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6314:Butyronitrile
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6289:Ethyl formate
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6268:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6238:
6236:
6234:
6226:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6214:Propionitrile
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6167:
6161:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6111:
6109:
6107:
6101:
6095:
6094:Vinyl alcohol
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6053:
6052:Vinyl cyanide
6050:
6049:
6048:
6047:Acrylonitrile
6045:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6029:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6012:Pentynylidyne
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5941:
5935:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5908:Methylenimine
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5843:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5835:
5829:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5787:Propynylidyne
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5777:Methyl cation
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5737:Fulminic acid
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5699:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5612:Nitrous oxide
5610:
5608:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5563:
5560:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5506:Amino radical
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5489:
5485:
5480:
5471:
5462:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5436:Sodium iodide
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5318:Cyano radical
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5298:Carbon cation
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5247:
5242:
5240:
5235:
5233:
5228:
5227:
5224:
5212:
5211:
5202:
5200:
5199:
5190:
5189:
5186:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5160:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5097:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5056:
5053:
5049:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5011:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4925:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4857:
4854:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4815:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4806:Near-infrared
4804:
4802:
4799:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4701:
4696:
4694:
4689:
4687:
4682:
4681:
4678:
4666:
4658:
4657:
4654:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4597:Gaussian beam
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4577:Beam expander
4575:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4518:Laser physics
4515:
4509:
4506:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4364:
4359:
4357:
4352:
4350:
4345:
4344:
4341:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4260:
4255:
4253:
4248:
4246:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4225:
4224:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4179:
4178:
4175:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4158:Chemical bond
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4047:Stoichiometry
4045:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4003:Nanochemistry
4001:
4000:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3728:Semisynthesis
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3562:Sonochemistry
3560:
3558:
3557:Cryochemistry
3555:
3551:
3550:Micromeritics
3548:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3428:Wet chemistry
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
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1710:9780300228120
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1423:
1421:
1420:Royal Society
1417:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1383:chick culling
1380:
1379:In-ovo sexing
1377:
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1225:mineralogists
1221:
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913:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
895:
891:
888:
887:
886:
877:
868:is available.
867:
863:
857:
856:
852:
847:This section
845:
836:
835:
829:
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825:
821:
813:
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800:
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729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
708:Robert Bunsen
703:
700:
696:
692:
688:
680:
673:
671:
669:
661:
656:
655:Quantum logic
652:
651:laser cooling
648:
644:
641:
638:
634:
630:
627:to probe the
626:
622:
619:
616:
612:
607:
603:
600:
597:
593:
589:
586:
583:
579:
575:
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569:
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561:
558:
555:
551:
550:electric arcs
547:
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538:
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531:
528:
525:
524:
523:
517:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
482:spectroscopy.
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:near-infrared
465:
461:
457:
453:
450:
449:
448:
441:
439:
433:spectrograph.
432:
427:
420:
418:
416:
412:
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404:
400:
394:
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289:
287:
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279:
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271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
255:spectrographs
252:
248:
247:spectrometers
244:
240:
236:
228:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
205:analysis and
204:
200:
196:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
164:
162:
161:visible light
158:
154:
150:
143:
139:
134:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
18:Spectrography
6816:Spectroscopy
6669:
6652:Spectroscopy
6651:
6506:Astrobiology
6359:Formaldehyde
6251:Benzonitrile
6042:Acetaldehyde
5997:Methanethiol
5948:Acetonitrile
5853:Carbodiimide
5732:Formaldehyde
5727:Cyanoethynyl
5578:Iron cyanide
5573:Hydroperoxyl
5374:Nitric oxide
5208:
5196:
5176:(a misnomer)
5162:Applications
5080:Time-stretch
4971:paramagnetic
4789:Fluorescence
4707:Spectroscopy
4706:
4617:Mode locking
4570:Laser optics
4318:Spectroscopy
4317:
4313:Publications
4293:Nomenclature
4265:Concepts in
4221:
4209:
4197:
4185:
4035:Biosynthesis
3885:Geochemistry
3800:Pharmacology
3776:Cell biology
3766:Biochemistry
3594:Spectroscopy
3593:
3493:VSEPR theory
3342:Spectroscopy
3341:
3286:Branches of
3242:
3230:
3218:
3206:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3151:publications
3115:Chemometrics
3099:Sub-sampling
3038:Spectroscopy
3037:
2817:
2796:
2768:
2707:
2703:
2693:
2679:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2641:. Retrieved
2634:the original
2629:
2616:
2597:
2591:
2571:
2564:
2552:. Retrieved
2548:
2539:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2462:(1): 48–51.
2459:
2453:
2447:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2357:
2351:
2341:
2300:
2296:
2285:
2262:
2259:F. J. Duarte
2249:
2241:
2238:W. Demtröder
2233:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2160:
2153:
2125:
2118:
2087:
2080:
2052:
2045:
2018:
2014:
2003:
1993:15 September
1991:. Retrieved
1982:
1973:
1960:
1947:
1938:
1928:
1919:
1910:
1901:
1876:
1872:
1845:
1832:
1804:. Retrieved
1800:the original
1790:
1777:
1749:
1743:
1737:Google Books
1730:, retrieved
1692:
1682:
1662:
1631:
1625:
1490:
1464:
1460:
1437:
1424:
1408:Isaac Newton
1405:
1324:food samples
1283:
1268:Applications
1253:spectroscopy
1216:spectroscopy
1214:Time-stretch
977:spectroscopy
924:
917:spectroscopy
884:
871:
866:Editing help
848:
817:
804:
788:
764:
732:
704:
685:
665:
554:fluorescence
521:
445:
436:
395:
382:
294:
290:
270:Isaac Newton
267:
232:
229:Introduction
211:Matter waves
192:
165:
149:Spectroscopy
148:
147:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
6788:Spaceflight
6752:Mathematics
6626:Outer space
6536:Cosmic dust
6501:Abiogenesis
6413:Unconfirmed
6369:Heavy water
6209:Ethanethiol
6124:Cyanoallene
6114:Acetic acid
6084:Methylamine
5968:Diacetylene
5883:Formic acid
5873:Cyanomethyl
5531:Diazenylium
5521:CCP radical
5397:(molecular)
5381:(molecular)
5350:(molecular)
4748:Vibrational
4647:Q-switching
4508:X-ray laser
4501:Ti-sapphire
4471:Laser diode
4449:Helium–neon
4278:Aromaticity
4223:WikiProject
3448:Theoretical
3433:Calorimetry
3244:WikiProject
3108:Calibration
3069:Dissolution
3008:Calorimetry
2203:: 883–909.
1122:soft matter
1100:. See also
830:Other types
373:black holes
365:temperature
6810:Categories
6541:Cosmic ray
6483:Silylidyne
6446:Hemolithin
6421:Anthracene
6338:Deuterated
6319:Pyrimidine
6129:Ethanimine
5992:Ketenimine
5848:Butadiynyl
5672:Thioformyl
5526:Chloronium
4954:Two-photon
4856:absorption
4738:Rotational
4059:Metallurgy
3758:Biological
3324:Analytical
3149:Prominent
3074:Filtration
3001:Techniques
2982:Microscope
2761:References
2643:2009-06-22
2406:1603.06858
2180:1023249001
1732:2023-05-22
1719:1039140043
1310:composites
1286:absorbance
1098:gamma rays
948:materials.
898:ultrasonic
874:April 2016
724:Lamb shift
564:reflection
353:telescopes
325:Black Body
317:Max Planck
301:Bohr model
263:photodiode
142:dispersing
110:April 2016
80:newspapers
6473:Phosphine
6341:molecules
6274:fullerene
6174:Acetamide
5978:Formamide
5858:Cyanamide
5712:Acetylene
5687:Tricarbon
5598:Methylene
5583:Isoformyl
5488:Triatomic
5261:Molecules
5032:Terahertz
5013:Radiowave
4911:Mössbauer
4612:M squared
4434:Gas laser
4417:Dye laser
4121:Catalysis
3629:Inorganic
3423:Titration
3288:chemistry
3043:Titration
2848:244026324
2724:1062-7995
2554:21 August
2506:0803.1654
2376:0033-4545
2317:1476-4687
2267:CRC Press
2255:Brian Orr
2107:255512489
2056:. Wiley.
1727:246149887
1506:principal
1478:electrons
1288:and with
1070:precancer
820:gamma ray
761:Molecules
647:ion traps
637:molecules
460:terahertz
456:microwave
411:pendulums
407:resonance
345:astronomy
341:molecules
184:molecular
172:chemistry
168:astronomy
6460:Linear C
6441:Graphene
6353:Ammonium
6154:Acrolein
6017:Propynal
6002:Methanol
5973:Ethylene
5842:Ammonium
5617:Nitroxyl
5441:Sulfanyl
5385:Imidogen
5379:Nitrogen
5348:Hydrogen
5293:Argonium
5270:Diatomic
5198:Category
4927:Electron
4894:Emission
4844:emission
4801:Vibronic
4665:Category
4459:Nitrogen
4187:Category
4143:Molecule
4080:See also
3505:Physical
3208:Category
3064:Dilution
3052:Sampling
2822:(e-book)
2531:53056467
2431:27615689
2360:(7): 1.
2325:10894529
2225:20636101
1955:", NIST.
1823:PASCO, "
1806:28 March
1769:48965005
1551:Coronium
1524:See also
1482:neutrons
1351:velocity
1343:Redshift
1124:systems.
1091:isotopic
1081:phosphor
900:regions.
606:coherent
602:Coherent
491:electron
464:infrared
431:ESPRESSO
369:velocity
335:because
329:physical
313:hydrogen
225:(LIGO).
6800:Science
6764:Science
6740:Physics
6726:Portals
6606:Kerogen
6493:Related
6436:Glycine
6389:Propyne
6348:Ammonia
6246:Benzene
6241:Acetone
6233:or more
6204:Propene
6189:Ethanol
6079:Propyne
5898:Methane
5767:Ketenyl
5717:Ammonia
5210:Commons
5037:ESR/EPR
4985:Nucleon
4813:(REMPI)
4444:Excimer
4199:Commons
4163:Alchemy
3679:Organic
3220:Commons
3160:Analyst
3079:Masking
2667:Bibcode
2665:: 105.
2511:Bibcode
2464:Bibcode
2439:4393400
2411:Bibcode
2333:4383575
2261:(ed.).
2205:Bibcode
2145:7278301
2023:Bibcode
1881:Bibcode
1514:diffuse
1472:is the
1396:History
925:in vivo
894:audible
578:optical
415:Galileo
235:spectra
180:physics
94:scholar
6657:Tholin
6478:Pyrene
5923:Silane
5893:Ketene
5395:Oxygen
5051:Others
4839:Atomic
4486:Nd:YAG
4481:Er:YAG
4422:Bubble
4370:Lasers
4211:Portal
3357:UV-Vis
3232:Portal
2875:Curlie
2866:Curlie
2846:
2836:
2804:
2783:
2722:
2604:
2579:
2529:
2437:
2429:
2374:
2331:
2323:
2315:
2297:Nature
2273:
2223:
2178:
2168:
2143:
2133:
2105:
2095:
2072:793428
2070:
2060:
1767:
1757:
1725:
1717:
1707:
1670:
1638:
1468:where
1448:photon
1312:using
1227:, and
1094:nuclei
1066:cancer
1013:parity
849:is in
814:Nuclei
625:nuclei
546:sparks
542:flames
478:, and
379:Theory
307:, and
303:, the
274:optics
203:tissue
178:, and
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
6776:Stars
6643:(PAH)
6231:atoms
6166:atoms
6106:atoms
6104:Eight
6034:atoms
6032:Seven
5940:atoms
5834:atoms
5704:atoms
5692:Water
5622:Ozone
5564:(HNC)
5558:(HCN)
4992:Alpha
4961:Auger
4939:X-ray
4906:Gamma
4884:X-ray
4817:Raman
4728:Raman
4723:FT-IR
4491:Raman
3384:MALDI
3352:Raman
2844:S2CID
2637:(PDF)
2626:(PDF)
2527:S2CID
2501:arXiv
2435:S2CID
2401:arXiv
2329:S2CID
1723:S2CID
1618:Notes
1510:sharp
1347:speed
855:prose
795:laser
791:maser
674:Atoms
592:Raman
480:gamma
476:x-ray
337:atoms
278:color
195:prism
157:color
138:prism
101:JSTOR
87:books
6164:Nine
5832:Five
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