28:
20:
124:
compared to other cell types means they have become the standard model for the investigation of the spectrin cytoskeleton. Dimeric spectrin is formed by the lateral association of αI and βI monomers to form a dimer. Dimers then associate in a head-to-head formation to produce the tetramer. End-to-end
69:
filaments at either end of the tetramer. These short actin filaments act as junctional complexes allowing the formation of the hexagonal mesh. The protein is named spectrin since it was first isolated as a major protein component of human red blood cells which had been treated with mild detergents;
74:
the cells and the hemoglobin and other cytoplasmic components were washed out. In the light microscope the basic shape of the red blood cell could still be seen as the spectrin-containing submembranous cytoskeleton preserved the shape of the cell in outline. This became known as a red blood cell
252:
The spectrin gene family has undergone expansion during evolution. Rather than the one α and two β genes in invertebrates, there are two α spectrins (αI and αII) and five β spectrins (βI to V), named in the order of discovery.
189:
cause defects in morphogenesis resulting in a significantly shorter, but otherwise mostly normal, animal that moves and reproduces. These animals are called "sma" for their small phenotype and carry mutations in the
316:. Additionally, mice with an ankyrin (ankB) knock-out have disrupted calcium homeostasis in the myocardia. Affected mice have disrupted z-band and sarcomere morphology. In this experimental model ryanodine and IP
65:
and playing an important role in maintenance of plasma membrane integrity and cytoskeletal structure. The hexagonal arrangements are formed by tetramers of spectrin subunits associating with short
738:
Bennett, PM; Baines AJ; Lecomte MC; Maggs AM; Pinder JC (2004). "Not just a plasma membrane protein: in cardiac muscle cells alpha-II spectrin also shows a close association with myofibrils".
514:
Li, Jia; Li, Xue-Yuan; Feng, Dong-Fu; Pan, Dong-Chao (December 2010). "Biomarkers associated with diffuse traumatic axonal injury: exploring pathogenesis, early diagnosis, and prognosis".
798:
377:
Huh, Gi-Yeong; Glantz, Susan B.; Je, Soojung; Morrow, Jon S.; Kim, Jung H. (December 2001). "Calpain proteolysis of alpha-II-spectrin in the normal adult human brain".
1324:
1232:
1292:
155:
model demonstrates the importance of the spectrin cytoskeleton in that mutations in spectrin commonly cause hereditary defects of the erythrocyte, including
791:
1028:
1023:
776:
784:
1952:
1317:
995:
27:
2471:
2740:
2583:
1310:
1000:
3619:
3173:
1880:
31:
Localization of alpha-II spectrin in green under the plasma membrane of rat neurons in tissue culture as shown with
3351:
983:
96:
and ultimately to be degraded, usually leading to the death of the cell. Spectrin subunits may also be cleaved by
156:
3584:
160:
100:
family enzymes, and calpain and caspase produce different spectrin breakdown products which can be detected by
1264:
328:
and sudden death, strengthening the evidence for a role for the spectrin cytoskeleton in excitable tissue.
236:
198:
192:
185:
471:
Castillo, MR; Babson, JR. (1998). "Ca-dependent mechanisms of cell injury in cultured cortical neurons".
3639:
2003:
1357:
988:
815:
79:
125:
association of these tetramers with short actin filaments produces the hexagonal complexes observed.
2272:
1015:
971:
865:
294:
3579:
2212:
1005:
93:
32:
2032:
1662:
763:
496:
402:
36:
19:
324:
of the cultured cells is disrupted. In humans, a mutation within the AnkB gene results in the
3430:
3133:
1794:
755:
720:
669:
620:
581:
531:
488:
453:
394:
321:
232:
3153:
1211:
1206:
1151:
1141:
1136:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1096:
3378:
3085:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3045:
2966:
2675:
2655:
2625:
2620:
2502:
1857:
1852:
1237:
1066:
1046:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
918:
908:
903:
893:
888:
811:
747:
710:
700:
689:"Drosophila alpha- and beta-spectrin mutations disrupt presynaptic neurotransmitter release"
659:
651:
612:
571:
523:
480:
443:
433:
386:
325:
101:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3035:
3025:
3015:
3010:
2981:
2685:
2680:
1727:
1615:
1605:
1580:
1560:
1464:
1444:
923:
898:
3520:
2134:
1984:
1867:
1687:
850:
845:
601:"sma-1 encodes a betaH-spectrin homolog required for Caenorhabditis elegans morphogenesis"
352:
129:
58:
751:
3483:
3346:
2043:
1874:
1383:
715:
705:
688:
664:
639:
448:
438:
421:
309:
210:. In addition to the morphological effects, the Unc-70 mutation also produce defective
484:
390:
3633:
3547:
3542:
2507:
2377:
2326:
2276:
2216:
2138:
2106:
2047:
1833:
1352:
600:
576:
559:
357:
239:. In animals, spectrin forms the meshwork that provides red blood cells their shape.
172:
148:. In animals, spectrin forms the meshwork that provides red blood cells their shape.
767:
500:
406:
61:
in eukaryotic cells. Spectrin forms pentagonal or hexagonal arrangements, forming a
3391:
2446:
2201:
1745:
1337:
823:
51:
3363:
3341:
312:, aII spectrin distribution is coincident with Z-discs and the plasma membrane of
3537:
3488:
3358:
3248:
2578:
2022:
1977:
1896:
1818:
1366:
1176:
1038:
527:
338:
152:
133:
121:
83:
62:
1302:
3589:
3508:
3498:
3386:
2497:
2476:
2242:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2149:
2124:
2112:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
1920:
1802:
1791:
1777:
1393:
1259:
1242:
840:
346:
313:
223:
92:, destroying the cytoskeleton. Spectrin cleavage causes the membrane to form
75:"ghost" (spectre), and so the major protein of the ghost was named spectrin.
3418:
3413:
3408:
3368:
3206:
3201:
3196:
2554:
2534:
2189:
2184:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2144:
2053:
1957:
1891:
1269:
616:
548:
Pathologic Basis of
Disease, 8th edition Robbins and Cotran (2010) page 642
341:
207:
203:
109:
759:
724:
673:
535:
457:
398:
360:, helps anchor spectrin-actin cytoskeleton to cell membrane in erythrocytes
655:
624:
585:
492:
3532:
3493:
3398:
3265:
3253:
3128:
3123:
2564:
2559:
2481:
1915:
1910:
1772:
1227:
832:
105:
104:
with appropriate antibodies. Calpain cleavage may indicate activation of
640:"Mutations in β-Spectrin Disrupt Axon Outgrowth and Sarcomere Structure"
422:"Cytochrome c release and caspase activation in traumatic axonal injury"
144:
Protein 4.2 binds the spectrin tail region to the transmembrane protein
3559:
3513:
3403:
3333:
3302:
3232:
3227:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3148:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
2788:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2592:
2529:
2017:
1962:
1903:
1886:
1847:
1333:
1201:
1196:
1156:
1146:
1131:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1091:
807:
420:
Büki, A.; Okonkwo, D. O.; Wang, K. K.; Povlishock, J. T. (April 2000).
211:
137:
97:
89:
54:
3478:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3435:
3270:
3163:
3158:
3143:
3138:
3050:
2996:
2961:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2911:
2906:
2896:
2881:
2876:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2660:
2650:
2630:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2466:
2237:
2232:
1989:
1655:
1650:
1640:
1418:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1061:
1056:
1051:
963:
819:
287:
283:
279:
275:
265:
141:
86:
308:
Some evidence for the role of spectrins in muscle tissues exist. In
231:
results in neurons that are morphologically normal but have reduced
214:. Neuron numbers are normal but neuronal outgrowth was defective.
3503:
3275:
3258:
3095:
3090:
3080:
3075:
3040:
3030:
3020:
3005:
2986:
2976:
2971:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2916:
2901:
2891:
2886:
2871:
2866:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2768:
2763:
2730:
2725:
2695:
2690:
2670:
2665:
2645:
2635:
2550:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2227:
2222:
1932:
1862:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1797:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1722:
1712:
1697:
1630:
1620:
1600:
1575:
1570:
1555:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1505:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1388:
1375:
1252:
1247:
1161:
913:
883:
878:
297:
261:
71:
66:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3554:
3525:
3440:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3211:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2778:
2773:
2640:
2522:
2517:
2512:
1972:
1967:
1925:
1838:
1828:
1823:
1717:
1707:
1702:
1692:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1590:
1515:
1510:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1279:
1274:
1191:
1181:
1171:
1166:
976:
873:
855:
271:
145:
40:
23:
A schematic diagram of spectrin and other cytoskeletal molecules
1306:
780:
320:
receptors have abnormal distribution in cultured myocytes. The
1186:
132:
is by indirect interaction, through direct interactions with
39:. The nuclei of the cells is revealed in blue by the DNA dye
687:
Featherstone, DE; Davis WS; Dubreuil RR; Broadie K (2001).
128:
In humans, association with the intracellular face of the
206:
in which the worms are paralysed and much shorter than
3572:
3471:
3377:
3332:
3241:
3220:
3172:
2995:
2787:
2739:
2591:
2577:
2543:
2490:
2459:
2439:
2318:
2200:
2031:
2013:
2002:
1945:
1738:
1417:
1374:
1365:
1351:
1344:
1220:
1037:
1014:
962:
864:
831:
1233:LDL-receptor-related protein-associated protein
638:Hammarlund, M; Davis WS; Jorgensen EM (2000).
293:The production of spectrin is promoted by the
1318:
792:
560:"Genetic disorders of the red cell membranes"
8:
740:Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility
2588:
2028:
2010:
1371:
1362:
1348:
1325:
1311:
1303:
799:
785:
777:
599:McKeown, C; Praitis VM; Austin JA (1998).
82:, spectrin is irreversibly cleaved by the
1029:Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein C
1024:Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein B
714:
704:
663:
575:
447:
437:
227:neurons. Knock-out of α or β spectrin in
196:sma-1 gene. A mutation in β spectrin in
140:, with the transmembrane ion transporter
78:In certain types of brain injury such as
57:that lines the intracellular side of the
26:
18:
369:
108:, while caspase cleavage may indicate
1293:other cell membrane protein disorders
7:
221:Similarly, spectrin plays a role in
996:Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein
752:10.1023/B:JURE.0000035892.77399.51
706:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-12-04215.2001
439:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-08-02825.2000
14:
1953:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein
3174:Microtubule organising proteins
1265:Phospholipid transfer proteins
1001:Myelin-associated glycoprotein
1:
3221:Microtubule severing proteins
485:10.1016/S0306-4522(98)00070-0
391:10.1016/S0304-3940(01)02371-0
171:There are three spectrins in
1881:actin depolymerizing factors
577:10.1016/0014-5793(95)00460-Q
202:results in an uncoordinated
3359:Plakoglobin (gamma catenin)
528:10.1097/TA.0b013e3181f5a9ed
256:In humans, the genes are:
3656:
984:Myelin proteolipid protein
3615:
1288:
248:Vertebrate spectrin genes
157:hereditary elliptocytosis
120:The convenience of using
3585:Prokaryotic cytoskeleton
161:hereditary spherocytosis
693:Journal of Neuroscience
644:Journal of Cell Biology
617:10.1242/dev.125.11.2087
237:neuromuscular junction
44:
24:
2205:(hard alpha-keratins)
2036:(soft alpha-keratins)
816:Cell surface receptor
656:10.1083/jcb.149.4.931
304:Role in muscle tissue
80:diffuse axonal injury
30:
22:
3620:cytoskeletal defects
3580:Major sperm proteins
1016:Pulmonary surfactant
972:Myelin basic protein
866:Membrane-spanning 4A
558:Delaunay, J (1995).
345:the complex between
295:transcription factor
16:Cytoskeletal protein
2033:Epithelial keratins
1006:Myelin protein zero
349:and alpha11spectrin
33:confocal microscopy
45:
37:immunofluorescence
25:
3627:
3626:
3568:
3567:
3328:
3327:
2573:
2572:
2455:
2454:
1998:
1997:
1941:
1940:
1300:
1299:
812:membrane proteins
699:(12): 4215–4224.
322:calcium signaling
233:neurotransmission
179:. Mutations in β
3647:
2589:
2029:
2011:
1372:
1363:
1349:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1304:
801:
794:
787:
778:
772:
771:
735:
729:
728:
718:
708:
684:
678:
677:
667:
635:
629:
628:
596:
590:
589:
579:
555:
549:
546:
540:
539:
522:(6): 1610–1618.
511:
505:
504:
479:(4): 1133–1144.
468:
462:
461:
451:
441:
417:
411:
410:
374:
326:long QT syndrome
310:myocardial cells
167:In invertebrates
102:western blotting
3655:
3654:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3611:
3564:
3467:
3373:
3324:
3237:
3216:
3168:
2991:
2783:
2735:
2581:
2569:
2539:
2486:
2451:
2435:
2319:Ungrouped alpha
2314:
2204:
2196:
2035:
2021:
2015:
2005:
1994:
1937:
1734:
1413:
1355:
1340:
1331:
1301:
1296:
1284:
1238:Neurofibromin 2
1221:Other/ungrouped
1216:
1033:
1010:
958:
860:
827:
805:
775:
737:
736:
732:
686:
685:
681:
637:
636:
632:
611:(11): 2087–98.
598:
597:
593:
557:
556:
552:
547:
543:
513:
512:
508:
470:
469:
465:
419:
418:
414:
376:
375:
371:
367:
353:Spectrin repeat
334:
319:
306:
250:
245:
229:D. melanogaster
182:
178:
169:
130:plasma membrane
118:
116:In erythrocytes
70:the detergents
59:plasma membrane
17:
12:
11:
5:
3653:
3651:
3643:
3642:
3632:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3582:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3535:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3484:Corneodesmosin
3475:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3401:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3383:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3344:
3338:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3268:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3178:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3001:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2595:
2586:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2551:Nuclear lamins
2547:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2505:
2500:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2208:
2206:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2039:
2037:
2026:
2008:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1877:
1875:Arp2/3 complex
1872:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1800:
1789:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1423:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1380:
1378:
1369:
1360:
1353:Microfilaments
1346:
1342:
1341:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1307:
1298:
1297:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1020:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
992:
991:
981:
980:
979:
968:
966:
960:
959:
957:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
870:
868:
862:
861:
859:
858:
853:
848:
843:
837:
835:
829:
828:
806:
804:
803:
796:
789:
781:
774:
773:
746:(2): 119–126.
730:
679:
650:(4): 931–942.
630:
591:
550:
541:
506:
463:
432:(8): 2825–34.
412:
379:Neurosci. Lett
368:
366:
363:
362:
361:
355:
350:
333:
330:
317:
305:
302:
291:
290:
268:
249:
246:
244:
243:In vertebrates
241:
219:
218:
180:
176:
168:
165:
117:
114:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3652:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3622:
3621:
3614:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3364:Delta catenin
3362:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3342:Alpha catenin
3340:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:cytoplasmic:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2508:Neurofilament
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2378:chromosome 12
2375:
2374:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2327:chromosome 17
2324:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2277:chromosome 12
2274:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2217:chromosome 17
2214:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2202:Hair keratins
2199:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2139:chromosome 12
2136:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2107:chromosome 12
2104:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2048:chromosome 17
2045:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:Intermediate
2001:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1295:
1294:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
990:
987:
986:
985:
982:
978:
975:
974:
973:
970:
969:
967:
965:
961:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
871:
869:
867:
863:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
838:
836:
834:
830:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
802:
797:
795:
790:
788:
783:
782:
779:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
734:
731:
726:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
698:
694:
690:
683:
680:
675:
671:
666:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
634:
631:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
595:
592:
587:
583:
578:
573:
569:
565:
561:
554:
551:
545:
542:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
510:
507:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
467:
464:
459:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
431:
427:
423:
416:
413:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
373:
370:
364:
359:
358:Glycophorin C
356:
354:
351:
348:
344:
343:
340:
336:
335:
331:
329:
327:
323:
315:
311:
303:
301:
299:
296:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
267:
263:
259:
258:
257:
254:
247:
242:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
225:
217:
216:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
200:
195:
194:
188:
187:
174:
173:invertebrates
166:
164:
162:
158:
154:
149:
147:
146:glycophorin A
143:
139:
135:
131:
126:
123:
115:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
88:
85:
81:
76:
73:
68:
64:
60:
56:
53:
49:
42:
38:
34:
29:
21:
3640:Cytoskeleton
3617:
3425:
3392:Dystroglycan
3347:Beta catenin
2579:Microtubules
2447:Beta-keratin
2376:
2325:
2271:
2211:
2133:
2119:
2105:
2042:
1879:
1746:Tropomodulin
1338:cytoskeleton
1290:
824:cytoskeleton
814:(other than
743:
739:
733:
696:
692:
682:
647:
643:
633:
608:
604:
594:
570:(1): 34–37.
567:
564:FEBS Letters
563:
553:
544:
519:
515:
509:
476:
473:Neuroscience
472:
466:
429:
425:
415:
382:
378:
372:
337:
307:
292:
255:
251:
228:
222:
220:
197:
191:
184:
183:spectrin in
170:
150:
127:
122:erythrocytes
119:
77:
52:cytoskeletal
47:
46:
3538:Plakophilin
3489:Desmoplakin
3249:Tau protein
2023:Cytokeratin
1819:Tropomyosin
1367:Myofilament
1039:Tetraspanin
605:Development
426:J. Neurosci
385:(1): 41–4.
339:Proteopedia
175:, α,β and β
159:and rarely
153:erythrocyte
134:protein 4.1
84:proteolytic
3618:See also:
3590:Crescentin
3509:Periplakin
3499:Envoplakin
3387:Dystrophin
3004:axonemal:
2498:Internexin
2477:Peripherin
1243:Presenilin
365:References
347:calmodulin
314:myofibrils
224:Drosophila
199:C. elegans
193:C. elegans
186:C. elegans
3207:Centrin 3
3202:Centrin 2
3197:Centrin 1
2535:Syncoilin
2440:Not alpha
2006:filaments
1958:Fibrillin
1291:see also
1270:Dysferlin
516:J. Trauma
208:wild-type
204:phenotype
110:apoptosis
3634:Category
3573:Nonhuman
3533:Vinculin
3494:Dystonin
3426:Spectrin
3399:Utrophin
3379:Membrane
3334:Catenins
3266:Stathmin
3254:Dynactin
3134:DYNC2LI1
3129:DYNC1LI2
3124:DYNC1LI1
2789:Kinesins
2593:Tubulins
2482:Vimentin
2014:Type 1/2
1916:Profilin
1911:Gelsolin
1773:Troponin
1334:Proteins
1228:Calnexin
833:Arrestin
768:10297147
760:15360127
725:11404407
674:10811832
536:21150538
501:54228571
458:10751434
407:53270680
399:11720774
332:See also
106:necrosis
63:scaffold
48:Spectrin
3560:PLEKHA7
3514:Plectin
3479:Plakins
3404:Ankyrin
3303:Dynamin
3233:Spastin
3228:Katanin
3192:CAMSAP3
3187:CAMSAP2
3182:CAMSAP1
3154:DYNLRB2
3149:DYNLRB1
3119:DYNC1I2
3114:DYNC1I1
3109:DYNC2H1
3104:DYNC1H1
2997:Dyneins
2721:TUBGCP6
2716:TUBGCP5
2711:TUBGCP4
2706:TUBGCP3
2701:TUBGCP2
2530:Synemin
2273:type II
2135:type II
2018:Keratin
1963:Filamin
1904:Destrin
1887:Cofilin
1848:Actinin
1419:Myosins
1336:of the
1212:TSPAN34
1207:TSPAN33
1202:TSPAN32
1197:TSPAN31
1192:TSPAN30
1187:TSPAN29
1182:TSPAN28
1177:TSPAN27
1172:TSPAN26
1167:TSPAN25
1162:TSPAN24
1157:TSPAN23
1152:TSPAN22
1147:TSPAN21
1142:TSPAN20
1137:TSPAN19
1132:TSPAN18
1127:TSPAN17
1122:TSPAN16
1117:TSPAN15
1112:TSPAN14
1107:TSPAN13
1102:TSPAN12
1097:TSPAN11
1092:TSPAN10
820:enzymes
810:: cell
808:Protein
716:6762771
665:2174563
625:9570773
586:7641880
493:9697120
449:6772193
260:Alpha:
235:at the
212:neurons
138:ankyrin
98:caspase
90:calpain
55:protein
3461:SPTBN5
3456:SPTBN4
3451:SPTBN2
3446:SPTBN1
3436:SPTAN1
3271:Tektin
3164:DYNLT3
3159:DYNLT1
3144:DYNLL2
3139:DYNLL1
3086:DNALI1
3071:DNAH17
3066:DNAH14
3061:DNAH13
3056:DNAH12
3051:DNAH11
3046:DNAH10
2967:KIF26B
2962:KIF26A
2937:KIF21B
2932:KIF21A
2927:KIF20B
2922:KIF20A
2912:KIF18B
2907:KIF18A
2897:KIF16B
2882:KIF13B
2877:KIF13A
2676:TUBB4Q
2661:TUBB2C
2656:TUBB2B
2651:TUBB2A
2631:TUBA4A
2626:TUBA3E
2621:TUBA3D
2616:TUBA3C
2611:TUBA1C
2606:TUBA1B
2601:TUBA1A
2544:Type 5
2503:Nestin
2491:Type 4
2467:Desmin
2460:Type 3
2213:type I
2044:type I
1990:TRIOBP
1656:MYO18B
1651:MYO18A
1647:XVIII
1641:MYO15A
1376:Actins
1087:TSPAN9
1082:TSPAN8
1077:TSPAN7
1072:TSPAN6
1067:TSPAN5
1062:TSPAN4
1057:TSPAN3
1052:TSPAN2
1047:TSPAN1
964:Myelin
954:MS4A18
949:MS4A15
944:MS4A14
939:MS4A13
934:MS4A12
929:MS4A10
919:MS4A8B
909:MS4A6E
904:MS4A6A
894:MS4A4E
889:MS4A4A
822:, and
766:
758:
723:
713:
672:
662:
623:
584:
534:
499:
491:
456:
446:
405:
397:
288:SPTBN5
284:SPTBN4
280:SPTBN2
276:SPTBN1
270:Beta:
266:SPTAN1
142:band 3
87:enzyme
3521:Talin
3504:MACF1
3472:Other
3431:SPTA1
3296:TEKT5
3291:TEKT4
3286:TEKT3
3281:TEKT2
3276:TEKT1
3259:DCTN1
3242:Other
3096:DNAL4
3091:DNAL1
3081:DNAI2
3076:DNAI1
3041:DNAH9
3036:DNAH8
3031:DNAH7
3026:DNAH6
3021:DNAH5
3016:DNAH3
3011:DNAH2
3006:DNAH1
2987:KIFC3
2982:KIFC2
2977:KIFC1
2972:KIF27
2957:KIF25
2952:KIF24
2947:KIF23
2942:KIF22
2917:KIF19
2902:KIF17
2892:KIF15
2887:KIF14
2872:KIF12
2867:KIF11
2847:KIF5C
2842:KIF5B
2837:KIF5A
2832:KIF4B
2827:KIF4A
2822:KIF3C
2817:KIF3B
2812:KIF2C
2807:KIF2A
2802:KIF1B
2797:KIF1A
2769:MAP1B
2764:MAP1A
2731:TUBE1
2726:TUBD1
2696:TUBG2
2691:TUBG1
2686:TUBB8
2681:TUBB6
2671:TUBB4
2666:TUBB3
2646:TUBB1
2636:TUBA8
1985:Espin
1946:Other
1933:Titin
1739:Other
1728:MYLL1
1723:MYLK2
1713:MYLIP
1698:MYL6B
1631:MYO10
1621:MYO9B
1616:MYO9A
1606:MYO7B
1601:MYO7A
1581:MYO5C
1576:MYO5B
1571:MYO5A
1561:MYO3B
1556:MYO3A
1546:MYH16
1541:MYH15
1536:MYH14
1531:MYH13
1526:MYH11
1521:MYH10
1506:MYH7B
1465:MYO1H
1460:MYO1G
1455:MYO1F
1450:MYO1E
1445:MYO1D
1440:MYO1C
1435:MYO1B
1430:MYO1A
1345:Human
1253:PSEN2
1248:PSEN1
924:MS4A9
914:MS4A7
899:MS4A5
884:MS4A3
879:MS4A2
874:MS4A1
851:ARRB2
846:ARRB1
764:S2CID
497:S2CID
403:S2CID
298:GATA1
262:SPTA1
94:blebs
72:lysed
67:actin
50:is a
3605:ParM
3600:MreB
3595:FtsZ
3555:ACF7
3548:PKP2
3543:PKP1
3526:TLN1
3441:SPTB
3419:ANK3
3414:ANK2
3409:ANK1
3318:DNM3
3313:DNM2
3308:DNM1
3212:PCM1
2862:KIF9
2857:KIF7
2852:KIF6
2779:MAP4
2774:MAP2
2741:MAPs
2641:TUBB
2584:MAPs
2582:and
2523:NEFH
2518:NEFM
2513:NEFL
2472:GFAP
2120:none
1978:FLNC
1973:FLNB
1968:FLNA
1718:MYLK
1708:MYL9
1703:MYL7
1693:MYL6
1688:MYL5
1683:MYL4
1678:MYL3
1673:MYL2
1668:MYL1
1597:VII
1591:MYO6
1552:III
1516:MYH9
1511:MYH8
1501:MYH7
1496:MYH6
1491:MYH4
1486:MYH3
1481:MYH2
1476:MYH1
1358:ABPs
1356:and
1280:OTOF
1275:STRC
989:PLP1
977:PMP2
856:ARR3
756:PMID
721:PMID
670:PMID
621:PMID
582:PMID
532:PMID
489:PMID
454:PMID
395:PMID
342:2fot
272:SPTB
151:The
136:and
41:DAPI
35:and
3369:GAN
3352:APC
2759:EB3
2754:EB2
2749:EB1
2555:A/C
2238:33B
2233:33A
1637:XV
1612:IX
1587:VI
1472:II
1260:HFE
841:SAG
748:doi
711:PMC
701:doi
660:PMC
652:doi
648:149
613:doi
609:125
572:doi
568:369
524:doi
481:doi
444:PMC
434:doi
387:doi
383:316
3636::
2565:B2
2560:B1
2553::
2429:80
2424:79
2419:78
2414:77
2409:76
2404:75
2399:74
2394:73
2389:72
2384:71
2368:40
2363:39
2358:28
2353:27
2348:26
2343:25
2338:24
2333:23
2308:86
2303:85
2298:84
2293:83
2288:82
2283:81
2263:38
2258:37
2253:36
2248:35
2243:34
2228:32
2223:31
2180:6C
2175:6B
2170:6A
2150:2A
2125:21
2113:18
2099:20
2094:19
2089:17
2084:16
2079:15
2074:14
2069:13
2064:12
2059:10
1663:LC
1627:X
1567:V
1426:I
1409:G2
1404:G1
1399:C1
1389:A2
1384:A1
818:,
762:.
754:.
744:25
742:.
719:.
709:.
697:21
695:.
691:.
668:.
658:.
646:.
642:.
619:.
607:.
603:.
580:.
566:.
562:.
530:.
520:69
518:.
495:.
487:.
477:86
475:.
452:.
442:.
430:20
428:.
424:.
401:.
393:.
381:.
300:.
286:,
282:,
278:,
274:,
264:,
163:.
112:.
2275:/
2215:/
2190:8
2185:7
2165:5
2160:4
2155:3
2145:1
2137:/
2054:9
2046:/
2025:)
2020:,
2016:(
1926:2
1921:1
1897:2
1892:1
1868:4
1863:3
1858:2
1853:1
1839:4
1834:3
1829:2
1824:1
1812:3
1809:2
1806:1
1803:I
1798:2
1795:1
1792:C
1787:3
1784:2
1781:1
1778:T
1766:4
1761:3
1756:2
1751:1
1467:)
1394:B
1326:e
1319:t
1312:v
826:)
800:e
793:t
786:v
770:.
750::
727:.
703::
676:.
654::
627:.
615::
588:.
574::
538:.
526::
503:.
483::
460:.
436::
409:.
389::
318:3
181:H
177:H
43:.
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