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species can also be generalists, there is more competition between species, reducing the amount of resources for all generalists in an ecosystem. Specialist herbivores can have morphological differences as compared to generalists that allow them to be more efficient at hunting a certain prey item, or able to eat a plant that generalists would be less tolerant of.
232:
A benefit of a specialist species is that because the species has a more clearly defined niche, this reduces competition from other species. On the other hand, generalist species, by their nature, cannot realize as much resources from one niche, but instead find resources from many. Because other
217:, in which the fish constantly develops defenses against the parasite, while the parasite in turn evolves adaptations to cope with the specific defenses of its host. This tends to drive the
112:((butterflies and moths), many are specialist species. It is estimated that about half of native US bee species are pollen specialists, meaning they collect resources from specific
131:
The distinction between generalists and specialists is not limited to animals. For example, some plants require a narrow range of temperatures, soil conditions and
1325:
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58:), others less so, and some can tolerate many different environments. In other words, there is a continuum from highly specialized to broadly generalist species.
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are often specialists, but those that eat a variety of plants may be considered generalists. A well-known example of a specialist animal is the monophagous
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do not all fit neatly into either group, however. Some species are highly specialized (the most extreme case being monophagous,
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is a generalist, because it has a natural range that includes most of North and
Central America, and it is omnivorous, eating
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When environmental conditions change, generalists are able to adapt, but specialists tend to fall victim to
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Clutton-Brock, T.H. (1975). "Feeding behaviour of red colobus and black and white colobus in East Africa".
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is able to thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different
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can sometimes adapt to urban environments and other areas modified by humans, becoming examples of
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450:"Capture efficiency and trophic adaptations of a specialist and generalist predator: A comparison"
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can thrive only in a narrow range of environmental conditions or has a limited diet. Most
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of more specialized species provided conditions remain relatively stable. This involves
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much more easily. For example, if a species of fish were to go extinct, any specialist
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has a home range of 70 ha, which it requires to find patchy shoots, flowers and fruit.
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https://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/range556/appl_behave/projects/different_strokes.html
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343:"What is the role of native bees in the United States? | U.S. Geological Survey"
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166:(leaf-eaters), whose food-source is less abundant; they need a bigger area for
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could be considered a specialist species. It will die during winters at high
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Species that is able to thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions
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with other organisms. For example, a fish and its parasites are in an
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to survive while others can tolerate a broader range of conditions. A
136:
515:"Specialist versus generalist insect herbivores and plant defense"
113:
90:
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105:, insects such as butterflies, eggs, and various small animals.
1307:
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Michálek, Ondřej; Petráková, Lenka; Pekár, Stano (2017).
201:. On the other hand, a species with a highly specialized
178:, a folivore generalist, needs a home range of only 15
108:
When it comes to insects, particularly native bees and
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124:. This reliance underscores the critical role of
150:is controlled for, specialist feeders such as
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572:
8:
427:Townsend, C.; Begon, M.; Harper, J. (2003)
1540:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
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1312:
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182:. On the other hand, the more specialized
489:
1438:Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations
1077:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
170:. An example comes from the research of
1470:Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model
285:
128:in supporting ecological food chains.
1278:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
369:An Introduction to Behavioural Ecology
7:
1293:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
366:Krebs, J. R.; Davies, N. B. (1993).
93:, which subsists almost entirely on
1743:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
1496:Ecological effects of biodiversity
143:or if it receives too much water.
25:
832:Generalist and specialist species
431:(2nd edition) p.54-55 Blackwell,
1555:Occupancy–abundance relationship
317:Langellotto, Gail (2021-07-28).
243:
56:eating one specific type of food
1575:Relative abundance distribution
1288:Plant defense against herbivory
1155:Competitive exclusion principle
867:Mesopredator release hypothesis
225:as new species are formed, and
116:. For instance, the threatened
1160:Consumer–resource interactions
1:
2006:Biological data visualization
1833:Environmental niche modelling
1560:Population viability analysis
534:10.1016/j.tplants.2012.02.006
120:exclusively lays its eggs on
1491:Density-dependent inhibition
1960:Liebig's law of the minimum
1795:Resource selection function
686:Metabolic theory of ecology
294:"Insects Are a Lot Like Us"
162:than generalists like some
2147:
1860:Niche apportionment models
1580:Relative species abundance
784:Primary nutritional groups
681:List of feeding behaviours
513:Ali, Jared G. (May 2012).
274:List of feeding behaviours
2109:
2041:Ecosystem based fisheries
1653:Interspecific competition
1545:Minimum viable population
1403:Maximum sustainable yield
1388:Intraspecific competition
1383:Effective population size
1263:Anti-predator adaptations
774:Photosynthetic efficiency
259:Cosmopolitan distribution
85:are usually generalists.
2031:Ecological stoichiometry
1996:Alternative stable state
544:– via Cornell.edu.
18:Specialization (biology)
1875:Ontogenetic niche shift
1738:Ideal free distribution
1648:Ecological facilitation
1398:Malthusian growth model
1368:Consumer-resource model
1225:Paradox of the plankton
1190:Energy systems language
910:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
877:Optimal foraging theory
852:Heterotrophic nutrition
522:Trends in Plant Science
176:black-and-white colobus
2021:Ecological forecasting
1965:Marginal value theorem
1763:Landscape epidemiology
1698:Cross-boundary subsidy
1633:Biological interaction
983:Microbial intelligence
671:Green world hypothesis
211:evolutionary arms race
79:
2026:Ecological humanities
1925:Ecological energetics
1870:Niche differentiation
1733:Habitat fragmentation
1501:Ecological extinction
1448:Small population size
1200:Feed conversion ratio
1180:Ecological succession
1112:San Francisco Estuary
1026:Ecological efficiency
968:Microbial cooperation
454:Ecology and Evolution
429:Essentials of Ecology
205:is more effective at
174:, who found that the
69:
2051:Evolutionary ecology
2016:Ecological footprint
2011:Ecological economics
1935:Ecological threshold
1930:Ecological indicator
1800:Source–sink dynamics
1753:Land change modeling
1748:Insular biogeography
1600:Species distribution
1339:Modelling ecosystems
998:Microbial metabolism
837:Intraguild predation
626:Biogeochemical cycle
592:Modelling ecosystems
319:"Insect specialists"
199:also face extinction
70:Generalists such as
2101:Theoretical ecology
2076:Natural environment
1940:Ecosystem diversity
1910:Ecological collapse
1900:Bateman's principle
1855:Limiting similarity
1768:Landscape limnology
1590:Species homogeneity
1428:Population modeling
1423:Population dynamics
1240:Trophic state index
466:2017EcoEv...7.2756M
395:Folia Primatologica
372:. Wiley-Blackwell.
2112:Outline of ecology
2061:Industrial ecology
2056:Functional ecology
1920:Ecological deficit
1865:Niche construction
1828:Ecosystem engineer
1605:Species–area curve
1526:Introduced species
1341:: Other components
1273:Deimatic behaviour
1175:Ecological network
1107:North Pacific Gyre
1092:hydrothermal vents
1031:Ecological pyramid
978:Microbial food web
789:Primary production
734:Foundation species
323:Garden Ecology Lab
223:niche partitioning
184:red colobus monkey
80:
48:specialist species
32:generalist species
2118:
2117:
2001:Balance of nature
1758:Landscape ecology
1643:Community ecology
1585:Species diversity
1521:Indicator species
1516:Gradient analysis
1393:Logistic function
1301:
1300:
1258:Animal coloration
1235:Trophic mutualism
973:Microbial ecology
764:Photoheterotrophs
749:Myco-heterotrophy
661:Ecosystem ecology
646:Carrying capacity
611:Abiotic component
474:10.1002/ece3.2812
407:10.1159/000155671
269:Fitness landscape
172:Tim Clutton-Brock
118:monarch butterfly
16:(Redirected from
2138:
1818:Ecological niche
1790:selection theory
1610:Umbrella species
1595:Species richness
1531:Invasive species
1511:Flagship species
1418:Population cycle
1413:Overexploitation
1378:Ecological yield
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1210:Mesotrophic soil
1150:Climax community
1082:Marine food webs
1021:Biomagnification
822:Chemoorganotroph
676:Keystone species
636:Biotic component
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38:(for example, a
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1848:marine habitats
1823:Ecological trap
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528:(5): 293–302.
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298:Xerces Society
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251:Ecology portal
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229:is increased.
76:urban wildlife
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42:with a varied
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948:Bacteriophage
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915:Decomposition
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641:Biotic stress
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133:precipitation
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126:native plants
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19:
2081:Regime shift
2066:Macroecology
1787:
1783:
1723:Edge effects
1693:Biogeography
1638:Commensalism
1486:Biodiversity
1363:Allee effect
1102:kelp forests
1055:Example webs
920:Detritivores
831:
759:Organotrophs
739:Kinetotrophs
691:Productivity
551:
525:
521:
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457:
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428:
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368:
361:
350:. Retrieved
347:www.usgs.gov
346:
337:
326:. Retrieved
322:
312:
301:. Retrieved
297:
288:
231:
227:biodiversity
213:, a form of
188:
158:have larger
152:insectivores
145:
130:
107:
97:leaves. The
81:
47:
31:
29:
1718:Disturbance
1621:interaction
1443:Recruitment
1373:Depensation
1165:Copiotrophs
1036:Energy flow
958:Lithotrophy
902:Decomposers
882:Planktivore
857:Insectivore
847:Heterotroph
812:Bacterivore
779:Phototrophs
729:Chemotrophs
701:Restoration
651:Competition
215:coevolution
160:home ranges
148:body weight
110:lepidoptera
62:Description
40:heterotroph
2086:Sexecology
1663:Parasitism
1628:Antibiosis
1463:Resistance
1458:Resilience
1348:Population
1268:Camouflage
1220:Oligotroph
1135:Ascendency
1097:intertidal
1087:cold seeps
1041:Food chain
842:Herbivores
817:Carnivores
744:Mixotrophs
719:Autotrophs
598:components
352:2024-06-14
328:2024-06-14
303:2024-06-14
280:References
219:speciation
191:extinction
156:frugivores
95:eucalyptus
87:Herbivores
1991:Allometry
1945:Emergence
1673:Symbiosis
1658:Mutualism
1453:Stability
1358:Abundance
1170:Dominance
1128:Processes
1117:tide pool
1013:Food webs
887:Predation
872:Omnivores
799:Consumers
754:Mycotroph
711:Producers
656:Ecosystem
621:Behaviour
482:2045-7758
207:competing
195:parasites
164:folivores
141:latitudes
83:Omnivores
52:organisms
36:resources
2125:Category
2046:Endolith
1975:Xerosere
1887:networks
1703:Ecocline
1249:Defense,
925:Detritus
827:Foraging
696:Resource
542:22425020
500:28428866
264:Endemism
237:See also
168:foraging
72:raccoons
2131:Ecology
2036:Ecopath
1843:Habitat
1713:Ecotype
1708:Ecotone
1685:ecology
1683:Spatial
1619:Species
1479:Species
1350:ecology
1335:Ecology
1283:Mimicry
1251:counter
1195:f-ratio
943:Archaea
631:Biomass
604:General
596:Trophic
588:Ecology
491:5395461
462:Bibcode
103:berries
99:raccoon
1067:Rivers
963:Marine
540:
498:
488:
480:
435:
415:805763
413:
376:
197:would
137:cactus
114:genera
1984:Other
1885:Other
1838:Guild
1810:Niche
1062:Lakes
518:(PDF)
146:When
91:koala
46:). A
1072:Soil
538:PMID
496:PMID
478:ISSN
433:ISBN
411:PMID
374:ISBN
154:and
44:diet
530:doi
486:PMC
470:doi
403:doi
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180:ha
30:A
1788:K
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458:7
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355:.
331:.
306:.
78:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
