2256:(1858–1933) reported that in his day, there was a conscious movement among schoolteachers and others encouraging people to abandon anomalous traditional pronunciations and to speak as is spelled. According to major scholars of early modern English (Dobson, Wyld et al.), in the 17th century, there was already beginning an intellectual trend in England to pronounce as is spelled. That presupposes a standard spelling system, which was only beginning to form at the time. Similarly, quite a large number of corrections slowly spread from scholars to the general public in France, starting several centuries ago.
2844:
208:
all languages. This is of course especially true for people who are only taught to read and write and who are not taught when the spelling indicates an outdated (or etymologically incorrect) pronunciation. In other words, when many people do not clearly understand where spelling came from and what it is (a tool for recording speech, not the other way around), spelling pronunciations are common.
2278:
2189:
32:
2245:
Spelling pronunciations give rise to varied opinions. Often, those who retain the old pronunciation consider the spelling pronunciation to be a mark of ignorance or insecurity. Those who use a spelling pronunciation may not be aware that it is one and consider the earlier version to be slovenly since
2354:
However, since there are many words that one reads far more often than one hears, adult native-language speakers also succumb. In such circumstances, the spelling pronunciation may well become more comprehensible than the other. That, in turn, leads to the language evolution mentioned above. What is
215:
Speakers of a language often privilege the spelling of words over common pronunciation, leading to a preference for, or prestige of, spelling pronunciation, with the written language affecting and changing the spoken language. Pronunciations can then arise that are similar to older pronunciations or
207:
A large number of easily noticeable spelling pronunciations occurs only in languages such as French and
English in which spelling tends to not indicate the current pronunciation. Because all languages have at least some words which are not spelled as pronounced, spelling pronunciations can arise in
96:
of a word according to its spelling when this differs from a longstanding standard or traditional pronunciation. Words that are spelled with letters that were never pronounced or that were not pronounced for many generations or even hundreds of years have increasingly been pronounced as written,
211:
On the other hand, spelling pronunciations are also evidence of the reciprocal effects of spoken and written language on each other. Many spellings represent older forms and corresponding older pronunciations. Some spellings, however, are not etymologically correct.
2655:
sound. The dental fricatives had become rare by the 1700s, when the standard pronunciations started to develop into their current forms, which became official in the 1800s. The /d/ sound, however, is not present in most dialects and is generally replaced by a
2346:
In some instances, a population in a formerly non-English-speaking area may retain such second language markers in the now native-English speaking population. For example, Scottish
Standard English is replete with second language marks from when
182:
and perceived as incorrect next to the traditionally accepted, and usually more widespread, pronunciation. If a spelling pronunciation persists and becomes more common, it may eventually join the existing form as a standard variant (for example
2259:
A different variety of spelling pronunciations are phonetic adaptations, pronunciations of the written form of foreign words within the frame of the phonemic system of the language that accepts them. An example of that process is
2338:
Children who read frequently often have spelling pronunciations because, if they do not consult a dictionary, they have only the spelling to indicate the pronunciation of words that are uncommon in the spoken language. Well-read
2482:
A few foreign proper names are normally pronounced according to the pronunciation of the original language (or a close approximation of it), but they retain an older spelling pronunciation when they are used as parts of
Italian
1023:, historically pronounced with two syllables but now quite often with three (some speakers use two when they mean medicaments and three when they mean medical knowledge; the pronunciation with three syllables is standard in the
2707:, initial v is often pronounced like a y () in the central and southern varieties. However, in formal speech, speakers often revert to the spelling pronunciation, which is increasingly being used in casual speech as well.
135:
If a word's spelling was standardized prior to sound changes that produced its traditional pronunciation, a spelling pronunciation may reflect an even older pronunciation. This is often the case with compound words (e.g.,
2661:
1639:, but the spelling pronunciation has become very common. The first c was originally added to the spelling for etymological reasons and was then misunderstood as not being silent.
3004:
Even a language such as
Finnish where almost all words are written as pronounced (in other words phonemically, often incorrectly called "phonetically") has exceptions, e.g.
294:
for contemporaneous citations that discuss the status of the competing pronunciations). The sporadic nature of such shifts is apparent upon examination of examples such as
789:(for a consonant that had been lost long before the word was borrowed from French) was re-introduced on etymological grounds, and the word is sometimes pronounced with
2657:
228:
with a fully pronounced n, instead of a silent n. Kiln was originally pronounced kil with the n silent, as is referenced in
Webster's Dictionary of 1828. From
3384:
2814:
is a spelling pronunciation, the spelling was settled on so as not to give preference to any particular dialect. A similar situation occurred with the word
1680:), though, technically, this is likely influenced more by the word zoo (rhyming with goo) than by its spelling because it is never pronounced zoo-logy (
2299:
290:
1936:
in the United States. The same was true of the United
Kingdom until the 19th century, when it adopted a spelling pronunciation, with an audible
2616:
borrow words from
English with their spelling preserved, the pronunciation tends to follow the rules of the receiving language. Words such as
152:), though not all—silent letters are sometimes added for etymological reasons, to reflect a word's spelling in its language of origin (e.g.
3327:
3297:
3008:(phonemic spelling would be: sydämmen, ruuan, ongko, koneppaja, ostap paljon, osta 'enemmän), and many words borrowed from other languages.
3049:"English Words as Spoken and Written, for Upper Grades: Designed to Teach the Powers of Letters and the Construction and Use of Syllables"
2628:
2952:
3370:
2325:
2232:
75:
2199:
42:
392:, due to the letter l being reintroduced, despite being neither written nor pronounced in the original Anglo-French pronunciation.
266:
is still preferred by 73% of
British speakers and 78% of American speakers. Older dictionaries do not list the pronunciation with
2724:
2586:
2544:
2536:
3178:
3210:
2499:) is pronounced . The use of such old-fashioned spelling pronunciations was probably encouraged by the custom of translating
2303:
2640:
3021:
Michael Stubbs, Language and
Literacy: the Sociolinguistics of Reading and Writing. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul
2288:
2214:
57:
3164:
See "The Fight for
English" by David Crystal (p. 172, Oxford University Press) and the entry for "antarctic" in the
340:
by 85% of American speakers and 65% of British speakers. This is actually a reversion to the original pronunciation.
3439:
2762:
2652:
2471:); that particular instance of spelling pronunciation must have occurred before the 16th century, when the letters
2307:
2292:
2210:
53:
3444:
3429:
3377:
3229:"Home > Ralph Wedgwood, USC Philosophy > USC Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences"
2552:
281:
3395:
20:
2938:
216:
that can even be completely new pronunciations that are suggested by the spelling but never occurred before.
2636:
1220:
Numerous placenames with traditional pronunciations have been displaced by ones influenced by the spelling:
179:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2811:
2803:
2799:
2740:
284:
does (and the first edition notes the pronunciation with the comment that it is prevalent in the south of
2558:
1713:
351:
2246:
it slurs over a letter. Conversely, the users of some innovative pronunciations such as "Febuary" (for
232:
by James A. Bowen 1900: "The digraph ln, n silent, occurs in kiln. A fall down the kiln can kill you."
167:). Some silent letters were added on the basis of erroneous etymologies, as in the cases of the words
2778:
2550:
2542:
2534:
609:
703:(the latter being the closest approximation to the sound in Latin American Spanish); similarly, the
2897:
2704:
2578:
2253:
1380:
1298:
121:
100:
Examples of words with silent letters that have begun to be often or sometimes pronounced include
3424:
3152:
2720:
3335:
3305:
3196:
252:. This is actually a reversion to the 15th-century pronunciation, but the pronunciation without
3434:
3388:
3366:
3228:
2736:
2574:
2522:
2355:
a spelling pronunciation in one generation can become the standard pronunciation in the next.
2984:
3407:
2746:
2710:
2624:
2530:
2437:
2430:
2426:
2151:
2089:
2069:
2040:
2026:
1992:
1969:
1949:
1878:
1838:
1797:
1762:
1723:
1683:
1648:
1628:
1576:
1533:
1486:
1448:
1390:
1344:
1309:
1261:
1229:
1188:
1159:
1106:
1068:
1036:
987:
954:
913:
890:
858:
820:
792:
755:
732:
718:
704:
692:
678:
668:
639:
625:
569:
520:
497:
475:
429:
415:
401:
381:
357:
323:
269:
255:
241:
806:. The original pronunciation is reflected in, for example, the brand name "Tender Vittles".
3089:
2887:
2877:
2872:
2849:
2609:
2461:
2418:
2412:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2364:
2340:
1430:
117:
3365:(originally published 1933; current edition 1984, University of Chicago Press, Chicago;
3276:
657:
of Gaelic scripts being commonly transcribed into English as the similar-looking letter
2862:
2789:
2715:
2613:
2566:
2348:
1438:
605:
491:
3418:
3403:
3182:
3165:
2488:
2397:
1527:
1479:
1024:
487:
454:. That may suggest either analogical change or the reborrowing of the original Latin.
93:
3214:
3033:
2148:
Today, spelling pronunciation has shifted the word's pronunciation predominantly to
2867:
2446:
580:
3048:
3020:
2882:
2570:
2484:
2277:
2843:
2723:
may be read with the pronunciation of similar characters that feature the same
2384:, as being a reasonable approximation of the English. The standard then became
3361:
See the index entries under "spelling pronunciation" from Leonard Bloomfield,
2839:
2500:
1929:
161:
97:
especially since the arrival of mandatory schooling and universal literacy.
3398:, G. Khan (ed.), Encyclopedia of Hebrew Language and Linguistics, Volume 2,
3155:(Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2006)
3137:
2892:
2768:
2754:
2730:
2368:
2250:) may regard another, earlier version as a pedantic spelling pronunciation.
1222:
651:
2969:
2452:
1755:.) A similar case might be the pronunciation outside the United States of
3255:
2924:
2601:, pronounced and . Also in Spanish, the acute accent in the French word
2598:
2433:
2402:
1303:
3376:
Most of the etymologies and spelling histories above are taken from the
2985:"Definition for waistcoat - Oxford Dictionaries Online (World English)"
2857:
2620:
are pronounced as spelled, instead of the more phonetically faithful .
2582:
2396:, deemed closer to the English original. The standard pronunciation in
1442:
1384:
574:
285:
2139:
2120:
2114:
3399:
2828:
but many younger and second-language learners pronounce it as spelt:
2758:
2562:
2410:"shampoo; product for washing the hair" at the time of borrowing was
600:: the letter thorn. (On the other hand, the beginning of the pronoun
350:("Whenas in silks my Julia goes/.../The liquefaction of her clothes"—
2217:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
60:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
2651:
used in pre-1770s orthography, which originally represented a long
538:
spelling is based on the mistaken idea that the word is related to
2496:
2371:
as , rather than the contemporary , is a spelling pronunciation.
372:. This is actually a reversion to the 15th-century pronunciation.
2605:
is taken as a Spanish stress mark, and the word is pronounced .
729:
associated with that consonant cluster in German instead of the
596:
148:). It is also the case for many words with silent letters (e.g.
2378:
was first borrowed into French, the approved pronunciation was
2125:
a spelling which remains unchanged into modern French. But the
1654:
931:
2491:
retains its usual English pronunciation in most contexts, but
2271:
2182:
1498:
1454:
1420:
1411:
1174:
1051:
1002:
969:
770:
25:
3136:
Claypole, Jonty (Director); Kunzru, Hari (Presenter) (2003).
3034:"Websters Dictionary 1828 - Webster's Dictionary 1828 - Kiln"
2367:, the modern pronunciation of the 16th-century French author
1978:
1783:
1692:
1282:
1247:
1156:), now (in Anglophone countries outside the UK) is typically
1136:
500:
220:
Examples of English words with common spelling pronunciations
2166:
2104:
1171:
1118:
1112:
1074:
1045:
2160:
2098:
1955:
1911:
1902:
1896:
1887:
1850:
1841:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1777:
1771:
1747:
1741:
1729:
1704:
1698:
1672:
1666:
1492:
1417:
1368:
1365:
1350:
1324:
1267:
1250:
1209:
1203:
1177:
1127:
1095:
1089:
1057:
996:
838:
829:
672:
360:
329:
2072:
2043:
1744:
1735:
1701:
1669:
1660:
1396:
1330:
1121:
1083:
928:
922:
867:
721:
3006:
sydämen, ruoan, onko, konepaja, osta paljon, osta enemmän
2476:
2472:
2264:( in French), which is sometimes pronounced in English.
1998:
1599:
1585:
1559:
1542:
1501:
1463:
1359:
1318:
1285:
1235:
1194:
1165:
1133:
963:
934:
899:
876:
764:
695:
642:
2467:(which, in turn, is a phonetic transcription of English
2086:
was, until recent generations, predominantly pronounced
2351:
started to be subsumed by English in the 17th century.
2206:
2144:
which can be found in more recent Latin loanwords like
49:
612:
English is correctly pronounced like the beginning of
191:), or even become the dominant pronunciation (as with
2806:, depending on dialect, in the final syllable – i.e.
2631:
developed as a spelling pronunciation for the letter
2163:
2157:
2095:
2029:
2004:
1981:
1958:
1881:
1809:
1774:
1726:
1689:
1651:
1631:
1565:
1562:
1548:
1545:
1504:
1466:
1399:
1371:
1333:
1312:
1288:
1270:
1264:
1238:
1232:
1206:
1197:
1168:
993:
960:
925:
919:
902:
896:
870:
864:
835:
832:
826:
795:
773:
738:
735:
628:
378:
is pronounced by a minority of English speakers with
346:
was historically pronounced the same way as the verb
2390:
on the basis of the spelling, and later, in Europe,
2101:
2001:
1995:
1975:
1952:
1914:
1908:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1853:
1847:
1815:
1780:
1738:
1695:
1663:
1602:
1596:
1588:
1582:
1556:
1539:
1507:
1495:
1469:
1460:
1457:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1362:
1356:
1347:
1321:
1315:
1279:
1273:
1244:
1200:
1124:
1109:
1086:
1080:
1071:
1048:
1042:
1005:
999:
972:
966:
937:
879:
873:
841:
798:
767:
761:
681:
526:
478:
440:
was silent in the old pronunciation: compare French
432:
418:
404:
384:
332:
272:
258:
244:
230:
English Words as Spoken and Written for Upper Grades
3211:"Oxford Languages | the Home of Language Data"
3197:"Oxford Languages | the Home of Language Data"
3179:"Oxford Languages | the Home of Language Data"
3124:
The Origins and Development of the English Language
3076:
The Origins and Development of the English Language
2154:
2092:
2037:, as if they were native English words, instead of
1972:
1905:
1884:
1844:
1821:
1803:
1800:
1786:
1768:
1765:
1732:
1686:
1657:
1593:
1579:
1553:
1536:
1489:
1451:
1405:
1393:
1353:
1327:
1276:
1241:
1191:
1162:
1130:
1115:
1092:
1077:
1054:
1039:
990:
957:
916:
893:
861:
823:
817:is now more common than the previous pronunciation
758:
523:
503:
326:
116:. In addition, words traditionally pronounced with
320:but is now pronounced with the second syllable as
16:Pronunciation of a word influenced by its spelling
3153:Everest, Mount – Definitions from Dictionary.com
2460:("west") comes from a spelling pronunciation of
2343:learners may also have spelling pronunciations.
534:; the accepted pronunciation is controller (the
2735:is rarely used in Chinese but is often used in
1989:in the United Kingdom, is now often pronounced
579:, is often pronounced like the archaic English
132:), may be subject to a spelling pronunciation.
2503:when streets were named after foreign people:
3078:, 6th edn, Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 46.
2766:
2728:
1625:were originally pronounced without the first
594:to substitute for the archaic printer's mark
8:
2533:, the ch in some German words is pronounced
1867:, is now usually pronounced with an audible
1862:
590:, based on the misleading use of the symbol
441:
2815:
2793:
2577:is or . Other spelling pronunciations are
2306:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2023:are sometimes pronounced as beginning with
1861:because of the pronunciation of the French
1759:as rhyming with deck a tomb and pronounced
1151:
2798:is traditionally pronounced with either a
2112:in Britain, descended from Middle English
1712:). (It has been posited that dropping the
3142:(TV Documentary). London: BBC Television.
3126:, 6th edn, Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 142.
2326:Learn how and when to remove this message
2233:Learn how and when to remove this message
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
3016:
3014:
2647:(forest) is a pronunciation spelling of
1932:, is generally pronounced with a silent
3385:L'influence de l'écriture sur la langue
3113:, 3rd ed., Harlow, UK: Longman, p. 297.
3065:, 3rd edn, Harlow, UK: Longman, p. 560.
2920:
2918:
2914:
1645:, which is often pronounced zoo-ology (
291:Dictionary of American Regional English
2401:
2118:and originally loaned from Old French
2635:, though it originally represented a
2417:
2411:
2391:
2385:
2379:
1429:
472:, etc. are now often pronounced with
398:is now nearly always pronounced with
7:
2739:place names (where it is pronounced
2668:"water spring" may be pronounced as
2304:adding citations to reliable sources
550:"count, compute," but it comes from
2974:in the American Heritage Dictionary
2929:in the American Heritage Dictionary
980:(reflecting its link with the verb
511:pronunciation continues to prevail.
288:and often used in singing; see the
3090:"OED note on history of "clothes""
910:, is now nearly always pronounced
412:, and only 3% of speakers have no
354:), but many speakers now insert a
178:Spelling pronunciations are often
14:
3328:"Yleiskielen ts:n murrevastineet"
2943:in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary
1477:. The mountain named after him –
3298:"Yleiskielen d:n murrevastineet"
3243:A History of the French Language
3111:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
3063:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
2842:
2765:) in analogy with the character
2713:has a similar phenomenon called
2456:, pronounced . The Italian word
2276:
2187:
2150:
2088:
2068:
2039:
2025:
1991:
1968:
1948:
1877:
1837:
1796:
1761:
1722:
1682:
1647:
1627:
1575:
1532:
1485:
1447:
1389:
1343:
1308:
1260:
1228:
1187:
1158:
1105:
1067:
1035:
986:
953:
912:
889:
857:
819:
791:
754:
731:
717:
691:
677:
638:
624:
519:
496:
474:
446:and the older English spellings
428:
414:
400:
380:
356:
322:
280:although the 2nd edition of the
268:
254:
240:
30:
3256:"Trésor de la langue française"
2767:
2729:
2727:. For instance, the character
2063:, is pronounced as if it were
1:
3277:"DPD 1.Ş edición, 2.Ş tirada"
2444:("toilet bowl," from English
1720:antiquated the pronunciation
945:in most of the United States.
3334:(in Finnish). Archived from
3304:(in Finnish). Archived from
3092:. Phonetic-blog.blogspot.com
2820:which is usually pronounced
2777:), even though its expected
2436:are pronounced according to
984:) is now usually pronounced
3396:"Graphophonemic Assignment"
3387:, PhD dissertation, Paris:
3279:(in Spanish). Buscon.rae.es
3166:Online Etymology Dictionary
2749:, it came to be pronounced
2608:When Slavic languages like
2487:. For example, the name of
2213:the claims made and adding
620:Mackenzie, Menzies, Dalziel
56:the claims made and adding
3461:
2589:, it is pronounced ), and
1483:– is generally pronounced
951:, historically pronounced
855:, historically pronounced
180:prescriptively discouraged
18:
3378:Oxford English Dictionary
3088:John Wells (2010-07-16).
2585:pronounced in Spain (in
2015:German loanwords such as
1928:, a word with origins in
636:in place of the original
517:is often pronounced with
3047:Bowen, James A. (1915).
2987:. Oxforddictionaries.com
2664:or simply dropped (e.g.
2137:hints at its Latin root
1946:, originally pronounced
1835:, originally pronounced
1428:, instead of the French
19:Not to be confused with
2684:is often replaced with
2479:were still indistinct.
2268:Children and foreigners
586:instead of as the word
310:remains usually silent.
3217:on September 29, 2016.
3185:on September 25, 2016.
2816:
2794:
2761:that was named during
1863:
1518:Interjections such as
1152:
1033:, formerly pronounced
622:now include the sound
442:
90:spelling pronunciation
21:Pronunciation spelling
3109:Wells, J. C. (2008).
3061:Wells, J. C. (2008).
2129:was later changed to
2055:, immediately before
2051:. In German, initial
809:The pronunciation of
667:and other words from
486:in some parts of the
203:Prevalence and causes
3122:Algeo, John (2010).
3074:Algeo, John (2010).
2810:. The pronunciation
2561:is pronounced , and
2493:Viale Edoardo Jenner
2450:), pronounced , and
2300:improve this section
1387:, is now pronounced
652:insular flat-topped
3410:, pp. 135–145.
3338:on October 21, 2019
3308:on October 22, 2019
2958:Oxford Dictionaries
2898:Padonkaffsky jargon
2779:etymological reflex
2763:Japanese occupation
2597:as translations of
2569:is , rather than ,
2254:Henry Watson Fowler
2808:⟨ai⟩
2725:phonetic component
2639:sound. Similarly,
2523:Giorgio Washington
2495:(a main street in
2359:In other languages
2198:possibly contains
1431:[mɔ̃pəlje]
494:, the traditional
238:, pronounced with
122:omitted consonants
41:possibly contains
3440:Linguistic purism
3389:Sorbonne Nouvelle
3023:, pp. 31-32.
2773:(also pronounced
2719:where unfamiliar
2419:[ʃɑ̃pwɛ̃]
2413:[ʃɑ̃puiŋ]
2336:
2335:
2328:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2200:original research
1383:, the capital of
490:. In most of the
316:once rhymed with
160:but derived from
86:
85:
78:
43:original research
3452:
3445:Linguistic error
3430:Sociolinguistics
3383:Neuman, Yishai.
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3252:
3246:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3213:. Archived from
3207:
3201:
3200:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3181:. Archived from
3175:
3169:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3133:
3127:
3120:
3114:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
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3079:
3072:
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3059:
3053:
3052:
3044:
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3037:
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3018:
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2961:
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2846:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2772:
2771:
2757:, a district in
2747:Mandarin Chinese
2745:). When read in
2734:
2733:
2556:
2548:
2540:
2438:Italian spelling
2421:
2415:
2405:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2331:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2311:
2280:
2272:
2238:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2218:
2215:inline citations
2191:
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2183:
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1886:
1883:
1871:. Nevertheless,
1866:
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1538:
1530:), now commonly
1514:
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1295:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
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1272:
1269:
1266:
1258:now (in the US)
1257:
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1073:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1013:, by analogy to
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
979:
978:
975:
974:
971:
968:
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944:
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939:
936:
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927:
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886:
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698:
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688:
687:
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683:
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648:
645:
644:
635:
634:
631:
630:
570:definite article
533:
532:
529:
528:
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510:
509:
506:
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502:
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484:
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445:
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339:
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328:
279:
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275:
274:
265:
264:
261:
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251:
250:
247:
246:
81:
74:
70:
67:
61:
58:inline citations
34:
33:
26:
3460:
3459:
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3291:
3282:
3280:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3261:
3259:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3241:Peter Rickard,
3240:
3236:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3163:
3159:
3151:
3147:
3139:Mapping Everest
3135:
3134:
3130:
3121:
3117:
3108:
3104:
3095:
3093:
3087:
3086:
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2990:
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2983:
2982:
2978:
2968:
2964:
2951:
2947:
2937:
2933:
2923:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2888:Spelling reform
2878:Hyperforeignism
2873:Hypercorrection
2850:Language portal
2848:
2841:
2838:
2807:
2361:
2341:second language
2332:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2297:
2281:
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2239:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2204:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2153:
2149:
2091:
2087:
2071:
2067:
2042:
2038:
2028:
2024:
1994:
1990:
1971:
1967:
1951:
1947:
1880:
1876:
1840:
1836:
1799:
1795:
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1592:
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1574:
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1231:
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1108:
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1070:
1066:
1038:
1034:
989:
985:
956:
952:
915:
911:
892:
888:
860:
856:
822:
818:
794:
790:
757:
753:
734:
730:
720:
716:
694:
690:
680:
676:
641:
637:
627:
623:
522:
518:
499:
495:
477:
473:
431:
427:
417:
413:
403:
399:
383:
379:
359:
355:
325:
321:
271:
267:
257:
253:
243:
239:
222:
205:
156:, rhyming with
82:
71:
65:
62:
47:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3458:
3456:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3392:
3381:
3374:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3319:
3289:
3268:
3247:
3234:
3220:
3202:
3188:
3170:
3157:
3145:
3128:
3115:
3102:
3080:
3067:
3054:
3039:
3025:
3010:
2997:
2976:
2962:
2945:
2931:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2863:Folk etymology
2860:
2854:
2853:
2837:
2834:
2716:youbian dubian
2643:in words like
2447:water (closet)
2440:rules such as
2429:, a few early
2416:but it is now
2403:[klʏb]
2393:[klœb]
2387:[klyb]
2381:[klab]
2360:
2357:
2334:
2333:
2284:
2282:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2241:
2240:
2195:
2193:
2186:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2081:
2013:
1941:
1923:
1875:is pronounced
1873:maître d'hôtel
1830:
1640:
1611:
1516:
1445:is pronounced
1439:George Everest
1435:
1218:
1145:
1028:
1018:
946:
850:
807:
781:(rhyming with
747:
662:
617:
555:
512:
492:United Kingdom
455:
393:
373:
341:
311:
233:
221:
218:
204:
201:
118:reduced vowels
84:
83:
38:
36:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3457:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3409:
3405:
3404:South Holland
3401:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3371:81-208-1195-X
3368:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3290:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3257:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3235:
3230:
3224:
3221:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3146:
3141:
3140:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3091:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3050:
3043:
3040:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2833:
2818:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2706:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2581:pronounced ,
2580:
2576:
2573:is or , and
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2549:, instead of
2546:
2538:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2489:Edward Jenner
2486:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2420:
2414:
2409:
2406:. Similarly,
2404:
2399:
2398:Quebec French
2394:
2388:
2382:
2377:
2374:When English
2372:
2370:
2366:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2350:
2344:
2342:
2330:
2327:
2319:
2316:November 2020
2309:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2285:This section
2283:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2249:
2237:
2234:
2226:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2196:This section
2194:
2185:
2184:
2178:
2171:
2147:
2143:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2117:
2116:
2109:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2034:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2009:
1986:
1963:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1858:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1791:
1758:
1752:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1677:
1644:
1641:
1636:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1570:
1529:
1528:dental clicks
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1482:
1481:
1480:Mount Everest
1474:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1338:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1293:
1255:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1182:
1154:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1100:
1062:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1025:United States
1022:
1019:
1016:
1010:
983:
977:
950:
947:
942:
907:
884:
854:
851:
846:
816:
812:
808:
803:
788:
784:
778:
752:, pronounced
751:
748:
743:
726:
714:
711:(cherry) and
710:
706:
700:
686:
674:
670:
666:
663:
660:
656:
655:
650:, due to the
647:
633:
621:
618:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
598:
593:
589:
585:
584:
578:
577:Coffee Shoppe
576:
571:
567:
563:
559:
556:
554:"file copy").
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
531:
516:
513:
508:
493:
489:
488:United States
483:
471:
467:
463:
459:
456:
453:
449:
444:
437:
423:
409:
397:
394:
389:
377:
374:
371:
365:
353:
349:
345:
342:
337:
319:
315:
312:
309:
306:in which the
305:
301:
297:
293:
292:
287:
283:
277:
263:
249:
237:
234:
231:
227:
224:
223:
219:
217:
213:
209:
202:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
181:
176:
174:
170:
166:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
98:
95:
94:pronunciation
91:
80:
77:
69:
59:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
28:
27:
22:
3362:
3340:. Retrieved
3336:the original
3331:
3322:
3310:. Retrieved
3306:the original
3301:
3292:
3281:. Retrieved
3271:
3260:. Retrieved
3250:
3242:
3237:
3223:
3215:the original
3205:
3191:
3183:the original
3173:
3160:
3148:
3138:
3131:
3123:
3118:
3110:
3105:
3094:. Retrieved
3083:
3075:
3070:
3062:
3057:
3042:
3028:
3005:
3000:
2989:. Retrieved
2979:
2970:
2965:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2939:
2934:
2925:
2868:Heterography
2787:
2782:
2774:
2753:(such as in
2750:
2741:
2714:
2709:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2680:). Standard
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2648:
2644:
2632:
2627:, the sound
2623:In standard
2622:
2617:
2607:
2602:
2594:
2590:
2587:the Americas
2528:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2492:
2485:street names
2481:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2441:
2424:
2407:
2375:
2373:
2362:
2353:
2345:
2337:
2322:
2313:
2298:Please help
2286:
2261:
2258:
2252:
2247:
2244:
2229:
2223:January 2015
2220:
2197:
2145:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2113:
2083:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2020:
2016:
1943:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1872:
1868:
1832:
1756:
1717:
1642:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1523:
1519:
1478:
1306:), formerly
1297:
1221:
1185:rather than
1150:(from Latin
1147:
1030:
1020:
1014:
981:
948:
852:
814:
810:
786:
782:
749:
712:
708:
664:
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619:
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610:Early Modern
601:
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547:
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3332:sokl.uef.fi
3302:sokl.uef.fi
2883:Orthography
2501:given names
1794:instead of
1526:(a pair of
1226:, formerly
1031:Bartholomew
746:of Italian.
689:instead of
675:pronounced
560:(actually,
552:contre-roll
515:comptroller
368:, a voiced
3419:Categories
3342:October 5,
3312:October 5,
3283:2012-05-27
3262:2012-05-27
3258:. Cnrtl.fr
3096:2012-05-27
2991:2012-05-27
2904:References
2721:characters
2705:Vietnamese
2408:shampooing
2207:improve it
2133:where the
1930:Old French
1623:Antarctica
1613:The words
1381:Montpelier
815:waist-coat
713:bruschetta
709:maraschino
162:Late Latin
66:April 2022
50:improve it
3425:Phonetics
2909:Citations
2893:The Chaos
2792:the word
2755:Ximending
2618:marketing
2567:Rorschach
2565:is , but
2434:loanwords
2369:Montaigne
2287:does not
2211:verifying
2146:nepotism.
1714:diaeresis
1619:Antarctic
1299:Papillion
1223:St. Louis
1103:, is now
811:waistcoat
785:), whose
715:with the
707:-sourced
671:with the
665:armadillo
185:waistcoat
165:victualia
138:waistcoat
130:Worcester
106:Wednesday
54:verifying
3435:Spelling
3363:Language
2940:victuals
2836:See also
2737:Japanese
2599:folklore
2595:folclore
2575:Kirchner
2400:remains
2248:February
2179:Opinions
1757:hecatomb
1524:tut tut!
1520:tsk tsk!
1304:Nebraska
1153:Antonius
1021:medicine
783:skittles
750:victuals
673:double-L
581:pronoun
572:, as in
314:forehead
193:forehead
146:forehead
142:cupboard
126:cupboard
3391:, 2009.
3355:Sources
3245:(1989).
2954:victual
2858:Acronym
2830:/ɛiʃaɨ/
2711:Chinese
2625:Finnish
2591:folclor
2583:iceberg
2531:Spanish
2513:Giorgio
2505:Edoardo
2453:tramway
2431:English
2427:Italian
2308:removed
2293:sources
2205:Please
1718:zoölogy
1643:zoology
1443:surname
1385:Vermont
1148:Anthony
853:conduit
705:Italian
669:Spanish
575:Ye Olde
568:), the
352:Herrick
344:clothes
296:whistle
286:England
154:victual
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48:Please
3400:Leiden
3369:
2971:island
2817:eisiau
2812:/-air/
2795:cadair
2759:Taipei
2610:Polish
2563:Kuchen
2517:George
2509:Edward
2462:French
2365:French
2262:garage
2084:nephew
1615:Arctic
949:covert
606:Middle
452:fawcon
448:faucon
443:faucon
426:. The
396:falcon
376:salmon
318:horrid
304:soften
300:listen
197:falcon
173:scythe
169:island
158:little
124:(e.g.
112:, and
110:island
3408:Brill
2926:often
2826:/ɪʃa/
2822:/ɪʃɛ/
2790:Welsh
2698:mehtä
2694:mettä
2674:lähle
2670:lähre
2666:lähde
2645:metsä
2614:Czech
2603:élite
2511:, or
2497:Milan
2465:ouest
2458:ovest
2442:water
2349:Scots
2140:nepot
2121:neveu
2115:nevew
2021:stein
2017:spiel
1944:Ralph
1864:hôtel
1833:hotel
1015:overt
982:cover
470:psalm
348:close
236:often
189:often
150:often
114:knife
102:often
3394:--.
3367:ISBN
3344:2022
3314:2022
2783:tǐng
2775:dīng
2751:dīng
2678:lähe
2641:/ts/
2593:and
2579:club
2571:Mach
2559:Bach
2521:Via
2519:for
2515:for
2507:for
2475:and
2469:west
2376:club
2291:any
2289:cite
2019:and
1926:herb
1621:and
1573:and
1437:Sir
1341:now
608:and
548:tare
540:comp
466:calm
462:balm
458:alms
450:and
302:and
226:kiln
195:and
187:and
171:and
2956:in
2824:or
2804:/ɛ/
2802:or
2800:/a/
2788:In
2781:is
2742:chō
2703:In
2700:).
2688:or
2676:or
2662:/l/
2658:/r/
2653:/θ/
2637:/ð/
2629:/d/
2612:or
2541:or
2529:In
2425:In
2363:In
2302:by
2209:by
2167:juː
2105:juː
2065:sch
2059:or
1966:or
1716:in
1522:or
1441:'s
1113:ɑːr
1075:ɑːr
1065:or
1046:ɑːr
887:or
813:as
614:you
604:in
588:the
564:or
282:OED
199:).
120:or
52:by
3421::
3406::
3402:,
3373:).
3330:.
3300:.
3013:^
2917:^
2832:.
2785:.
2696:,
2690:ht
2686:tt
2682:ts
2672:,
2660:,
2649:tz
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2537:tʃ
2422:.
2131:ph
1979:ɑː
1956:eɪ
1903:oʊ
1888:eɪ
1842:oʊ
1819:oʊ
1784:uː
1745:dʒ
1730:oʊ
1702:dʒ
1693:uː
1670:dʒ
1617:,
1499:ər
1455:iː
1421:ər
1412:iː
1379:.
1296:,
1283:uː
1268:eɪ
1248:uː
1175:ən
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1052:əl
1027:).
1003:ər
997:oʊ
970:ər
929:dj
906:-/
771:əl
616:.)
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583:ye
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2769:丁
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2161:ɛ
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2123:,
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2030:s
2027:/
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2008:/
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1999:æ
1996:r
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1976:r
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1940:.
1938:h
1934:h
1922:.
1918:/
1915:l
1912:ɛ
1909:t
1906:ˈ
1900:d
1897:ə
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