140:
731:(FSH and LH) factors. The spermatogenesis process in mammals as a whole, involving cellular transformation, mitosis, and meiosis, has been well studied and documented from the 1950s to 1980s. However, during the 1990s and 2000s researchers have focused around increasing understanding of the regulation of spermatogenesis via genes, proteins, and signaling pathways, and the biochemical and molecular mechanisms involved in these processes. Most recently, the environmental effects on spermatogenesis have become a focus as
606:
239:
748:
712:
159:
31:
580:
chromosomal rearrangements lead to spermatogenic disturbance or failure; however the molecular mechanisms that cause this are not as well known. It is suggested that a passive mechanism involving asynaptic region clustering in spermatocytes is a possible cause. Asynaptic regions are associated with
738:
An important discovery in the spermatogenesis process was the identification of the seminiferous epithelial cycle in mammals—work by C.P. Leblound and Y. Clermont in 1952 that studied the spermatogonia, spermatocyte layers and spermatids in rat seminiferous tubules. Another critical discovery was
196:
which begin differentiation to type B spermatogonia, which have round nuclei and heterochromatin attached to the nuclear envelope and the center of nucleolus. Type B cells will move on to the adluminal compartment (towards the inner region of tubule) and become primary spermatocytes; this process
814:
stage, there is one at each pole moving between the spindle poles without actually having physical interactions with one another (also known as distance segregation). These unique traits allow researchers to study the force created by the spindle poles to allow the chromosomes to move, cleavage
188:, forming two types of A cells that contain an oval shaped nucleus with a nucleolus attached to the nuclear envelope; one is dark (Ad) and the other is pale (Ap). The Ad cells are spermatogonia that will stay in the basal compartment (outer region of the tubule); these cells are reserve
308:
FSH and LH in males will not increase the rate of spermatogenesis. However, with age, the rate of production will decrease, even when the amount of hormone that is secreted is constant; this is due to higher rates of degeneration of
1677:
Ferraro-Gideon J, Hoang C, Forer A (January 2014). "Meiosis-I in
Mesostoma ehrenbergii spermatocytes includes distance segregation and inter-polar movements of univalents, and vigorous oscillations of bivalents".
299:
into the testes and blood, which induce spermatogenesis and aid the formation of secondary sex characteristics. From this point on, the secretion of FSH and LH (inducing production of testosterone) will stimulate
573:
capability, spermatocytes likely play a central role in the maintenance of these lower mutation rates, and thus in the preservation of the genetic integrity of the male germ line.
1406:
Mark, Manuel; Hugues Jacobs; Mustapha Oulad-Abdelghani; Christine
Dennefeld; Betty Feret; Nadege Vernet; Carmen-Alina Codreanu; Pierre Chambon; Norbert Ghyselinck (7 July 2008).
1814:
1263:
Srivastava N, Raman MJ (2007). "Homologous recombination-mediated double-strand break repair in mouse testicular extracts and comparison with different germ cell stages".
1178:
1139:
992:
951:
561:
type of HRR is predominant, whereas in other stages of spermatogenesis the reciprocal exchange type of HRR is more frequent. During mouse spermatogenesis, the
328:
In the following table, ploidy, copy number and chromosome/chromatid counts listed are for a single cell, generally prior to DNA synthesis and division (in G
806:
stage within the formation of spermatocytes. During the pre-anaphase stage, cleavage furrows are formed in the spermatocyte cells containing four univalent
204:
and divide into two daughters cells, known as secondary spermatocytes, a process which takes 24 days to complete. Each secondary spermatocyte will form two
1782:
1500:"Surveillance of Different Recombination Defects in Mouse Spermatocytes Yields Distinct Responses despite Elimination at an Identical Developmental Stage"
739:
that of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular hormone chain, which plays a role in spermatogenesis regulation; this was studied by R. M. Sharpe in 1994.
2369:
2531:
2208:
2198:
242:
Hormones produced by the
Pituitary gland. GnRH is secreted by the hypothalamus, which induces anterior pituitary to produce FSH and LH upon puberty.
79:. There are two types of spermatocytes, primary and secondary spermatocytes. Primary and secondary spermatocytes are formed through the process of
787:-targeting drugs. Normally, primary cilia will develop from one centriole in the G0/G1 phase and are not affected by microtubule targeting drugs.
1721:
Ferraro-Gideon J, Hoang C, Forer A (September 2013). "Mesostoma ehrenbergii spermatocytes--a unique and advantageous cell for studying meiosis".
1807:
586:
1560:
922:
1034:
Boitani, Carla; Di Persio, Sara; Esposito, Valentina; Vicini, Elena (2016-03-05). "Spermatogonial cells: mouse, monkey and man comparison".
565:
frequencies of cells at the different stages, including pachytene spermatocytes, are 5 to 10-fold lower than the mutation frequencies in
1013:
1201:
834:
723:
process has been elucidated throughout the years by researchers who divided the process into multiple stages or phases, depending on
1800:
1162:
1123:
641:-mutant spermatocytes have been shown to be capable of meiosis initiation; however, they cannot complete the process. Mutations in
1113:
518:
2376:
2086:
2008:
2003:
139:
653:
260:
557:
but is most prominent in spermatocytes. In spermatocytes, HRR events occur mainly in the pachytene stage of meiosis and the
688:
1787:
2247:
2225:
2181:
268:
533:
produced as products of normal metabolism. These damages are repaired by homologous recombination pathways and utilize
2339:
1498:
Barchi, Marco; S. Mahadevaiah; M. Di
Giacomo; F. Baudat; D. de Rooij; P. Burgoyne; M. Jasin; S. Keeney (August 2005).
1408:"STRA8-deficient spermatocytes initiate, but fail to complete, meiosis and undergo premature chromosome condensation"
699:
genes of spermatocytes. These mutations involve double strand break repair impairment, which can result in arrest of
529:, an enzyme employed in meiotic recombination, as well as by un-programmed breakages in DNA, such as those caused by
2474:
2282:
2042:
1998:
1865:
545:, respectively. As a result, double strand breaks in meiotic cells, unlike mitotic cells, do not typically lead to
2469:
2444:
2429:
2344:
2322:
224:
193:
189:
1907:
2489:
2292:
2287:
2259:
2013:
1823:
550:
276:
2501:
2484:
2312:
2277:
2203:
2193:
2144:
1976:
1870:
1449:"A Mutation in Mtap2 is Associated with Arrest of Mammalian Spermatocytes before the First Meiotic Division"
971:
110:
2349:
2307:
2302:
2230:
791:
752:
2073:
1319:
177:
76:
605:
2526:
2393:
2264:
2130:
1971:
1930:
874:
413:
383:
272:
252:
162:
80:
2439:
2359:
2176:
2103:
2049:
2030:
1882:
1877:
1756:
1703:
1288:
1242:
1172:
1133:
932:
279:. The release of FSH into the testes will enhance spermatogenesis and lead to the development of
660:
mutant spermatocytes, have been shown to arrest spermatogenesis progress during the prophase of
238:
332:
if applicable). Primary spermatocytes are arrested after DNA synthesis and prior to division.
2354:
2123:
2054:
1940:
1887:
1777:
1748:
1695:
1659:
1610:
1556:
1529:
1480:
1429:
1388:
1347:
1280:
1234:
1197:
1158:
1119:
1094:
1059:
1051:
986:
918:
879:
440:
228:
1217:
Matulis S, Handel MA (August 2006). "Spermatocyte responses in vitro to induced DNA damage".
1006:
Riddle, DL; Blumenthal, T; Meyer, B.J.; et al., eds. (1997). "I, The
Biological Model".
2451:
2434:
2252:
2108:
1860:
1738:
1730:
1687:
1649:
1641:
1600:
1592:
1519:
1511:
1470:
1460:
1419:
1378:
1337:
1327:
1308:"Mutation frequency declines during spermatogenesis in young mice but increases in old mice"
1272:
1226:
1086:
1043:
768:
732:
530:
2327:
2118:
2113:
2081:
2059:
1917:
1892:
944:
859:
720:
700:
558:
554:
301:
34:
715:
Meiosis in
Grasshopper testes (primary spermatocytes in zygotene, pachytene, prophase I).
1323:
2494:
2461:
2398:
2388:
2364:
2235:
2098:
2025:
1986:
1950:
1925:
1654:
1629:
1605:
1580:
1524:
1499:
1475:
1448:
472:
366:
106:
775:
have unique properties in their spermatocyte primary cilia—they are assembled by four
747:
259:, around the age of 10 through 14. Formation is initiated upon the pulsated surges of
2520:
2424:
2188:
2171:
2166:
2161:
1840:
1549:
1515:
1383:
1366:
1342:
1307:
864:
854:
634:
280:
173:
143:
68:
38:
1760:
1707:
1292:
1246:
2456:
2381:
2269:
2037:
1955:
1902:
577:
566:
534:
482:
296:
264:
232:
158:
1047:
235:, the spermatognia stems cells may re-initiate the formation of spermatogenesis.
2215:
2153:
2020:
1981:
1897:
807:
796:
784:
682:
621:) is required for the retinoic-acid signaling pathway in humans, which leads to
553:
repair (HRR) of double-strand breaks occurs in mice during sequential stages of
345:
292:
215:
Although spermatocytes that divide mitotically and meiotically are sensitive to
185:
120:
1153:
Starr, Taggart, Evers, Starr, Cecie, Ralph, Christine, Lisa (January 1, 2012).
1007:
711:
200:
The primary spermatocytes within the adluminal compartment will continue on to
2419:
1993:
1691:
824:
776:
764:
630:
570:
444:
402:
372:
352:
310:
288:
284:
209:
205:
64:
60:
42:
30:
1332:
1055:
970:
Schöni-Affolter, Dubuis-Grieder, Strauch, Franzisk, Christine, Erik
Strauch.
629:
expression is higher in preleptotene spermatocytes (at the earliest stage of
17:
1945:
1831:
869:
728:
724:
665:
661:
642:
594:
546:
542:
455:
417:
216:
201:
128:
91:
1792:
1752:
1699:
1663:
1614:
1596:
1533:
1484:
1433:
1392:
1284:
1238:
1090:
1063:
1351:
1098:
2220:
2093:
1849:
1645:
1555:. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. pp. Chapter 1, page 1.
1465:
811:
799:
780:
562:
317:
305:
124:
1365:
Sciurano RB, Rahn MI, Rey-Valzacchi G, Coco R, Solari AJ (August 2012).
2408:
2334:
1743:
1734:
1424:
1407:
1196:(7th ed.). Australia: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. p. 751.
849:
844:
829:
803:
622:
522:
461:
387:
314:
256:
169:
147:
95:
87:
1230:
913:
Boron, Walter F., MD, Ph.D., Editor; Boulpaep, Emile L. (2012). "54".
94:, two secondary spermatocytes are formed. Secondary spermatocytes are
2242:
1276:
839:
220:
181:
151:
72:
917:(Print) (Updated second ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier.
192:
that do not usually undergo mitosis. Type Ap are actively-dividing
884:
760:
746:
710:
677:
604:
582:
526:
487:
237:
138:
127:
are formed, they are able to self-fertilize and produce up to 350
102:
46:
29:
1306:
Walter CA, Intano GW, McCarrey JR, McMahan CA, Walter RB (1998).
1118:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders. pp. Chapter 20.
695:
590:
538:
517:
Spermatocytes regularly overcome double-strand breaks and other
57:
1796:
645:
spermatocytes can result in premature chromosome condensation.
1581:"The biology of spermatogenesis: the past, present and future"
1115:
Histology and cell biology : an introduction to pathology
1630:"Unique properties of Drosophila spermatocyte primary cilia"
251:
The formation of primary spermatocytes (a process known as
115:, which exist as a male or hermaphrodite. In hermaphrodite
41:, to primary spermatocytes, to secondary spermatocytes, to
119:, sperm production occurs first and is then stored in the
1628:
Riparbelli MG, Cabrera OA, Callaini G, Megraw TL (2013).
771:; they play an important role in development of animals.
525:. These damages can arise by the programmed activity of
1077:
Y, Clermont (1966). "Renewal of spermatogonia in man".
98:(N) cells that contain half the number of chromosomes.
255:) begins in humans when a male is sexually matured at
1367:"The role of asynapsis in human spermatocyte failure"
1574:
1572:
915:
Medical physiology a cellular and molecular approach
2407:
2152:
2143:
2072:
1964:
1916:
1848:
1839:
1830:
1548:
703:at stage IV of the seminiferous epithelium cycle.
541:, which recognize double strand breaks and modify
1447:Sun, Fengyun; Mary Ann Handel (10 January 2011).
1579:Cheng, C. Yan; Dolores D. Mruk (19 April 2010).
1112:Tres, Abraham L. Kierszenbaum, Laura L. (2012).
1258:
1256:
609:Wild-type spermatocyte progression compared to
1808:
1194:Human physiology : from cells to systems
675:Recombinant-defective mutations can occur in
150:to form primary spermatocytes in Grasshopper
8:
1177:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1138:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1036:Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
991:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
815:furrow management and distance segregation.
27:Sperm precursor cell that undergoes meiosis
2149:
1845:
1836:
1815:
1801:
1793:
1742:
1653:
1604:
1523:
1474:
1464:
1423:
1382:
1341:
1331:
950:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
227:are not. Therefore, after termination of
1012:(2nd ed.). Cold Spring Harbor. NY:
617:The gene Stimulated By Retinoic Acid 8 (
334:
157:
1551:Molecular mechanisms in spermatogenesis
965:
963:
961:
896:
1219:Molecular Reproduction and Development
1170:
1131:
984:
940:
930:
184:will be initiated and start to divide
63:in animals. They derive from immature
664:. This is observed by a reduction in
7:
304:until the male dies. Increasing the
1014:Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
283:, which act as nursing cells where
1371:International Journal of Andrology
735:in men has become more prevalent.
267:, which leads to the secretion of
25:
1157:. Cengage Learning. p. 736.
197:takes about 16 days to complete.
1516:10.1128/MCB.25.16.7203-7215.2005
1384:10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01221.x
2532:Mammal male reproductive system
2209:Trabeculae of corpus spongiosum
2199:Trabeculae of corpora cavernosa
1155:Animal Structure & Function
176:located along the walls of the
1504:Molecular and Cellular Biology
654:microtubule-associated protein
261:gonadotropin-releasing hormone
75:, in a structure known as the
1:
727:(germ and Sertoli cells) and
1783:The Male Reproductive System
1312:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
1048:10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.03.002
569:. Because of their elevated
269:follicle-stimulating hormone
105:produce spermatocytes, even
2340:Internal urethral sphincter
1547:Cheng, C. Yan, ed. (2008).
1192:Sherwood, Lauralee (2010).
1079:American Journal of Anatomy
513:Damage, repair, and failure
37:as the cells progress from
2548:
2475:Posterior scrotal arteries
1723:Cell Biology International
551:Homologous recombinational
86:Primary spermatocytes are
2470:Anterior scrotal arteries
2445:Internal spermatic fascia
2430:External spermatic fascia
2389:External urethral orifice
2370:External sphincter muscle
2345:Internal urethral orifice
1692:10.1007/s00709-013-0532-9
521:in the prophase stage of
225:spermatogonial stem cells
194:spermatogonial stem cells
190:spermatogonial stem cells
2490:Posterior scrotal nerves
2293:Internal pudendal artery
1824:Male reproductive system
1333:10.1073/pnas.95.17.10015
802:with a distinctive male
287:will go to mature after
277:anterior pituitary gland
71:. They are found in the
2502:Posterior scrotal veins
2485:Anterior scrotal nerves
2313:Internal pudendal veins
1977:Tubuli seminiferi recti
1788:The Reproductive System
1412:Journal of Cell Science
531:oxidative free radicals
358:Process entered by cell
1597:10.1098/rstb.2010.0024
1585:Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B
1091:10.1002/aja.1001180211
756:
716:
614:
613:mutated spermatocytes.
428:secondary spermatocyte
243:
165:
155:
50:
792:Mesostoma ehrenbergii
783:and are sensitive to
779:independently in the
753:Mesostoma ehrenbergii
750:
714:
608:
275:(LH) produced by the
241:
161:
142:
33:
2131:Bulbourethral glands
1972:Seminiferous tubules
1908:Blood–testis barrier
1646:10.1242/bio.20135355
1466:10.3390/genes2010021
810:. By the end of the
633:in meiosis) than in
398:primary spermatocyte
369:(types Ad, Ap and B)
178:seminiferous tubules
77:seminiferous tubules
2394:Lacunae of Morgagni
2182:Suspensory ligament
2055:Testicular arteries
1931:Spermatocytogenesis
1591:(1546): 1459–1463.
1324:1998PNAS...9510015W
1265:Cell Biochem. Funct
875:Spermatocytogenesis
414:spermatocytogenesis
384:spermatocytogenesis
273:luteinizing hormone
253:spermatocytogenesis
163:Spermatocytogenesis
81:spermatocytogenesis
2440:Cremasteric fascia
2177:Fundiform ligament
2104:Seminal colliculus
2050:Rectovesical pouch
2031:Pampiniform plexus
2009:Superior ligaments
2004:Inferior ligaments
1735:10.1002/cbin.10130
1425:10.1242/jcs.035071
943:has generic name (
757:
717:
615:
601:Specific mutations
244:
166:
156:
90:(2N) cells. After
51:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2204:Corpus spongiosum
2194:Corpora cavernosa
2139:
2138:
2109:Ejaculatory ducts
2068:
2067:
1941:Spermatidogenesis
1562:978-0-387-79990-2
1510:(16): 7203–7215.
1418:(19): 3233–3242.
1231:10.1002/mrd.20508
972:"Spermatogenesis"
924:978-1-4377-1753-2
880:Spermatidogenesis
835:Gametocytogenesis
656:, as observed in
576:It is known that
549:, or cell death.
505:
504:
441:spermatidogenesis
407:diploid (2N) / 46
377:diploid (2N) / 46
324:Cell type summary
229:radiation therapy
16:(Redirected from
2539:
2278:Arteries of bulb
2260:Tunica albuginea
2150:
2082:Seminal vesicles
2074:Accessory glands
2060:Testicular veins
1871:Tunica vasculosa
1866:Tunica albuginea
1861:Tunica vaginalis
1846:
1837:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1794:
1765:
1764:
1746:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1657:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1608:
1576:
1567:
1566:
1554:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1527:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1478:
1468:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1427:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1386:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1345:
1335:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1277:10.1002/cbf.1375
1260:
1251:
1250:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1176:
1168:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1137:
1129:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1003:
997:
996:
990:
982:
980:
978:
967:
956:
955:
948:
942:
938:
936:
928:
910:
769:eukaryotic cells
733:male infertility
501:64 days (total)
492:haploid (N) / 23
466:haploid (N) / 23
434:haploid (N) / 23
351:DNA copy number/
335:
263:(GnRH) from the
247:Role of hormones
101:In all animals,
21:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2506:
2403:
2399:Urethral glands
2377:Navicular fossa
2328:Pudendal nerves
2283:Dorsal arteries
2135:
2064:
2038:Vasa deferentia
2026:Spermatic cords
1960:
1918:Spermatogenesis
1912:
1826:
1821:
1778:Spermatogenesis
1774:
1769:
1768:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1640:(11): 1137–47.
1627:
1626:
1622:
1578:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1318:(17): 10015–9.
1305:
1304:
1300:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1169:
1165:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1130:
1126:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1005:
1004:
1000:
983:
976:
974:
969:
968:
959:
949:
939:
929:
925:
912:
911:
898:
893:
860:Spermatogenesis
821:
745:
721:spermatogenesis
709:
701:spermatogenesis
603:
597:spermatocytes.
559:gene conversion
555:spermatogenesis
515:
510:
431:male gametocyte
331:
326:
302:spermatogenesis
249:
137:
35:Spermatogenesis
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2545:
2543:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2519:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2495:Perineal nerve
2492:
2487:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2413:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2256:
2255:
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54:Spermatocytes
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36:
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19:
18:Spermatocytes
2382:Lacuna magna
2360:Intermediate
2308:Vein of bulb
2303:Dorsal veins
1994:Epididymides
1982:Retia testes
1956:Spermatozoon
1936:Spermatocyte
1935:
1898:Leydig cells
1729:(9): 892–8.
1726:
1722:
1716:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1637:
1634:Biology Open
1633:
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1459:(1): 21–35.
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1377:(4): 541–9.
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1017:. Retrieved
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694:
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669:
668:presence in
657:
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638:
626:
625:initiation.
618:
616:
610:
593:presence in
578:heterozygous
575:
516:
450:A few hours
327:
297:testosterone
265:hypothalamus
250:
233:chemotherapy
214:
199:
167:
116:
111:
100:
85:
53:
52:
39:spermatogium
2248:Superficial
2014:Stereocilia
1883:Mediastinum
1744:10315/38106
1680:Protoplasma
808:chromosomes
785:microtubule
763:are common
519:DNA damages
498:spermiation
346:Chromosomes
293:Leydig cell
186:mitotically
180:within the
135:Development
123:. Once the
121:spermatheca
2527:Germ cells
2521:Categories
891:References
825:Germ cells
797:rhabdocoel
777:centrioles
773:Drosophila
765:organelles
631:prophase I
571:DNA repair
508:Physiology
456:spermatids
445:meiosis II
403:gametocyte
373:germ cells
353:Chromatids
311:germ cells
289:meiosis II
285:spermatids
271:(FSH) and
210:meiosis II
206:spermatids
117:C. elegans
112:C. elegans
65:germ cells
61:gametocyte
43:spermatids
2466:Arteries
2435:Cremaster
2355:Prostatic
2274:Arteries
1946:Spermatid
1850:Testicles
1173:cite book
1134:cite book
1056:1096-3634
1042:: 79–88.
1019:April 13,
933:cite book
870:Spermatid
767:found in
729:extrinsic
725:intrinsic
672:mutants.
666:spermatid
662:meiosis I
643:leptotene
595:pachytene
585:, kinase
547:apoptosis
543:chromatin
418:meiosis I
410:4C / 2x46
361:Duration
217:radiation
202:meiosis I
92:meiosis I
2452:Ligament
2226:Frenulum
2221:Foreskin
2145:External
2094:Prostate
2043:Ampullae
1999:Appendix
1878:Appendix
1832:Internal
1761:13210761
1753:23686688
1708:59941923
1700:23921676
1664:24244850
1615:20403863
1587:. 1546.
1534:16055729
1485:24501684
1434:18799790
1393:21977946
1293:24830710
1285:16989005
1247:21185220
1239:16700071
1064:26957475
987:cite web
977:22 March
819:See also
812:anaphase
800:flatworm
781:G2 phase
759:Primary
563:mutation
477:24 days
423:24 days
393:16 days
355:in human
348:in human
318:prophase
306:hormones
109:such as
2481:Nerves
2416:Layers
2409:Scrotum
2335:Urethra
2319:Nerves
2124:Utricle
1888:Lobules
1857:Layers
1655:3828760
1606:2871927
1525:1190256
1476:3909985
1352:9707592
1320:Bibcode
1099:5917196
850:Meiosis
845:Mitosis
830:Gametes
804:meiosis
707:History
623:meiosis
523:meiosis
495:1C / 23
469:1C / 23
462:gametid
437:2C / 46
388:mitosis
380:2C / 46
344:Ploidy/
315:meiotic
313:during
257:puberty
170:puberty
148:mitosis
129:progeny
96:haploid
88:diploid
67:called
45:and to
2462:Septum
2365:Spongy
2299:Veins
2265:Septum
2243:Fascia
2231:Corona
1759:
1751:
1706:
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921:
840:Leydig
670:repro4
658:repro4
611:repro4
221:cancer
208:after
182:testis
152:testes
73:testis
2457:Raphe
2270:Raphe
2216:Glans
2167:Crura
2154:Penis
2119:Ducts
2114:Sinus
1965:Other
1893:Septa
1757:S2CID
1704:S2CID
1453:Genes
1343:21453
1289:S2CID
1243:S2CID
885:Sperm
795:is a
761:cilia
678:Spo11
650:Mtap2
639:STRA8
627:STRA8
619:STRA8
589:and Îł
583:BRCA1
537:and Îł
527:Spo11
488:sperm
460:male
401:male
103:males
47:sperm
2420:Skin
2253:Deep
2189:Body
2172:Bulb
2162:Root
1749:PMID
1696:PMID
1660:PMID
1611:PMID
1557:ISBN
1530:PMID
1481:PMID
1430:PMID
1389:PMID
1348:PMID
1281:PMID
1235:PMID
1198:ISBN
1179:link
1159:ISBN
1140:link
1120:ISBN
1095:PMID
1060:PMID
1052:ISSN
1021:2014
993:link
979:2014
952:link
945:help
919:ISBN
719:The
696:MSH5
693:and
684:DMC1
652:, a
591:H2AX
539:H2AX
535:RAD1
341:Type
338:Cell
219:and
125:eggs
58:male
1739:hdl
1731:doi
1688:doi
1684:251
1650:PMC
1642:doi
1601:PMC
1593:doi
1589:365
1520:PMC
1512:doi
1471:PMC
1461:doi
1420:doi
1416:121
1379:doi
1338:PMC
1328:doi
1273:doi
1227:doi
1087:doi
1083:118
1044:doi
690:ATM
587:ATR
231:or
168:At
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
