2777:
493:
2475:
136:
2487:
113:
2810:
2481:
1954:
1959:
399:
411:
The skull is long, deep and narrow, an adaptation for strong jaw muscles. The front teeth are large and dagger-like, whereas the teeth in the sides and rear of the jaw are much smaller (hence the name of the well-known genus
537:
group that includes sphenacodontids and all their descendants (including mammals), while
Sphenacodontidae in the strict sense includes only specialised pelycosaurs, and not earlier more primitive members of the family like
1081:
2903:
997:"The age of North America's youngest Paleozoic continental vertebrates: a review of data from the Middle Permian Pease River (Texas) and El Reno (Oklahoma) Groups"
2977:
456:
device. However, possession of a sail does not appear to have been essential for these animals. For example, there is the case in which one genus (
2967:
2890:
2962:
1219:
1186:
1157:
2972:
2776:
1028:"Distributions of extinction times from fossil ages and tree topologies: the example of some mid-Permian synapsid extinctions"
135:
1191:
786:
652:
567:
2486:
2474:
1140:
762:
2957:
506:
1298:
1325:
1212:
669:
28:
2830:
2678:
2480:
1953:
481:
2929:
2585:
2559:
1162:
628:
211:
2868:
492:
366:. However, given the notorious incompleteness of the fossil record, a recent study concluded that the
2877:
2643:
2611:
937:
363:
1958:
2701:
686:
498:
452:, which in life must have been covered with skin and blood vessels, and presumably functioned as a
235:
121:
2813:
2360:
2219:
2172:
1205:
1082:"A new basal sphenacodontid synapsid from the Late Carboniferous of the Saar-Nahe Basin, Germany"
977:
710:
374:. Primitive forms were generally small (60 cm to 1 meter), but during the later part of the
340:
130:
2934:
2916:
2300:
2273:
1153:
1116:
1059:
723:
329:
193:
2921:
2908:
2069:
1929:
1572:
1126:
1093:
1080:
Jörg Fröbisch; Rainer R. Schoch; Johannes Müller; Thomas
Schindler; Dieter Schweiss (2011).
1049:
1039:
1008:
969:
453:
325:
2396:
2239:
2179:
2039:
1995:
1283:
1169:
435:
256:
1165:, (1947, revised ed. 1966) Vertebrate Paleontology, University of Chicago Press, Chicago
1150:
Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie – Encyclopedia of
Paleoherpetology, Part 17A Pelycosauria
112:
2724:
2655:
2353:
2282:
2202:
2165:
2123:
2114:
1866:
1770:
1715:
1704:
1661:
1627:
1537:
1412:
1310:
1054:
1027:
827:
614:
602:
529:
516:
synapsid characters; these animals constitute an evolutionary gradation from primitive
423:
291:
2951:
2798:
2667:
2426:
2418:
2339:
2289:
2259:
2249:
2186:
2046:
2004:
1801:
1786:
1759:
1738:
1600:
1593:
1509:
1136:
383:
379:
284:
271:
70:
480:, these two regions were separated by a narrow sea-way, but it is not clear why one
2803:
2793:
2757:
2617:
2574:
2548:
2410:
2346:
2151:
2137:
2130:
2053:
2025:
1752:
1668:
1607:
1551:
1544:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1437:
1145:
534:
513:
449:
263:
228:
1192:
Deuterostoma/Chordata/Synapsida/Pelycosauria/Sphenacodontidae.htm
Sphenacodontidae
2862:
2632:
2600:
2403:
2382:
2158:
2018:
2011:
1976:
1919:
1909:
1837:
1745:
1640:
1468:
1446:
1427:
810:
458:
429:
418:– "two-measure tooth", although all members of the family have this attribute).
404:
378:
these animals grew progressively larger (up to 3 meters or more), to become the
344:
305:
242:
45:
32:
382:
of terrestrial environments. Sphenacodontid fossils are so far known only from
2747:
2737:
2690:
2517:
2504:
2438:
2368:
2316:
2100:
2032:
1879:
1794:
1779:
1689:
1682:
1654:
1579:
1565:
844:
736:
571:
555:
468:
463:
441:
414:
375:
371:
348:
298:
90:
55:
2853:
2534:
2389:
2090:
1815:
1675:
1586:
1530:
1523:
1461:
1391:
1378:
1337:
1228:
578:
574:
and all their descendants, and is defined by certain features of the skull.
521:
356:
336:
249:
180:
147:
95:
39:
1063:
1012:
1098:
398:
2847:
2375:
2229:
2144:
1899:
1889:
1822:
1808:
1731:
1724:
1479:
1454:
1258:
1252:
517:
446:
332:
167:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
1044:
445:) are distinguished by a tall sail along the back, made up of elongated
2895:
1558:
1267:
996:
981:
958:
477:
360:
322:
100:
75:
2707:
1697:
1246:
387:
157:
2824:
973:
512:
is actually paraphyletic as originally described, defined by shared
1516:
525:
491:
473:
397:
2882:
466:) lacks a sail, while a very similar and closely related genus (
2828:
2502:
1974:
1376:
1239:
1201:
421:
Several large (~3 meters) and advanced members of this group (
1197:
959:"Late Permian terrestrial vertebrates, U.S.A. and U.S.S.R."
1176:, Geological Society of America Special Papers, No 28
484:
group should evolve a sail, but the other group not.
2753:
2743:
2733:
2664:
2629:
2597:
2571:
2545:
2530:
2327:
2312:
2270:
2255:
2245:
2235:
2225:
2215:
2111:
2096:
2086:
1992:
1925:
1915:
1905:
1895:
1885:
1875:
1637:
1424:
1408:
2837:
2722:
2689:
2663:
2654:
2628:
2596:
2570:
2544:
2515:
2437:
2326:
2299:
2269:
2200:
2110:
2067:
1991:
1864:
1836:
1769:
1714:
1636:
1625:
1478:
1436:
1423:
1389:
1336:
1309:
1282:
1075:
1073:
962:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
566:is used by Laurin and Reisz 1997 to designate the
370:may have become extinct as recently as the early
1141:Autapomorphies of the main clades of synapsids
1213:
558:classifications all included under the genus
8:
2825:
2660:
2523:
2512:
2499:
2305:
2208:
2079:
2075:
1988:
1984:
1971:
1861:
1646:
1633:
1433:
1401:
1397:
1386:
1373:
1315:
1288:
1279:
1236:
1220:
1206:
1198:
321:(Greek: "wedge point tooth family") is an
111:
20:
1097:
1053:
1043:
995:Laurin, Michel; Hook, Robert W. (2022).
1026:Didier, Gilles; Laurin, Michel (2021).
949:
1133:, John Wiley & Sons Inc (2nd ed.)
1121:Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution
7:
2978:Taxa named by Othniel Charles Marsh
802:
778:
754:
729:
702:
644:
620:
595:
588:
402:Restoration of two individuals of
14:
2809:
2808:
2775:
2485:
2479:
2473:
1957:
1952:
134:
2968:Pennsylvanian first appearances
1001:BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin
1:
2963:Prehistoric synapsid families
1086:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
1152:Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil,
1131:Evolution of the Vertebrates
335:. Small to large, advanced,
787:Cryptovenator hirschbergeri
653:Palaeohatteria longicaudata
568:most recent common ancestor
16:Extinct family of synapsids
2994:
1174:Review of the Pelycosauria
957:Olson, Everett C. (1962).
763:Secodontosaurus obtusidens
2788:
2773:
2526:
2511:
2498:
2471:
2308:
2211:
2082:
2078:
1987:
1983:
1970:
1950:
1860:
1649:
1404:
1400:
1385:
1372:
1318:
1291:
1278:
1235:
1187:Synapsida: Sphenacodontia
841:
824:
807:
800:
783:
776:
759:
752:
734:
727:
707:
700:
683:
666:
649:
642:
625:
618:
600:
593:
533:is used to designate the
224:
219:
131:Scientific classification
129:
119:
110:
23:
1139:and Reisz, R. R., 1997,
570:of Sphenacodontidae and
351:". The most recent one,
2973:Guadalupian extinctions
670:Pantelosaurus saxonicus
482:geographically isolated
476:) has one. During the
359:or, more likely, early
1123:, WH Freeman & Co.
577:Sphenacodontidae in a
502:
408:
2930:Paleobiology Database
1099:10.4202/app.2010.0039
629:Haptodus garnettensis
495:
472:– fossils known from
462:– fossils known from
401:
355:, is from the latest
353:Dimetrodon angelensis
1013:10.1051/bsgf/2022007
938:Evolution of mammals
496:Life restoration of
364:San Angelo Formation
220:Genera & clades
1045:10.7717/peerj.12577
687:Ianthodon schultzei
122:Dimetrodon limbatus
1038:(e12577): e12577.
711:Cutleria wilmarthi
503:
409:
341:Late Pennsylvanian
2945:
2944:
2917:Open Tree of Life
2831:Taxon identifiers
2822:
2821:
2784:
2783:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2718:
2717:
2494:
2493:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2301:Sphenacodontoidea
2274:Palaeohatteriidae
2196:
2195:
2063:
2062:
1966:
1965:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1856:
1855:
1832:
1831:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1194:- list of species
1168:Romer, A. S. and
928:
927:
919:
918:
910:
909:
901:
900:
892:
891:
883:
882:
874:
873:
865:
864:
856:
855:
724:Sphenacodontoidea
564:Sphenacodontoidea
316:
315:
215:
194:Sphenacodontoidea
2985:
2958:Sphenacodontidae
2938:
2937:
2925:
2924:
2912:
2911:
2899:
2898:
2886:
2885:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2869:Sphenacodontidae
2858:
2857:
2856:
2839:Sphenacodontidae
2826:
2812:
2811:
2779:
2755:
2745:
2735:
2666:
2661:
2631:
2599:
2573:
2547:
2532:
2524:
2513:
2500:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2331:Sphenacodontidae
2329:
2314:
2306:
2272:
2257:
2247:
2237:
2227:
2217:
2209:
2113:
2098:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2070:Haptodontiformes
1994:
1989:
1985:
1972:
1961:
1956:
1930:Protoclepsydrops
1927:
1917:
1907:
1897:
1887:
1877:
1862:
1647:
1639:
1634:
1573:Lalieudorhynchus
1434:
1426:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1387:
1374:
1316:
1289:
1280:
1273:
1272:
1237:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1199:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1077:
1068:
1067:
1057:
1047:
1023:
1017:
1016:
992:
986:
985:
954:
803:
779:
755:
749:Sphenacodontidae
730:
703:
645:
621:
596:
589:
510:Sphenacodontidae
454:thermoregulatory
368:Sphenacodontidae
319:Sphenacodontidae
279:Sphenacodontinae
210:
207:Sphenacodontidae
205:
139:
138:
115:
105:
42:
27:Temporal range:
24:Sphenacodontidae
21:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2933:
2928:
2920:
2915:
2907:
2902:
2894:
2889:
2881:
2876:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2833:
2823:
2818:
2780:
2763:
2714:
2685:
2650:
2624:
2592:
2566:
2540:
2520:
2507:
2490:
2453:
2433:
2397:Secodontosaurus
2322:
2295:
2265:
2240:Hypselohaptodus
2205:
2192:
2180:Remigiomontanus
2106:
2072:
2059:
2040:Stereophallodon
1996:Ophiacodontidae
1979:
1962:
1936:
1852:
1828:
1765:
1710:
1630:
1613:
1474:
1419:
1394:
1381:
1352:
1332:
1305:
1299:Tetrapodomorpha
1284:Tetrapodomorpha
1274:
1242:
1241:
1231:
1226:
1183:
1113:
1111:Further reading
1108:
1107:
1079:
1078:
1071:
1025:
1024:
1020:
994:
993:
989:
974:10.2307/1005904
956:
955:
951:
946:
934:
929:
920:
911:
902:
893:
884:
875:
866:
857:
581:after Fröbisch
490:
436:Secodontosaurus
396:
394:Characteristics
330:sphenacodontoid
257:Secodontosaurus
209:
203:
133:
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
37:
36:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2991:
2989:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2950:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2926:
2913:
2900:
2887:
2874:
2859:
2843:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2751:
2741:
2730:
2728:
2725:Incertae sedis
2720:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2704:
2695:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2672:
2670:
2658:
2656:Eutheriodontia
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2637:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2614:
2605:
2603:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2579:
2577:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2553:
2551:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2527:
2521:
2516:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2423:
2415:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2357:
2354:Ctenospondylus
2350:
2343:
2335:
2333:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2286:
2283:Palaeohatteria
2278:
2276:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2253:
2243:
2233:
2223:
2212:
2206:
2203:Sphenacodontia
2201:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2166:Melanedaphodon
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2124:Bohemiclavulus
2119:
2117:
2115:Edaphosauridae
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2094:
2083:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2000:
1998:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1923:
1913:
1903:
1893:
1883:
1872:
1870:
1867:Incertae sedis
1858:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1783:
1775:
1773:
1771:Varanodontinae
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1720:
1718:
1716:Mesenosaurinae
1712:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1705:Thrausmosaurus
1701:
1694:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1662:Archaeovenator
1658:
1650:
1644:
1631:
1628:Eupelycosauria
1626:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1538:Cotylorhynchus
1534:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1484:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1442:
1440:
1431:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1413:Diadectomorpha
1405:
1395:
1390:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1342:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1326:Reptiliomorpha
1319:
1313:
1311:Reptiliomorpha
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1292:
1286:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1240:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1217:
1210:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1189:
1182:
1181:External links
1179:
1178:
1177:
1166:
1160:
1143:
1134:
1127:Colbert, E. H.
1124:
1117:Carroll, R. L.
1112:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1092:(1): 113–120.
1069:
1018:
987:
964:. New Series.
948:
947:
945:
942:
941:
940:
933:
930:
926:
925:
922:
921:
917:
916:
913:
912:
908:
907:
904:
903:
899:
898:
895:
894:
890:
889:
886:
885:
881:
880:
877:
876:
872:
871:
868:
867:
863:
862:
859:
858:
854:
853:
850:
849:
840:
837:
836:
833:
832:
828:Ctenospondylus
823:
820:
819:
816:
815:
806:
801:
799:
796:
795:
792:
791:
782:
777:
775:
772:
771:
768:
767:
758:
753:
751:
745:
744:
741:
740:
733:
728:
726:
720:
719:
716:
715:
706:
701:
699:
696:
695:
692:
691:
682:
679:
678:
675:
674:
665:
662:
661:
658:
657:
648:
643:
641:
638:
637:
634:
633:
624:
619:
617:
615:Sphenacodontia
611:
610:
607:
606:
603:Edaphosauridae
599:
594:
592:
587:
544:Palaeohatteria
530:Sphenacodontia
489:
488:Classification
486:
424:Ctenospondylus
395:
392:
345:middle Permian
314:
313:
312:
311:
310:
309:
302:
295:
292:Ctenospondylus
288:
276:
268:
260:
253:
246:
239:
232:
222:
221:
217:
216:
201:
197:
196:
191:
184:
183:
178:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
127:
126:
117:
116:
108:
107:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
43:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2990:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2815:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2799:Phthinosuchia
2797:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2778:
2760:
2759:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2709:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2680:
2679:Therocephalia
2676:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2668:Therocephalia
2662:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2595:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2476:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2428:
2427:Tetraceratops
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:Tappenosaurus
2416:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2340:Cryptovenator
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2290:Pantelosaurus
2287:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2260:Tetraceratops
2254:
2252:
2251:
2250:Kenomagnathus
2244:
2242:
2241:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2199:
2189:
2188:
2187:Xyrospondylus
2184:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2066:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2047:Stereorhachis
2044:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2005:Archaeothyris
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1960:
1955:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1802:Tambacarnifex
1799:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1787:Mycterosaurus
1784:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1760:Microvaranops
1757:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1739:Elliotsmithia
1736:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1624:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1601:Ruthenosaurus
1598:
1596:
1595:
1594:Phreatophasma
1591:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1510:Callibrachion
1507:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1414:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1158:3-89937-032-5
1155:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
991:
988:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
960:
953:
950:
943:
939:
936:
935:
931:
924:
923:
915:
914:
906:
905:
897:
896:
888:
887:
879:
878:
870:
869:
861:
860:
852:
851:
848:
847:
846:
839:
838:
835:
834:
831:
830:
829:
822:
821:
818:
817:
814:
813:
812:
805:
804:
798:
797:
794:
793:
790:
789:
788:
781:
780:
774:
773:
770:
769:
766:
765:
764:
757:
756:
750:
747:
746:
743:
742:
739:
738:
732:
731:
725:
722:
721:
718:
717:
714:
713:
712:
705:
704:
698:
697:
694:
693:
690:
689:
688:
681:
680:
677:
676:
673:
672:
671:
664:
663:
660:
659:
656:
655:
654:
647:
646:
640:
639:
636:
635:
632:
631:
630:
623:
622:
616:
613:
612:
609:
608:
605:
604:
598:
597:
591:
590:
586:
584:
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
562:). The clade
561:
557:
553:
549:
548:Pantelosaurus
545:
541:
536:
532:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
508:
501:
500:
494:
487:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
470:
465:
461:
460:
455:
451:
450:neural spines
448:
444:
443:
438:
437:
432:
431:
426:
425:
419:
417:
416:
407:
406:
400:
393:
391:
389:
385:
384:North America
381:
380:top predators
377:
376:early Permian
373:
369:
365:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
331:
327:
324:
320:
308:
307:
303:
301:
300:
296:
294:
293:
289:
287:
286:
285:Cryptovenator
282:
281:
280:
277:
274:
273:
272:Tetraceratops
269:
266:
265:
261:
259:
258:
254:
252:
251:
247:
245:
244:
240:
238:
237:
233:
231:
230:
226:
225:
223:
218:
213:
208:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
137:
132:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
109:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
41:
38:300–272
34:
30:
29:Pennsylvanian
22:
19:
2838:
2804:Theriodontia
2794:Pelycosauria
2758:Niaftasuchus
2756:
2746:
2736:
2723:
2586:Dinocephalia
2575:Dinocephalia
2560:Biarmosuchia
2549:Biarmosuchia
2533:
2478:
2425:
2417:
2411:Steppesaurus
2409:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2359:
2352:
2347:Ctenorhachis
2345:
2338:
2330:
2315:
2288:
2281:
2258:
2248:
2238:
2228:
2218:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2152:Ianthasaurus
2150:
2143:
2138:Glaucosaurus
2136:
2131:Edaphosaurus
2129:
2122:
2099:
2089:
2054:Varanosaurus
2052:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2026:Echinerpeton
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1928:
1918:
1908:
1898:
1888:
1878:
1865:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1785:
1778:
1758:
1753:Mesenosaurus
1751:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1703:
1696:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1669:Ascendonanus
1667:
1660:
1653:
1608:Trichasaurus
1606:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1557:
1552:Ennatosaurus
1550:
1545:Datheosaurus
1543:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1503:Arisierpeton
1501:
1496:Angelosaurus
1494:
1489:Alierasaurus
1487:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1445:
1438:Eothyrididae
1411:
1263:
1257:Superclass:
1173:
1170:Price, L. I.
1163:Romer, A. S.
1149:
1146:Reisz, R. R.
1130:
1120:
1089:
1085:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1004:
1000:
990:
968:(2): 1–224.
965:
961:
952:
843:
842:
826:
825:
809:
808:
785:
784:
761:
760:
748:
735:
709:
708:
685:
684:
668:
667:
651:
650:
627:
626:
601:
582:
576:
563:
559:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:monophyletic
528:
509:
504:
497:
467:
457:
440:
434:
428:
422:
420:
413:
410:
403:
367:
352:
318:
317:
304:
297:
290:
283:
278:
270:
264:Steppesaurus
262:
255:
248:
241:
234:
229:Ctenorhachis
227:
206:
187:
174:
120:
18:
2863:Wikispecies
2644:Gorgonopsia
2633:Gorgonopsia
2618:dicynodonts
2612:Anomodontia
2601:Anomodontia
2404:Sphenacodon
2383:Macromerion
2173:Ramodendron
2159:Lupeosaurus
2019:Clepsydrops
2012:Baldwinonus
1977:Metopophora
1920:Mastersonia
1910:Knoxosaurus
1838:Metopophora
1746:Heleosaurus
1641:Varanopidae
1469:Vaughnictis
1447:Asaphestera
1428:Caseasauria
811:Sphenacodon
459:Sphenacodon
430:Sphenacodon
405:Sphenacodon
349:pelycosaurs
337:carnivorous
306:Sphenacodon
243:Macromerion
33:Guadalupian
2952:Categories
2792:See also:
2748:Kamagorgon
2738:Dinosaurus
2702:Cynodontia
2691:Cynodontia
2518:Therapsida
2505:Therapsida
2448:see below↓
2439:Therapsida
2369:Dimetrodon
2317:Shashajaia
2101:Milosaurus
2033:Ophiacodon
1880:Dimacrodon
1847:see below↓
1795:Ruthiromia
1780:Aerosaurus
1690:Nitosaurus
1683:Dendromaia
1655:Apsisaurus
1580:Martensius
1566:Euromycter
1347:see below↓
1172:, (1940),
1137:Laurin, M.
1129:, (1969),
944:References
845:Dimetrodon
737:Therapsida
572:Therapsida
469:Dimetrodon
464:New Mexico
442:Dimetrodon
415:Dimetrodon
372:Capitanian
299:Dimetrodon
2706:includes
2616:includes
2535:Raranimus
2390:Neosaurus
2091:Ianthodon
1816:Varanodon
1676:Eoscansor
1587:Oromycter
1531:Caseopsis
1524:Caseoides
1462:Oedaleops
1392:Synapsida
1379:Synapsida
1338:Synapsida
1259:Tetrapoda
1245:Kingdom:
1229:Synapsida
585:., 2011:
579:cladogram
556:cladistic
522:therapsid
520:to early
514:primitive
447:vertebral
357:Kungurian
333:synapsids
250:Neosaurus
181:Synapsida
154:Kingdom:
148:Eukaryota
125:skeleton
2848:Wikidata
2814:Category
2376:Eosyodon
2361:Cutleria
2230:Haptodus
2220:Cutleria
2145:Gordodon
1900:Gorgodon
1890:Driveria
1823:Watongia
1809:Varanops
1732:Cabarzia
1725:Anningia
1480:Caseidae
1455:Eothyris
1253:Chordata
1251:Phylum:
1247:Animalia
1148:, 1986,
1119:(1988),
1064:34966586
932:See also
560:Haptodus
554:(in pre-
552:Cutleria
540:Haptodus
518:synapsid
499:Cutleria
236:Cutleria
200:Family:
168:Chordata
164:Phylum:
158:Animalia
144:Domain:
2922:4126307
2896:4819448
2883:4530660
2854:Q131809
2708:mammals
1559:Eocasea
1268:Amniota
1055:8667717
982:1005904
524:. The
478:Permian
361:Roadian
323:extinct
2909:116140
1698:Pyozia
1156:
1062:
1052:
1007:: 10.
980:
550:, and
507:family
388:Europe
326:family
214:, 1878
2935:38901
2904:IRMNG
1517:Casea
1264:Clade
1032:PeerJ
978:JSTOR
583:et al
526:clade
474:Texas
212:Marsh
188:Clade
175:Clade
2891:GBIF
2700:see
2677:see
2642:see
2610:see
2584:see
2558:see
1324:see
1297:see
1154:ISBN
1060:PMID
505:The
439:and
386:and
46:PreꞒ
2878:EoL
1094:doi
1050:PMC
1040:doi
1009:doi
1005:193
970:doi
343:to
328:of
2954::
2932::
2919::
2906::
2893::
2880::
2865::
2850::
1266::
1090:56
1088:.
1084:.
1072:^
1058:.
1048:.
1034:.
1030:.
1003:.
999:.
976:.
966:52
546:,
542:,
433:,
427:,
390:.
339:,
190::
177::
96:Pg
40:Ma
35:,
31:-
2754:†
2744:†
2734:†
2665:†
2630:†
2598:†
2572:†
2546:†
2531:†
2430:?
2422:?
2414:?
2364:?
2328:†
2313:†
2271:†
2256:†
2246:†
2236:†
2226:†
2216:†
2112:†
2097:†
2087:†
1993:†
1933:?
1926:†
1916:†
1906:†
1896:†
1886:†
1876:†
1790:?
1693:?
1643:?
1638:†
1450:?
1430:?
1425:†
1416:?
1409:†
1221:e
1214:t
1207:v
1102:.
1096::
1066:.
1042::
1036:9
1015:.
1011::
984:.
972::
347:"
275:?
267:?
204:†
101:N
91:K
86:J
81:T
76:P
71:C
66:D
61:S
56:O
51:Ꞓ
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