45:) and an autonomous submersible HAUV (hovering autonomous underwater vehicle). The cryobot is designed to descend through an ice body into a sub-surface ocean and deploy the HAUV submersible to conduct long range reconnaissance, life search, and sample collection. The HAUV submersible will return to, and auto-dock with, the cryobot at the conclusion of the mission for subsequent data uplink and sample return to the surface.
1328:
119:— to collect samples, and then resurface. SPINDLE does not use hot water jets as its predecessor VALKYRIE, but will beam its laser straight into the ice ahead. The vehicle features a radar integrated to an intelligent algorithm for autonomous scientific sampling and navigation through ice and water. This phase of the project would be viewed as a precursor to possible future missions to an icy world such as
185:
1340:
171:
27:
440:
96:(Very-Deep Autonomous Laser-Powered Kilowatt-Class Yo-Yoing Robotic Ice Explorer). This project created an autonomous cryobot capable of melting through vast amounts of ice. The 5 kW (6.7 hp) power source on the surface uses
306:
142:
SPINDLE is designed for a 1.5 to 4 km (0.93 to 2.49 mi) penetration through a terrestrial ice sheet and the HAUV has been designed for exploration up to one kilometer (0.62 mi) radius from the cryobot. The cryobot is
147:
and vertically controllable both in an ice sheet as well as following breakthrough into a subglacial water cavity or ocean. The vehicle is designed for subsequent return to the surface at a much later date or subsequent season.
115:(4.3 m or 14 ft 1 in long, 1,270 kg or 2,800 lb) with VALKYRIE-type technology to produce SPINDLE. This goal is a full-scale cryobot which can melt its way to an Antarctic subglacial lake —
1251:
771:
761:
412:
676:
846:
1101:
1288:
781:
696:
1366:
1199:
532:
333:
1189:
464:
974:
766:
751:
139:. If the system is flown to an icy moon, it would likely deposit radio receiver buoys into the ice from its rear as it makes its descent.
741:
100:
to conduct a high-energy laser beam to produce hot water jets that melt the ice ahead. Some beam energy is converted to electricity via
1303:
746:
671:
104:
to power on-board electronics and jet pumps. Phase 2 of project VALKYRIE consisted of testing a scaled-down version of the cryobot in
396:
1283:
1204:
756:
1308:
1141:
661:
1246:
1121:
861:
776:
1131:
1076:
1179:
1039:
851:
731:
721:
1313:
1298:
1214:
891:
355:
1146:
525:
429:
DESIGN OF A FORWARD LOOKING SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR FOR AN AUTONOMOUS CRYOBOT FOR SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION OF EUROPA
1224:
1055:
646:
151:
The required power plant must be very powerful, so the engineers are working on preliminary designs of a compact
1256:
1344:
485:
1151:
917:
736:
375:
111:
Stone
Aerospace is now looking at designs integrating a scaled-down version of the HAUV submersible called
1371:
711:
600:
144:
132:
341:
1376:
1332:
1271:
1096:
791:
656:
518:
428:
77:
261:
1278:
1266:
1161:
1111:
1106:
1005:
948:
937:
841:
691:
575:
565:
334:"Stone Aerospace - Smart Tools, Systems, and Vehicles for Exploring and Commercializing the Frontier"
17:
1261:
1086:
41:) is a 2-stage autonomous vehicle system consisting of a robotic ice-penetrating carrier vehicle (
1091:
472:
289:
1219:
969:
922:
886:
626:
605:
105:
101:
831:
816:
448:
314:
176:
124:
69:
57:
1126:
959:
585:
128:
89:
73:
65:
1045:
641:
580:
555:
190:
152:
131:
to explore the liquid water oceans thought to be present below their ice, assess their
1360:
701:
441:
An intelligent algorithm for autonomous scientific sampling with the VALKYRIE cryobot
431:. (PDF). Omkar Pradhan, Srikumar Sandeep, Albin J. Gasiewski,and William Stone. 2017.
120:
61:
245:
726:
681:
666:
651:
636:
595:
590:
570:
560:
541:
156:
136:
871:
501:
1022:
912:
631:
621:
116:
97:
49:
184:
999:
686:
452:
290:
Researchers Secure NASA Funding for
Robotic Search for Life Beneath Antarctica
166:
53:
1136:
993:
954:
932:
821:
210:
443:. Evan B. Clark, Nathan E. Bramall, Brent Christner, Chris Flesher, et al.
465:"Say Hello to an Extraterrestrial Ocean — and Maybe Extraterrestrial Life"
318:
1194:
1184:
1116:
907:
881:
856:
356:"Cryobots Could Drill Into Icy Moons With Remote Fiber-Optic Laser Power"
1050:
876:
292:. Alison Satake, Louisiana State University Media Center. 4 March 2016.
216:
207: – Autonomous underwater vehicle for exploring sinkholes in Mexico
198:
42:
246:
SPINDLE: A 2-Stage
Nuclear-Powered Cryobot for Ocean World Exploration
1293:
866:
836:
826:
786:
204:
309:. (PDF). W.C. STONE, B. HOGAN, V. SIEGEL, S. LELIEVRE, C. FLESHER.
26:
1209:
1081:
25:
413:
Testing the Space-Bound
Submarines That Will Explore Alien Oceans
1156:
277:
30:
Artist's impression of a cryobot deploying a robotic submersible
514:
510:
39:
Sub-glacial Polar Ice
Navigation, Descent, and Lake Exploration
48:
The SPINDLE designed is targeted at sub-glacial lakes such as
1252:
Astrobiology
Science and Technology for Exploring Planets
72:. The project is funded by NASA and is being designed at
397:
An Alien-Hunting
Submarine Is Being Tested in Antarctica
23:
Ice penetrating two-stage autonomous underwater vehicle
504:. Contract # NNX15AT32G. Effective 9/14/15 - 11/16/17.
60:
mission to either the shallow lakes of
Jupiter's moon
502:
NASA $ 2.8m Stone
Aerospace, Inc. Grant For Research
328:
326:
1237:
1170:
1069:
1031:
1015:
983:
900:
809:
800:
710:
614:
548:
772:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
762:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
76:under the supervision of Principal Investigator
697:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI)
392:
390:
388:
302:
300:
298:
56:. SPINDLE would develop the technologies for a
16:For part of a vehicle's suspension system, see
241:
239:
237:
235:
233:
526:
376:Tunneling Cryobot Robot May Explore Icy Moons
307:Progress towards an optically powered cryobot
8:
677:List of microorganisms tested in outer space
68:, or the geyser sources on both Europa and
1102:Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability
806:
533:
519:
511:
371:
369:
1289:European Astrobiology Network Association
219: – Autonomous ice penetrator vehicle
201: – Autonomous ice penetrator vehicle
782:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
1200:Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment
248:. W Stone, B Hogan, VL Siegel, et al.
229:
92:$ 4 million to fund Phase 2 of project
486:Robotic Tunneler May Explore Icy Moons
1190:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
445:International Journal of Astrobiology
262:Searching for Ice-bound Life on Earth
213: – Autonomous underwater vehicle
7:
1339:
767:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
752:Habitability of neutron star systems
742:Habitability of binary star systems
1304:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
747:Habitability of natural satellites
672:Hypothetical types of biochemistry
14:
1284:Center for Life Detection Science
1205:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher
757:Habitability of red dwarf systems
1338:
1327:
1326:
1309:Ocean Worlds Exploration Program
1142:Life Investigation For Enceladus
662:Extraterrestrial sample curation
183:
169:
1247:Astrobiology Society of Britain
1122:Explorer of Enceladus and Titan
777:Habitable zone for complex life
471:. 23 March 2012. Archived from
1367:Autonomous underwater vehicles
1132:Journey to Enceladus and Titan
155:that would be used for actual
1:
1180:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
732:Extraterrestrial liquid water
1314:Spanish Astrobiology Center
722:Circumstellar habitable zone
264:. Carolyn Collins Petersen,
1299:NASA Astrobiology Institute
313:. Issue 55, No. 65. 2014.
64:, the sub-surface ocean of
1393:
1147:Mars sample return mission
15:
1322:
1225:Terrestrial Planet Finder
647:Earliest known life forms
453:10.1017/S1473550417000313
1257:Breakthrough Initiatives
918:Mars Science Laboratory
737:Galactic habitable zone
52:and South Pole Lake in
1097:Enceladus Life Finder
1077:Breakthrough Enceladus
601:Planetary oceanography
133:potential habitability
88:In 2011, NASA awarded
31:
1272:Breakthrough Starshot
872:Lunar Micro Ecosystem
792:Superhabitable planet
657:Extraterrestrial life
380:Astrobiology Magazine
319:10.3189/2014AoG65A200
29:
1279:Carl Sagan Institute
1267:Breakthrough Message
1107:Enceladus Orbilander
842:Biosatellite program
692:Planetary protection
576:Evolutionary biology
566:Atmospheric sciences
490:Astrobiology at NASA
311:Annals of Glaciology
18:Spindle (automobile)
1262:Breakthrough Listen
447:25 September 2017.
399:. Daniel Oberhaus,
268:. 27 November 2017.
153:fission power plant
1092:Enceladus Explorer
475:on March 23, 2012.
338:stoneaerospace.com
108:, Alaska in 2015.
102:photovoltaic cells
32:
1354:
1353:
1233:
1232:
1057:Rosalind Franklin
970:Trace Gas Orbiter
627:Allan Hills 84001
606:Planetary science
417:Popular Mechanics
362:. April 19, 2012.
106:Matanuska Glacier
1384:
1342:
1341:
1330:
1329:
807:
702:Yamato meteorite
535:
528:
521:
512:
505:
499:
493:
488:. Keith Cooper,
483:
477:
476:
461:
455:
438:
432:
426:
420:
410:
404:
394:
383:
382:, June 13, 2015.
378:, Keith Cooper,
373:
364:
363:
352:
346:
345:
340:. Archived from
330:
321:
304:
293:
287:
281:
275:
269:
259:
253:
250:AGU Fall Meeting
243:
193:
188:
187:
179:
177:Astronomy portal
174:
173:
172:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1318:
1239:
1229:
1172:
1166:
1127:Icebreaker Life
1065:
1027:
1011:
985:
979:
896:
802:
796:
713:
706:
610:
586:Geomicrobiology
544:
539:
509:
508:
500:
496:
484:
480:
463:
462:
458:
439:
435:
427:
423:
419:. 24 July 2015.
415:. Jay Bennett,
411:
407:
395:
386:
374:
367:
354:
353:
349:
332:
331:
324:
305:
296:
288:
284:
278:Stone Aerospace
276:
272:
260:
256:
244:
231:
226:
189:
182:
175:
170:
168:
165:
90:Stone Aerospace
86:
74:Stone Aerospace
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1390:
1388:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1359:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1336:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1254:
1249:
1243:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1215:Northern Light
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1176:
1174:
1171:Cancelled and
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1048:
1046:Europa Clipper
1043:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1002:
997:
989:
987:
981:
980:
978:
977:
972:
967:
966:
965:
952:
945:
944:
943:
930:
929:
928:
915:
910:
904:
902:
898:
897:
895:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
813:
811:
804:
798:
797:
795:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
718:
716:
708:
707:
705:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
642:Drake equation
639:
634:
629:
624:
618:
616:
612:
611:
609:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
581:Exoplanetology
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
556:Astrochemistry
552:
550:
546:
545:
540:
538:
537:
530:
523:
515:
507:
506:
494:
492:. 7 July 2015.
478:
456:
433:
421:
405:
384:
365:
347:
344:on 2013-02-03.
322:
294:
282:
270:
254:
228:
227:
225:
222:
221:
220:
214:
208:
202:
195:
194:
191:Biology portal
180:
164:
161:
145:bi-directional
85:
82:
58:Flagship-class
22:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1389:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1372:NASA vehicles
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1347:
1346:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1236:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1112:Europa Lander
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
995:
991:
990:
988:
982:
976:
973:
971:
968:
964:
962:
958:
957:
956:
953:
951:
950:
946:
942:
940:
936:
935:
934:
931:
927:
925:
921:
920:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
905:
903:
899:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
814:
812:
808:
805:
799:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
717:
715:
709:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
667:Extremophiles
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
619:
617:
613:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
553:
551:
547:
543:
536:
531:
529:
524:
522:
517:
516:
513:
503:
498:
495:
491:
487:
482:
479:
474:
470:
466:
460:
457:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
434:
430:
425:
422:
418:
414:
409:
406:
403:. 7 May 2017.
402:
398:
393:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
361:
357:
351:
348:
343:
339:
335:
329:
327:
323:
320:
316:
312:
308:
303:
301:
299:
295:
291:
286:
283:
279:
274:
271:
267:
263:
258:
255:
251:
247:
242:
240:
238:
236:
234:
230:
223:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
192:
186:
181:
178:
167:
162:
160:
158:
154:
149:
146:
140:
138:
137:biosignatures
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
83:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
46:
44:
40:
36:
28:
19:
1377:Astrobiology
1343:
1331:
1240:and programs
1238:Institutions
1056:
1038:
1016:Heliocentric
1004:
992:
960:
947:
939:Perseverance
938:
923:
727:Earth analog
714:habitability
682:Ocean planet
652:Earth analog
637:Biosignature
596:Paleontology
591:Microbiology
571:Biochemistry
561:Astrophysics
542:Astrobiology
497:
489:
481:
473:the original
468:
459:
444:
436:
424:
416:
408:
400:
379:
359:
350:
342:the original
337:
310:
285:
273:
265:
257:
249:
157:ocean planet
150:
141:
112:
110:
93:
87:
47:
38:
34:
33:
1173:undeveloped
1023:BioSentinel
913:Fobos-Grunt
810:Earth orbit
632:Biomolecule
622:Abiogenesis
615:Main topics
549:Disciplines
401:Motherboard
117:Lake Vostok
98:optic fiber
84:Development
50:Lake Vostok
1361:Categories
1220:Red Dragon
1000:OSIRIS-REx
984:Comets and
687:Panspermia
266:Thought Co
224:References
159:missions.
78:Bill Stone
54:Antarctica
1137:Laplace-P
1040:Dragonfly
994:Hayabusa2
986:asteroids
955:Tianwen-1
933:Mars 2020
924:Curiosity
857:Eu:CROPIS
712:Planetary
211:ENDURANCE
135:and seek
125:Enceladus
70:Enceladus
1333:Category
1195:Kazachok
1185:Beagle 3
1117:ExoLance
1070:Proposed
908:Beagle 2
882:OREOcube
862:EXOSTACK
803:missions
163:See also
129:Ganymede
94:VALKYRIE
66:Ganymede
1345:Commons
1162:Trident
1152:Oceanus
1051:ExoMars
1032:Planned
1006:Rosetta
961:Zhurong
949:Phoenix
887:Tanpopo
877:O/OREOS
822:BIOCORE
280:. 2018.
252:, 2016.
217:IceMole
199:Cryobot
113:ARTEMIS
43:cryobot
35:SPINDLE
1294:MERMOZ
1087:CAESAR
975:Viking
892:VEGGIE
867:EXPOSE
847:E-MIST
837:BIOPAN
827:Biolab
787:Tholin
205:DEPTHX
121:Europa
62:Europa
1210:MELOS
1082:BRUIE
1059:rover
963:rover
941:rover
926:rover
801:Space
360:Wired
127:, or
1157:THEO
901:Mars
832:Bion
469:Time
852:ERA
817:BIO
449:doi
315:doi
1363::
467:.
387:^
368:^
358:.
336:.
325:^
297:^
232:^
123:,
80:.
534:e
527:t
520:v
451::
317::
37:(
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
