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The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated identification of viral particles in electron micrographs of patient tissue samples. A number of reports misidentified normal subcellular structures as coronaviruses due to their superficial resemblance to coronavirus morphology, and because the distinctive spikes
142:
system proposed in the 1960s, used the appearance and morphology of the "peplos" and peplomers as important characteristics for classification. More recently, the term "peplos" is considered a synonym for
490:
653:
1136:
Mao, Youdong; Wang, Liping; Gu, Christopher; Herschhorn, Alon; Xiang, Shi-Hua; Haim, Hillel; Yang, Xinzhen; Sodroski, Joseph (September 2012).
987:
Kyriakidis, Nikolaos C.; López-Cortés, Andrés; González, Eduardo Vásconez; Grimaldos, Alejandra
Barreto; Prado, Esteban Ortiz (December 2021).
904:
118:
The term "peplomer" refers to an individual spike from the viral surface; collectively the layer of material at the outer surface of the
887:
Wang, Yuhang; Grunewald, Matthew; Perlman, Stanley (2020). "Coronaviruses: An
Updated Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis".
637:
764:
690:
53:
538:
476:
176:
496:
419:
1089:"Difficulties in Differentiating Coronaviruses from Subcellular Structures in Human Tissues by Electron Microscopy"
1087:
Bullock, Hannah A.; Goldsmith, Cynthia S.; Zaki, Sherif R.; Martines, Roosecelis B.; Miller, Sara E. (April 2021).
400:
316:
237:
135:
30:
20:
139:
249:
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Spikes or peplomers are usually rod- or club-shaped projections from the viral surface. Spike proteins are
404:
364:
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195:
188:
588:
217:
462:
131:
164:
450:
265:
248:
for the cell-surface receptor is usually located at the tip of the spike. Many spike proteins are
339:
in response to infection. For this reason the spike protein has been the focus of development for
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647:
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Woo, Patrick C. Y.; Huang, Yi; Lau, Susanna K. P.; Yuen, Kwok-Yung (24 August 2010).
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42:
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Le, Tung Thanh; Cramer, Jakob P.; Chen, Robert; Mayhew, Stephen (October 2020).
896:
855:
512:
356:
324:
312:
285:
213:
126:, "a loose outer garment", "robe or cloak", or "woman mantle". Early systems of
1138:"Subunit organization of the membrane-bound HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimer"
1004:
956:
939:
989:"SARS-CoV-2 vaccines strategies: a comprehensive review of phase 3 candidates"
711:
Lwoff, André; Tournier, Paul (October 1966). "The
Classification of Viruses".
468:
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gene, collectively forming a spike protein complex that mediates viral entry.
436:
415:
344:
332:
297:
160:
61:
34:
541:[Truly beautiful: how we made the SARS-CoV-2 3D model] (in Russian).
807:
Lwoff, A.; Horne, R.; Tournier, P. (1 January 1962). "A System of
Viruses".
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has been referred to as the "peplos". The term is derived from the Greek
68:
57:
38:
253:
80:
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1054:
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229:
172:
123:
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46:
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coronaviruses), have an additional shorter surface protein known as
252:. Being exposed on the surface of the virion, spike proteins can be
782:
Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences
431:
95:
52:
25:
542:
427:
891:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 2203. pp. 1–29.
403:(also a class I fusion protein). Some instead have a single
391:
subgroups have two surface proteins described as peplomers,
940:"Evolution of the COVID-19 vaccine development landscape"
539:"Достоверно красиво: как мы сделали 3D-модель SARS-CoV-2"
537:
Solodovnikov, Alexey; Arkhipova, Valeria (29 July 2021).
343:
in response to the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the virus
319:, also known as the S protein, on their surfaces; S is a
16:
Glycoprotein spike on a viral capsid or viral envelope
780:
Lwoff, A; Horne, RW; Tournier, P (13 June 1962). "".
179:
with other viral proteins, such as those forming the
759:(4th ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press.
228:
activity as a result, or in other cases they may be
809:
Cold Spring Harbor
Symposia on Quantitative Biology
327:as the first step in viral infection. It is highly
236:has two surface proteins with these two functions,
1038:"Coronavirus Genomics and Bioinformatics Analysis"
669:"Coronaviruses: Molecular Biology (Coronaviridae)"
568:
623:
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617:
615:
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611:
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8:
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571:Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary
19:For the spike protein in coronaviruses, see
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
33:(turquoise) projecting from the surface of
652:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
632:(Fifth ed.). London, United Kingdom.
171:, and a short tail in the interior of the
1161:
1142:Nature Structural & Molecular Biology
1112:
1063:
1053:
1012:
955:
914:
863:
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422:(HIV) have surface peplomers. These are
83:that forms a large structure known as a
529:
458:
645:
264:Spikes or peplomers can be visible in
7:
725:10.1146/annurev.mi.20.100166.000401
630:Fenner and White's medical virology
682:10.1016/B978-0-12-814515-9.02550-9
91:projecting from the surface of an
14:
842:Harrison, Stephen C. (May 2015).
371:of coronaviruses are apparent by
323:and is responsible for mediating
60:of one of the trimeric spikes of
628:Burrell, Christopher J. (2016).
489:
475:
461:
212:Spikes typically have a role in
167:that anchors the protein in the
667:Deng, X.; Baker, S.C. (2021).
453:of viruses with surface spikes
159:with typically large external
1:
944:Nature Reviews Drug Discovery
713:Annual Review of Microbiology
407:protein with both functions.
1093:Emerging Infectious Diseases
821:10.1101/sqb.1962.027.001.008
497:Human immunodeficiency virus
420:human immunodeficiency virus
177:protein–protein interactions
897:10.1007/978-1-0716-0900-2_1
856:10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.043
98:. The proteins are usually
1210:
1005:10.1038/s41541-021-00292-w
957:10.1038/d41573-020-00151-8
757:The dictionary of virology
434:, both expressed from the
31:Coronavirus spike proteins
18:
375:but much less visible in
317:coronavirus spike protein
216:. They may interact with
21:Coronavirus spike protein
673:Encyclopedia of Virology
426:formed by two proteins,
250:membrane fusion proteins
37:, the virus that causes
844:"Viral membrane fusion"
755:Mahy, B. W. J. (2009).
1105:10.3201/eid2704.204337
405:hemagglutinin esterase
365:hemagglutinin esterase
331:and accounts for most
321:class I fusion protein
218:cell-surface receptors
64:
50:
175:. They may also form
114:History and etymology
56:
29:
850:. 479–480: 498–507.
451:Electron micrographs
187:, more commonly via
183:. They are usually
165:transmembrane domain
49:are shown in orange.
589:The Free Dictionary
266:electron micrograph
65:
51:
1154:10.1038/nsmb.2351
906:978-1-0716-0899-9
424:protein complexes
383:Influenza viruses
353:betacoronaviruses
341:COVID-19 vaccines
270:enveloped viruses
157:membrane proteins
41:. The protein is
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1099:(4): 1023–1031.
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1048:(8): 1804–1820.
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575:(3rd ed.).
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545:. Archived from
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518:Viral life cycle
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335:produced by the
274:orthomyxoviruses
226:hemagglutinizing
77:peplomer protein
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549:on 30 July 2021
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389:influenza virus
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359:(not including
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278:paramyxoviruses
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234:influenza virus
232:. For example,
220:located on the
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24:
17:
12:
11:
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1148:(9): 893–899.
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592:. Farlex. 2011
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357:embecoviruses
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313:Coronaviruses
308:Coronaviruses
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282:rhabdoviruses
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242:neuraminidase
239:
238:hemagglutinin
235:
231:
227:
224:and may have
223:
219:
215:
207:
205:
203:
202:glycosylation
200:
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185:glycoproteins
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100:glycoproteins
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73:spike protein
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587:
581:as cited in
570:
563:
551:. Retrieved
547:the original
532:
435:
418:such as the
416:Retroviruses
414:
411:Retroviruses
386:
377:thin section
369:
311:
302:retroviruses
298:arenaviruses
294:bunyaviruses
263:
246:binding site
211:
196:
189:
181:nucleocapsid
154:
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88:
84:
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66:
43:glycosylated
675:: 198–207.
513:Viral entry
355:, known as
325:viral entry
286:filoviruses
214:viral entry
163:, a single
161:ectodomains
788:: 4225–7.
584:"peplomer"
524:References
469:SARS-CoV-2
345:SARS-CoV-2
333:antibodies
268:images of
151:Properties
102:that form
62:SARS-CoV-2
35:SARS-CoV-2
999:(1): 28.
974:221503034
815:: 51–55.
648:cite book
361:SARS-like
329:antigenic
222:host cell
208:Functions
93:enveloped
1194:Virology
1188:Category
1172:22864288
1123:33600302
1074:21994708
1023:33619260
966:32887942
925:32833200
874:25866377
848:Virology
829:13931895
794:14467544
596:30 March
507:See also
349:subgenus
315:exhibit
272:such as
260:Examples
254:antigens
140:Tournier
89:peplomer
69:virology
58:3D print
45:and its
39:COVID-19
1163:3443289
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1065:3185738
1042:Viruses
1014:7900244
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579:. 2007.
553:30 July
444:Gallery
351:of the
230:enzymes
199:-linked
192:-linked
108:trimers
81:protein
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399:) and
397:enzyme
300:, and
244:. The
173:virion
124:peplos
120:virion
104:dimers
970:S2CID
432:gp120
387:Most
194:than
136:Horne
132:Lwoff
96:virus
85:spike
79:is a
1168:PMID
1119:PMID
1070:PMID
1019:PMID
962:PMID
921:PMID
901:ISBN
870:PMID
825:PMID
790:PMID
761:ISBN
729:PMID
687:ISBN
654:link
634:ISBN
598:2011
555:2021
430:and
428:gp41
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