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is difficult to determine exact relationships, although it is believed that the
Andaman serpent eagle is an out group from the other Spilornis species. This means that the other Spilornis species are more closely related to each other than they are to the Andaman species. However, overall, even though they exhibit some variation, it has been determined that, because they are solely found in the Old World and mostly found on islands and in similar habitats, the species within Spilornis have very little genetic variation between them. This, along with the fact that they inhabit very similar territories, may explain why all of the species within the serpent eagle genus display very similar physical characteristics.
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different islands at the same time. They are usually found inland in closed canopy evergreen forests, on hillsides and in tropical lowland areas, however they can also be found closer to the coast and on agricultural land. Additionally, this species uses mangrove marshes and creeks as nesting sites. Thus, they have some very specific habitat requirements that need to be met in order to successfully reproduce and these areas are currently being disturbed, which is threatening the species.
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and white and black bands on the underside of their wings. This species also has a hooked beak which is characteristic of a bird of prey and is used to tear apart food. Juvenile
Andaman serpent eagles are known to have lighter colouring than adults and they also have a white head. Additionally, there is no sexual dimorphism between males and females, which means that it is impossible to differentiate the two sexes by physical characteristics alone.
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consist of monitoring endemic bird species on the
Andaman islands, additionally, education initiatives are being set up and essential habitat areas have been identified. Since this species has not been researched thoroughly, more in depth studies into behaviour and population numbers may be beneficial to inform on how best to conserve the species.
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and short toes and this is believed to help them prey on snakes while avoiding poisonous bites. The
Andaman serpent eagle is known to hunt from perches, usually tree branches below the canopy. Once they spot prey from their elevated vantage point, they will swoop down to grab whatever it is they have spotted.
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As their name suggests, the
Andaman serpent eagle consumes snakes as well as other prey such as other birds, rats, frogs and other reptiles. In one study they were even observed to eat crabs and prawns that they could find on the ground. The serpent eagles are known to have thick scales on their legs
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birds because they are mostly found in Asia and Africa. In terms of taxonomy, the
Andaman serpent eagle was originally thought to be a subspecies of Spilornis cheela before it was determined to be its own species. Since there is no complete taxonomic record for all of the species within Spilornis, it
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Agriculture, logging practices and tourism are the most dangerous threat for this species currently because they all require the destruction of natural habitat. The
Andaman serpent eagles are only found on the Andaman islands and do not migrate elsewhere. This means that they are extremely dependent
301:
The serpent eagle genus has been known to perform elaborate aerial courtship routines. Aerial courtship displays are not the same for every species, however, for raptorial species, this means both birds will fly together and perform various movements and displays such as locking talons, rolling and
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includes 204 islands, majority of which are forested, that all surround three main large islands. The
Andaman serpent eagle has been found on all of the Andaman Islands, even on the islands with as little area as 0.8 km , although they prefer larger ones, and have even been known to occupy two
256:
The call of the
Andaman serpent eagle consists of three to four short chip-sounding whistles. These birds are nearly entirely dark brown, except for their bright yellow faces and legs and they have spots on the tops of their wings and on their chests. They also have thick black bands on their tails
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because it has a relatively small population in a limited habitat. Since the species is battling habitat degradation and encroachment from human movement to the larger islands, and logging, it is expected that their numbers will continue to decline over time. Conservation efforts are underway that
361:
The introduction of exotic species can be detrimental to pre-existing populations because they create competition for food and resources. Exotic species often do not have predators in their novel environment, which allows them to outcompete species that are already in the area. The introduction of
278:
In terms of population density, the
Andaman serpent eagle is common within the archipelago it is endemic to, but its population size is actually quite small with fewer than 4000 individuals that are spread amongst various subpopulations. Individuals within this species tend to have a lifespan of 8
335:
Since the Andaman islands are known for being heavily forested, they are also of interest to logging companies. This interest is further amplified by the need for more homes and agricultural fields for the increasing human presence. Habitat degradation and fragmentation is a result of these
352:
Tourism is becoming more common on the islands and increased tourism requires infrastructure to support it. This includes airports, hotels, sanitation, roads, etc. The creation of these sites requires the conversion and removal of forested areas that the Andaman serpent eagle relies on.
225:, is a medium-sized bird in the family Accipitridae, the raptor family, that is only found in India on the Andaman Islands. It is currently classified as vulnerable and is experiencing population declines. This species, unlike the
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Increasing human populations on the islands require more food and therefore, the habitat of the Andaman serpent eagle is being converted into agricultural and grazing land for crops and livestock.
623:"A phylogenetic analysis of Crested Serpent Eagle (Spilornis cheela) based on cytochrome-c oxydase subunit I (COI): a stepping stone towards genetic conservation of raptors in Indonesia"
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on the forested habitat and the loss of these habitats may lead to a decrease in reproductive and hunting success which will further harm the population.
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The Andaman serpent eagle is currently facing population decline which has been influenced by various threats to the species itself and their habitat.
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This species' main relationship with humans is described in the above section and consists mostly of competition for habitat and consumption.
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The Andaman serpent eagle has been a target of hunting and trapping activities, which directly decreases the population of the species.
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new bird species, like the common mynah, on the Andaman islands has been observed to threaten the existing, endemic species.
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contains six species of serpent eagles, majority of which are island endemics. Serpent eagles are considered
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229:, is incredibly understudied and so many things about its behaviour and ecology are still widely unknown.
785:"Distribution and abundance patterns of bird community and raptor populations in the Andaman archipelago"
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553:"Phylogeny of eagles, Old World vultures, and other Accipitridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA"
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735:"Distribution patterns and insular biogeography of South Asian raptor communities"
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Artuti, A K; Sari, M; Retnaningtyas, R W; Listyorini, D; Suhadi (2020-11-12).
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598:"Andaman Serpent Eagle - Spilornis elgini | The Eagle Directory"
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864:"Avifaunal survey of South- and Middle-Andamans, November 2009"
831:"Recent Trends in Biodiversity of Andaman and Nicobar Islands"
927:"How Do Birds "Fall in Love"? A Look at Courtship Displays"
27:
Eagle species (Spilornis elgini) from the Andaman Islands
491:
BirdLife International (BirdLife International) (2020).
493:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Spilornis elgini"
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IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
512:""Biodiversity, Island Raptors and Species Concepts""
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Ramakrishna; Raghunathan, C, Sivaperuman, C (2010).
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451:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22695323A177646176.en
385:The Andaman serpent eagle is currently considered
551:Lerner, Heather R.L.; Mindell, David P. (2005).
697:Dasgupta JM; Sipra Basu Roy, Datta BK. (2002).
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8:
887:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
847:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
718:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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903:"Snake-Eagles, Serpent-Eagles and Bateleur"
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965:History of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands
706:Rec. Zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No. 200
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960:Snake-Eagles, Serpent-Eagles and Bateleur
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955:Andaman serpent eagle images and call
862:Pande S; Sant N, Pednekar S. (2011).
835:Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata)
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557:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
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519:Raptor at Risk. WWGBP, Hancock House
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497:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
437:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
801:10.1111/j.1600-0587.1997.tb00348.x
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751:10.1046/j.1365-2699.1998.251164.x
510:White C.M; and Kiff L.F. (2000).
1553:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
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674:"Andaman Serpent-Eagle - eBird"
426:BirdLife International (2020).
648:10.1088/1755-1315/590/1/012008
407:An Adult Andaman Serpent Eagle
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1578:Near threatened biota of Asia
1563:Birds of the Andaman Islands
783:Thiollay, Jean-Marc (1997).
733:Thiollay, Jean-Marc (1998).
1152:Great Nicobar serpent eagle
1094:Southern banded snake eagle
569:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04.010
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1588:Taxa named by Edward Blyth
1101:Western banded snake eagle
219:Andaman dark-serpent eagle
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1080:Black-chested snake eagle
444:: e.T22695323A177646176.
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81:Scientific classification
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1202:Madagascar serpent eagle
1173:Philippine serpent eagle
699:"Endemic Birds of India"
261:Distribution and habitat
1583:Birds described in 1863
1573:Near threatened animals
1066:Beaudouin's snake eagle
739:Journal of Biogeography
639:2020E&ES..590a2008A
1166:Sulawesi serpent eagle
1159:Mountain serpent eagle
1073:Short-toed snake eagle
373:Relationship to humans
35:Andaman serpent eagle
1180:Andaman serpent eagle
1145:Crested serpent eagle
907:www.oiseaux-birds.com
602:eagleencyclopedia.org
341:Hunting and Trapping
283:Behaviour and ecology
227:Crested serpent eagle
217:), also known as the
209:Andaman serpent eagle
1123:Congo serpent eagle
306:Threats or survival
267:Andaman archipelago
51:Conservation status
223:dark serpent eagle
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1499:Open Tree of Life
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1214:Pithecophaga
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935:. Retrieved
933:. 2020-02-06
930:
921:
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906:
897:
883:cite journal
874:
871:Indian Birds
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843:cite journal
834:
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319:Description
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148:Accipitridae
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1408:iNaturalist
1289:Wikispecies
1192:Eutriorchis
1034:Terathopius
1006:Circaetinae
457:18 November
252:Description
1547:Categories
1525:Xeno-canto
937:2021-11-11
912:2021-11-09
877:: 104–106.
683:2021-11-11
607:2021-11-07
521:: 633–652.
413:References
387:vulnerable
274:Population
237:The genus
66:Vulnerable
1558:Spilornis
1135:Spilornis
1056:Circaetus
1001:Subfamily
809:0906-7590
789:Ecography
759:0305-0270
678:ebird.org
657:1755-1315
245:Old World
240:Spilornis
166:Species:
159:Spilornis
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
1512:Species+
1452:22695323
1426:10219253
1335:22695323
1330:BirdLife
1274:Wikidata
1044:Bateleur
837:: 1–542.
767:83845355
577:15925523
349:Tourism
332:Logging
302:diving.
297:Breeding
233:Taxonomy
144:Family:
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
1400:2480432
1387:1047577
1374:anseag1
1348:anseag1
1317:Avibase
1280:Q760455
1024:Species
708:: 1–44.
635:Bibcode
394:Gallery
316:Threat
279:years.
221:or the
200:, 1863)
154:Genus:
134:Order:
124:Class:
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1504:103133
1478:321081
1439:563061
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381:Status
1517:11069
1491:73177
1421:IRMNG
1369:eBird
1361:4Z4FN
1239:Eagle
1016:Genus
867:(PDF)
763:S2CID
702:(PDF)
515:(PDF)
198:Blyth
1473:NCBI
1447:IUCN
1434:ITIS
1413:5159
1395:GBIF
889:link
849:link
805:ISSN
755:ISSN
720:link
653:ISSN
573:PMID
533:link
459:2021
442:2020
265:The
207:The
128:Aves
1460:NBN
1382:EoL
1356:CoL
1343:BOW
1304:ADW
797:doi
747:doi
643:doi
631:590
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