859:
failed to win the majority of votes in the council. In 1986 the petition was presented for a third and final time, but was withdrawn by the executive board of
Division 32. According to Lukoff and Lu, the APA expressed concerns about the "unscientific" nature of transpersonal psychology at the time of the petition. Rowan notes that the Association had serious reservations about opening up the division. Transpersonal psychology's association with the ideas of religion was another one of the concerns that prohibited it from becoming a separate division of the APA at the time of the petition.
926:, the journal database of the American Psychological Association. That same year, Ruzek, noted that the "American Psychological Association (APA) and most academic institutions have not yet recognized transpersonal psychology as an approved area of study; transpersonal psychology is rarely mentioned in mainstream academic journals or textbooks; and relatively few American academicians identify themselves as practitioners of transpersonal psychology. Furthermore, transpersonal psychology is scarcely mentioned, if at all, in history or introductory psychology texts".
994:, viewed transpersonal psychology as "philosophically naive, poorly financed, at times almost anti-intellectual, and frequently overrated as far as its influences", while at the same time noting the field's "integrated approach to understanding the phenomenology of scientific method", "centrality of qualitative research", and its emphasised "importance of interdisciplinary communication". In a later article, Taylor regarded transpersonal psychology as a visionary American
47:
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A few commentators have suggested that there is a difference between transpersonal psychology and a broader category of transpersonal theories, sometimes called transpersonal studies. According to
Friedman this category might include several approaches to the transpersonal that lie outside mainstream
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is fading (e.g. The Oxford
Handbook of Psychology and Spirituality), there is still generally considered to be a clear distinction between the two. Much of the focus of psychology of religion is concerned with issues that would not be considered 'transcendent' within transpersonal psychology, so the
1052:
beliefs and pop psychology. However, leading authors in the field, among those
Sovatsky, Rowan, and Hartelius have criticized the nature of "New Age"-philosophy and discourse. Rowan even states that "The Transpersonal is not the New Age". Other commentators, such as Wade, note that the field remains
858:
Division 32 (Humanistic
Psychology) argued in favor of establishing transpersonal psychology as a separate division within the framework of the American Psychological Association. A petition was presented to the APA Council in 1984, but it was turned down. A new initiative was made in 1985, but it
862:
An interest group was later re-formed as the
Transpersonal Psychology Interest Group (TPIG), which continued to promote transpersonal issues in collaboration with Division 32. Ken Wilber and Michael Washburn delivered the main transpersonal models of development of this period, Wilber in 1977 and
1001:
Another contentious aspect concerns the topic of psychedelic substances. Commenting upon the controversial status of psychedelic and entheogenic substances in contemporary culture, Elmer, MacDonald & Friedman observe that these drugs have been used for therapeutic effect in the transpersonal
1005:
Ruzek, who interviewed founders of transpersonal psychology, as well as historians of
American psychology, found that the field of transpersonal psychology had made little impact on the larger field of psychology in America. Among the factors that contributed to this situation was mainstream
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regards the early field of transpersonal psychology as having been aware of the possibility that it would be rejected by the scientific community. Its method of inner empiricism, "based on disciplined introspection", was to be a target of skepticism from outsiders in the years to come.
1075:
Although the perspective of transpersonal psychology has spread to a number of interest groups across the US and Europe, its origins were in
California, and the field has always been strongly associated with institutions on the west coast of the US. Both the
1013:, who "disputed the conceptual foundations of transpersonal psychology". May also criticized the field for neglecting the personal dimension of the psyche by elevating the pursuit of the transcendental, and for neglecting the "dark side of human nature".
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were founded in the state of
California, and a number of the fields leading theorists come from this area of the US. A European counterpart to the American institution, the European Transpersonal Psychology Association (ETPA), was founded much later.
778:
Gradually, during the 1960s, the term "transpersonal" became associated with a distinct school of psychology within the humanistic psychology movement. This branch of psychology was introduced to a time where the majority of schools were teaching
938:
Transpersonal psychology has been criticized for lacking conceptual, evidentiary, and scientific rigor. In a review of criticisms of the field, Paul F Cunningham writes, "philosophers have criticized transpersonal psychology because its
792:. The Association for Transpersonal Psychology was established in 1972, the International Transpersonal Psychology Association in 1973, and the Institute of Transpersonal Psychology in 1975 . The institute was founded by
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Bravo, Gary and Grob, Charles. Psychedelics and
Transpersonal psychiatry. In Scotton, Bruce W., Chinen, Allan B. and Battista, John R., Eds. (1996) Textbook of Transpersonal Psychiatry and Psychology. New York: Basic
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and noted the dangers of the transpersonal approach. Ellis has also questioned the scientific status of transpersonal psychology, and its relationship to religion, mysticism and authoritarian belief systems.
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Although transpersonal psychology has received some support from both psychologists and non-psychologists, it remains highly controversial and has not been widely accepted by mainstream academic psychology.
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in Orinda, which included a transpersonal psychology department. The program was considered to be unique at the time, but also controversial. Commentators presented their skepticism towards the program.
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of many of its concepts has led to a conceptual confusion about the nature of transpersonal psychology itself... Biologists have criticized transpersonal psychology for its lack of attention to
1596:
Friedman, Harris (2000) Toward Developing Transpersonal Psychology as a Scientific Field. Paper presented at Old Saybrook 2 conference, May 11–14, 2000, State University of West Georgia
1343:
Fadiman, James; Judy, Dwight; Lukoff, David and Sovatsky, Stuart. 50TH Anniversary Reflections From (a few) of the Past Presidents of the Association for Transpersonal Psychology.
1302:. In Sperry, Len (Ed); Shafranske, Edward P. (Ed), (2005). Spiritually oriented psychotherapy., (pp. 177-205). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association, ix, 368 pp.
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with little historical relation to American academic psychology, except through its association with humanistic psychology and the categories of transcendence and consciousness.
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was in close dialogue with both Grof and Sutich regarding the name and orientation of the new field, later describing transpersonal psychology as a "fourth force" in psychology.
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Washburn in 1988. Ken Wilber has since distanced himself from the label "transpersonal", being in favour of the label of "integral" since the mid-1990s. In 1998 he formed the
754:
According to Powers, the term "transpersonal" starts to show up in academic journals from 1970 onwards. Humanistic and transpersonal psychology are often associated with the
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Abzug, Robert H (2021) Psyche and Soul in America : The Spiritual Odyssey of Rollo May. Oxford University Press. Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: December 2020
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Turner, Robert P.; Lukoff, David; Barnhouse, Ruth Tiffany & Lu Francis G. "Religious or spiritual problem. A culturally sensitive diagnostic category in the DSM-IV".
1279:
Aanstoos, C.; Serlin, I.; Greening, T. (2000). "History of Division 32 (Humanistic Psychology) of the American Psychological Association". In Dewsbury, D. (ed.).
1096:
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Elmer, Lori D., MacDonald, Douglas A. & Friedman, Harris L. "Transpersonal psychology, physical health, and mental health: Theory, research, and practice".
961:, a cognitive and humanistic psychologist, has questioned the results of transpersonal psychotherapy. In 1989, he worked with Raymond Yeager for the release of
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have acknowledged the field's interdisciplinary approach, at the same time noting its its epistemological and practical challenges. The field's connections to
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movement, but that it is uncommon in contemporary therapy. Bravo and Grob note that "the place of psychedelics in spiritual practice remains controversial".
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psychology's "resistance to spiritual and philosophical ideas", and the tendency of transpersonal psychologists to isolate themselves from the larger field.
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and experience. Physicists have criticized transpersonal psychology for inappropriately accommodating physic concepts as explanations of consciousness."
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Ellis, Albert; Yeager, Raymond J. (1989) Why some therapies don't work: The dangers of transpersonal psychology. Amherst, NY, US: Prometheus Books.
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science. However, according to Ferrer the field of transpersonal psychology is "situated within the wider umbrella of transpersonal studies".
1962:
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two disciplines have quite distinct focuses.Transpersonal psychology is more so spiritually focused, as it lacks a hierarchy and seeks an
1932:
Hartelius, G., Friedman, H. L., & Pappas, J. (2013). The calling to a spiritual psychology: Should transpersonal psychology convert?
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Chinen, Allan B. (1996). "The emergence of Transpersonal psychiatry". In Scotton, Bruce W.; Chinen, Allan B.; Battista, John R. (eds.).
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Proponents of transpersonal psychology were behind the proposal for a new diagnostic category to be included in the DSM-manual of the
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Steinfels, P. "Psychiatrists' Manual Shifts Stance On Religious and Spiritual Problems". New York Times, February 10, 1994.
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Hartelius, Glenn; Caplan, Mariana; Rardin, Mary Anne. "Transpersonal Psychology: Defining the Past, Divining the Future".
846:. According to transpersonal psychologists, those areas of interest were pursued to achieve mental "balance" and openness.
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Parsons, William B. Book Reviews: Revisioning Transpersonal Theory. A Participatory Vision of Human Spirituality (Book).
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Ruzek, Nicole. Transpersonal Psychology in Context: Perspectives from its founders and Historians of American Psychology.
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Lukoff D, Lu FG, Turner R. Cultural considerations in the assessment and treatment of religious and spiritual problems.
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McManis, Sam. University with a Vision. JFK's holistic studies program attracts devoted students - and strong critics.
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Ruzek, Nicole Amity. Transpersonal Psychology's Historical Relationship to Mainstream American Psychology. Cited in
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Lukoff D, Lu F, Turner R. Toward a more culturally sensitive DSM-IV. Psychoreligious and psychospiritual problems.
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studies into psychological theory, as a response to perceived limitations of mainstream psychological approaches.
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766:, California. Transpersonal psychology was heavily influenced by Western culture, and had not been regarded as a “
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In 1969, Maslow, Grof and Sutich were among the initiators behind the publication of the first issue of the
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and recognition of transpersonal psychology remains contentious in modern psychology. Early critics such as
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Smith, Elizabeth D. Addressing the Psychospiritual Distress of Death as Reality: A Transpersonal Approach.
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1833:. New York: State University of New York Press (SUNY Series in Transpersonal and Humanistic Psychology)
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part of the New Age, despite the fact that transpersonal psychologists may want no such association.
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One of the earliest criticisms of transpersonal psychology was leveled by the humanistic psychologist
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Freeman, Anthony. A Daniel Come To Judgement? Dennett and the Revisioning of Transpersonal Theory.
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Unification through Division: Histories of the divisions of the American Psychological Association
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758:, a movement in the 1960s that explored various therapies and philosophies at institutions like
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called "Psychoreligious or psychospiritual problem", which was approved by the Task Force on
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1991:
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Daniels, Michael & McNutt, Brendan. "Questioning the Role of Transpersonal Psychology".
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movement, transpersonal psychology emerged in the late 1960s, integrating spirituality and
3010:
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2915:
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2354:
1876:"Circular reasoning is not the uroboros: Rejecting perennialism as a psychological theory"
1427:, Issue 75 March 2014. The Association of Counsellors and Psychotherapists in North London
1117:
995:
847:
197:
2095:(1987). "The Deified Self: A Centaur Response to Wilber and the Transpersonal Movement".
965:, where the authors compared the results of transpersonal psychology with the effects of
2021:"A Review of Transpersonal Theory and It's Application to the Practice of Psychotherapy"
1831:
Words from the Soul : Time, East/West Spirituality, and Psychotherapeutic Narrative
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Soon, other institutions began offering curricula in transpersonal psychology including
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2020:
1996:
1980:"A Review of Transpersonal Theory and Its Application to the Practice of Psychotherapy"
1979:
1423:
Rowan, John. "The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Transpersonal Psychology" (Book Review).
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Taylor, Eugene (Spring 1999). "An Intellectual Renaissance of Humanistic Psychology".
1314:
Adams, George (2002) A Theistic Perspective on Ken Wilber's Transpersonal Psychology,
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Davis, John V. (2003). "Transpersonal psychology". In Taylor, B.; Kaplan, J. (eds.).
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Caplan, Hartelius & Rardin. Contemporary viewpoints on Transpersonal Psychology.
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Although some consider that the distinction between transpersonal psychology and the
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Miller, John J. "Book review: Textbook of Transpersonal Psychiatry and Psychology."
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that attracted extreme followers of humanistic psychology, while scholars such as
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Evans, Joan. "The Transpersonal - Psychotherapy and Counselling" (Book review).
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907:, stabilizing at approximately 3000 members in the early nineties. In 1996, the
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1941:
1033:. Other fields of study that are related to transpersonal psychology, include
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in response to an academic climate that they felt was hostile to such ideas.
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Ellis, Albert. "Dangers of Transpersonal Psychology: A Reply To Ken Wilber".
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movement and included spirituality in their new framework. In 1967 to 1968,
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1803:
Sutcliffe, Steven (2003). Category Formation and the History of 'New Age'.
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An early preoccupation of those interested in transpersonal psychology was
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2046:
2005:
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A transpersonal-integrative approach to spiritually oriented psychotherapy
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2126:"Transpersonal Psychology: Exploring the Farther Reaches of Human Nature"
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Why some therapies don't work: The dangers of transpersonal psychology
2156:
Sofia University (formerly the Institute of Transpersonal Psychology)
896:
759:
1375:"The Challenges, Prospects, and Promise of Transpersonal Psychology"
1283:. Vol. V. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
984:
that attracted the more extreme followers of humanistic psychology.
1919:
Wade, Jenny. Transcending "Transpersonal": Time to join the world.
1578:
Zdenek, Marilee. "Transformations of Consciousness" (Book review).
1777:
Friedman, Harris. Transpersonal Psychology as a Scientific Field.
1725:
1723:
1660:: The contributions of scientific counseling and psychotherapy".
2744:
1851:
The Transpersonal: Spirituality in Psychotherapy and Counselling
1535:
Fontana, David; Slack, Ingrid & Treacy, Martin, Eds. (2005)
496:
2170:
1953:
Miller, L. J., ed. (2012) . "Models of Spiritual Development".
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1254:
Taylor, Eugene. Transpersonal Psychology: Its several Virtues.
1156:
Walsh, R.; Vaughan, F. (1993). "On transpersonal definitions".
735:
Early use of the term "transpersonal" can also be credited to
2166:
1686:
Hilgard, Ernest R. Consciousness in Contemporary Psychology.
1104:, the journal of the Transpersonal Psychology Section of the
903:. Concurrently, there was an increase in membership for the
698:
Transpersonal psychology has influenced various related and
702:, including transpersonal anthropology, business studies,
2144:
1543:(Special Issue). Leicester: British Psychological Society
1230:
Judy, Dwight. "Transpersonal psychology: Coming of age."
2155:
1934:
The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of transpersonal psychology
947:
is undeveloped. Multiplicity of definitions and lack of
819:. Other proponents of transpersonal psychology included
2019:
Kasprow, Mark C.; Scotton, Bruce W. (January 1, 1999).
1978:
Kasprow, Mark C.; Scotton, Bruce W. (January 1, 1999).
641:, is an area of psychology that seeks to integrate the
714:, where the Association for Transpersonal Psychology,
1339:
1337:
1048:
Transpersonal psychology has also be associated with
823:; Elmer and Alyce Green who were affiliated with the
2152:
Organ of the International Transpersonal Association
1957:(1 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 216.
3058:
2765:
2675:
2587:
2407:
2232:
1623:. Nashua NH 03060-5086: Rivier College. p. 53.
1218:
Textbook of Transpersonal Psychiatry and Psychology
710:. The field has a strong institutional presence in
2145:The Association for Transpersonal Psychology (ATP)
2025:The Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research
1984:The Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research
1955:The Oxford Handbook of Psychology and Spirituality
1805:Culture and Religion: An Interdisciplinary Journal
1779:The International Journal of Transpersonal Studies
1537:Transpersonal Psychology: Meaning and Developments
1188:International Journal of Transpersonal Psychology
807:, the California Institute of Asian Studies (now
1773:
1771:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1294:
1292:
1290:
911:established a Transpersonal Psychology Section.
876:reported on the holistic studies program at the
2163:Organ of the European Transpersonal Association
1355:
1353:
2150:International Journal of Transpersonal Studies
1880:International Journal of Transpersonal Studies
1656:Ellis, Albert. "Fanaticism that may lead to a
1379:International Journal of Transpersonal Studies
1318:, 17:2, 165-179, DOI:10.1080/13537900220125163
1097:International Journal of Transpersonal Studies
920:International Journal of Transpersonal Studies
854:In the early 1980s, a group of members within
2182:
1841:
1839:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
615:
8:
1756:B 65/04 (2004): 2081. UMI pub. no. 3129589.2
1310:
1308:
990:, a humanistic psychologist affiliated with
1258:, Vol. 20, Nos. 2 and 3, pp. 285-300, 1992.
1184:"Brief History of Transpersonal Psychology"
2189:
2175:
2167:
649:human experiences within the framework of
622:
608:
29:
2036:
1995:
1891:
1071:Organizations, publications and locations
1021:Other transpersonal disciplines, such as
980:, regarded transpersonal psychology as a
1816:Casey retiring from Burlington College.
1078:Association for Transpersonal Psychology
905:Association for Transpersonal Psychology
809:California Institute of Integral Studies
2068:. Bristol, England: Thoemmes Continuum.
2066:The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature
1792:The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology
1675:Journal of Counseling & Development
1662:Journal of Counseling & Development
1609:, 00224189, Oct. 2003, Vol.83, Issue 4.
1567:The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology
1345:The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology
1148:
37:
1908:International Journal of Psychotherapy
1626:
1234:. Winter 94, Vol. 16 Issue 3, p99. 2p.
695:have also further fueled controversy.
1936:. Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons.
1511:Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
1489:Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
716:Institute of Transpersonal Psychology
7:
2124:Taylor, Steve (September 15, 2015).
1621:A Primer on Transpersonal Psychology
1524:Psychiatric Clinics of North America
1194:(1): 10 – via Digital Commons.
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
930:Reception, recognition and criticism
899:in 1993, after changing its name to
2075:"How to Have an Extraordinary Life"
1921:Journal of Transpersonal Psychology
1677:, Feb89, Vol. 67 Issue 6, p336, 2p;
1440:. May95, Vol. 40 Issue 3, p402-413.
1182:Grof, Stanislav (January 1, 2008).
1158:Journal of Transpersonal Psychology
1100:. Smaller publications include the
1091:Journal of Transpersonal Psychology
916:Journal of Transpersonal Psychology
789:Journal of Transpersonal Psychology
720:Journal of Transpersonal Psychology
953:biological foundations of behavior
25:
2161:Journal of Transpersonal Research
1088:Leading publications include the
743:, who were dissatisfied with the
2398:
2097:Journal of Humanistic Psychology
1702:Journal of Humanistic Psychology
1664:, Nov 1986, Vol. 65, pp. 146-151
1361:Journal of Consciousness Studies
1316:Journal of Contemporary Religion
893:American Psychiatric Association
589:
45:
1554:Transpersonal Psychology Review
1541:Transpersonal Psychology Review
1102:Transpersonal Psychology Review
840:altered states of consciousness
1027:transpersonal business studies
922:were accepted for indexing in
901:Religious or spiritual problem
1:
2494:Industrial and organizational
1556:, Vol. 1, No. 4, 4-9. (1997)
1363:, 13, No. 3, 2006, pp. 95–109
1106:British Psychological Society
909:British Psychological Society
842:including those induced from
332:Industrial and organizational
2735:Human factors and ergonomics
1619:Cunningham, Paul F. (2011).
1393:– via Digital Commons.
1373:Cunningham, Paul F. (2007).
1298:Lukoff, David; Lu, Francis.
487:Human factors and ergonomics
2073:Leonard, G. (May 1, 1992).
1893:10.24972/ijts.2017.36.2.121
1731:The Humanistic Psychologist
1688:Annual Review of Psychology
1412:The Humanistic Psychologist
1256:The Humanistic Psychologist
1017:Branches and related fields
3203:
1391:10.24972/ijts.2007.26.1.41
1138:Transpersonal anthropology
1023:transpersonal anthropology
879:John F. Kennedy University
3121:
2424:Applied behavior analysis
2396:
2204:
1942:10.1002/9781118591277.ch3
1874:Hartelius, Glenn (2017).
1820:29.14 (Dec 01, 2001): 27.
1818:Vermont Business Magazine
1781:, 2002, Vol. 21, 175-187.
1513:, Jul;183(7):435-44, 1995
1478:, Friday, October 9, 1998
1031:transpersonal disciplines
700:transpersonal disciplines
262:Applied behavior analysis
3177:Transpersonal psychology
2109:10.1177/0022167887272006
1910:2.2 (Nov 1997): 237-240.
1853:. Taylor & Francis.
1829:Sovatsky, Stuart (1998)
1714:10.1177/0022167899392002
1633:: CS1 maint: location (
1526:, 1995 Sep;18(3):467-85.
1220:. New York: Basic Books.
967:rational-emotive therapy
805:Saybrook Graduate School
756:Human Potential Movement
635:Transpersonal psychology
2700:Behavioral neuroscience
2264:Behavioral neuroscience
1794:, 2003, Vol. 35, No. 2.
1733:, 31:2-3, 159-181, 2003
1491:, 1992;180(11):673–682.
1476:San Francisco Chronicle
873:San Francisco Chronicle
452:Behavioral neuroscience
107:Behavioral neuroscience
2750:Psychology of religion
2690:Behavioral engineering
2627:Human subject research
2283:Cognitive neuroscience
2249:Affective neuroscience
1923:, 2019, Vol. 51, No. 1
1569:, 2007, Vol. 39, No. 2
1347:, 2018, Vol. 50, No. 1
1080:and the forerunner to
1058:psychology of religion
685:psychedelic substances
502:Psychology of religion
442:Behavioral engineering
126:Cognitive neuroscience
92:Affective neuroscience
3187:Transpersonal studies
3126:Wiktionary definition
2662:Self-report inventory
2657:Quantitative research
745:humanistic psychology
658:humanistic psychology
596:Psychology portal
2652:Qualitative research
2607:Behavior epigenetics
1329:Psychiatric Services
976:, a psychologist at
825:Menninger Foundation
675:have viewed it as a
639:spiritual psychology
27:School of psychology
18:Spiritual psychology
3182:Clinical psychology
3131:Wiktionary category
2695:Behavioral genetics
2667:Statistical surveys
2524:Occupational health
2259:Behavioral genetics
1607:Journal of Religion
1414:, 35(2), 1–26, 2007
978:Stanford University
781:Freudian Psychology
447:Behavioral genetics
362:Occupational health
102:Behavioral genetics
33:Part of a series on
3103:Schools of thought
3006:Richard E. Nisbett
2886:Donald T. Campbell
2564:Sport and exercise
1582:September 14, 1986
1455:Integral Institute
1128:Near-death studies
1035:near-death studies
992:Harvard University
949:operationalization
887:Later developments
865:Integral Institute
704:near-death studies
669:empirical validity
656:Evolving from the
564:Schools of thought
402:Sport and exercise
248:Applied psychology
3164:
3163:
3141:Wikimedia Commons
3068:Counseling topics
3031:Ronald C. Kessler
3021:Shelley E. Taylor
2946:Lawrence Kohlberg
2921:Stanley Schachter
2720:Consumer behavior
2602:Archival research
2370:Psycholinguistics
2254:Affective science
1964:978-0-19-972992-0
1860:978-1-58391-987-3
1754:Diss. Abstr. Int.
1658:nuclear holocaust
1123:Indian psychology
844:psychedelic drugs
651:modern psychology
632:
631:
529:Counseling topics
472:Consumer behavior
213:Psycholinguistics
97:Affective science
16:(Redirected from
3194:
3098:Research methods
3041:Richard Davidson
3036:Joseph E. LeDoux
2911:George A. Miller
2901:David McClelland
2896:Herbert A. Simon
2796:Edward Thorndike
2617:Content analysis
2402:
2375:Psychophysiology
2191:
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2130:Psychology Today
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1082:Sofia University
774:Formative period
722:were developed.
693:new age movement
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559:Research methods
218:Psychophysiology
78:Basic psychology
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2916:Richard Lazarus
2866:Raymond Cattell
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982:fringe movement
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2853:
2851:Donald O. Hebb
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