Sportswear (fashion) - Knowledge (XXG)

350:. McCardell in particular has been described as America's greatest sportswear designer. Her simple, practical clothes suited the relaxed American dress code, neither formal nor informal, that became established during the 1930s and 1940s. McCardell once proclaimed: "I belong to a mass production country where any of us, all of us, deserve the right to good fashion." Martin credits the 1930s and 40s sportswear designers with freeing American fashion from the need to copy Paris couture. Where Paris fashion was traditionally imposed onto the customer regardless of her wishes, American sportswear was democratic, widely available, and encouraged self-expression. The early sportswear designers proved that the creation of original ready-to-wear fashion could be a legitimate design art which responded stylishly to utilitarian requirements. 828: 2689: 481: 703: 402:. Shaver advertised her American designers as if they were French couturiers, and promoted their lower costs as a positive feature, rather than a sign of inferiority. One of Shaver's retail experiments was a 'College Shop' section in the store, opened in the early 1930s and run by her assistant Helen Maddock, with the intent of offering casual but flattering clothing to young female college students. The stock, however, ended up selling swiftly to adult women as well as to the students. 798: 155: 964:. Viterbo's husband, Henri, was President of the Fédération Française du Vêtement (French Clothing Federation), which meant that he regularly promoted French fashion abroad, while their eldest daughter, Miquette, an international attorney, had married Mort Schrader, the son and heir of the successful American ready-to-wear fashion manufacturer Abe Schrader. This meant that Miquette was well-positioned to manage Tiktiner's American interests. 321: 684:, whose fashion career began in 1946, founded his own company, Bill Blass Limited. Blass's wearable designs were designed to be worn day and night and he was said to have raised American sportswear to the highest possible level. Like Beene, he introduced menswear touches to his sportswear, which was described as clean, modern and impeccable in style. Kirkland commented in 1985 that sportswear designers such as 3543: 27: 556:, on a long formal skirt so that it could be securely hitched up to enable the wearer to run up and down stairs, and her ponchoes and hoods (which could be rolled down to form elegant cowl-collars) were originally designed for driving on cool mornings. Cashin became one of the first American designers to have an international reputation. Alongside Cashin, 373:, who by the late 1930s was regularly ranked alongside Potter as a leading name in mid-range priced sportswear. Like Potter, Brigance understood how to design smart and fashionable clothing for mass-production, which made his clothes attractive to manufacturers as well as to customers. Two other notable male designers of sportswear at this time were 647:, each of whom created distinctive wardrobes for the American woman based upon stylish but wearable, comfortable and interchangeable multi-purpose clothes that combined practicability with luxury. These clothes were also designed to have a long, stylish and undated life, rather than to only be fashionable for one season. In 1976, the designer 521:

lifting of fabric rationing and restrictions following the War, American designers were able to use unlimited fabric and the development of permanent pleating meant that pleated dresses and full skirts were easy to look after. In addition to this, American stores had begun to recognise the commercial value of separates, with

71:, developed to cater to the needs of the increasingly fast-paced lifestyle of American women. It started out as a fashion industry term describing informal and interchangeable separates (i.e., blouses, shirts, skirts and shorts), and in the 1920s became a popular word for relaxed, casual wear typically worn for 920:. Through his second company base in Milan, Goldworm became the first American knitwear designer to take advantage of Italian quality and bring it to the New York market. In 1959 Goldworm, in recognition of his active promotion and support of the Italian knitwear industry, was made a Commander of the 520:

bodices and lightweight, easy-wear circle or pleated skirts to reproduce the same silhouette. Unlike traditional made-to-measure French couture fashion, designed for specific silhouettes, American sportswear was designed to accommodate a variety of body shapes and enable freedom of movement. With the

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such as McCardell's group of five wool jersey pieces from 1934, comprising two tops, long and short skirts, and a pair of culottes; and Maxwell's "weekend wardrobe" of five tweed and flannel garments. Both were designed to accommodate formal and informal occasions depending on how they were assembled

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using sales figures to back up their claims. Maxwell and Potter were two of the first three sportswear designers, along with Helen Cookman, to be showcased and name-checked in Shaver's window displays and advertisements for Lord & Taylor. Between 1932 and 1939, Shaver's "American Look" program at

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were among the first American designers in the 1930s to gain name recognition through their innovative clothing designs, which Martin described as demonstrating "problem-solving ingenuity and realistic lifestyle applications". Garments were designed to be easy-to-wear and comfortable, using practical

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Despite the acceptance of fashionable sportswear as a form of casual dressing in French fashion in the 1920s, the American garment industry went on to become the most prominent producers of such clothing. The key difference between French and American sportswear was that French sportswear was usually

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which started in 1929 acted as a trigger to encourage American fashion to focus on homegrown style and design – particularly sportswear. With 13 million Americans left unemployed by the Depression, it was necessary to create jobs and reduce the competition from imported goods in order to improve the

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as an example of French sportswear, noting that their focus on separates, knitwear and basic colours created a specific "Tiktiner look". Tiktiner, founded in the late 1940s by Dina Tiktiner Viterbo, became extremely popular in the United States as well as in Europe. In 1972 a Tiktiner boutique was

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in 1975 described Calvin Klein as having styled his clean, casual separates with the authority of a couture designer, and by 1985, Martin described him as "one of the great American stylists" with a solid international reputation and worldwide influence entirely based on his skills as a sportswear

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reported upon Chanel's sporty garments, noting the absence of equivalent apparel from New York fashion presentations. However, Martin has noted that while Chanel was undeniably important and influential, her work was always based on couture construction rather than the easy-wear nature of American

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began to form part of the working woman's wardrobe. Prior to 1920, men and women could both demonstrate their being at leisure simply by removing a jacket, either literally in the case of menswear, or metaphorically by a woman wearing a shirtwaist blouse that resembled a man's shirt worn without a

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simplified their designs for ready-to-wear production, but at first only the Italian designers understood the sportswear principle. Italy already had a reputation for fine fabrics and excellent workmanship, and the emergence of high quality Italian ready-to-wear that combined this luxury with the

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In the 1930s and '40s, it was rare for clothing to be justified through its practicality. It was traditionally thought that Paris fashion exemplified beauty, and therefore, sportswear required different criteria for assessment. The designer's personal life was therefore linked to their sportswear

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houses and "sporty" garments were increasingly worn as everyday or informal wear, the early American sportswear designers were associated with ready-to-wear manufacturers. While most fashions in America in the early 20th century were directly copied from, or influenced heavily by Paris, American

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and Vass, who specialised in hand-knits in wool and cotton. By the mid-1980s, sportswear had become a key part of the international fashion scene, forming a large part of America's contribution to the twice-yearly fashion presentations alongside top-end collections from Paris, Milan and London.

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As more generic, versatile sportswear became more prominent in the Paris collections, the press increasingly promoted the wearing of such garments in an everyday context. By the mid-1920s, American advertisers also began actively pushing the idea that sporty clothing was just as appropriate for

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declared Zoran's less-is-more sportswear prophetic of the early 1990s modernist trend, whilst Zoran stated that the work of Calvin Klein, Karan, and the Anne Klein label epitomised the "comfort, simplicity, and practicality" associated with sportswear. Most early 21st century sportswear design

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was an important promoter of the American Look and sportswear. As founder of the Council of Fashion Designers of America and creator of New York Fashion Week, Lambert is considered the first fashion publicist. In the summer of 1940, Lambert was hired by the Dress Institute to promote American

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noted how Halston's work, particularly his success with making basic garments in luxurious fabrics, was that of an "anti-designer" who liberated American women of fashion from needlessly elaborate, conventional high fashion from high-end establishment American designers. She also singled out

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declared that McCardell could make a smart dress to wear anywhere out of "five dollars worth of common cotton calico." Other sportswear designs often incorporated elements of sporty informal or casual wear, as exemplified by Clare Potter's evening sweater worn with a long skirt draped like a

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is an American fashion term originally used to describe separates, but which since the 1930s has come to be applied to day and evening fashions of varying degrees of formality that demonstrate a specific relaxed approach to their design, while remaining appropriate for a wide range of social

202:. Redfern's clothes, although intended for specific sporting pursuits, were adopted as everyday wear by his clients, making him probably the first sportswear designer. Also in the late nineteenth century, garments associated with activewear and/or modified from menswear, such as the 243:

illustrates people from the breadth of Paris society taking advantage of their free time by going to the riverside to show off new clothes, but that the act of removing one's jacket or otherwise loosening garments as a signifier of actually being at leisure was almost never done.

426:) as everyday footwear and functional pockets in skirts and trousers. Dressy garments made from casual fabrics, such as McCardell and Joset Walker's evening dresses and dress-and-coat ensembles made out of cotton, became a key sportswear look. The American couturier 268:. In contrast to the flexibility of American sportswear, these expensive couture garments were typically prescribed for very specific circumstances. Many couturiers began designing clothing that, whilst suitable for sport, could be worn in a wider range of contexts. 688:

and Joan Vass were no longer "borrowing from the boys," but had begun making menswear too. In addition to the high-end names who produced apparel in large quantity, a more personal level of sportswear was offered in the early 1980s by smaller designers such as

568:(which was developed in Italy) enabled the mass-production of easy-to-wear knitted suits, coats and dresses that retained their shape and became a key American look in the 1960s and '70s. Another knitwear development involved varying the lines of the classic 536:, who started producing ready-to-wear clothing in 1949, is considered one of the most influential American sportswear designers. She was known for her extremely practical layered ensembles inspired by ethnographic garments and textiles such as the Japanese 173:

Sportswear originally described activewear: clothing made specifically for sport. Part of the evolution of sportswear was triggered by 19th-century developments in female activewear, such as early bathing or cycling costumes, which demanded shorter skirts,

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dated May 21, 1945, which explicitly described girls with an athletic 'American look' of good teeth, good grooming, and good, not-too-masculine, simple, neat attire, as being seen as preferable to girls from England, France, Australia or Polynesia.

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a small part of a high-end designer's output, while the American sportswear designers focused on affordable, versatile, easy-care garments that could be mass-produced and were relevant to the customer's lifestyle, enabling the modern, increasingly

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brought out the first of a number of collections of extremely simple garments made of the finest quality fabrics; garments that barely changed over the years and which became cult objects to his wealthy clientele. In 1993, the fashion journalist

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in 1929 suggested that while men might admire a girl in an glamorous evening gown, they would be less intimidated by her approachable, friendly appearance in good-quality sportswear. Sportswear was also presented as an accessible version of

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emerged in the 1950s as a key name in sportswear design, first becoming known for his swimsuits, but then expanding into geometrically cut, graphic clothes and knitwear that Kirkland described as the epitome of the "new California."

680:, one of the first significant male sportswear designers, incorporated relaxed layering and elements of menswear into his women's clothing, details that continue to widely influence early 21st century industry designers. In 1970, 458:

Rebecca Arnold and Emily S. Rosenberg have noted how the American look, demonstrated through healthy teeth and the use of affordable, good-quality fashionable clothing to present a neat and practical appearance, despite claims of

913:(which included Missoni himself). In the 1960s Missoni became renowned for their uniquely colored, mix-and-match knitwear separates based upon activewear, which have remained desirable and fashionable well into the 21st century. 631:

became particularly known for their sportswear designs, made in all-natural fibres such as wool, combed cotton, and linen, which placed them at the top tier of American fashion design alongside the Anne Klein label (designed by

75:. Since the 1930s, the term has been used to describe both day and evening fashions of varying degrees of formality that demonstrate this relaxed approach while remaining appropriate wear for many business or social occasions. 300:. Affordable, well-designed all-American sportswear was presented as a way of enabling a less wealthy customer to feel part of that same lifestyle. However, at first, American apparel firms mostly copied French styles. 2353: 2449:

His late father was a fashion designer and executive for Goldworm Knitwear based in New York and Milan, Italy. He was awarded the Star of Solidarity and the title of commander by the Italian government.

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as showing pioneering garments, whose modesty, comparative simplicity, and wearability treated fashion as a "pragmatic art." de Montebello carefully explained how significant American designers such as

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In the 1950s and 1960s, designers continued to develop the theme of affordable, practical and innovative sportswear, producing clothing that focused on wearability rather than fashion fads, including

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christened Venjulia suits. The success of the Venjulia suits, which took into account the need of athletes for functional, warm garments enabling freedom of movement, led to their being worn by the

516:, noted that McCardell and others had already been thinking along the lines of longer and fuller skirts and fitted bodices, but that unlike Dior's heavily stiffened and corseted designs, they used 86:, in which he described sportswear as "an American invention, an American industry, and an American expression of style." For Martin, American sportswear was an expression of various predominantly 768:

sometimes incorporate elements of sportswear and activewear into their work. Lhuillier, mainly known for formal gowns, introduced sporty necklines and aerodynamic elements into her collection for

552:. Her designs incorporated leather bindings, pockets with purse clasps, hooded jersey dresses and tops, and industrial zippers and fastenings. She put a brass clip resembling those used on 210:

Martin has observed that in America, prior to increasing worker freedoms from the mid-late 19th century onwards, leisure had been a luxury available only to the leisured classes during the

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In the late 1940s and 1950s, non-American designers began to pay attention to sportswear, and attempted to produce collections following its principle. French couturiers including

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for Arnold & Fox. In the 1960s, American sportswear depended on very simple shapes, often made in vivid colours and bold, geometric prints (such as those by Gernreich and

272:, who promoted her own active, financially independent lifestyle through relaxed jersey suits and uncluttered dresses, became famous for clothes of "the sports type." In 1926 235: 296:, a term for the luxurious travelling clothing and holiday wear worn by those who could afford a leisurely lifestyle with multiple vacations, such as cruises, yachting, and 2344: 916:

The quality of Italian sportswear was recognized early on by Robert Goldworm, an American sportswear designer who in 1947 joined his New York-based family company

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so that it could be extended into dress-length versions, long or short sleeves, and other variations, including, by 1960, a sequined long evening version by

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American economy. At the same time, the growth of female athleticism and increased female employment fueled a need for simpler and less expensive clothing.

260:(the pseudonym of Madame Balouzet Tillard de Tigny), who opened a couture house specialising in clothing for sport and travel. Another famous tennis player, 98:

and an eight-hour working day in America in the mid-20th century led to the need for clothing which enabled the fullest possible enjoyment of such increased

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Along with many other designers, Gernreich took advantage of the development in the mid-1950s of upgraded machine-knitting techniques to produce his work.

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French resort-wear designers, rather than Paris couturiers, were most likely to capture the principle and spirit of sportswear. Richard Martin cited the

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noted that the boundaries between activewear and fashion sportswear had become increasingly blurred since the 1980s, with many people choosing to wear

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began to enter business independently, rather than relying on the backing of their manufacturers, or working in association with firms and companies.

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as an immobile, "static and stratified" depiction of leisure in "direct antithesis" of the relaxed, casual American equivalent. T.J. Clarke notes how

226: 921: 369:. A common argument was that female designers projected their personal values into this new style. One of the few male designers at this time was 2432: 283:

regular daywear as it was for active pursuits, presenting it as the epitome of modernity and the American ideal. One advertisement put out by

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published that their surveys showed that an average of 64% of women interviewed preferred casual wear, including sportswear as distinct from

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could be played in barely-modified conventional dress. One of the first couturiers to specialise in sports-specific clothing was the British

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Woman wearing a "sport suit," American, June 1920. Sportswear originally described interchangeable separates, as here. Signed "Evans, LA"

872:, grasped that there was a market for clothing that combined sophistication and comfort. This was a challenge to the American industry. 2500: 1746: 414:

which were versatile enough to work in multiple contexts from swimsuit cover-ups to party dresses. Other McCardell signatures included

312:'s assistance. Although the influence of Europe, particularly Parisian high fashion and English tailoring, was always significant, the 864:

casual quality of American sportswear ensured the worldwide success of Italian fashion by the mid-1970s. Italian designers, including

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fashion, leading to newspaper and magazine articles about how New York was replacing Paris as a global fashion leader. In 1940, both

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designs that could be considered sportswear, it was typically not their design focus. A notable exception was the tennis player

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designer. The industry empires of Lauren and Calvin Klein would be joined in the mid-1980s by Donna Karan's own-name label and

83: 2326: 2301: 42:, clothing designed specifically for participants in sporting pursuits. Although sports clothing was available from European 624:, Martin has described Halston, Ruffin and Burrows as "paragons" of 1970s and early 1980s Seventh Avenue sportswear style. 480: 3962: 3957: 3947: 3720: 584: 2406: 3566: 3344: 1835: 2490: 1166: 1773: 102:

time, and was designed accordingly. A subsequent exhibition of 1930s-70s sportswear, also curated by Martin, at the

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follows in the footsteps of these designers. Other notable sportswear designers of the late 20th century include

532:'s coat-and-dress sets and dresses made with removable waistcoats to alter their look. The film costume designer 68: 19:

This article is about fashionable clothing identified and marketed as 'sportswear'. For clothing for sports, see

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In the 21st century, Italian fashion remains a leading source for sportswear design outside the United States.

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reporting in 1949 that separates made up an all-time-high of 30% of clothing sales in the States that Fall.

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in Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. (October 2004)

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The "American Look", which is an alternative term for American sportswear, was coined in 1932 by

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The American look : fashion, sportswear, and the image of women in 1930s and 1940s New York

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The American look : fashion, sportswear, and the image of women in 1930s and 1940s New York

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The American look : fashion, sportswear and the image of women in 1930s and 1940s New York

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After the Second World War, the emergence in Paris of the luxurious "New Look" popularised by

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Fashion Design, Referenced: A Visual Guide to the History, Language, and Practice of Fashion

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F, José Blanco; Hunt-Hurst, Patricia Kay; Lee, Heather Vaughan; Doering, Mary (2015-11-23).

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with her top-quality sportswear designs in the 1990s, and continues designing for the firm.

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Before co-founding the business that later became Missoni with his bride Rosita in 1953,

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Lord & Taylor promoted over sixty American designers including McCardell, Potter and

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Arnold, Rebecca (2008). "New York and the Evolution of Sportswear 1929-39: Sportswear".

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and accessorised. McCardell also became well known for designs such as the Monastic and

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Notable New York sportswear designers of the first decade of the 21st century included

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who in the 1870s began designing tailored garments for increasingly active women who

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sportswear became a home-grown exception to this rule, and could be described as the

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Tim Gunn's fashion bible : the fascinating history of everything in your closet

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A smart young woman in a lightweight jacket and printed silk blouse. American, 1935.

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The precursors of true sportswear emerged in New York before the Second World War.

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Advertisement (16 March 1929). "Advertisement caption for Abercrombie and Fitch".

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Among the key designs produced by this new generation of American designers were

3715: 3710: 3700: 3665: 3212: 3142: 3078: 2970: 2938: 2901: 2831: 2345:"Ottavio Missoni: Fashion designer who transformed the world of luxury knitwear" 1910:

Body and Nation: The Global Realm of U.S. Body Politics in the Twentieth Century

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Body and Nation: The Global Realm of U.S. Body Politics in the Twentieth Century

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designs. Another selling point was sportswear's popularity with consumers, with

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Many of the first sportswear designers were women, including McCardell, Potter,

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Gunn, Tim; Calhoun, Ada (2012). "Athletic Wear: Attack of the Playclothes".

1102:, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. (accessed: March 11, 2009) 906: 807: 784: 746: 742: 734: 95: 91: 890:, and other Italian designers were "the first to make refined sportswear." 26: 2221:(1st Gallery Books hardcover ed.). New York: Gallery Books. pp. 3675: 3474: 3272: 3200: 3190: 3029: 956: 917: 776: 638: 195: 1296:

The Painting of Modern Life: Paris in the Art of Manet and His Followers

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Designers who do not typically work in the sportswear tradition such as

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Claire McCardell surrounded by models wearing her designs, 2 May 1955. (

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Dressing modern Frenchwomen : marketing haute couture, 1919-1939

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aspects of American culture, including health ideals, the concept of

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Kennedy, Alicia; Stoehrer, Emily Banis; Calderin, Jay (2013-02-01).

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Bill Blass, Whose Clothes Gave Casual an Elegant Air, Dies at 79

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Towards the end of the 1960s, many sportswear designers such as

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Fashioning an Artful Life: One Woman's Life History in Clothes

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Sportswear has been called America's main contribution to the

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Fashion category of relaxed day clothes, originally separates

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of beauty. Rosenberg has pointed out a six-page spread in

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http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/C.I.63.47.3ab

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Rosenberg, Emily S.; Fitzpatrick, Shanon (30 Jul 2014).

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The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

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In a 1974 essay titled "Recession Dressing," the writer

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The fashionable mind: reflections on fashion, 1970-1981

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Clothing and Fashion: American Fashion from Head to Toe

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occasions. The term is not necessarily synonymous with

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The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives: The 1960s

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Fashioning fabrics: contemporary textiles in fashion

1860:"How Fashion Legend Bonnie Cashin Broke Into Bazaar" 3894: 3873: 3852: 3814: 3596: 3488: 3440: 3337: 3228: 3151: 3086: 3077: 3040: 2961: 2887: 2762: 2739: 2696: 2631: 2555:"Stella McCartney brings a sexy vibe to sportswear" 236:

A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte

2343: 2214: 1661:. Fashion Institute of Technology. pp. 34–43. 1578:. London: I. B. Tauris. pp. 9, 107, 120–122. 1546:Batterberry, Michael; Batterberry, Ariane (1982). 82:put on an exhibition on sportswear in 1985 at the 2461:Martin, Richard; Benbow-Pfalzgraf, Taryn (2002). 2408:World of fashion : people, places, resources 2252:"Made in Italy: Italian Fashion from 1950 to Now" 1168:American ingenuity : sportswear, 1930s–1970s 1144:. Fashion Institute of Technology. pp. 8–21. 229:had condemned leisure for all. He cites the 1884 2184:The Monitor Celebrates Sixty Years of Sportswear 2174:. Published 13 June 2002. Accessed 16 March 2012 972:Successful British sportswear designers include 264:, was director of the sportswear department at 1800:"Eleanor Lambert – All-TIME 100 Fashion Icons" 1264: 1262: 1260: 1258: 1256: 1254: 1252: 1250: 1248: 673:, who presented his first collection in 1987. 455:published issues devoted to American fashion. 3574: 2599: 2384:. University of Minnesota. pp. 107–108. 2051:"Bonnie Cashin; Influential Fashion Designer" 1673:"Dorothy Shaver: The First Lady of Retailing" 1569: 1567: 1136:. "All American: A Sportswear Tradition". In 661:, whose 1980s fashionable garments made from 8: 2721:Timeline of clothing and textiles technology 2203:, September 12, 2011. Accessed 16 March 2012 1993:"Fashion Czars Flirting with Lowered Waists" 1903: 1901: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1615: 1153: 1151: 833:American sportswear for fall-winter 2010 by 1613: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1550:(2nd ed.). New York: Greenwich House. 1298:. Princeton University Press. p. 267. 939:revived the fortunes of her family company 627:During the 1970s, Lauren, Calvin Klein and 3581: 3567: 3559: 3083: 2958: 2606: 2592: 2584: 2535:Bianchini, Roger-Louis (1 November 2001). 2373: 2371: 2020:Isabel Toledo: Fashion from the Inside Out 1999:. 14 January 1960. p. 13 – via 1387: 1385: 1383: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1339:American Ingenuity: Sportswear 1930s-1970s 2411:. New York: R.R. Bowker Co. p. 224. 2122: 2120: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2017:Steele, Valerie; Mears, Patricia (2009). 1982:(October 2006) Accessed February 18, 2012 1128: 1071:. V&A Publications, London. pp. 2561:, 4 October 2011. Accessed 16 March 2012 2293:Missonologia : the world of Missoni 2265:"Ottavio Missoni Bio, Stats and Results" 1884:. London: I. B. Tauris. pp. 47–48. 1273:. London: I. B. Tauris. pp. 23–29. 1126: 1124: 1122: 1120: 1118: 1116: 1114: 1112: 1110: 1108: 935:in 1997, but moved to New York in 2001. 153: 2167: 2165: 2083:Fifty Years of Fashion: New Look To Now 1740: 1738: 1736: 1523:Fifty Years of Fashion: New Look To Now 1010: 922:Order of the Star of Italian Solidarity 897:, himself an athlete, and his teammate 793: 2511: 2509: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2023:. Yale University Press. p. 109. 1952:O'Neill, William L. (September 2002). 1772:Schiro, Anne-marie (11 January 1999). 1021:Calasibetta, Charlotte Mankey (1988). 960:opened in the London department store 158:Pre-sportswear tailormade by Redfern. 3953:History of clothing (Western fashion) 2246: 2244: 2242: 2109:(1981). "Recession dressing (1974)". 1829: 1827: 1695: 1693: 1516: 1514: 1494: 1492: 1333: 1331: 1329: 1327: 1325: 1323: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1060: 1058: 1056: 1054: 1052: 1050: 1048: 1046: 1044: 1042: 1016: 1014: 7: 2864:Social media in the fashion industry 1659:All-American: A Sportswear Tradition 1194: 1192: 1190: 1188: 1142:All-American: A Sportswear Tradition 252:While 1920s Paris designers offered 2290:Isa Tutino Vercelloni, ed. (1995). 1499:Robinson, Rebecca J. (2003-01-01). 1450:"Sportswear: An American Invention" 2321:. London: Black Dog. p. 176. 2267:. Sports Reference. Archived from 2186:, Lifestyle Monitor, 23 March 2000 2153:Biography of Bill Blass (from the 2127:Menkes, Suzy (28 September 1993). 1653:. "Sportswear for Everywhere". In 14: 2378:Perso Heinemann, Barbara (2008). 1023:Fairchild's Dictionary of Fashion 665:fabric were highly influential; 463:, was ultimately held up against 3541: 2706:History of clothing and textiles 2687: 2465:. St. James Press. p. 651. 826: 796: 706:Relaxed easy-wear sportswear by 2639:Environmental impact of fashion 2356:from the original on 2022-05-24 2049:Times Staff (6 February 2000). 1834:Diliberto, Gioia (2009-11-09). 1728:"Popover" dress (C.I.45.71.2ab) 1678:. Smithsonian Institution. 2002 84:Fashion Institute of Technology 2516:Staff writer (8 August 1976). 1548:Fashion, the mirror of history 1231:V&A Search the Collections 901:had an activewear business in 1: 2342:Watson, Linda (10 May 2013). 1448:Lockwood, Lisa (2012-09-08). 876:, the outspoken publisher of 215: 1935:"What is the American Look?" 1351:Staff writer (August 1932). 1227:"Walking costume by Redfern" 150:History of sportswear design 1933:Lewis, Nina (21 May 1945). 1798:Skarda, Erin (2012-04-02). 1392:Stewart, Mary Lynn (2008). 1353:"The Dressmakers of France" 924:by the Italian government. 308:to dress herself without a 106:in 1998, was introduced by 55:to dress herself without a 3989: 2711:History of Western fashion 2578:Victoria and Albert Museum 2522:Amarillo Sunday News Globe 911:1948 Italian Olympics team 755:Victoria and Albert Museum 438:Alongside Dorothy Shaver, 104:Metropolitan Museum of Art 18: 3536: 2716:History of fashion design 2685: 2625:Index of fashion articles 2622: 2537:"Une affaire de familles" 2405:Lambert, Eleanor (1976). 1912:. Duke University Press. 1706:. Duke University Press. 1065:Stanfill, Sonnet (2007). 846:Outside the United States 548:, and the South American 69:history of fashion design 3096:British country clothing 2654:Fashion design copyright 2159:. Accessed 16 March 2012 2081:Steele, Valerie (1997). 1880:Arnold, Rebecca (2008). 1574:Arnold, Rebecca (2008). 1521:Steele, Valerie (1997). 810:became popular items of 389:representatives such as 3874:Other associated people 3771:Giorgio di Sant' Angelo 3455:Anti-sweatshop movement 2155:Encyclopædia Britannica 2004:(subscription required) 1475:. Rockport Publishers. 1161:(1998). "Foreword". In 1159:de Montebello, Philippe 698:21st century sportswear 285:Abercrombie & Fitch 3506:Chinoiserie in fashion 2201:The Saitama Sportswear 2197:"Custom Jerseys Maker" 711: 636:and Louis Dell'Olio). 504:, a fashion editor at 489: 325: 165: 108:Philippe de Montebello 31: 3781:Diane von Fürstenberg 2842:Fashion merchandising 2317:Black, Sandy (2006). 1751:Fashion Encyclopaedia 1438:Cited by Arnold, p.24 1294:Clark, T. J. (1985). 839:New York Fashion Week 770:New York Fashion Week 710:, Spring-Summer 2014. 705: 483: 323: 212:Industrial Revolution 157: 29: 3963:21st-century fashion 3958:20th-century fashion 3948:Clothing by function 3907:Clothing terminology 3817:sportswear designers 3599:sportswear designers 3417:South Korean fashion 2879:Trickle-down fashion 2817:Fashion illustration 2802:Fashion entrepreneur 2679:Semiotics of fashion 2463:Contemporary Fashion 2195:Saitama Sportswear. 1997:The Pittsburgh Press 978:2012 Summer Olympics 955:-based design label 761:exhibition in 2007. 759:New York Fashion Now 691:Mary Jane Marcasiano 225:), and before that, 3917:History of clothing 3590:American sportswear 3465:Sustainable fashion 3432:Vietnamese clothing 2963:Western dress codes 2837:Fashion photography 2812:Fashion forecasting 1840:The Huffington Post 724:Cotton Incorporated 3548:Fashion portal 3496:Ballet and fashion 3480:Zero-waste fashion 3196:Sportswear fashion 2874:Trickle-up fashion 2859:Red carpet fashion 2827:Fashion journalism 2822:Fashion influencer 2518:"Fashions to Show" 2499:(Original article 2133:The New York Times 1778:The New York Times 1726:Claire McCardell: 1098:. Dictionary.com. 879:Women's Wear Daily 870:Simonetta Visconti 712: 490: 326: 166: 32: 3943:Clothing industry 3925: 3924: 3902:The American Look 3616:Louella Ballerino 3556: 3555: 3523:Music and fashion 3333: 3332: 3283:Thrift store chic 3111:Cruise collection 3073: 3072: 2998:Black lounge suit 2782:Designer clothing 2777:Clothing industry 2644:Fashion accessory 2489:(28 March 1972). 2487:Adburgham, Alison 2472:978-1-55862-348-4 2250:da Cruz, Elyssa. 2055:Los Angeles Times 1941:. pp. 87–91. 1337:Martin, Richard, 1082:978-1-85177-499-9 929:Narciso Rodriguez 899:Giorgio Oberweger 766:Monique Lhuillier 716:Lifestyle Monitor 407:capsule wardrobes 395:Lord & Taylor 306:emancipated woman 140:Lord & Taylor 53:emancipated woman 3980: 3938:American fashion 3844:Behnaz Sarafpour 3839:Proenza Schouler 3776:Carolyn Schnurer 3751:Claire McCardell 3583: 3576: 3569: 3560: 3546: 3545: 3544: 3501:Capsule wardrobe 3460:Circular fashion 3442:Fashion activism 3407:Nigerian fashion 3402:Japanese fashion 3360:Filipino fashion 3350:Canadian fashion 3345:American fashion 3084: 2959: 2691: 2608: 2601: 2594: 2585: 2562: 2553:Chetty, Derick. 2551: 2545: 2544: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2513: 2504: 2498: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2446: 2444: 2437:Vineyard Gazette 2429: 2423: 2422: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2375: 2366: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2347: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2314: 2308: 2307: 2287: 2281: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2271:on 18 April 2020 2261: 2255: 2248: 2237: 2236: 2220: 2210: 2204: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2160: 2150: 2144: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2124: 2115: 2114: 2103: 2097: 2096: 2078: 2067: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2046: 2035: 2034: 2014: 2008: 2007: 2005: 1989: 1983: 1976: 1970: 1969: 1958:. Cengage Gale. 1949: 1943: 1942: 1930: 1924: 1923: 1905: 1896: 1895: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1868: 1867: 1856: 1850: 1849: 1847: 1846: 1831: 1822: 1821: 1819: 1818: 1795: 1789: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1769: 1763: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1742: 1731: 1724: 1718: 1717: 1697: 1688: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1677: 1669: 1663: 1662: 1647: 1590: 1589: 1571: 1562: 1561: 1543: 1537: 1536: 1518: 1509: 1508: 1496: 1487: 1486: 1466: 1460: 1459: 1457: 1456: 1445: 1439: 1437: 1429: 1423: 1416: 1410: 1409: 1389: 1372: 1371: 1369: 1367: 1357: 1348: 1342: 1335: 1310: 1309: 1291: 1285: 1284: 1266: 1243: 1242: 1240: 1238: 1233:. 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Chic 2570: 2565: 2552: 2548: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2515: 2514: 2507: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2473: 2460: 2459: 2455: 2442: 2440: 2439:. 7 August 2008 2431: 2430: 2426: 2419: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2392: 2377: 2376: 2369: 2359: 2357: 2350:The Independent 2341: 2340: 2336: 2329: 2316: 2315: 2311: 2304: 2289: 2288: 2284: 2274: 2272: 2263: 2262: 2258: 2249: 2240: 2233: 2212: 2211: 2207: 2194: 2190: 2182: 2178: 2170: 2163: 2151: 2147: 2137: 2135: 2126: 2125: 2118: 2107:Fraser, Kennedy 2105: 2104: 2100: 2093: 2080: 2079: 2070: 2060: 2058: 2048: 2047: 2038: 2031: 2016: 2015: 2011: 2003: 1991: 1990: 1986: 1977: 1973: 1966: 1951: 1950: 1946: 1932: 1931: 1927: 1920: 1907: 1906: 1899: 1892: 1879: 1878: 1874: 1865: 1863: 1858: 1857: 1853: 1844: 1842: 1833: 1832: 1825: 1816: 1814: 1797: 1796: 1792: 1782: 1780: 1771: 1770: 1766: 1756: 1754: 1747:"American Look" 1744: 1743: 1734: 1725: 1721: 1714: 1699: 1698: 1691: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1670: 1666: 1655:Martin, Richard 1649: 1648: 1593: 1586: 1573: 1572: 1565: 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Time, Inc 990:Casual wear 835:Phillip Lim 728:active wear 667:Marc Jacobs 654:Suzy Menkes 634:Donna Karan 629:Perry Ellis 554:dog leashes 420:Ben Sommers 294:resort wear 270:Coco Chanel 223: 1860 219: 1760 3973:Sportswear 3932:Categories 3865:Wrap dress 3791:John Weitz 3741:Tina Leser 3721:Anne Klein 3511:Dress code 3338:By country 3323:Rockabilly 3186:Athleisure 3181:Sportswear 3161:Streetwear 3138:Teddy Boys 3121:Ivy League 2907:Diplomatic 2897:Ceremonial 2328:1904772412 2303:0789200481 1866:2016-07-07 1845:2016-07-07 1817:2016-07-07 1455:2016-07-07 1006:References 1000:Athleisure 962:Selfridges 907:tracksuits 837:, seen at 808:tracksuits 789:yoga pants 785:tracksuits 682:Bill Blass 663:sweatshirt 585:Anne Klein 433:sidesaddle 400:Merry Hull 379:John Weitz 363:Tina Leser 266:Jean Patou 258:Jane Régny 221: – c. 204:shirtwaist 198:, and did 142:executive 125:Mainbocher 63:Definition 40:activewear 35:Sportswear 21:Sportswear 3834:Zac Posen 3829:Mary Ping 3824:Derek Lam 3786:Vera Wang 3278:Steampunk 3238:Androgyny 3050:Christian 3042:Religious 3003:Black tie 2986:Ball gown 2981:White tie 2869:Sweatshop 1812:0040-781X 1745:Unknown. 814:from the 775:In 2012, 747:Derek Lam 743:Mary Ping 735:Zac Posen 722:owned by 595:1970–2000 476:1946–1970 418:(made by 329:1930–1945 233:painting 190:, played 92:democracy 3895:See also 3676:Tom Ford 3489:See also 3475:Trashion 3273:Skinhead 3243:Bohemian 3201:Surfwear 3191:Gorpcore 3030:Pantsuit 3015:Informal 2919:Military 2912:Academic 2890:clothing 2852:in China 2764:Industry 2617:articles 2580:website. 2559:The Star 2354:Archived 2113:. Knopf. 2061:20 March 1783:20 March 1237:24 March 984:See also 957:Tiktiner 918:Goldworm 777:Tim Gunn 639:Newsweek 518:bias-cut 207:jacket. 196:yachting 176:bloomers 169:Pre-1920 3912:Fashion 3686:Halston 3516:Undress 3395:History 3293:Greaser 3176:Hipster 3166:Hip hop 3060:Islamic 2934:Service 2698:History 2632:General 2615:Fashion 2576:on the 2138:2 March 1682:July 7, 1657:(ed.). 1360:Fortune 1165:(ed.). 1140:(ed.). 903:Trieste 888:Missoni 818:to the 804:Hoodies 781:hoodies 589:Halston 570:T-shirt 424:Capezio 200:archery 194:, went 180:croquet 161:Bon Ton 100:leisure 3303:Grunge 3288:Rocker 3263:Lolita 3258:Gothic 3253:Fetish 3171:Hippie 3116:Preppy 3079:Casual 3055:Jewish 2971:Formal 2946:Combat 2939:Sailor 2772:Awards 2741:Events 2469: 2415: 2388: 2360:11 May 2325: 2300: 2275:11 May 2229: 2225:–212. 2089: 2027: 1962: 1916: 1888: 1810: 1710: 1582: 1554: 1529: 1479: 1402: 1302: 1277: 1209: 1175: 1079: 1029: 947:France 884:Krizia 820:2010s. 749:, and 620:, and 574:Kasper 550:poncho 538:kimono 365:, and 348:jersey 298:skiing 192:tennis 135:were. 3806:Zoran 3318:Skate 3268:Queer 2902:Court 1676:(PDF) 1436:: 15. 1434:Vogue 1356:(PDF) 1073:28–49 941:Prada 933:Milan 851:Italy 816:1990s 649:Zoran 546:ikats 542:happi 507:Vogue 452:Vogue 344:denim 289:Vogue 248:1920s 3606:Adri 3313:Punk 3298:Glam 3106:Chic 3020:Suit 2953:Folk 2929:Mess 2924:Full 2501:here 2467:ISBN 2445:2014 2413:ISBN 2386:ISBN 2362:2013 2323:ISBN 2298:ISBN 2277:2013 2227:ISBN 2140:2015 2087:ISBN 2063:2017 2025:ISBN 1960:ISBN 1939:LIFE 1914:ISBN 1886:ISBN 1808:ISSN 1804:Time 1785:2017 1759:2015 1708:ISBN 1684:2016 1580:ISBN 1552:ISBN 1527:ISBN 1477:ISBN 1400:ISBN 1368:2015 1300:ISBN 1275:ISBN 1239:2017 1207:ISBN 1173:ISBN 1077:ISBN 1027:ISBN 868:and 861:Fath 859:and 857:Dior 806:and 608:and 587:and 540:and 523:LIFE 513:LIFE 510:and 486:TIME 469:LIFE 449:and 377:and 337:and 310:maid 188:rode 123:and 57:maid 3248:Emo 3128:Mod 2223:205 1505:ETD 757:'s 580:). 422:of 393:of 287:in 131:or 3934:: 2557:, 2539:. 2520:. 2508:^ 2493:. 2447:. 2435:. 2370:^ 2352:. 2348:. 2241:^ 2199:, 2164:^ 2131:. 2119:^ 2071:^ 2053:. 2039:^ 1995:. 1937:. 1900:^ 1838:. 1826:^ 1806:. 1802:. 1776:. 1749:. 1735:^ 1692:^ 1594:^ 1566:^ 1513:^ 1503:. 1491:^ 1376:^ 1358:. 1314:^ 1247:^ 1229:. 1187:^ 1150:^ 1107:^ 1075:. 1041:^ 1013:^ 886:, 787:, 783:, 745:, 741:, 737:, 730:. 616:, 544:, 500:. 381:. 361:, 357:, 216:c. 146:. 119:, 115:, 3582:e 3575:t 3568:v 2607:e 2600:t 2593:v 2524:. 2503:) 2497:. 2475:. 2421:. 2394:. 2364:. 2331:. 2306:. 2279:. 2235:. 2157:) 2142:. 2095:. 2065:. 2033:. 2006:. 1968:. 1922:. 1894:. 1869:. 1848:. 1820:. 1787:. 1761:. 1716:. 1686:. 1588:. 1560:. 1535:. 1507:. 1485:. 1458:. 1408:. 1370:. 1308:. 1283:. 1241:. 1215:. 1181:. 1085:. 1035:. 488:) 214:( 23:.

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