887:
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658:), which was used for "intermittent fevers," a hallmark of malaria. As Tu also presented at the project seminar, its preparation was described in a 1,600-year-old text, in a recipe titled, "Emergency Prescriptions Kept Up One's Sleeve". At first, it was ineffective because they extracted it with traditional boiling water. Tu discovered that a low-temperature extraction process could be used to isolate an effective antimalarial substance from the plant; Tu says she was influenced by a
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Tu volunteered to be the first human test subject. "As head of this research group, I had the responsibility," she said. It was safe, so she conducted successful clinical trials with human patients. Her work was published anonymously in 1977. In 1981, she presented the findings related to artemisinin
502:
Medical School / Beijing
Medical College. In 1955, Youyou Tu graduated from Beijing Medical University School of Pharmacy and continued her research on Chinese herbal medicine in the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences. Tu studied at the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and graduated in
1145:
The
Beijing-based Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine (中医研究院) was established in 1955 and renamed the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine (中国中医研究院) in 1985 and then the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences (中国中医科学院) in 2005. Tu Youyou has been working at the Academy
1610:
Equipped with a sound knowledge in both traditional
Chinese medicine and modern pharmaceutical sciences, my team inherited and developed the essence of traditional Chinese medicine using modern science and technology and eventually, we successfully accomplished the discovery and development of
1166:
Peking
University Medical School (北京大学医学院) became the independent Beijing Medical College (北京医学院) in 1952. Tu Youyou attended it between 1951 and 1955. Later in 1985 it was renamed Beijing Medical University (北京医科大学), and was returned to
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Scientists worldwide had screened over 240,000 compounds without success. In 1969, Tu, then 39 years old, had an idea of screening
Chinese herbs. She first investigated the Chinese medical classics in history, visiting practitioners of
768:
Tu is regarded as the "Three-Without
Scientist" – no postgraduate degree (there was no postgraduate education then in China), no study or research experience abroad, and not a member of either of the Chinese national academies, the
1024:
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in water, wring out the juice, and drink it all. Since hot water damages the active ingredient in the plant, she proposed a method using low temperature ether to extract the effective compound instead.
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1349:"From branch to bedside: Youyou Tu is awarded the 2011 Lasker~DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award for discovering artemisinin as a treatment for malaria"
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After graduation, Tu worked at the
Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine (now the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences) in Beijing.
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in 1948. A tuberculosis infection interrupted her high-school education, but inspired her to go into medical research. From 1951 to 1955, she attended
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and pharmacology of artemisinin. Tu's group first determined the chemical structure of artemisinin. In 1973, Tu was attempting to confirm the
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645:. Her notebook summarized 640 prescriptions. By 1971, her team had screened over 2,000 traditional Chinese recipes and made 380 herbal
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research group at her institute. Tu was initially sent to Hainan, where she studied patients who had been infected with the disease.
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1572:"Special Issue Artemisinin (Qinghaosu): Commemorative Issue in Honor of Professor Youyou Tu on the Occasion of her 80th Anniversary"
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in 1978. In 2001, she was promoted to academic advisor for doctoral candidates. As of 2023, she is the chief scientist of the
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jointly awarded another half for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infection with roundworm parasites.
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2015 (co-recipient) for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against malaria, awarded one half of this prize; and
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Before 2011, Tu Youyou had been obscure for decades, and is described as "almost completely forgotten by people".
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From
Artemisia annua L. to Artemisinins: The Discovery and Development of Artemisinins and Antimalarial Agents
1402:
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777:. Tu is now regarded as a representative figure of the first generation of Chinese medical workers since the
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2007:
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Tu, Youyou (11 October 2011). "The discovery of artemisinin (qinghaosu) and gifts from
Chinese medicine".
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1992, (One of the) Ten
Science and Technology Achievements in China, State Science Commission, P.R. China
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1935:
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1091:, first Chinese nominated to receive a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (nominated in 1935)
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to receive a Nobel Prize in any category. She is also the first Chinese person to receive the
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1084:, was expected to receive a Nobel Prize but died from political persecution in Beijing, 1958
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606:. Because malaria was also a major cause of death in China's southern provinces, especially
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1772:"Chinese Scientist Wins Nobel Prize in Medicine; China Hails the Laureate with Reflection"
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Tu Youyou and the Discovery of Artemisinin: 2015 Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine
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273:
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November 2011, Outstanding Contribution Award, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences
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For her work on malaria, she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine on 5 October 2015.
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FEVER: How Tu YouYou Adapted Traditional Chinese Medicine to Find a Cure for Malaria
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1651:"How a secret Chinese military drug based on an ancient herb won the Nobel Prize"
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for junior high school and the first year of high school, before transferring to
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2040:"Nobel Laureate Tu Youyou Becomes First Female to Win China's Top Science Award"
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1997, (Two of the) Ten Great Public Health Achievements in New China, P.R. China
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all over the country on her own. She gathered her findings in a notebook called
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in English. This substance has now saved millions of lives, especially in the
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for help in developing a malaria treatment for his soldiers trooping down the
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560:, which was widespread in the first half of the 20th century in South China.
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430:. Tu was born, educated and carried out her research exclusively in China.
2207:
602:, where a majority came down with a form of malaria which is resistant to
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1963:
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In 1972, she and her colleagues obtained the pure substance and named it
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821:
February 2012, (One of the Ten) National Outstanding Women, P.R. China (
1030:
923:
919:
667:
646:
611:
470:
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1478:"Tu Youyou: how Mao's challenge to malaria pioneer led to Nobel prize"
518:
Tu carried on her work in the 1960s and 70s, including during China's
4301:
4185:
2043:
1370:
350:
1687:
544:, a traditional Chinese medicine believed to be useful for treating
1025:
History of science and technology in the People's Republic of China
4251:
735:, the highest researcher rank in mainland China equivalent to the
524:
423:
482:
Tu Youyou, when interviewed in 2011 after being awarded the 2011
4655:
Recipients of the Lasker–DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award
1823:
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4336:
4220:
4031:
3765:
2222:
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A Collection of Single Practical Prescriptions for Anti-Malaria
706:
in the artemisinin molecule when she accidentally synthesized
1549:"Lasker Award Rekindles Debate Over Artemisinin's Discovery"
450:, was given by my father, who adapted it from the sentence
802:
2009, Cyrus Tang Traditional Chinese Medicine Award winner
1720:(in Chinese). China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences.
1496:"The Nobel Prize | Women who changed science | Tu Youyou"
1876:"Chen Zhili Congratulates Lasker Award Winner Tu Youyou"
679:
showed it was completely effective in mice and monkeys.
359:; born 30 December 1930) is a Chinese malariologist and
316:
1928:"Tu is awarded Outstanding Contribution Award by CACMR"
1252:"Artemisinin: Discovery from the Chinese herbal garden"
503:
1955. Later Tu was trained for two and a half years in
1520:
1518:
1516:
664:
The Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergency Treatments
368:
292:
278:
264:
1152:
State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine
1029:
First artificial synthesis of (crystallized bovine)
4645:
Nobel laureates from the People's Republic of China
4311:
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1878:. Women of China. 22 September 2011. Archived from
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100:
75:
43:
649:, from some 200 herbs, which were tested on mice.
1845:
1843:
1841:
790:1978, National Science Congress Prize, P.R. China
1625:"'America's Nobel' awarded to Chinese scientist"
1162:
1160:
618:to set up a secret drug discovery project named
4660:Recipients of the Order of the Republic (China)
1986:"Alpert Prize Recognizes Malaria Breakthroughs"
779:establishment of the People's Republic of China
538:During her early years in research, Tu studied
444:
1602:Lasker–DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award
1531:Lasker–DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award
1146:since 1955. The Academy was subsidiary to the
814:Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award
743:) in 1980, shortly after the beginning of the
484:Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award
135:Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award
4348:
4232:
4043:
3777:
2234:
2144:. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co.
1460:"The modest woman who beat malaria for China"
998:
980:
809:Outstanding Achievement Award in Life Science
730:
374:
234:
53:
8:
4675:Highest Science and Technology Award winners
652:One compound was effective, sweet wormwood (
629:In early 1969, Tu was appointed head of the
1611:qinghaosu from qinghao (Artemisia annua L).
1363:American Society for Clinical Investigation
852:Highest Science and Technology Award, China
793:1979, National Inventor's Prize, P.R. China
4355:
4341:
4333:
4239:
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1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1297:
1295:
243:
64:
40:
16:Chinese pharmaceutical chemist (born 1930)
4640:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
1378:
1275:
749:China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences
1551:. News.sciencemag.org. 29 September 2011
1245:
1243:
420:Nobel laureate in physiology or medicine
2019:Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet
1988:. Warren Alpert Foundation. 4 June 2015
1250:Miller, Louis H.; Su, Xinzhuan (2011).
1222:Peking University Health Science Center
1188:
1173:Peking University Health Science Center
1141:
1139:
1135:
1623:Weise, Elizabeth (12 September 2011).
1303:"Magic Drug Saved Half Billion People"
729:Tu Youyou was promoted to Researcher (
387:, a breakthrough in twentieth-century
294:
2254:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1724:from the original on 6 September 2011
837:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
408:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
145:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
7:
4364:Highest Science and Technology Award
754:As of 2007, her office is in an old
473:will probably remain an interesting
469:. How this links my whole life with
422:and the first female citizen of the
150:Highest Science and Technology Award
2138:Rao, Y.; Zhang, D.; Li, R. (2016).
1347:Neill, Ushma S. (3 October 2011) .
660:traditional Chinese herbal medicine
454:鹿鳴, 食野之蒿 translated as "Deer bleat
402:For her work, Tu received the 2011
3871:Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet
1934:. 15 November 2011. Archived from
1525:Strauss, Evelyn (September 2011).
1327:《詩經・小雅・鹿鳴》("Deer Bleating" in the
406:in clinical medicine and the 2015
14:
1598:"Acceptance remarks by Tu Youyou"
1354:Journal of Clinical Investigation
1224:. 27 October 2010. Archived from
4283:
4093:
2098:(in Chinese). 17 September 2019.
899:
885:
871:
2186:. Little Rock, AR: Mims House.
2066:"屠呦呦、赵忠贤获2016年度国家最高科学技术奖 习近平颁奖"
1476:Tom Phillips (6 October 2015).
1097:List of Chinese Nobel laureates
949:(major contributors: Tu Youyou
823:March 8th Red Banner Pacesetter
317:
3948:(United Kingdom/United States)
1770:Zou, Luxiao (6 October 2015).
1150:and is now directly under the
1101:List of female Nobel laureates
830:Warren Alpert Foundation Prize
775:Chinese Academy of Engineering
731:
442:, China, on 30 December 1930.
391:, saving millions of lives in
355:
293:
279:
265:
235:
140:Warren Alpert Foundation Prize
1:
4605:21st-century Chinese chemists
4600:20th-century Chinese chemists
399:, Africa, and South America.
2072:(in Chinese). 9 January 2017
1649:Guo, Jeff (6 October 2015).
1124:Timeline of women in science
1119:Traditional Chinese medicine
639:traditional Chinese medicine
505:traditional Chinese medicine
196:Traditional Chinese Medicine
4620:Chinese medical researchers
3346:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
1106:List of Chinese discoveries
771:Chinese Academy of Sciences
622:after its starting date, 23
369:
4691:
4252:People's Republic of China
2008:"Nobel Prize announcement"
1403:"Youyou Tu – Biographical"
1268:10.1016/j.cell.2011.08.024
1110:List of Chinese inventions
567:
424:People's Republic of China
418:. Tu is the first Chinese
18:
4371:
4281:
4091:
3955:
2543:Charles Scott Sherrington
2519:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
2092:"袁隆平、屠呦呦等被授予"共和国勋章"(全名单)"
1748:(in Chinese). Hong Kong:
1329:Minor Odes of the Kingdom
1305:(in Chinese). Hong Kong:
999:
981:
716:World Health Organization
375:
346:
332:
328:
242:
219:
215:
211:
161:
63:
54:
50:
4650:Peking University alumni
4610:Biologists from Zhejiang
3533:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
2180:Pattison, Darcy (2022).
1958:
1818:
1790:
1744:
1429:"Tu Youyou Biographical"
933:Antimalarial medications
51:
3917:(Ireland/United States)
3813:(Sweden/United Kingdom)
2046:Global. 10 January 2017
1826:News. 29 September 2009
1798:News. 13 September 2011
1007:Artemether/lumefantrine
745:Chinese economic reform
614:, Zhou Enlai convinced
181:Antimalarial medication
105:Beijing Medical College
4665:Scientists from Ningbo
4625:Chinese women chemists
4615:Chemists from Zhejiang
4313:Physiology or Medicine
4197:Physiology or Medicine
3961:Nobel Prize recipients
3907:Physiology or Medicine
3825:(Turkey/United States)
2314:Santiago Ramón y Cajal
1966:News. 28 February 2012
1175:(北京大学医学部) since 2005.
939:(during and after the
714:at a meeting with the
698:. Tu also studied the
594:asked Chinese Premier
530:
488:
361:pharmaceutical chemist
4670:Women Nobel laureates
4630:Educators from Ningbo
2815:Dickinson W. Richards
2499:Julius Wagner-Jauregg
2114:www.pss-system.gov.cn
1791:屠呦呦获拉斯克奖 评论认为离诺奖只一步之遥
1570:Brown, Geoff (2010).
1081:Chlamydia trachomatis
858:Medal of the Republic
568:Further information:
528:
492:Xiaoshi Middle School
155:Medal of the Republic
3238:Rita Levi-Montalcini
2599:Albert Szent-Györgyi
1718:"Official Biography"
666:, written in 340 by
582:In 1967, during the
496:Ningbo Middle School
3915:William C. Campbell
3847:Svetlana Alexievich
3630:William C. Campbell
3541:Elizabeth Blackburn
3378:Robert F. Furchgott
3370:Stanley B. Prusiner
3362:Rolf M. Zinkernagel
3262:George H. Hitchings
3226:Joseph L. Goldstein
3186:Bengt I. Samuelsson
3015:Earl Sutherland Jr.
1938:on 31 December 2011
1908:. 12 September 2011
1819:屠呦呦：新中国第一代药学家 研发青蒿素
1656:The Washington Post
1527:"Award Description"
1462:, by Phil McKenna,
1309:News. 16 March 2007
1197:"Youyou Tu – Facts"
1043:Discovery of using
941:Cultural Revolution
841:William C. Campbell
520:Cultural Revolution
412:William C. Campbell
173:Medicinal chemistry
3896:Arthur B. McDonald
3690:William Kaelin Jr.
3686:Peter J. Ratcliffe
3429:Leland H. Hartwell
3318:Richard J. Roberts
3198:Barbara McClintock
3142:Godfrey Hounsfield
3043:Nikolaas Tinbergen
2975:Marshall Nirenberg
2943:Charles B. Huggins
2732:Tadeusz Reichstein
2720:António Egas Moniz
2515:Christiaan Eijkman
2210:on Nobelprize.org
2165:. Academic Press.
1932:Xinhua News Agency
1500:www.nobelprize.org
1466:, 15 November 2011
1407:www.nobelprize.org
1307:Phoenix Television
1148:Ministry of Health
957:Dihydroartemisinin
760:Dongcheng District
756:apartment building
708:dihydroartemisinin
700:chemical structure
578:dihydroartemisinin
531:
529:Tu Youyou in 1950s
458:while eating wild
381:dihydroartemisinin
125:dihydroartemisinin
4577:
4576:
4330:
4329:
4214:
4213:
4124:Samuel C. C. Ting
4025:
4024:
3938:Economic Sciences
3759:
3758:
3724:Ardem Patapoutian
3573:Ralph M. Steinman
3569:Jules A. Hoffmann
3557:Robert G. Edwards
3525:Harald zur Hausen
3449:H. Robert Horvitz
3350:Eric F. Wieschaus
3286:E. Donnall Thomas
3270:J. Michael Bishop
3258:Gertrude B. Elion
3130:Hamilton O. Smith
3055:Christian de Duve
2791:Frederick Robbins
2668:Alexander Fleming
2607:Corneille Heymans
2453:Frederick Banting
2358:Allvar Gullstrand
2151:978-7-5046-6996-4
1906:Lasker Foundation
1882:on 6 October 2015
1606:Lasker Foundation
1535:Lasker Foundation
1334:Classic of Poetry
1228:on 10 August 2014
1169:Peking University
1115:Chinese herbology
928:tropical medicine
600:Ho Chi Minh trail
552:which infect the
541:Lobelia chinensis
500:Peking University
389:tropical medicine
363:. She discovered
336:
335:
324:
323:
253:Standard Mandarin
202:Academic advisors
194:China Academy of
185:Clinical research
177:Chinese herbology
163:Scientific career
4682:
4510:
4413:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4334:
4287:
4286:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4218:
4097:
4096:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4029:
3963:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3763:
3752:
3737:
3726:
3711:
3705:Michael Houghton
3692:
3682:Gregg L. Semenza
3676:
3670:James P. Allison
3664:
3662:Michael W. Young
3648:
3646:Yoshinori Ohsumi
3640:
3624:
3608:
3606:Thomas C. Südhof
3592:
3580:
3559:
3551:
3545:Carol W. Greider
3535:
3519:
3503:
3491:
3479:
3467:
3455:
3439:
3412:
3396:
3388:
3372:
3364:
3358:Peter C. Doherty
3352:
3336:
3330:Alfred G. Gilman
3324:
3312:
3300:
3288:
3276:
3274:Harold E. Varmus
3264:
3248:
3240:
3228:
3216:
3200:
3192:
3176:
3160:
3150:Baruj Benacerraf
3144:
3132:
3116:
3100:
3077:
3061:
3045:
3029:
3017:
3009:
2993:
2977:
2967:Robert W. Holley
2961:
2945:
2933:
2917:
2905:
2889:
2873:
2871:Georg von Békésy
2865:
2853:
2841:
2839:Joshua Lederberg
2825:
2817:
2811:Werner Forssmann
2801:
2793:
2777:
2765:
2757:
2738:
2722:
2710:
2702:
2700:Bernardo Houssay
2686:
2678:
2662:
2650:
2638:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2617:
2609:
2601:
2593:
2581:
2573:
2557:
2549:
2537:
2529:
2527:Karl Landsteiner
2521:
2509:
2501:
2493:
2491:Johannes Fibiger
2474:
2473:
2467:
2465:Willem Einthoven
2459:
2447:
2435:
2434:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2384:
2376:
2368:
2360:
2352:
2344:
2336:
2330:Élie Metchnikoff
2324:
2322:Alphonse Laveran
2316:
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2296:
2288:
2280:
2272:
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2236:
2229:
2220:
2215:
2197:
2176:
2155:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2110:"国家知识产权局专利检索及分析"
2106:
2100:
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2088:
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1399:
1393:
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1371:10.1172/JCI60887
1344:
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1214:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1193:
1176:
1164:
1155:
1143:
1078:, discoverer of
1045:arsenic trioxide
1002:
1001:
984:
983:
909:
907:Biography portal
904:
903:
902:
895:
890:
889:
888:
881:
879:Chemistry portal
876:
875:
874:
812:September 2011,
805:September 2011,
734:
733:
696:developing world
625:
486:
440:Ningbo, Zhejiang
438:Tu was born in
383:, used to treat
378:
377:
372:
357:
348:
320:
319:
299:
298:
297:
282:
281:
268:
267:
244:
238:
237:
93:Ningbo, Zhejiang
89:
86:30 December 1930
85:
83:
68:
58:
57:
56:
41:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4508:
4444:Wang Zhongcheng
4411:
4367:
4361:
4331:
4326:
4307:
4288:
4284:
4279:
4268:14th Dalai Lama
4254:
4248:Nobel laureates
4245:
4215:
4210:
4191:
4166:
4147:
4098:
4094:
4089:
4064:
4062:Nobel laureates
4056:
4026:
4021:
3959:
3951:
3932:
3901:
3876:
3852:
3828:
3819:(United States)
3817:Paul L. Modrich
3797:
3790:
3760:
3755:
3740:
3729:
3714:
3709:Charles M. Rice
3701:Harvey J. Alter
3695:
3679:
3667:
3658:Michael Rosbash
3654:Jeffrey C. Hall
3651:
3643:
3627:
3618:May-Britt Moser
3611:
3595:
3590:Shinya Yamanaka
3583:
3562:
3554:
3549:Jack W. Szostak
3538:
3522:
3517:Oliver Smithies
3506:
3494:
3482:
3470:
3465:Peter Mansfield
3458:
3453:John E. Sulston
3442:
3426:
3415:
3399:
3391:
3375:
3367:
3355:
3342:Edward B. Lewis
3339:
3327:
3315:
3303:
3291:
3279:
3267:
3251:
3246:Susumu Tonegawa
3243:
3231:
3219:
3203:
3195:
3179:
3163:
3147:
3135:
3119:
3106:Roger Guillemin
3103:
3098:Daniel Gajdusek
3094:Baruch Blumberg
3091:
3080:
3071:Renato Dulbecco
3067:David Baltimore
3064:
3048:
3035:Karl von Frisch
3032:
3020:
3012:
2996:
2980:
2964:
2955:Haldan Hartline
2948:
2936:
2920:
2908:
2892:
2887:Maurice Wilkins
2876:
2868:
2856:
2851:Arthur Kornberg
2844:
2828:
2820:
2804:
2796:
2780:
2768:
2760:
2752:
2741:
2725:
2713:
2705:
2689:
2681:
2665:
2656:Joseph Erlanger
2653:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2612:
2604:
2596:
2584:
2576:
2560:
2552:
2540:
2532:
2524:
2512:
2507:Charles Nicolle
2504:
2496:
2488:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2462:
2450:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2423:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2379:
2371:
2363:
2355:
2350:Albrecht Kossel
2347:
2339:
2327:
2319:
2307:
2299:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2267:
2256:
2247:
2204:
2194:
2179:
2173:
2159:Tu, Y. (2017).
2158:
2152:
2137:
2134:
2132:Further reading
2129:
2128:
2118:
2116:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2090:
2089:
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2075:
2073:
2064:
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2047:
2038:
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2021:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1991:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1960:
1959:吴菊萍屠呦呦获授三八红旗手标兵
1956:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1857:
1851:"Tu Youyou 屠呦呦"
1849:
1848:
1839:
1829:
1827:
1820:
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1737:
1727:
1725:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1688:10.1038/nm.2471
1672:Nature Medicine
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1493:
1489:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1458:
1447:
1437:
1435:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1331:section of the
1326:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1301:
1300:
1293:
1249:
1248:
1241:
1231:
1229:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1165:
1158:
1144:
1137:
1132:
905:
900:
898:
891:
886:
884:
877:
872:
870:
867:
807:GlaxoSmithKline
787:
727:
655:Artemisia annua
623:
580:
566:
546:schistosomiasis
536:
534:Schistosomiasis
516:
514:Research career
487:
481:
436:
367:(also known as
183:
179:
175:
153:
148:
143:
138:
101:Alma mater
96:
90:
87:
81:
79:
71:
59:
52:
46:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4688:
4686:
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4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4635:Malariologists
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4582:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4561:
4551:
4541:
4531:
4521:
4515:Zhao Zhongxian
4511:
4506:
4500:
4490:
4480:
4470:
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4414:
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4337:
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4176:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4157:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4142:Charles K. Kao
4139:
4136:Daniel C. Tsui
4133:
4127:
4121:
4115:
4112:Chen-Ning Yang
4108:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4084:Roger Y. Tsien
4081:
4074:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4032:
4023:
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3999:
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3931:
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3893:
3890:Takaaki Kajita
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3746:Katalin Karikó
3738:
3727:
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3625:
3609:
3602:Randy Schekman
3593:
3581:
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3536:
3529:Luc Montagnier
3520:
3509:Mario Capecchi
3504:
3492:
3485:Barry Marshall
3480:
3468:
3461:Paul Lauterbur
3456:
3445:Sydney Brenner
3440:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3406:Paul Greengard
3402:Arvid Carlsson
3397:
3389:
3373:
3365:
3353:
3337:
3334:Martin Rodbell
3325:
3313:
3310:Edwin G. Krebs
3306:Edmond Fischer
3301:
3289:
3277:
3265:
3254:James W. Black
3249:
3241:
3229:
3217:
3214:César Milstein
3210:Georges Köhler
3201:
3193:
3182:Sune Bergström
3177:
3174:Torsten Wiesel
3170:David H. Hubel
3161:
3145:
3133:
3126:Daniel Nathans
3117:
3110:Andrew Schally
3101:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3062:
3046:
3030:
3023:Gerald Edelman
3018:
3010:
3007:Julius Axelrod
2994:
2991:Salvador Luria
2987:Alfred Hershey
2978:
2962:
2946:
2934:
2923:François Jacob
2918:
2906:
2890:
2874:
2866:
2854:
2842:
2826:
2818:
2807:André Cournand
2802:
2794:
2778:
2766:
2763:Selman Waksman
2758:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2728:Edward Kendall
2723:
2711:
2703:
2687:
2684:Hermann Muller
2679:
2663:
2660:Herbert Gasser
2651:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2615:Gerhard Domagk
2610:
2602:
2594:
2582:
2574:
2571:William Murphy
2563:George Whipple
2558:
2550:
2538:
2530:
2522:
2510:
2502:
2494:
2485:
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2441:Archibald Hill
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2202:External links
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2126:
2101:
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2031:
2015:NobelPrize.org
1999:
1977:
1962:(in Chinese).
1949:
1930:(in Chinese).
1919:
1893:
1867:
1837:
1822:(in Chinese).
1809:
1794:(in Chinese).
1781:
1776:People's Daily
1762:
1735:
1709:
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1433:NobelPrize.org
1419:
1394:
1339:
1320:
1291:
1262:(6): 855–858.
1239:
1218:"Introduction"
1209:
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1085:
1072:
1057:Zhang Tingdong
1041:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1017:Naphthoquinone
1014:
1004:
992:
986:
970:
964:
954:
935:resulted from
930:
917:
915:Drug discovery
911:
910:
896:
882:
866:
863:
862:
861:
854:
848:
835:October 2015,
833:
832:(co-recipient)
826:
819:
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803:
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797:
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786:
783:
741:full professor
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723:
704:carbonyl group
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397:Southeast Asia
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152:, China (2016)
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4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4595:Living people
4593:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4403:Liu Dongsheng
4400:
4398:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4377:Yuan Longping
4374:
4373:
4370:
4365:
4358:
4353:
4351:
4346:
4344:
4339:
4338:
4335:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4275:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4242:
4237:
4235:
4230:
4228:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4119:
4118:Tsung-Dao Lee
4116:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4053:
4048:
4046:
4041:
4039:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3921:Satoshi Ōmura
3919:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3811:Tomas Lindahl
3809:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3795:
3787:
3782:
3780:
3775:
3773:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3751:
3750:Drew Weissman
3747:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3650:
3647:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3634:Satoshi Ōmura
3631:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3598:James Rothman
3594:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3565:Bruce Beutler
3561:
3558:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3537:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3478:
3477:Linda B. Buck
3474:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3395:
3394:Günter Blobel
3390:
3387:
3383:
3382:Louis Ignarro
3379:
3374:
3371:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3323:
3322:Phillip Sharp
3319:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3282:Joseph Murray
3278:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3247:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3234:Stanley Cohen
3230:
3227:
3223:
3222:Michael Brown
3218:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3199:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3138:Allan Cormack
3134:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3115:
3114:Rosalyn Yalow
3111:
3107:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3060:
3059:George Palade
3056:
3052:
3051:Albert Claude
3047:
3044:
3040:
3039:Konrad Lorenz
3036:
3031:
3028:
3027:Rodney Porter
3024:
3019:
3016:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3003:Ulf von Euler
3000:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2951:Ragnar Granit
2947:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2932:
2931:Jacques Monod
2928:
2924:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2904:
2903:Andrew Huxley
2900:
2896:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2879:Francis Crick
2875:
2872:
2867:
2864:
2863:Peter Medawar
2860:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2831:George Beadle
2827:
2824:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2800:
2799:Hugo Theorell
2795:
2792:
2788:
2787:Thomas Weller
2784:
2779:
2776:
2775:Fritz Lipmann
2772:
2767:
2764:
2759:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2709:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2685:
2680:
2677:
2676:Howard Florey
2673:
2669:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2616:
2611:
2608:
2603:
2600:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2580:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2556:
2555:Thomas Morgan
2551:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2536:
2531:
2528:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2469:
2466:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2446:
2445:Otto Meyerhof
2442:
2437:
2430:
2427:
2422:
2419:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2383:
2382:Róbert Bárány
2378:
2375:
2370:
2367:
2366:Alexis Carrel
2362:
2359:
2354:
2351:
2346:
2343:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2323:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2310:Camillo Golgi
2306:
2303:
2298:
2295:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2279:
2274:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2239:
2237:
2232:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2214:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2193:9781629441955
2189:
2185:
2184:
2178:
2174:
2172:9780128116562
2168:
2164:
2163:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1950:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1810:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1763:
1751:
1747:
1739:
1736:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1682:: 1217–1220.
1681:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1645:
1642:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1563:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1464:New Scientist
1461:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1420:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1365:: 3768–3773.
1364:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1005:
996:
993:
990:
987:
978:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
958:
955:
952:
948:
945:
944:
942:
938:
934:
931:
929:
925:
921:
918:
916:
913:
912:
908:
897:
894:
883:
880:
869:
864:
859:
855:
853:
849:
846:
845:Satoshi Ōmura
842:
838:
834:
831:
827:
824:
820:
817:
815:
811:
808:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
788:
784:
782:
780:
776:
772:
766:
763:
761:
757:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
737:academic rank
724:
722:
719:
717:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
680:
678:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
656:
650:
648:
644:
640:
634:
632:
627:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
592:North Vietnam
589:
585:
579:
575:
571:
563:
561:
559:
555:
554:urinary tract
551:
547:
543:
542:
533:
527:
523:
521:
513:
511:
508:
506:
501:
497:
493:
490:She attended
485:
478:
476:
472:
468:
467:
461:
457:
453:
449:
443:
441:
433:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
416:Satoshi Ōmura
413:
410:jointly with
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
371:
366:
362:
358:
352:
344:
340:
331:
327:
315:
313:
309:
306:
302:
296:
291:
289:
285:
277:
275:
271:
263:
261:
257:
254:
250:
245:
241:
233:
231:
227:
222:
218:
214:
210:
207:
204:
200:
197:
193:
189:
186:
182:
178:
174:
171:
167:
164:
160:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
103:
99:
94:
88:(age 93)
78:
74:
67:
62:
49:
42:
39:
35:
34:
33:
26:
22:
4555:Wang Dazhong
4549:Zeng Qingcun
4518:
4498:Cheng Kaijia
4494:Zhang Cunhao
4484:Zheng Zhemin
4478:Wu Liangyong
4448:Xu Guangxian
4428:Li Zhensheng
4407:Wang Yongzhi
4320:
4204:
4180:Gao Xingjian
3991:
3946:Angus Deaton
3926:
3735:Svante Pääbo
3720:David Julius
3674:Tasuku Honjo
3637:
3622:Edvard Moser
3614:John O'Keefe
3577:posthumously
3576:
3513:Martin Evans
3489:Robin Warren
3473:Richard Axel
3420:2001–present
3298:Bert Sakmann
3166:Roger Sperry
3158:George Snell
3154:Jean Dausset
3122:Werner Arber
3075:Howard Temin
2999:Bernard Katz
2983:Max Delbrück
2939:Francis Rous
2915:Feodor Lynen
2911:Konrad Bloch
2899:Alan Hodgkin
2883:James Watson
2859:Frank Burnet
2847:Severo Ochoa
2835:Edward Tatum
2823:Daniel Bovet
2736:Philip Hench
2648:Edward Doisy
2579:Hans Spemann
2567:George Minot
2547:Edgar Adrian
2535:Otto Warburg
2457:John Macleod
2426:August Krogh
2418:Jules Bordet
2334:Paul Ehrlich
2286:Niels Finsen
2270:Emil Behring
2182:
2161:
2140:
2117:. Retrieved
2113:
2104:
2095:
2086:
2074:. Retrieved
2069:
2060:
2048:. Retrieved
2034:
2022:. Retrieved
2014:
2002:
1990:. Retrieved
1980:
1968:. Retrieved
1952:
1940:. Retrieved
1936:the original
1922:
1912:12 September
1910:. Retrieved
1896:
1884:. Retrieved
1880:the original
1870:
1858:. Retrieved
1830:13 September
1828:. Retrieved
1812:
1802:13 September
1800:. Retrieved
1784:
1765:
1755:13 September
1753:. Retrieved
1738:
1726:. Retrieved
1712:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1654:
1644:
1634:12 September
1632:. Retrieved
1618:
1609:
1604:. New York:
1601:
1596:Tu, Youyou.
1591:
1581:14 September
1579:. Retrieved
1565:
1553:. Retrieved
1543:
1533:. New York:
1530:
1503:. Retrieved
1499:
1490:
1482:The Guardian
1481:
1471:
1463:
1436:. Retrieved
1432:
1427:Tu, Youyou.
1422:
1410:. Retrieved
1406:
1397:
1358:
1352:
1342:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1313:13 September
1311:. Retrieved
1259:
1255:
1230:. Retrieved
1226:the original
1212:
1200:. Retrieved
1191:
1079:
1069:Chen Saijuan
1037:
989:Lumefantrine
977:Zhou Weishan
967:Pyronaridine
960:
950:
893:China portal
860:, P.R. China
767:
764:
753:
728:
725:Later career
720:
712:
683:
681:
677:Animal tests
671:
663:
653:
651:
642:
635:
628:
586:, President
581:
548:, caused by
539:
537:
517:
509:
489:
466:Book of Odes
465:
455:
451:
447:
445:
437:
428:Lasker Award
404:Lasker Award
401:
354:
338:
337:
312:Romanization
260:Hanyu Pinyin
224:Chinese name
191:Institutions
162:
119:Discovering
38:
31:
28:
21:Chinese name
4590:1930 births
4545:Huang Xuhua
4535:Liu Yongtan
4525:Wang Zeshan
4488:Wang Xiaomo
4468:Wang Zhenyi
4464:Shi Changxu
4458:Sun Jiadong
4422:Wu Mengchao
4078:Yuan T. Lee
4059:Han Chinese
3823:Aziz Sancar
3794:Nobel Prize
3586:John Gurdon
3501:Craig Mello
3497:Andrew Fire
3410:Eric Kandel
3386:Ferid Murad
3294:Erwin Neher
3206:Niels Jerne
2971:Har Khorana
2959:George Wald
2927:André Lwoff
2895:John Eccles
2783:John Enders
2755:Max Theiler
2716:Walter Hess
2708:Paul Müller
2672:Ernst Chain
2342:Emil Kocher
2302:Robert Koch
2294:Ivan Pavlov
2278:Ronald Ross
2119:14 February
2096:sina.com.cn
1942:10 February
1902:"Tu Youyou"
1855:China Vitae
1745:屠呦呦膺世界級醫學大獎
1728:20 February
1505:16 November
1089:Wu Lien-teh
1076:Tang Feifan
1061:Wang Zhenyi
1011:Zhou Yiqing
959:(Tu Youyou
947:Artemisinin
937:Project 523
828:June 2015,
762:, Beijing.
692:artemisinin
631:Project 523
620:Project 523
604:chloroquine
588:Ho Chi Minh
584:Vietnam War
574:artemisinin
570:Project 523
475:coincidence
393:South China
365:artemisinin
121:artemisinin
25:family name
4584:Categories
4559:Gu Songfen
4474:Xie Jialin
4454:Gu Chaohao
4438:Wu Zhengyi
4418:Ye Duzheng
4397:Jin Yilian
4294:Literature
4274:Liu Xiaobo
4172:Literature
4161:Liu Xiaobo
4130:Steven Chu
3834:Literature
3437:Paul Nurse
2771:Hans Krebs
2696:Gerty Cori
2644:Henrik Dam
2591:Otto Loewi
2587:Henry Dale
2070:guancha.cn
2050:20 January
1750:Wen Wei Po
1438:10 October
1232:10 October
1202:12 October
1183:References
1035:Niu Jingyi
995:Artesunate
973:Artemether
626:May 1967.
616:Mao Zedong
596:Zhou Enlai
558:intestines
550:trematodes
446:My name,
434:Early life
318:Du Ieu Ieu
274:Wade–Giles
206:Lou Zhicen
82:1930-12-30
70:Tu in 2015
4569:Xue Qikun
4539:Qian Qihu
4529:Hou Yunde
4519:Tu Youyou
4391:Huang Kun
4387:Wang Xuan
4381:Wu Wenjun
4366:laureates
4321:Tu Youyou
4205:Tu Youyou
4070:Chemistry
3927:Tu Youyou
3873:(Tunisia)
3849:(Belarus)
3803:Chemistry
3796:laureates
3638:Tu Youyou
3190:John Vane
3085:1976–2000
2746:1951–1975
2692:Carl Cori
2482:1926–1950
2261:1901–1925
2250:Laureates
2208:Tu Youyou
2076:9 January
2024:5 October
1629:USA Today
1576:Molecules
1555:7 January
1051:to treat
1049:tretinoin
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1964:Sina.com
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1412:22 April
1389:22059236
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1065:Chen Zhu
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662:source,
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3882:Physics
2252:of the
1992:14 June
1970:7 March
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1380:3195493
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924:quinine
920:Malaria
672:qinghao
668:Ge Hong
612:Guangxi
564:Malaria
556:or the
471:qinghao
385:malaria
343:Chinese
230:Chinese
95:, China
4504:Yu Min
4323:(2015)
4304:(2012)
4302:Mo Yan
4276:(2010)
4270:(1989)
4207:(2015)
4188:(2012)
4186:Mo Yan
4182:(2000)
4163:(2010)
4144:(2009)
4138:(1998)
4132:(1997)
4126:(1976)
4120:(1957)
4114:(1957)
4086:(2008)
4080:(1986)
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3668:2018:
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353::
351:pinyin
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169:Fields
147:(2015)
142:(2015)
137:(2011)
131:Awards
109:BMedSc
23:, the
4563:2023
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4385:2001
4375:2000
4260:Peace
4153:Peace
3992:2015
3858:Peace
3792:2015
2011:(PDF)
1700:S2CID
1130:Notes
739:of a
4509:2015
4412:2004
4017:2020
4012:2019
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4002:2017
3997:2016
3987:2014
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3731:2022
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688:青蒿素
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