57:
401:
555:
455:
464:
258:
574:. The bride comes to live with her husband's joint family. Traditionally, before the marriage is consummated, the bride's aunt checks if the girl is a virgin, then bathes and massages her. The bride and groom then join in a wedding feast where the village members join in, marking the start of a new couple.
1040:, Institut de Sociologie de l'Université de Bruxelles, Vol. 17, No. 3 (1967), pages 240-253; Quote: "In Senegal too the social structure is based on a rigid system of castes, each having a specific political, economic or ritual function. Caste antagonisms are much more important than tribal differences. "
388:
area, with roots of an organized Tekrur kingdom tracing back to the 5th century. They were part of the 10th to the 18th century kingdom, but led by non-Toucouleur rulers from other ethnic groups. In the 18th century, a
Toucouleur empire emerged which reached its peak influence in the 19th century
545:
formed a separate group. The religious leaders were not necessarily endogamous nor an inherited post in
Toucouleur people's long history, but it has been rare for lower caste people to become religious specialist, states Rüdiger Seesemann, as they were viewed as not sufficiently adhering to the
428:
grew and extended from
Senegal to much of Mali over the next ten years. His son Mustafa reigned over this empire and the Toucouleur between 1864 and 1870, followed by Omar's second son, Ahmadu Tall. The rule of Ahmadu, state Gallieni and Joffre, was a "Toucouleur-Muslim despot" over the
536:
The hierarchical social stratification has been an economically closed system, which historically has meant a marked inequality. Property and land has been exclusively owned by the upper caste members. Occupations and caste memberships are inherited. The
Toucouleur castes have been
393:. Omar was born in a Toucouleur clerical family in 1797. During his visit to Mecca in 1827, Omar was designated as the "Caliph of Black Africa." He returned to West Africa in 1833, and subsequently learned political and state building strategies from his father-in-law in the
566:
payable to the bride's family. A girl from high social status family such as of noble lineage expects substantially higher payment than one of lower status such as artisan castes or with slave lineage.
441:
and the Moors attacked the
Toucouleurs, and a civil war between local Toucouleur leaders engulfed the region. The empire ended in 1891, after the French colonial forces invaded the region.
1429:
885:
Clark, Andrew F. “The Fulbe of Bundu (Senegambia): From
Theocracy to Secularization.” The International Journal of African Historical Studies, vol. 29, no. 1, 1996, p. 4. JSTOR,
1557:
334:
more generally was invented by French ethnographers in the 19th century. They differentiated between supposedly sedentary, agricultural, fanatical, and anti-European
1256:
215:
in the 11th century; their early and strong
Islamic heritage, which is seen as a defining feature, is a "matter of great pride for them". They were among the first
420:
Omar returned to
Senegal in 1845, where he began preaching Islam among the Toucouleur. He obtained weapons from Europe, then mobilized the Toucouleur to pursue an
788:, Quote: "Endogamous artisan and musician groups are characteristic of over fifteen West African peoples, including the Manding, Soninke, Wolof, Serer, Fulani,
486:, which means "those who speak Pulaar". They are Muslims. Culturally, the Toucouleur differ from other Fula people by the sedentary nature of their society.
1422:
942:
Foltz, William J., "From French West Africa to the Mali
Federation", Volume 12. Yale studies in political science, p136. Yale University Press, 1965.
2318:
373:
ancestors. This tradition is supported by many scholars including Foltz and
Phillips. A mutually acceptable bantering-style interaction, called the
2333:
2423:
2328:
2313:
2308:
1742:
1550:
1214:
1136:
1065:
1017:
990:
963:
926:
870:
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813:
738:
698:
648:
2433:
1415:
594:
the name he has chosen, after which the marabout whispers the name in the infant's ear and prays. Following this, the marabout informs a
265:
They are found primarily in the northern regions of Senegal where they constitute 15% of the population. This region is irrigated by the
1249:
2428:
1543:
2087:
2082:
1242:
901:
Foltz, William J., "From French West Africa to the Mali Federation", Volume 12 of Yale studies in political science, p 136,
241:
valley, with farming, fishing and raising cattle as their main activities. The Toucouleur society has been patrilineal,
1438:
1892:
1152:
Tzeutschler, Gregory G. A. (1999). "Growing security: land rights and agricultural development in northern Senegal".
424:
in 1854 against the non-Muslim ethnic groups and those Muslims who had strayed. The Toucouleur armies succeeded. The
2219:
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2129:
1970:
1735:
2378:
2229:
2323:
2097:
1842:
2373:
2234:
1566:
525:
or the slaves or descendants of slaves "who have been freed". The bottom strata among the Toucouleurs are the
1847:
2444:
2224:
2214:
2154:
2139:
1810:
1827:
56:
2343:
2338:
2274:
2112:
2092:
2029:
1907:
220:
2418:
1760:
1728:
1459:
1081:
Amin, Samir (1972). "Underdevelopment and Dependence in Black Africa — Origins and Contemporary Forms".
902:
400:
1034:
Les "nouvelles" classes sociales en milieu urbain : le cas du Sénégal et celui du Nigéria du Nord
832:
Nearly Native, Barely Civilized: Henri Gaden's Journey through Colonial French West Africa (1894-1939)
277:. They are about a million Toucouleur people in Senegal River valley area, and about 100,000 in Mali.
2383:
2264:
1887:
1832:
1265:
261:
The Toucouleur trace their roots to the Senegal River valley at the border of Senegal and Mauritania.
219:
in the area that became Senegal. They were influential in the spread of Islam to West Africa in the
2368:
2144:
1837:
1336:
1326:
374:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2363:
1950:
1800:
1169:
1098:
779:
771:
273:. During the colonial era, and in the modern times, some of the Toucouleurs resettled in western
1927:
2303:
2000:
1775:
1667:
1210:
1204:
1132:
1128:
1061:
1057:
1013:
1007:
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959:
922:
916:
866:
836:
809:
803:
734:
694:
644:
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405:
234:
who led a religious war against the neighboring ethnic groups and the French colonial forces.
227:
1852:
2354:
2164:
2072:
1622:
1316:
1161:
1090:
763:
554:
409:
394:
390:
231:
2259:
1877:
730:
2293:
2169:
2067:
1780:
1672:
1647:
1637:
1627:
1612:
1494:
1484:
1479:
1351:
1331:
1116:
479:
430:
346:
312:
291:
170:
162:
112:
108:
521:
are the artisan castes of the Toucouleur society. The fourth caste strata is called the
2194:
2189:
2184:
2102:
1872:
1694:
1597:
1587:
1582:
1514:
1504:
1499:
1371:
1366:
1321:
1296:
1281:
1121:
434:
362:
316:
454:
2586:
2284:
2179:
2174:
2077:
2042:
1642:
1592:
1577:
1489:
1396:
1361:
1346:
1341:
1173:
1102:
783:
602:) of the name that has been chosen, and the griot announces the name to the village.
530:
385:
350:
266:
238:
1051:
541:, segregated and intermarriage has been rare. The clerics among Toucouleur like the
2567:
2496:
2254:
2037:
1795:
1790:
1770:
1751:
1709:
1687:
1682:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1602:
1524:
1509:
1356:
1306:
1301:
1186:
John MOGEY and Heinz BACHMANN (1986), Kinship under two Strategies of Development,
542:
463:
378:
366:
141:
137:
558:
A Toucouleur interpreter called Alpha Sega with his sisters. Image taken in 1882.
980:
953:
860:
830:
723:
638:
2557:
2552:
2491:
2466:
2461:
2413:
2403:
1990:
1699:
1632:
1617:
1607:
1469:
1376:
1311:
1286:
1276:
563:
370:
331:
192:
179:
145:
1228:
2005:
1985:
1785:
1677:
1464:
1407:
1291:
1165:
1094:
767:
495:
413:
270:
257:
208:
96:
88:
499:
212:
196:
1535:
676:
472:
Toucouleur marabout (left) and women in traditional dresses (19th century).
2408:
2057:
2015:
1917:
1882:
591:
538:
242:
1234:
1033:
2476:
1960:
1867:
1857:
1474:
1454:
438:
216:
200:
84:
17:
775:
754:
Tal Tamari (1991). "The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa".
693:. Rough Guides (2nd ed.). London: The Rough Guides. p. 144.
353:, an Atlantic branch of the Niger-Congo language family of languages.
2526:
2521:
2471:
2239:
2062:
2047:
1980:
1955:
1862:
1449:
1381:
571:
324:
249:. There are an estimated 1 million Toucouleur people in West Africa.
237:
The Toucouleur are traditionally sedentary, settled primarily in the
2456:
2249:
2244:
2010:
1391:
1009:
Cultured Force: Makers and Defenders of the French Colonial Empire
599:
553:
506:
421:
399:
256:
246:
125:
886:
2486:
2481:
2052:
1995:
1932:
1922:
1897:
1227:
This article includes some content that is a translation of the
274:
245:
and with high social stratification that included slavery and a
204:
92:
1724:
1720:
1539:
1411:
1238:
338:
on one hand and nomadic, pastoralist, docile and cooperative
862:
Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia
533:
or purchased in slave markets, or the status was inherited.
590:(sister of the father) cuts its hair. The father tells the
509:
is of the aristocratic leaders and Islamic scholars called
315:
derivation meaning "of every color", which itself may be a
1123:
Islam and Imperialism in Senegal: Sine-Saloum, 1847-1914
918:
Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World
805:
Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World
311:
is of unclear origin, with some sources stating it as a
1231:
from the French Knowledge (XXG), accessed July 5, 2005.
792:, Songhay, Dogon, Senufo, Minianka, Moors, and Tuareg."
1006:
Barnett Singer; John Langdon; John W. Langdon (2008).
2539:
2442:
2392:
2352:
2282:
2273:
2207:
2153:
2120:
2111:
2028:
1969:
1941:
1906:
1818:
1809:
1759:
437:. The empire collapsed in the 1880s as the Fulani,
131:
119:
102:
78:
68:
38:
1120:
722:
517:, or the administrators, traders and farmers. The
725:Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions
330:The supposed distinction between Toucouleurs and
478:The Toucouleurs speak the Futa Tooro dialect of
1198:
1196:
689:Trillo, Richard; Hudgens, Jim (November 1995).
632:
630:
628:
626:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
369:, the Toucouleurs are descendants of Serer and
1056:(in French). Paris: Editions Olizane. p.
854:
852:
384:The Toucouleur people have long inhabited the
1736:
1551:
1423:
1250:
1209:. Oxford University Press. pp. 154–155.
1190:, Vol. 17, No. 2 (SUMMER 1986), pages 233-244
1053:Mali: Magie d'un fleuve aux confins du désert
716:
714:
712:
710:
672:
670:
668:
666:
664:
662:
660:
643:. Oxford University Press. pp. 500–501.
505:The highest status among the five Toucouleur
8:
808:. William Carey Library. pp. 155, 161.
33:
416:into new regions (red) in the 19th century.
2543:
2279:
2117:
1815:
1743:
1729:
1721:
1558:
1544:
1536:
1430:
1416:
1408:
1257:
1243:
1235:
979:Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010).
952:Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010).
762:(2). Cambridge University Press: 221–250.
637:Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010).
562:Marriage among the Toucouleurs requires a
342:on the other, but the dichotomy is false.
323:, a precolonial term meaning "people from
55:
32:
2319:Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Fa Ndeb Joof
1012:. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 120.
985:. Oxford University Press. p. 126.
958:. Oxford University Press. p. 519.
529:or slaves. The slaves were acquired by
498:and divided into strict and rigid caste
2334:Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof
835:. BRILL Academic. pp. 1, 319–320.
610:
2424:The Royal House of Boureh Gnilane Joof
2329:Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh
2314:Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof
2309:Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof
1127:. Stanford University Press. pp.
1089:(4). Cambridge University Press: 503.
897:
895:
586:(childbirth), the baby is named and a
1188:Journal of Comparative Family Studies
1160:(1). Cambridge University Press: 36.
1083:The Journal of Modern African Studies
319:. More likely it is a deformation of
7:
2434:The Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof
289:, they are variously referred to as
79:Regions with significant populations
203:. There are smaller communities in
166:
379:between the Serers and Toucouleurs
25:
2429:The Royal House of Jogo Siga Joof
859:John A. Shoup (31 October 2011).
1032:Marie-Hélène Le Divelec (1967),
462:
453:
570:The marriage is validated by a
546:"clerical standards of piety".
2088:Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune
2083:States headed by Serer Lamanes
887:https://doi.org/10.2307/221416
756:The Journal of African History
307:(French literature). The name
1:
2379:Lingeer Selbeh Ndoffene Joof
2296:(ancient kings / landowners)
691:West Africa: The Rough Guide
63:(1853 David Boilat painting)
1439:Ethnic groups in Mauritania
915:Phillips, David J. (2001).
802:Phillips, David J. (2001).
729:. Merriam-Webster. p.
531:raiding pagan ethnic groups
377:by anthropologists, exists
281:Identification and language
195:ethnic group native to the
2609:
2355:Queens & Queen Mothers
1203:Rüdiger Seesemann (2011).
295:
269:valley, overlaps southern
230:in the 19th century under
2546:
2324:Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof
2098:Timeline of Serer history
1573:
1445:
1272:
1166:10.1017/s0021855300008718
1095:10.1017/s0022278x00022801
921:. William Carey Library.
768:10.1017/s0021853700025718
679:, Encyclopædia Britannica
389:under the Islamic leader
184:
136:
124:
107:
83:
73:
54:
42:
27:West African ethnic group
1833:Classical Ndut teachings
1567:Ethnic groups in Senegal
865:. ABC-CLIO. p. 97.
889:. Accessed 1 July 2023.
482:. They call themselves
61:A Tukulor man and woman
2344:Maad Semou Njekeh Joof
2339:Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof
1154:Journal of African Law
982:Encyclopedia of Africa
955:Encyclopedia of Africa
829:Roy M. Dilley (2014).
721:Wendy Doniger (1999).
640:Encyclopedia of Africa
559:
494:Toucouleur society is
417:
365:of the Toucouleur and
345:Toucouleurs speak the
262:
226:They founded the vast
211:. The Toucouleur were
174:
2419:Joos Maternal Dynasty
1266:Ethnic groups in Mali
1229:corresponding article
903:Yale University Press
578:Childbirth and naming
557:
513:. Below them are the
490:Social stratification
403:
260:
132:Related ethnic groups
2384:Serer maternal clans
189:𞤖𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤨𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪
115:and Wolof and arabic
48:𞤖𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤨𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪
2374:Lingeer Ngoné Dièye
2369:Lingeer Ndoye Demba
2093:Battle of Logandème
2058:Kingdom of Biffeche
1050:Eric Milet (2007).
375:joking relationship
35:
2364:Lingeer Fatim Beye
560:
445:People and society
418:
263:
2593:Toucouleur people
2580:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2563:Toucouleur people
2535:
2534:
2304:Lamane Jegan Joof
2203:
2202:
2063:kingdom of Saloum
2024:
2023:
2001:Point of Sangomar
1718:
1717:
1533:
1532:
1405:
1404:
1216:978-0-19-538432-1
1138:978-0-8047-0621-6
1067:978-2-88086-351-7
1019:978-0-299-19904-3
992:978-0-19-533770-9
965:978-0-19-533770-9
928:978-0-87808-352-7
872:978-1-59884-362-0
842:978-90-04-26528-8
815:978-0-87808-352-7
740:978-0-87779-044-0
700:978-1-85828-101-8
650:978-0-19-533770-9
426:Toucouleur Empire
406:Toucouleur Empire
361:According to the
228:Toucouleur Empire
155:Toucouleur people
151:
150:
34:Toucouleur people
16:(Redirected from
2600:
2544:
2280:
2118:
2073:Serer prehistory
1816:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1722:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1537:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1409:
1259:
1252:
1245:
1236:
1221:
1220:
1206:The Divine Flood
1200:
1191:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1126:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1047:
1041:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1003:
997:
996:
976:
970:
969:
949:
943:
940:
934:
932:
912:
906:
899:
890:
883:
877:
876:
856:
847:
846:
826:
820:
819:
799:
793:
787:
751:
745:
744:
728:
718:
705:
704:
686:
680:
674:
655:
654:
634:
466:
457:
422:Islamic holy war
410:Omar Saidou Tall
395:Sokoto Caliphate
391:Omar Saidou Tall
297:
232:Omar Saidou Tall
190:
187:, Adlam:
186:
168:
74:1 million (2010)
69:Total population
59:
49:
44:
36:
21:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2572:
2531:
2450:
2448:
2438:
2397:
2395:
2388:
2357:
2348:
2297:
2292:
2269:
2220:Chere (or saay)
2199:
2149:
2107:
2068:Kingdom of Sine
2053:Kingdom of Baol
2020:
1965:
1937:
1928:Kopé Tiatie Cac
1908:Supreme deities
1902:
1805:
1755:
1749:
1719:
1714:
1569:
1564:
1534:
1529:
1441:
1436:
1406:
1401:
1268:
1263:
1224:
1217:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1185:
1181:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1117:Martin A. Klein
1115:
1114:
1110:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1005:
1004:
1000:
993:
978:
977:
973:
966:
951:
950:
946:
941:
937:
929:
914:
913:
909:
900:
893:
884:
880:
873:
858:
857:
850:
843:
828:
827:
823:
816:
801:
800:
796:
753:
752:
748:
741:
720:
719:
708:
701:
688:
687:
683:
675:
658:
651:
636:
635:
612:
608:
582:One week after
580:
552:
492:
476:
475:
474:
473:
469:
468:
467:
459:
458:
447:
431:Mandinka people
363:oral traditions
359:
349:, a dialect of
347:Pulaar language
283:
255:
188:
177:), also called
95:
91:
87:
64:
62:
50:
47:
46:
41:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2606:
2604:
2596:
2595:
2585:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2547:
2541:
2540:Related people
2537:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2453:
2451:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2398:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2103:Western Sahara
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1904:
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1900:
1895:
1890:
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1329:
1324:
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1273:
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1264:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1223:
1222:
1215:
1192:
1179:
1144:
1137:
1108:
1073:
1066:
1042:
1025:
1018:
998:
991:
971:
964:
944:
935:
927:
907:
891:
878:
871:
848:
841:
821:
814:
794:
746:
739:
706:
699:
681:
656:
649:
609:
607:
604:
579:
576:
551:
548:
491:
488:
471:
470:
461:
460:
452:
451:
450:
449:
448:
446:
443:
435:Bambara people
412:expanded from
358:
355:
317:folk etymology
282:
279:
254:
251:
159:Tukulor people
149:
148:
134:
133:
129:
128:
122:
121:
117:
116:
105:
104:
100:
99:
81:
80:
76:
75:
71:
70:
66:
65:
60:
52:
51:
39:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2605:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2394:Dynasties and
2391:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
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2327:
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2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2145:Serer country
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2078:Serer history
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2043:Cekeen Tumuli
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:Other deities
1940:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1905:
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1876:
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1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1838:Creation myth
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1802:
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1698:
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1556:
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1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
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1471:
1468:
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1398:
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1358:
1355:
1353:
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1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
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1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
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1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1218:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1145:
1140:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1038:Civilisations
1035:
1029:
1026:
1021:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1002:
999:
994:
988:
984:
983:
975:
972:
967:
961:
957:
956:
948:
945:
939:
936:
930:
924:
920:
919:
911:
908:
904:
898:
896:
892:
888:
882:
879:
874:
868:
864:
863:
855:
853:
849:
844:
838:
834:
833:
825:
822:
817:
811:
807:
806:
798:
795:
791:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
750:
747:
742:
736:
732:
727:
726:
717:
715:
713:
711:
707:
702:
696:
692:
685:
682:
678:
673:
671:
669:
667:
665:
663:
661:
657:
652:
646:
642:
641:
633:
631:
629:
627:
625:
623:
621:
619:
617:
615:
611:
605:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
577:
575:
573:
568:
565:
556:
549:
547:
544:
540:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
501:
497:
489:
487:
485:
484:Haalpulaar’en
481:
465:
456:
444:
442:
440:
436:
432:
427:
423:
415:
411:
407:
402:
398:
396:
392:
387:
386:Senegal River
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
356:
354:
352:
348:
343:
341:
337:
333:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
293:
288:
280:
278:
276:
272:
268:
267:Senegal River
259:
252:
250:
248:
244:
240:
239:Senegal River
235:
233:
229:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
182:
181:
176:
172:
164:
160:
156:
147:
143:
139:
135:
130:
127:
123:
118:
114:
110:
106:
101:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
77:
72:
67:
58:
53:
37:
19:
2568:Wolof people
2562:
2497:Maad a Sinig
2449:royal titles
2396:royal houses
2288:
2170:Lehar/Laalaa
2113:Demographics
2038:Amar Godomat
1971:Sacred sites
1704:
1519:
1386:
1327:Iwellemmedan
1205:
1187:
1182:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1122:
1111:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1052:
1045:
1037:
1028:
1008:
1001:
981:
974:
954:
947:
938:
917:
910:
881:
861:
831:
824:
804:
797:
789:
759:
755:
749:
724:
690:
684:
639:
595:
587:
583:
581:
569:
561:
543:Wolof people
535:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
504:
493:
483:
477:
419:
383:
360:
344:
339:
335:
329:
320:
308:
304:
300:
290:
286:
284:
264:
253:Distribution
247:caste system
236:
225:
221:medieval era
193:West African
185:هَالْݒُلَارْ
178:
158:
154:
152:
43:هَالْݒُلَارْ
30:Ethnic group
2558:Lebu people
2553:Jola people
2517:Sene family
2512:Sarr family
2507:Njie family
2502:Ngum family
2492:Maad Saloum
2467:Joof family
2462:Faye family
2414:Joof family
2404:Faye family
2230:Inheritance
1991:Sine-Saloum
1951:Kumba Njaay
1933:Roog (main)
564:bride price
500:hierarchies
496:patriarchal
336:Toucouleurs
332:Fula people
2135:Mauritania
2006:Tattaguine
1986:Sine River
1819:Key topics
1705:Toucouleur
1520:Toucouleur
1387:Toucouleur
606:References
584:pémbougale
539:endogamous
523:Gallunkobe
414:Futa Toroo
309:Toucouleur
305:Haalpulaar
287:Toucouleur
271:Mauritania
243:polygynous
209:Mauritania
199:region of
180:Haalpulaar
175:Toucouleur
97:Mauritania
89:The Gambia
40:Haalpulaar
2155:Languages
2121:By region
1888:Symbolism
1848:Festivals
1843:Criticism
1623:Karoninka
1337:Khassonké
1317:Idaksahak
1174:143293506
1103:154467466
784:162509491
213:Islamized
197:Futa Toro
191:), are a
103:Languages
2587:Category
2445:Families
2409:Guelowar
2235:Marriage
2016:Yaboyabo
1918:Kokh Kox
1883:Saltigue
1873:Religion
1811:Religion
1781:Niominka
1673:Niominka
1648:Mankanya
1638:Mandinka
1628:Konyagui
1613:Jakhanke
1500:Reguibat
1495:Mandinka
1485:Jakhanke
1480:Imraguen
1455:Bedouins
1352:Mandinka
1332:Jakhanke
1119:(1968).
592:marabout
550:Marriage
285:Besides
183:(Ajami:
120:Religion
2477:Lingeer
2294:Lamanes
2275:Royalty
2208:Culture
2140:Senegal
2030:History
1961:Tiurakh
1868:Pangool
1858:Junjung
1853:Jaaniiw
1761:Peoples
1695:Soninke
1598:Biafada
1588:Bassari
1583:Balanta
1515:Soninke
1505:Sahrawi
1475:Haratin
1460:Berbers
1372:Soninke
1367:Songhai
1322:Igdalen
1297:Djimini
1282:Bambara
933:, p 161
790:Tukulor
677:Tukulor
527:Matyube
439:Tuaregs
357:History
321:tekruri
301:Futanke
296:Torooɓe
217:Muslims
201:Senegal
167:توكولور
85:Senegal
45:
18:Tukolor
2527:Thilas
2522:Teigne
2472:Lamane
2240:Mbalax
2165:Cangin
2130:Gambia
2048:Khasso
1981:Fatick
1956:Takhar
1863:Lamane
1771:Laalaa
1754:topics
1663:Laalaa
1643:Manjak
1593:Bedick
1578:Bainuk
1450:Bafour
1397:Tuareg
1382:Tellem
1362:Senufo
1347:Kurtey
1213:
1172:
1135:
1101:
1064:
1016:
989:
962:
925:
905:(1965)
869:
839:
812:
782:
776:182616
774:
737:
697:
647:
588:gorgol
572:mosque
519:Nyenbe
511:Torobe
507:castes
480:Pulaar
340:Peulhs
325:Takrur
313:French
292:Pulaar
171:French
163:Arabic
113:French
109:Pulaar
2457:Buumi
2291:) and
2285:Kings
2260:Tassu
2250:Sabar
2245:Njuup
2225:Death
2215:Birth
2195:Serer
2190:Safen
2185:Palor
2011:Tukar
1893:Women
1878:Sadax
1796:Saafi
1791:Palor
1752:Serer
1710:Wolof
1688:Saafi
1683:Palor
1658:Serer
1653:Papel
1603:Dyula
1525:Wolof
1510:Serer
1490:Kunta
1392:Toloy
1357:Marka
1342:Kunta
1307:Dyula
1302:Dogon
1170:S2CID
1131:–11.
1099:S2CID
780:S2CID
772:JSTOR
600:griot
596:gawlo
515:Rimbe
367:Serer
303:, or
142:Wolof
138:Serer
126:Islam
2487:Maad
2482:Loul
2289:Maad
2265:Njom
2255:Tama
2180:Noon
2175:Ndut
1996:Somb
1923:Koox
1898:Xooy
1828:Ciiɗ
1801:Seex
1786:Noon
1776:Ndut
1700:Susu
1678:Noon
1668:Ndut
1633:Lebu
1618:Jola
1608:Fula
1470:Fula
1377:Susu
1312:Fula
1287:Bozo
1277:Arma
1211:ISBN
1133:ISBN
1062:ISBN
1014:ISBN
987:ISBN
960:ISBN
923:ISBN
867:ISBN
837:ISBN
810:ISBN
735:ISBN
731:1116
695:ISBN
645:ISBN
433:and
404:The
371:Fula
351:Fula
275:Mali
207:and
205:Mali
153:The
146:Fula
111:and
93:Mali
2447:and
1465:Dom
1292:Bwa
1162:doi
1091:doi
1058:104
764:doi
408:of
327:".
157:or
2589::
1195:^
1168:.
1158:43
1156:.
1097:.
1087:10
1085:.
1060:.
1036:,
894:^
851:^
778:.
770:.
760:32
758:.
733:.
709:^
659:^
613:^
502:.
397:.
381:.
299:,
294::
223:.
173::
169:,
165::
144:,
140:,
2287:(
1744:e
1737:t
1730:v
1559:e
1552:t
1545:v
1431:e
1424:t
1417:v
1258:e
1251:t
1244:v
1219:.
1176:.
1164::
1141:.
1129:7
1105:.
1093::
1070:.
1022:.
995:.
968:.
931:.
875:.
845:.
818:.
786:.
766::
743:.
703:.
653:.
598:(
161:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
