Neoplasm - Knowledge (XXG)

1031:

showing a colon cancer and four polyps. Below the photo, there is a schematic diagram of how a large patch of mutant or epigenetically altered cells may have formed, shown by the large area in yellow in the diagram. Within this first large patch in the diagram (a large clone of cells), a second such mutation or epigenetic alteration may occur so that a given stem cell acquires an advantage compared to other stem cells within the patch, and this altered stem cell may expand clonally forming a secondary patch, or sub-clone, within the original patch. This is indicated in the diagram by four smaller patches of different colors within the large yellow original area. Within these new patches (sub-clones), the process may be repeated multiple times, indicated by the still smaller patches within the four secondary patches (with still different colors in the diagram) which clonally expand, until stem cells arise that generate either small polyps or else a malignant neoplasm (cancer).

995: 709:(formed from blood or lymph vessels) are thus looked at as being amalgams of a solid skeleton formed by sticky cells and an organic liquid filling the spaces in which cells can grow. Under this type of model, mechanical stresses and strains can be dealt with and their influence on the growth of the tumor and the surrounding tissue and vasculature elucidated. Recent findings from experiments that use this model show that active growth of the tumor is restricted to the outer edges of the tumor and that stiffening of the underlying normal tissue inhibits tumor growth as well. 761: 938:. These epigenetic defects occurred in various cancers, including breast, ovarian, colorectal, and head and neck cancers. Two or three deficiencies in expression of ERCC1, XPF or PMS2 occur simultaneously in the majority of the 49 colon cancers evaluated by Facista et al. Epigenetic alterations causing reduced expression of DNA repair genes is shown in a central box at the third level from the top of the figure in this section, and the consequent DNA repair deficiency is shown at the fourth level. 1035:

circles (polyps) and a larger red area (cancer). The cancer in the photo occurred in the cecal area of the colon, where the colon joins the small intestine (labeled) and where the appendix occurs (labeled). The fat in the photo is external to the outer wall of the colon. In the segment of colon shown here, the colon was cut open lengthwise to expose the inner surface of the colon and to display the cancer and polyps occurring within the inner epithelial lining of the colon.

1015:

somatic mutations found in mutator phenotype human colorectal tumors occur before the onset of terminal clonal expansion. Similarly, Vogelstein et al. point out that more than half of somatic mutations identified in tumors occurred in a pre-neoplastic phase (in a field defect), during growth of apparently normal cells. Likewise, epigenetic alterations present in tumors may have occurred in pre-neoplastic field defects.

1492: 1011:". The term "field cancerization" was first used in 1953 to describe an area or "field" of epithelium that has been preconditioned by (at that time) largely unknown processes so as to predispose it towards development of cancer. Since then, the terms "field cancerization" and "field defect" have been used to describe pre-malignant tissue in which new cancers are likely to arise. 75: 742:) due to outflow obstructions or narrowings, or abnormal connections, may also present as a tumor. Examples are arteriovenous fistulae or aneurysms (with or without thrombosis), biliary fistulae or aneurysms, sclerosing cholangitis, cysticercosis or hydatid cysts, intestinal duplications, and pulmonary inclusions as seen with cystic fibrosis. It can be dangerous to 647: 1506: 667: 1034:

In the photo, an apparent field defect in this segment of a colon has generated four polyps (labeled with the size of the polyps, 6mm, 5mm, and two of 3mm, and a cancer about 3 cm across in its longest dimension). These neoplasms are also indicated, in the diagram below the photo, by 4 small tan

974:

Field defects, normal-appearing tissue with multiple alterations (and discussed in the section below), are common precursors to development of the disordered and improperly proliferating clone of tissue in a malignant neoplasm. Such field defects (second level from bottom of figure) may have multiple

998:

Longitudinally opened freshly resected colon segment showing a cancer and four polyps, plus a schematic diagram indicating a likely field defect (a region of tissue that precedes and predisposes to the development of cancer) in this colon segment. The diagram indicates sub-clones and sub-sub-clones

1278:

Some of the small polyps in the field defect shown in the photo of the opened colon segment may be relatively benign neoplasms. Of polyps less than 10mm in size, found during colonoscopy and followed with repeat colonoscopies for 3 years, 25% were unchanged in size, 35% regressed or shrank in size

1038:

If the general process by which sporadic colon cancers arise is the formation of a pre-neoplastic clone that spreads by natural selection, followed by formation of internal sub-clones within the initial clone, and sub-sub-clones inside those, then colon cancers generally should be associated with,

1320:

past some of those damages may give rise to mutations. In addition, faulty repair of these accumulated DNA damages may give rise to epimutations. These new mutations or epimutations may provide a proliferative advantage, generating a field defect. Although the mutations/epimutations in DNA repair

1307:

The high frequencies of mutations in the total nucleotide sequences within cancers suggest that often an early alteration in the field defects giving rise to a cancer (e.g. yellow area in the diagram in this section) is a deficiency in DNA repair. The large field defects surrounding colon cancers

1042:

In experimental evaluation of specific DNA repair deficiencies in cancers, many specific DNA repair deficiencies were also shown to occur in the field defects surrounding those cancers. The Table, below, gives examples for which the DNA repair deficiency in a cancer was shown to be caused by an

1030:

on the inside surface of the colon. A mutant or epigenetically altered stem cell may replace the other nearby stem cells by natural selection. Thus, a patch of abnormal tissue may arise. The figure in this section includes a photo of a freshly resected and lengthwise-opened segment of the colon

1014:

Field defects are important in progression to cancer. However, in most cancer research, as pointed out by Rubin "The vast majority of studies in cancer research has been done on well-defined tumors in vivo, or on discrete neoplastic foci in vitro. Yet there is evidence that more than 80% of the

3616:

Svrcek M, Buhard O, Colas C, Coulet F, Dumont S, Massaoudi I, et al. (November 2010). "Methylation tolerance due to an O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) field defect in the colonic mucosa: an initiating step in the development of mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancers".

746:

a number of types of tumor in which the leakage of their contents would potentially be catastrophic. When such types of tumors are encountered, diagnostic modalities such as ultrasound, CT scans, MRI, angiograms, and nuclear medicine scans are employed prior to (or during) biopsy or surgical

886:

Similarly, out of 119 cases of mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancers that lacked DNA repair gene PMS2 expression, PMS2 was deficient in 6 due to mutations in the PMS2 gene, while in 103 cases PMS2 expression was deficient because its pairing partner MLH1 was repressed due to promoter

1295:), an average cancer of the breast or colon can have about 60 to 70 protein altering mutations, of which about 3 or 4 may be "driver" mutations, and the remaining ones may be "passenger" mutations. However, the average number of DNA sequence mutations in the entire genome (including 1039:

and be preceded by, fields of increasing abnormality reflecting the succession of premalignant events. The most extensive region of abnormality (the outermost yellow irregular area in the diagram) would reflect the earliest event in formation of a malignant neoplasm.

834:

in an inflamed colonic epithelium are the source of reactive oxygen species causing the DNA damages that initiate colonic tumorigenesis (creation of tumors in the colon). Some sources of DNA damage are indicated in the boxes at the top of the figure in this section.

681:

Tumors in humans occur as a result of accumulated genetic and epigenetic alterations within single cells, which cause the cell to divide and expand uncontrollably. A neoplasm can be caused by an abnormal proliferation of tissues, which can be caused by genetic

982:. This instability is likely due to reduced DNA repair or excessive DNA damage. Because of such instability, the cancer continues to evolve and to produce sub clones. For example, a renal cancer, sampled in 9 areas, had 40 ubiquitous mutations, demonstrating 2738:

Mokarram P, Zamani M, Kavousipour S, Naghibalhossaini F, Irajie C, Moradi Sarabi M, et al. (May 2013). "Different patterns of DNA methylation of the two distinct O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (O6-MGMT) promoter regions in colorectal cancer".

1018:

An expanded view of field effect has been termed "etiologic field effect", which encompasses not only molecular and pathologic changes in pre-neoplastic cells but also influences of exogenous environmental factors and molecular changes in the local

4372: 4353: 775:

is considered to be the primary underlying cause of malignant neoplasms known as cancers. Its central role in progression to cancer is illustrated in the figure in this section, in the box near the top. (The central features of DNA damage,

3402:

Rubin H (March 2011). "Fields and field cancerization: the preneoplastic origins of cancer: asymptomatic hyperplastic fields are precursors of neoplasia, and their progression to tumors can be tracked by saturation density in culture".

3696:

Zuo C, Zhang H, Spencer HJ, Vural E, Suen JY, Schichman SA, Smoller BR, Kokoska MS, Fan CY (October 2009). "Increased microsatellite instability and epigenetic inactivation of the hMLH1 gene in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma".

1480:(such as sebaceous cysts) are also referred to as tumors, even though they have no neoplastic cells. This is standard in medical-billing terminology (especially when billing for a growth whose pathology has yet to be determined). 218:. The growth of a neoplasm is uncoordinated with that of the normal surrounding tissue, and persists in growing abnormally, even if the original trigger is removed. This abnormal growth usually forms a mass, which may be called a 865:

component and are called "sporadic cancers". Only a minority of sporadic cancers have a deficiency in DNA repair due to mutation in a DNA repair gene. However, a majority of sporadic cancers have deficiency in DNA repair due to

481:

Secondary neoplasm refers to any of a class of cancerous tumor that is either a metastatic offshoot of a primary tumor, or an apparently unrelated tumor that increases in frequency following certain cancer treatments such as

1303:

mutation frequency) the total number of DNA sequence mutations is about 80,000. This compares to the very low mutation frequency of about 70 new mutations in the entire genome between generations (parent to child) in humans.

3660:

Paluszczak J, Misiak P, Wierzbicka M, Woźniak A, Baer-Dubowska W (February 2011). "Frequent hypermethylation of DAPK, RARbeta, MGMT, RASSF1A and FHIT in laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas and adjacent normal mucosa".

882:

of the MGMT promoter region (an epigenetic alteration). Five reports present evidence that between 40% and 90% of colorectal cancers have reduced MGMT expression due to methylation of the MGMT promoter region.

2653:

Lee KH, Lee JS, Nam JH, Choi C, Lee MC, Park CS, Juhng SW, Lee JH (October 2011). "Promoter methylation status of hMLH1, hMSH2, and MGMT genes in colorectal cancer associated with adenoma-carcinoma sequence".

4040: 994: 1321:

genes do not, themselves, confer a selective advantage, they may be carried along as passengers in cells when the cells acquire additional mutations/epimutations that do provide a proliferative advantage.

5455: 5450: 788:

and the properties of DNA in water at body temperatures) occur at a rate of more than 10,000 new damages, on average, per human cell, per day. Additional DNA damages can arise from exposure to

1316:) in the entire area of the field defect. Deficiencies in DNA repair cause increased mutation rates. A deficiency in DNA repair, itself, can allow DNA damages to accumulate, and error-prone 3740:

Tawfik HM, El-Maqsoud NM, Hak BH, El-Sherbiny YM (2011). "Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: mismatch repair immunohistochemistry and promoter hypermethylation of hMLH1 gene".

510:

and contain more than one type of cell, but their initiation and continued growth are usually dependent on a single population of neoplastic cells. These cells are presumed to be

3159:

Cuozzo C, Porcellini A, Angrisano T, Morano A, Lee B, Di Pardo A, Messina S, Iuliano R, Fusco A, Santillo MR, Muller MT, Chiariotti L, Gottesman ME, Avvedimento EV (July 2007).

5445: 2556:

Shen L, Kondo Y, Rosner GL, Xiao L, Hernandez NS, Vilaythong J, Houlihan PS, Krouse RS, Prasad AR, Einspahr JG, Buckmeier J, Alberts DS, Hamilton SR, Issa JP (September 2005).

887:

methylation (PMS2 protein is unstable in the absence of MLH1). In the other 10 cases, loss of PMS2 expression was likely due to epigenetic overexpression of the microRNA,

3775:

Zou XP, Zhang B, Zhang XQ, Chen M, Cao J, Liu WJ (November 2009). "Promoter hypermethylation of multiple genes in early gastric adenocarcinoma and precancerous lesions".

2251: 986:(i.e. present in all areas of the cancer), 59 mutations shared by some (but not all areas), and 29 "private" mutations only present in one of the areas of the cancer. 941:

When expression of DNA repair genes is reduced, DNA damages accumulate in cells at a higher than normal level, and these excess damages cause increased frequencies of

2181:

Cunningham FH, Fiebelkorn S, Johnson M, Meredith C (November 2011). "A novel application of the Margin of Exposure approach: segregation of tobacco smoke toxicants".

1804: 1043:

epigenetic alteration, and the somewhat lower frequencies with which the same epigenetically caused DNA repair deficiency was found in the surrounding field defect.

1473:) are current medical terms for non-neoplastic swelling. This type of swelling is most often caused by inflammation caused by trauma, infection, and other factors. 2699:"Promoter CpG island hypermethylation of the DNA repair enzyme MGMT predicts clinical response to dacarbazine in a phase II study for metastatic colorectal cancer" 2697:

Amatu A, Sartore-Bianchi A, Moutinho C, Belotti A, Bencardino K, Chirico G, Cassingena A, Rusconi F, Esposito A, Nichelatti M, Esteller M, Siena S (April 2013).

1452:

is often used as a synonym for a cystic (liquid-filled) growth or solid neoplasm (cancerous or non-cancerous), with other forms of swelling often referred to as

724:(as occur commonly during pregnancy and at other times) are another example, as are other encapsulated glandular swellings (thyroid, adrenal gland, pancreas). 3357:

Nguyen H, Loustaunau C, Facista A, Ramsey L, Hassounah N, Taylor H, Krouse R, Payne CM, Tsikitis VL, Goldschmid S, Banerjee B, Perini RF, Bernstein C (2010).

1308:(extending to at about 10 cm on each side of a cancer) were shown by Facista et al. to frequently have epigenetic defects in 2 or 3 DNA repair proteins ( 1778: 1026:

In the colon, a field defect probably arises by natural selection of a mutant or epigenetically altered cell among the stem cells at the base of one of the

858:

mutations). These germline mutations are indicated in a box at the left of the figure with an arrow indicating their contribution to DNA repair deficiency.

5436: 578:

that may or may not be formed by an abnormal growth of neoplastic cells) that appears enlarged in size. Some neoplasms do not form a tumor - these include

2506:"O(6)-methylguanine methyltransferase in colorectal cancers: detection of mutations, loss of expression, and weak association with G:C>A:T transitions" 694:) and similarities between neoplasmic growths and regenerative processes, e.g., dedifferentiation and rapid cell proliferation, have been pointed out. 2375:"Early-stage formation of an epigenetic field defect in a mouse colitis model, and non-essential roles of T- and B-cells in DNA methylation induction" 1291:

or a mutator phenotype. The protein-coding DNA within the nucleus is about 1.5% of the total genomic DNA. Within this protein-coding DNA (called the

1524: 738:

Discrete localized enlargements of normal structures (ureters, blood vessels, intrahepatic or extrahepatic biliary ducts, pulmonary inclusions, or

875: 899: 269:. However, metaplasia or dysplasia does not always progress to neoplasia and can occur in other conditions as well. The word neoplasm is from 5288: 1933: 1669: 5501: 1752: 1829: 4465: 4776: 1728: 1700: 4061:

Yost SE, Smith EN, Schwab RB, Bao L, Jung H, Wang X, Voest E, Pierce JP, Messer K, Parker BA, Harismendy O, Frazer KA (August 2012).

3277: 3260: 1895: 546:

lesions). The demonstration of clonality is now considered to be necessary to identify a lymphoid cell proliferation as neoplastic.

424: 3998:

Lander ES, Linton LM, Birren B, Nusbaum C, Zody MC, Baldwin J, Devon K, Dewar K, Doyle M, FitzHugh W, et al. (February 2001).

3110:"Double strand breaks can initiate gene silencing and SIRT1-dependent onset of DNA methylation in an exogenous promoter CpG island" 870:

alterations that reduce or silence DNA repair gene expression. For example, of 113 sequential colorectal cancers, only four had a

4889: 4744: 957: 781: 772: 494: 967:. DNA repair deficiencies (level 4 in the figure) cause increased DNA damages (level 5 in the figure) which result in increased 2465:"Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer—analyses of cohorts of twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland" 632:

is often used when the lesion has a maximal diameter of at least 20 millimeters (mm) in the greatest direction, while the term

847: 1299:) within a breast cancer tissue sample is about 20,000. In an average melanoma tissue sample (where melanomas have a higher 638:

is usually used when the size of the lesion is less than 20 mm in its greatest dimension (25.4 mm = 1 inch).

2373:

Katsurano M, Niwa T, Yasui Y, Shigematsu Y, Yamashita S, Takeshima H, Lee MS, Kim YJ, Tanaka T, Ushijima T (January 2012).

5486: 5204: 3009:"Differing patterns of genetic instability in mice deficient in the mismatch repair genes Pms2, Mlh1, Msh2, Msh3 and Msh6" 1808: 935: 4063:"Identification of high-confidence somatic mutations in whole genome sequence of formalin-fixed breast cancer specimens" 1749:

International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) Version for 2010

1553: 2463:

Lichtenstein P, Holm NV, Verkasalo PK, Iliadou A, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M, Pukkala E, Skytthe A, Hemminki K (July 2000).

1534: 727:

Encapsulated hematomas, encapsulated necrotic tissue (from an insect bite, foreign body, or other noxious mechanism),

5235: 1020: 5281: 5029: 4313: 1782: 5064: 5022: 4391: 950: 894:

In further examples, epigenetic defects were found at frequencies of between 13%-100% for the DNA repair genes

739: 5157: 5121: 5059: 4851: 4458: 4318: 3812:"Promoter methylation status of DNA repair gene (hMLH1) in gastric carcinoma patients of the Kashmir valley" 1564: 1529: 815: 780:

alterations and deficient DNA repair in progression to cancer are shown in red.) DNA damage is very common.

493:

Rarely there can be a metastatic neoplasm with no known site of the primary cancer and this is classed as a

122: 5409: 3446:

Tsao JL, Yatabe Y, Salovaara R, Järvinen HJ, Mecklin JP, Aaltonen LA, Tavaré S, Shibata D (February 2000).

5491: 5162: 5116: 3894:"Growth of colorectal polyps: redetection and evaluation of unresected polyps for a period of three years" 3569:"Etiologic field effect: reappraisal of the field effect concept in cancer predisposition and progression" 3261:"Field cancerization in oral stratified squamous epithelium; clinical implications of multicentric origin" 1519: 1445:, was the first medical book printed in 1478 following the invention of the movable-type printing press.) 1400: 760: 602: 4276: 3853:"Role of epigenetic alterations in the pathogenesis of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma" 1854:

Lee ES, Locker J, Nalesnik M, Reyes J, Jaffe R, Alashari M, Nour B, Tzakis A, Dickman PS (January 1995).

822:, at high levels in the colons of humans eating a high fat diet, also cause DNA damage and contribute to 474:

Malignant neoplasms are commonly called cancer. They invade and destroy the surrounding tissue, may form

5214: 5195: 4639: 4607: 3999: 3061:"Disruption of Brca2 increases the spontaneous mutation rate in vivo: synergism with ionizing radiation" 2947:"Elevated levels of mutation in multiple tissues of mice deficient in the DNA mismatch repair gene Pms2" 2245: 2083:"DNA damage responses: mechanisms and roles in human disease: 2007 G.H.A. Clowes Memorial Award Lecture" 417: 1856:"The association of Epstein-Barr virus with smooth-muscle tumors occurring after organ transplantation" 628:

is used generically, without reference to the physical size of the lesion. More specifically, the term

1047:

Frequency of epigenetic changes in DNA repair genes in sporadic cancers and in adjacent field defects

5424: 5274: 5167: 5012: 5002: 4882: 4809: 4804: 4761: 4711: 4602: 4581: 4180: 4123: 4014: 3954: 3523: 3459: 2958: 2836: 2329: 2135: 1925: 983: 507: 141: 5266: 2316:

Bernstein C, Holubec H, Bhattacharyya AK, Nguyen H, Payne CM, Zaitlin B, Bernstein H (August 2011).

5352: 5054: 4986: 4766: 4734: 4576: 4544: 4376: 946: 810: 785: 698: 243: 3851:

Agarwal A, Polineni R, Hussein Z, Vigoda I, Bhagat TD, Bhattacharyya S, Maitra A, Verma A (2012).

3210:

Gerlinger M, Rowan AJ, Horswell S, Larkin J, Endesfelder D, Gronroos E, et al. (March 2012).

566:, which is one of the cardinal signs of inflammation. The word originally referred to any form of 5481: 5380: 5370: 5147: 4794: 4786: 4771: 4739: 4719: 4627: 4451: 3722: 3642: 3428: 3290: 2764: 2679: 2597:

Psofaki V, Kalogera C, Tzambouras N, Stephanou D, Tsianos E, Seferiadis K, Kolios G (July 2010).

1453: 1288: 979: 567: 115: 110: 4110:

Berger MF, Hodis E, Heffernan TP, Deribe YL, Lawrence MS, Protopopov A, et al. (May 2012).

854:. Some germline mutations in DNA repair genes cause up to 100% lifetime chance of cancer (e.g., 4431: 246:, and neoplasms of uncertain or unknown behavior. Malignant neoplasms are also simply known as 5496: 5419: 5414: 5250: 5240: 5152: 4966: 4831: 4402: 4288: 4255: 4206: 4149: 4092: 4032: 3980: 3923: 3874: 3833: 3792: 3757: 3714: 3678: 3634: 3598: 3549: 3487: 3420: 3384: 3339: 3282: 3241: 3192: 3141: 3090: 3038: 2986: 2924: 2864: 2805: 2756: 2720: 2671: 2630: 2579: 2535: 2486: 2445: 2396: 2355: 2298: 2233: 2198: 2163: 2104: 2063: 1982: 1929: 1877: 1833: 1724: 1696: 1665: 1640: 1341:

denotes the process of the formation of neoplasms/tumors, and the process is referred to as a

871: 839: 823: 691: 634: 583: 468: 461: 239: 98: 90: 86: 4326: 3892:

Hofstad B, Vatn MH, Andersen SN, Huitfeldt HS, Rognum T, Larsen S, Osnes M (September 1996).

1659: 5139: 5017: 4751: 4617: 4503: 4245: 4237: 4196: 4188: 4139: 4131: 4082: 4074: 4022: 3970: 3962: 3913: 3905: 3864: 3823: 3784: 3749: 3706: 3670: 3626: 3588: 3580: 3539: 3531: 3477: 3467: 3412: 3374: 3366: 3329: 3321: 3272: 3231: 3223: 3182: 3172: 3131: 3121: 3080: 3072: 3028: 3020: 2976: 2966: 2914: 2904: 2854: 2844: 2795: 2748: 2710: 2663: 2620: 2610: 2569: 2525: 2517: 2476: 2435: 2427: 2386: 2345: 2337: 2288: 2278: 2225: 2190: 2153: 2143: 2094: 2055: 2028: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1867: 1692: 1686: 1630: 1622: 1027: 968: 671: 453: 410: 211: 160: 2823:

Valeri N, Gasparini P, Fabbri M, Braconi C, Veronese A, Lovat F, et al. (April 2010).

1399:

has traditionally meant an abnormal swelling of the flesh. The Roman medical encyclopedist

471:. They are localised, and do not invade and destroy but in time, may transform into cancer. 5394: 5255: 5230: 4875: 4867: 4819: 4799: 2893:"Deficient expression of DNA repair enzymes in early progression to sporadic colon cancer" 2784:"Immunohistochemical analysis reveals high frequency of PMS2 defects in colorectal cancer" 2782:

Truninger K, Menigatti M, Luz J, Russell A, Haider R, Gebbers JO, et al. (May 2005).

1723:(28th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2006. p. Neoplasm. 1511: 1476:

Tumors may be caused by conditions other than an overgrowth of neoplastic cells, however.

539: 1899: 4184: 4127: 4018: 3958: 3527: 3463: 2962: 2840: 2333: 2139: 5360: 5177: 5135: 4841: 4836: 4756: 4385: 4250: 4225: 4201: 4168: 4167:

Roach JC, Glusman G, Smit AF, Huff CD, Hubley R, Shannon PT, et al. (April 2010).

4144: 4111: 4087: 4062: 3975: 3942: 3918: 3893: 3869: 3852: 3674: 3593: 3568: 3544: 3511: 3510:

Vogelstein B, Papadopoulos N, Velculescu VE, Zhou S, Diaz LA, Kinzler KW (March 2013).

3379: 3359:"Deficient Pms2, ERCC1, Ku86, CcOI in field defects during progression to colon cancer" 3358: 3334: 3309: 3236: 3211: 3187: 3160: 3136: 3109: 3085: 3060: 3033: 3008: 2919: 2892: 2859: 2824: 2625: 2598: 2530: 2505: 2440: 2415: 2350: 2317: 2293: 2266: 1977: 1950: 1717: 1635: 1610: 1587: 1497: 1008: 964: 717: 531: 258: 38: 4307: 2032: 5475: 5365: 4981: 4724: 4537: 4224:

Campbell CD, Chong JX, Malig M, Ko A, Dumont BL, Han L, et al. (November 2012).

3966: 3646: 3482: 3447: 2981: 2946: 2283: 2158: 2123: 1296: 796:

causes increased exogenous DNA damage, and these DNA damages are the likely cause of

793: 686:. Not all types of neoplasms cause a tumorous overgrowth of tissue, however (such as 511: 270: 31: 4381: 3567:

Lochhead P, Chan AT, Nishihara R, Fuchs CS, Beck AH, Giovannucci E, Ogino S (2014).

3432: 3212:"Intratumor heterogeneity and branched evolution revealed by multiregion sequencing" 2768: 464:(skin moles). They are circumscribed and localized and do not transform into cancer. 5460: 5375: 5331: 4922: 4826: 4656: 4632: 4622: 4527: 4515: 4508: 3726: 3294: 3007:

Hegan DC, Narayanan L, Jirik FR, Edelmann W, Liskay RM, Glazer PM (December 2006).

2683: 2599:"Promoter methylation status of hMLH1, MGMT, and CDKN2A/p16 in colorectal adenomas" 1408: 706: 655: 651: 598: 487: 483: 449: 438: 382:(reduced functionality of an organ, with decrease in the number or volume of cells) 235: 3788: 3076: 2891:

Facista A, Nguyen H, Lewis C, Prasad AR, Ramsey L, Zaitlin B, et al. (2012).

2715: 2698: 2216:

Kanavy HE, Gerstenblith MR (December 2011). "Ultraviolet radiation and melanoma".

2099: 2082: 1609:

Birbrair A, Zhang T, Wang ZM, Messi ML, Olson JD, Mintz A, Delbono O (July 2014).

4396: 3828: 3811: 3753: 3710: 3325: 3177: 3126: 2800: 2783: 2059: 960:, or repair of other DNA damages, incompletely cleared sites of repair can cause 5399: 5315: 5245: 5185: 5044: 5007: 4930: 4814: 4680: 4561: 4556: 4532: 4426: 4169:"Analysis of genetic inheritance in a family quartet by whole-genome sequencing" 2481: 2464: 1872: 1855: 1441: 961: 879: 867: 801: 797: 777: 721: 659: 519: 457: 385: 364: 340: 324: 4407: 4226:"Estimating the human mutation rate using autozygosity in a founder population" 3810:

Wani M, Afroze D, Makhdoomi M, Hamid I, Wani B, Bhat G, Wani R, Wani K (2012).

2229: 1626: 1491: 5298: 5190: 5039: 4976: 4940: 4846: 4689: 4685: 4661: 4590: 4571: 3584: 2752: 2667: 2341: 2194: 1487: 1465: 1317: 1004: 843: 831: 827: 765: 702: 606: 530:, clonality is proven by the amplification of a single rearrangement of their 475: 391: 352: 346: 262: 2615: 2431: 1582: 5384: 5209: 5095: 5080: 4961: 4945: 4701: 4644: 4566: 4493: 4474: 4366: 4362: 4192: 3630: 3535: 3024: 2849: 2521: 2148: 1568: 819: 732: 397: 358: 334: 330: 312: 266: 145: 137: 82: 74: 4259: 4210: 4153: 4096: 4036: 3984: 3878: 3837: 3796: 3761: 3718: 3682: 3638: 3602: 3553: 3491: 3472: 3424: 3416: 3388: 3343: 3286: 3278:

10.1002/1097-0142(195309)6:5<963::AID-CNCR2820060515>3.0.CO;2-Q

3245: 3196: 3145: 3094: 3042: 2971: 2928: 2868: 2809: 2760: 2724: 2675: 2634: 2583: 2539: 2490: 2449: 2400: 2359: 2302: 2267:"Redox biology and gastric carcinogenesis: the role of Helicobacter pylori" 2237: 2202: 2108: 2067: 1986: 1744: 1644: 478:

and, if untreated or unresponsive to treatment, will generally prove fatal.

3927: 3227: 2990: 2909: 2574: 2558:"MGMT promoter methylation and field defect in sporadic colorectal cancer" 2557: 2167: 1881: 17: 5346: 5341: 5199: 5090: 5049: 4907: 4856: 4651: 4612: 4597: 4520: 4078: 3909: 3308:

Bernstein C, Bernstein H, Payne CM, Dvorak K, Garewal H (February 2008).

2391: 2374: 942: 862: 805: 687: 683: 579: 527: 523: 515: 251: 103: 48: 4345: 4135: 3059:

Tutt AN, van Oostrom CT, Ross GM, van Steeg H, Ashworth A (March 2002).

1459:

Related terms occur commonly in the medical literature, where the nouns

720:) can also present as tumors, however, but have no malignant potential. 646: 5404: 5336: 5100: 5085: 4729: 4694: 4674: 4551: 4488: 2945:

Narayanan L, Fritzell JA, Baker SM, Liskay RM, Glazer PM (April 1997).

945:

or epimutation. Mutation rates strongly increase in cells defective in

888: 789: 747:

exploration/excision in an attempt to avoid such severe complications.

514:– that is, they are derived from the same cell, and all carry the same 400:(any degenerative disorder resulting from improper or faulty nutrition) 379: 318: 349:(congenital below-average number of cells, especially when inadequate) 5388: 5310: 4971: 4903: 4357: 4027: 1558: 1356: 1350: 851: 743: 728: 675: 592: 575: 543: 535: 442: 289: 278: 247: 231: 127: 4241: 2019:

Ambrosi D, Mollica F (2002). "On the mechanics of a growing tumor".

2000:

Asashima M, Oinuma T, Meyer-Rochow VB (1987). "Tumors in amphibia".

666: 574:

is used as a synonym for a neoplasm (a solid or fluid-filled cystic

1434: 1388:

is commonly used, whereas in the U.S. the word is usually spelled

1369: 1309: 1300: 1292: 993: 931: 927: 923: 907: 903: 895: 759: 665: 645: 315:(structural differentiation loss within a cell or group of cells). 214:. The process that occurs to form or produce a neoplasm is called 93:(the crater-like, reddish, irregularly shaped tumor at top-center) 30:"Neoplastic" redirects here. For the Dutch artistic movement, see 3448:"Genetic reconstruction of individual colorectal tumor histories" 3370: 2504:

Halford S, Rowan A, Sawyer E, Talbot I, Tomlinson I (June 2005).

1611:"Type-2 pericytes participate in normal and tumoral angiogenesis" 4935: 3310:"Field defects in progression to gastrointestinal tract cancers" 2825:"Modulation of mismatch repair and genomic stability by miR-155" 2124:"Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging" 2046:

Volokh KY (September 2006). "Stresses in growing soft tissues".

1477: 1420: 1313: 1023:

on neoplastic evolution from tumor initiation to patient death.

919: 915: 911: 5270: 4871: 4447: 1439:(swelling, pain, increased heat, and redness). (His treatise, 1007:, including "field effect", "field cancerization", and "field 855: 199: 169: 4112:"Melanoma genome sequencing reveals frequent PREX2 mutations" 716:

associated with an abnormal proliferation of tissue (such as

522:

anomaly – evident of clonality. For lymphoid neoplasms, e.g.

284: 273: 187: 4443: 804:

from solar radiation causes DNA damage that is important in

37:"Tumor" redirects here. For the original graphic novel, see 3161:"DNA damage, homology-directed repair, and DNA methylation" 257:

Prior to the abnormal growth of tissue, such as neoplasia,

202: 172: 3108:

O'Hagan HM, Mohammad HP, Baylin SB (2008). Lee JT (ed.).

764:

The central role of DNA damage and epigenetic defects in

181: 3259:

Slaughter DP, Southwick HW, Smejkal W (September 1953).

2318:"Carcinogenicity of deoxycholate, a secondary bile acid" 1407:

30 BC–38 AD) described the four cardinal signs of acute

878:, while the majority had reduced MGMT expression due to 597:

While cancer is by definition malignant, a tumor can be

1384:'to swell'. In the British Commonwealth, the spelling 4000:"Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome" 1664:. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. p. 16. 861:

About 70% of malignant (cancerous) neoplasms have no

261:

often undergo an abnormal pattern of growth, such as

196: 184: 166: 4335: 1003:

Various other terms have been used to describe this

971:

and epigenetic alterations (level 6 in the figure).

697:

Tumor growth has been studied using mathematics and

178: 175: 85:

specimen containing a malignant neoplasm, namely an

5435: 5324: 5223: 5176: 5134: 5109: 5073: 4995: 4954: 4921: 4914: 4785: 4710: 4481: 4417: 4339: 1951:"Investigating Tumor Heterogeneity in Mouse Models" 818:that damage DNA and contributes to gastric cancer. 193: 163: 133: 121: 109: 97: 64: 59: 4306: 3941:Schmitt MW, Prindle MJ, Loeb LA (September 2012). 2122:Ames BN, Shigenaga MK, Hagen TM (September 1993). 1716: 3943:"Implications of genetic heterogeneity in cancer" 1691:(29th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. p. 376:Abiotrophy (loss in vitality of organ or tissue) 210:) is a type of abnormal and excessive growth of 2551: 2549: 2648: 2646: 2644: 670:Diagram illustrating benign neoplasms, namely 5282: 4883: 4459: 3505: 3503: 3501: 1805:"Cancer – Activity 1 – Glossary, page 4 of 5" 418: 8: 2940: 2938: 2250:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 ( 2021:International Journal of Engineering Science 1604: 1602: 1600: 1598: 394:(decrease in the volume of cells or tissues) 388:(increase in the volume of cells or tissues) 234:classifies neoplasms into four main groups: 1432: 1426: 1418: 1412: 1379: 1373: 650:Neoplastic tumor of the cheek skin, here a 5289: 5275: 5267: 4918: 4890: 4876: 4868: 4466: 4452: 4444: 4336: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 1045: 731:(discrete overgrowths of scar tissue) and 425: 411: 301: 73: 56: 4249: 4200: 4143: 4086: 4026: 3974: 3917: 3868: 3827: 3592: 3543: 3481: 3471: 3378: 3333: 3276: 3235: 3186: 3176: 3135: 3125: 3084: 3032: 2980: 2970: 2918: 2908: 2858: 2848: 2799: 2714: 2624: 2614: 2573: 2529: 2480: 2439: 2390: 2349: 2292: 2282: 2157: 2147: 2098: 1976: 1966: 1871: 1634: 3002: 3000: 1922:Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary 1772: 1770: 1688:Dorland's Illustrated medical dictionary 1525:List of biological development disorders 978:Once a cancer is formed, it usually has 662:, which is not solid but is fluid-filled 624:. Generally speaking, however, the term 570:, neoplastic or not. In modern English, 467:Potentially-malignant neoplasms include 27:Tumor or other abnormal growth of tissue 3054: 3052: 1968:10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033413 1545: 1378:'a swelling', ultimately from the verb 441:, potentially malignant, or malignant ( 304: 2265:Handa O, Naito Y, Yoshikawa T (2011). 2243: 1949:Tammela, Tuomas; Sage, Julien (2020). 975:mutations and epigenetic alterations. 5297:Cancer-causing materials and agents ( 7: 4327:participating institution membership 1896:"Pancreas Cancer: Glossary of Terms" 999:that were precursors to the tumors. 4777:Fluorescence in situ hybridization 3675:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.11.006 1448:In contemporary English, the word 958:repair of DNA double strand breaks 826:. Katsurano et al. indicated that 814:infection produces high levels of 367:(development of new cell function) 25: 1755:from the original on 24 July 2018 620:are often used synonymously with 5456:Group 2B (possibly carcinogenic) 5451:Group 2A (probably carcinogenic) 4745:Oral and maxillofacial pathology 4293:MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia 3967:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06590.x 2284:10.1179/174329211X12968219310756 1504: 1490: 842:causing deficiency in any of 34 495:cancer of unknown primary origin 321:(organ or part of organ missing) 159: 4043:from the original on 2020-07-29 1955:Annual Review of Cancer Biology 782:Naturally occurring DNA damages 572:tumor (non-US spelling: tumour) 848:DNA repair-deficiency disorder 562:comes from the Latin word for 1: 5205:Clonally transmissible cancer 3789:10.1016/j.humpath.2009.01.029 2716:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-3518 2100:10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-08-0020 2033:10.1016/S0020-7225(02)00014-9 1830:"Medical Definition of Clone" 1751:. World Health Organization. 1685:Taylor, Elizabeth J. (2000). 1615:Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol 1404: 1287:Cancers are known to exhibit 891:, which down-regulates MLH1. 740:gastrointestinal duplications 3829:10.7314/APJCP.2012.13.8.4177 3754:10.1016/j.amjoto.2010.11.005 3711:10.1016/j.otohns.2009.07.007 3452:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 3326:10.1016/j.canlet.2007.11.027 3178:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030110 3127:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000155 2951:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 2829:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 2801:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.01.056 2060:10.1016/j.actbio.2006.04.002 1719:Stedman's medical dictionary 1469:(derived from the adjective 1357: 1351: 768:genes in malignant neoplasms 735:may also present as tumors. 590:is also not synonymous with 506:Neoplastic tumors are often 290: 279: 5502:Surgical removal procedures 5325:Prominent human carcinogens 3077:10.1093/embo-reports/kvf037 2482:10.1056/NEJM200007133430201 1873:10.1056/NEJM199501053320104 1535:Somatic evolution in cancer 850:) are at increased risk of 712:Benign conditions that are 68:Tumor, tumour, carcinocytes 5518: 5461:Group 3 (not classifiable) 5236:Index of oncology articles 3699:Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 3512:"Cancer genome landscapes" 2230:10.1016/j.sder.2011.08.003 1627:10.1152/ajpcell.00084.2014 1297:non-protein-coding regions 951:homologous recombinational 701:. Vascular tumors such as 333:(change in cell or tissue 327:(connective tissue growth) 285: 274: 46: 36: 29: 5306: 4314:Oxford English Dictionary 3816:Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev 3585:10.1038/modpathol.2014.81 2753:10.1007/s11033-012-2465-3 2668:10.1007/s00423-011-0812-9 2342:10.1007/s00204-011-0648-7 2195:10.1016/j.fct.2011.07.019 1588:Dictionary.com Unabridged 1061:Frequency in Field Defect 355:(conversion in cell type) 81: 72: 5383:(e.g., from isotopes of 2616:10.3748/wjg.v16.i28.3553 2432:10.1177/1947601911413466 2128:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1661:Elements of human cancer 1349:itself comes from Greek 1279:while 40% grew in size. 550:Neoplasm vis-à-vis tumor 361:(abnormal proliferation) 343:(proliferation of cells) 47:Not to be confused with 5158:Prostate cancer staging 5122:Paraneoplastic syndrome 4852:Microbiological culture 4482:Principles of pathology 4319:Oxford University Press 4193:10.1126/science.1186802 3631:10.1136/gut.2009.194787 3536:10.1126/science.1235122 2850:10.1073/pnas.1002472107 2522:10.1136/gut.2004.059535 2414:Malkin D (April 2011). 2232:(inactive 2024-07-25). 2149:10.1073/pnas.90.17.7915 1565:Oxford University Press 874:in the DNA repair gene 816:reactive oxygen species 294:'formation, creation'. 5446:Group 1 (carcinogenic) 5196:Tumor suppressor genes 5163:Gleason grading system 5117:Precancerous condition 3473:10.1073/pnas.97.3.1236 3417:10.1002/bies.201000067 2972:10.1073/pnas.94.7.3122 2603:World J. Gastroenterol 2416:"Li-fraumeni syndrome" 1520:Epidemiology of cancer 1433: 1427: 1419: 1413: 1395:In its medical sense, 1380: 1374: 1000: 769: 678: 663: 5215:Carcinogenic bacteria 4955:Malignant progression 4815:Diagnostic immunology 4640:Programmed cell death 4608:Liquefactive necrosis 3857:Int J Clin Exp Pathol 3228:10.1056/NEJMoa1113205 3025:10.1093/carcin/bgl079 2910:10.1186/2041-9414-3-3 2656:Langenbecks Arch Surg 1561:UK English Dictionary 1318:translesion synthesis 997: 763: 669: 649: 250:and are the focus of 5487:Anatomical pathology 5168:Dukes classification 4810:Medical microbiology 4805:Transfusion medicine 4762:Immunohistochemistry 4712:Anatomical pathology 4603:Coagulative necrosis 4277:Medical Encyclopedia 3947:Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci 3910:10.1136/gut.39.3.449 2562:J. Natl. Cancer Inst 2392:10.1038/onc.2011.241 2218:Semin Cutan Med Surg 142:environmental factor 5353:Helicobacter pylori 4987:Sentinel lymph node 4767:Electron microscopy 4735:Molecular pathology 4613:Gangrenous necrosis 4545:Cellular adaptation 4317:(Online ed.). 4295:. October 14, 2012. 4185:2010Sci...328..636R 4136:10.1038/nature11071 4128:2012Natur.485..502B 4019:2001Natur.409..860L 3959:2012NYASA1267..110S 3528:2013Sci...339.1546V 3464:2000PNAS...97.1236T 2963:1997PNAS...94.3122N 2841:2010PNAS..107.6982V 2575:10.1093/jnci/dji275 2334:2011ArTox..85..863B 2140:1993PNAS...90.7915A 1058:Frequency in Cancer 1048: 984:tumor heterogeneity 947:DNA mismatch repair 846:genes (see article 838:Individuals with a 811:Helicobacter pylori 786:cellular metabolism 751:Malignant neoplasms 699:continuum mechanics 305:-plasia and -trophy 244:malignant neoplasms 5381:Ionizing radiation 5371:Diethylstilbestrol 5035:Respiratory system 4795:Clinical chemistry 4787:Clinical pathology 4772:Immunofluorescence 4740:Forensic pathology 4720:Surgical pathology 4628:Fibrinoid necrosis 4418:External resources 4079:10.1093/nar/gks299 2183:Food Chem. Toxicol 2081:Kastan MB (2008). 2002:Zoological Science 1785:on 31 October 2015 1658:Cooper GM (1992). 1571:on April 28, 2021. 1361:'formed, molded'. 1345:process. The word 1289:genome instability 1283:Genome instability 1046: 1001: 980:genome instability 770: 679: 664: 582:and most forms of 437:A neoplasm can be 146:certain infections 5469: 5468: 5400:Ultraviolet light 5264: 5263: 5251:Cancer and nausea 5130: 5129: 4967:Carcinoma in situ 4865: 4864: 4832:Mass spectrometry 4441: 4440: 4325:(Subscription or 4067:Nucleic Acids Res 4013:(6822): 860–921. 3522:(6127): 1546–58. 1935:978-1-84972-348-0 1924:(31st ed.). 1671:978-0-86720-191-8 1368:derives from the 1276: 1275: 1028:intestinal crypts 969:somatic mutations 872:missense mutation 840:germline mutation 692:carcinoma in situ 584:carcinoma in situ 469:carcinoma in situ 435: 434: 240:in situ neoplasms 151: 150: 91:colorectal cancer 54:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 5509: 5291: 5284: 5277: 5268: 5065:Endocrine system 5030:Digestive system 4919: 4892: 4885: 4878: 4869: 4752:Gross processing 4618:Caseous necrosis 4468: 4461: 4454: 4445: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4322: 4310: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4285: 4279: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4253: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4204: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4147: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4090: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4048: 4030: 4028:10.1038/35057062 4004: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3978: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3921: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3872: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3831: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3742:Am J Otolaryngol 3737: 3731: 3730: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3596: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3547: 3507: 3496: 3495: 3485: 3475: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3382: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3337: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3280: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3239: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3190: 3180: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3139: 3129: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3088: 3056: 3047: 3046: 3036: 3004: 2995: 2994: 2984: 2974: 2942: 2933: 2932: 2922: 2912: 2888: 2873: 2872: 2862: 2852: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2803: 2788:Gastroenterology 2779: 2773: 2772: 2735: 2729: 2728: 2718: 2703:Clin. Cancer Res 2694: 2688: 2687: 2650: 2639: 2638: 2628: 2618: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2577: 2553: 2544: 2543: 2533: 2501: 2495: 2494: 2484: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2443: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2394: 2370: 2364: 2363: 2353: 2313: 2307: 2306: 2296: 2286: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2249: 2241: 2213: 2207: 2206: 2178: 2172: 2171: 2161: 2151: 2119: 2113: 2112: 2102: 2078: 2072: 2071: 2043: 2037: 2036: 2027:(12): 1297–316. 2016: 2010: 2009: 1997: 1991: 1990: 1980: 1970: 1946: 1940: 1939: 1917: 1911: 1910: 1908: 1907: 1898:. Archived from 1892: 1886: 1885: 1875: 1851: 1845: 1844: 1842: 1841: 1832:. Archived from 1826: 1820: 1819: 1817: 1816: 1807:. Archived from 1801: 1795: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1781:. Archived from 1777:Abrams, Gerald. 1774: 1765: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1741: 1735: 1734: 1722: 1713: 1707: 1706: 1682: 1676: 1675: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1638: 1606: 1593: 1592: 1579: 1573: 1572: 1567:. Archived from 1550: 1514: 1509: 1508: 1507: 1500: 1495: 1494: 1438: 1430: 1424: 1416: 1406: 1383: 1377: 1360: 1354: 1333:is a synonym of 1049: 1021:microenvironment 800:due to smoking. 462:melanocytic nevi 454:uterine fibroids 427: 420: 413: 302: 293: 288: 287: 282: 277: 276: 236:benign neoplasms 209: 208: 205: 204: 201: 198: 195: 190: 189: 186: 183: 180: 177: 174: 171: 168: 165: 77: 57: 21: 5517: 5516: 5512: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5507: 5506: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5465: 5431: 5320: 5302: 5295: 5265: 5260: 5219: 5172: 5126: 5105: 5069: 4991: 4950: 4910: 4896: 4866: 4861: 4820:Immunopathology 4800:Hematopathology 4781: 4706: 4477: 4472: 4442: 4437: 4436: 4413: 4412: 4348: 4334: 4324: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4287: 4286: 4282: 4271: 4267: 4242:10.1038/ng.2418 4236:(11): 1277–81. 4223: 4222: 4218: 4179:(5978): 636–9. 4166: 4165: 4161: 4122:(7399): 502–6. 4109: 4108: 4104: 4060: 4059: 4055: 4046: 4044: 4002: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3940: 3939: 3935: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3850: 3849: 3845: 3809: 3808: 3804: 3783:(11): 1534–42. 3774: 3773: 3769: 3739: 3738: 3734: 3695: 3694: 3690: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3625:(11): 1516–26. 3615: 3614: 3610: 3566: 3565: 3561: 3509: 3508: 3499: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3307: 3306: 3302: 3258: 3257: 3253: 3216:N. Engl. J. Med 3209: 3208: 3204: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3120:(8): e1000155. 3107: 3106: 3102: 3058: 3057: 3050: 3006: 3005: 2998: 2944: 2943: 2936: 2890: 2889: 2876: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2696: 2695: 2691: 2652: 2651: 2642: 2609:(28): 3553–60. 2596: 2595: 2591: 2555: 2554: 2547: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2469:N. Engl. J. Med 2462: 2461: 2457: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2315: 2314: 2310: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2242: 2215: 2214: 2210: 2189:(11): 2921–33. 2180: 2179: 2175: 2134:(17): 7915–22. 2121: 2120: 2116: 2087:Mol. Cancer Res 2080: 2079: 2075: 2045: 2044: 2040: 2018: 2017: 2013: 1999: 1998: 1994: 1948: 1947: 1943: 1936: 1919: 1918: 1914: 1905: 1903: 1894: 1893: 1889: 1860:N. Engl. J. Med 1853: 1852: 1848: 1839: 1837: 1828: 1827: 1823: 1814: 1812: 1803: 1802: 1798: 1788: 1786: 1776: 1775: 1768: 1758: 1756: 1743: 1742: 1738: 1731: 1715: 1714: 1710: 1703: 1684: 1683: 1679: 1672: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1608: 1607: 1596: 1581: 1580: 1576: 1552: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1512:Medicine portal 1510: 1505: 1503: 1496: 1489: 1486: 1327: 1285: 992: 784:(mostly due to 758: 753: 718:sebaceous cysts 652:benign neoplasm 644: 552: 540:T cell receptor 504: 431: 300: 192: 162: 158: 55: 52: 45: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5515: 5513: 5505: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5474: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5442: 5440: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5429: 5428: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5357: 5356: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5328: 5326: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5318: 5313: 5307: 5304: 5303: 5296: 5294: 5293: 5286: 5279: 5271: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5227: 5225: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5193: 5188: 5182: 5180: 5178:Carcinogenesis 5174: 5173: 5171: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5144: 5142: 5132: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5124: 5119: 5113: 5111: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5077: 5075: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5067: 5062: 5060:Nervous system 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5026: 5025: 5023:nasopharyngeal 5020: 5015: 5010: 4999: 4997: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4958: 4956: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4927: 4925: 4916: 4912: 4911: 4897: 4895: 4894: 4887: 4880: 4872: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4842:Flow cytometry 4839: 4837:Chromatography 4834: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4791: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4757:Histopathology 4754: 4748: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4716: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4704: 4699: 4698: 4697: 4692: 4683: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4648: 4647: 4637: 4636: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4595: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4585: 4584: 4579: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4524: 4523: 4513: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4485: 4483: 4479: 4478: 4473: 4471: 4470: 4463: 4456: 4448: 4439: 4438: 4435: 4434: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4415: 4414: 4411: 4410: 4399: 4388: 4369: 4349: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4340:Classification 4333: 4332: 4298: 4280: 4265: 4216: 4159: 4102: 4053: 3990: 3933: 3884: 3843: 3822:(8): 4177–81. 3802: 3767: 3732: 3688: 3652: 3608: 3559: 3497: 3458:(3): 1236–41. 3438: 3394: 3349: 3300: 3251: 3222:(10): 883–92. 3202: 3151: 3100: 3048: 3019:(12): 2402–8. 3013:Carcinogenesis 2996: 2934: 2874: 2835:(15): 6982–7. 2815: 2794:(5): 1160–71. 2774: 2741:Mol. Biol. Rep 2730: 2709:(8): 2265–72. 2689: 2662:(7): 1017–26. 2640: 2589: 2568:(18): 1330–8. 2545: 2516:(6): 797–802. 2496: 2455: 2406: 2365: 2308: 2257: 2208: 2173: 2114: 2073: 2054:(5): 493–504. 2038: 2011: 1992: 1941: 1934: 1912: 1887: 1846: 1821: 1796: 1766: 1745:"II Neoplasms" 1736: 1730:978-0781733908 1729: 1708: 1702:978-0721662541 1701: 1677: 1670: 1650: 1594: 1591:(Online). n.d. 1574: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1516: 1515: 1501: 1498:Biology portal 1485: 1482: 1326: 1323: 1284: 1281: 1274: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1258: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1242: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1226: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1213:Head and Neck 1210: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1197:Head and Neck 1194: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1181:Head and Neck 1178: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1162: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1146: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1130: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1114: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1098: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1082: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1009:carcinogenesis 991: 988: 965:gene silencing 953:repair (HRR). 757: 754: 752: 749: 643: 640: 551: 548: 532:immunoglobulin 503: 500: 499: 498: 491: 479: 472: 465: 433: 432: 430: 429: 422: 415: 407: 404: 403: 402: 401: 395: 389: 383: 377: 371: 370: 369: 368: 362: 356: 350: 344: 338: 328: 322: 316: 307: 306: 299: 296: 149: 148: 135: 131: 130: 125: 119: 118: 113: 107: 106: 101: 95: 94: 79: 78: 70: 69: 66: 62: 61: 53: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5514: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5492:Medical signs 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5434: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5395:Tobacco smoke 5393: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5366:1,3-Butadiene 5364: 5362: 5359: 5355: 5354: 5350: 5349: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5323: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5305: 5300: 5292: 5287: 5285: 5280: 5278: 5273: 5272: 5269: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5222: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5108: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5072: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5013:oropharyngeal 5011: 5009: 5006: 5005: 5004: 5003:Head and neck 5001: 5000: 4998: 4994: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4982:Primary tumor 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4953: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4923:Benign tumors 4920: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4893: 4888: 4886: 4881: 4879: 4874: 4873: 4870: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4784: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4725:Cytopathology 4723: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4709: 4703: 4700: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4677: 4676: 4672: 4670: 4669:Accumulations 4667: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4646: 4643: 4642: 4641: 4638: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4600: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4574: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4542: 4539: 4538:Wound healing 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4522: 4519: 4518: 4517: 4514: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4490: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4469: 4464: 4462: 4457: 4455: 4450: 4449: 4446: 4433: 4429: 4428: 4424: 4423: 4420: 4416: 4409: 4405: 4404: 4400: 4398: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4350: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4328: 4320: 4316: 4315: 4309: 4302: 4299: 4294: 4290: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4220: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4163: 4160: 4155: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4106: 4103: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4057: 4054: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4001: 3994: 3991: 3986: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3937: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3904:(3): 449–56. 3903: 3899: 3895: 3888: 3885: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3863:(5): 382–96. 3862: 3858: 3854: 3847: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3806: 3803: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3771: 3768: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3748:(6): 528–36. 3747: 3743: 3736: 3733: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3705:(4): 484–90. 3704: 3700: 3692: 3689: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3656: 3653: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3612: 3609: 3604: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3563: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3442: 3439: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3411:(3): 224–31. 3410: 3406: 3398: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3353: 3350: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3320:(1–2): 1–10. 3319: 3315: 3311: 3304: 3301: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3255: 3252: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3206: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3155: 3152: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3104: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3071:(3): 255–60. 3070: 3066: 3062: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2957:(7): 3122–7. 2956: 2952: 2948: 2941: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2897:Genome Integr 2894: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2819: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2747:(5): 3851–7. 2746: 2742: 2734: 2731: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2693: 2690: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2593: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2500: 2497: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2459: 2456: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2426:(4): 475–84. 2425: 2421: 2417: 2410: 2407: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2385:(3): 342–51. 2384: 2380: 2376: 2369: 2366: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2328:(8): 863–71. 2327: 2323: 2322:Arch. Toxicol 2319: 2312: 2309: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2261: 2258: 2253: 2247: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2212: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2177: 2174: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2118: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2093:(4): 517–24. 2092: 2088: 2084: 2077: 2074: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2048:Acta Biomater 2042: 2039: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2015: 2012: 2007: 2003: 1996: 1993: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1961:(1): 99–119. 1960: 1956: 1952: 1945: 1942: 1937: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1916: 1913: 1902:on 2010-06-05 1901: 1897: 1891: 1888: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1850: 1847: 1836:on 2012-10-25 1835: 1831: 1825: 1822: 1811:on 2008-05-09 1810: 1806: 1800: 1797: 1784: 1780: 1779:"Neoplasia I" 1773: 1771: 1767: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1740: 1737: 1732: 1726: 1721: 1720: 1712: 1709: 1704: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1689: 1681: 1678: 1673: 1667: 1663: 1662: 1654: 1651: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1621:(1): C25–38. 1620: 1616: 1612: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1589: 1584: 1578: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1560: 1555: 1549: 1546: 1540: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1502: 1499: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1446: 1444: 1443: 1437: 1436: 1429: 1423: 1422: 1415: 1410: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1376: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1359: 1353: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1305: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1282: 1280: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1024: 1022: 1016: 1012: 1010: 1006: 996: 990:Field defects 989: 987: 985: 981: 976: 972: 970: 966: 963: 959: 954: 952: 948: 944: 939: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 892: 890: 884: 881: 877: 873: 869: 864: 859: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 836: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 812: 807: 803: 799: 795: 794:Tobacco smoke 791: 787: 783: 779: 774: 767: 762: 755: 750: 748: 745: 741: 736: 734: 730: 725: 723: 719: 715: 710: 708: 707:lymphangiomas 704: 700: 695: 693: 689: 685: 677: 673: 668: 661: 657: 653: 648: 641: 639: 637: 636: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 610: 608: 604: 600: 596: 594: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 549: 547: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 508:heterogeneous 501: 496: 492: 489: 485: 480: 477: 473: 470: 466: 463: 459: 455: 451: 450:Benign tumors 448: 447: 446: 444: 440: 428: 423: 421: 416: 414: 409: 408: 406: 405: 399: 396: 393: 390: 387: 384: 381: 378: 375: 374: 373: 372: 366: 363: 360: 357: 354: 351: 348: 345: 342: 339: 336: 332: 329: 326: 323: 320: 317: 314: 311: 310: 309: 308: 303: 297: 295: 292: 281: 272: 271:Ancient Greek 268: 264: 260: 255: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 228: 225: 221: 217: 213: 207: 156: 147: 143: 139: 136: 132: 129: 126: 124: 123:Complications 120: 117: 114: 112: 108: 105: 102: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 71: 67: 63: 58: 50: 43: 41: 33: 32:Neoplasticism 19: 5410:Epstein–Barr 5376:Formaldehyde 5351: 5332:Acetaldehyde 5316:Cancer cells 5034: 4899: 4898:Overview of 4827:Enzyme assay 4673: 4668: 4657:Karyorrhexis 4633:Myocytolysis 4623:Fat necrosis 4528:Inflammation 4516:Hemodynamics 4509:Pathogenesis 4498: 4425: 4401: 4390: 4371: 4352: 4312: 4308:"tumescence" 4301: 4292: 4283: 4272: 4268: 4233: 4229: 4219: 4176: 4172: 4162: 4119: 4115: 4105: 4073:(14): e107. 4070: 4066: 4056: 4045:. Retrieved 4010: 4006: 3993: 3953:(1): 110–6. 3950: 3946: 3936: 3901: 3897: 3887: 3860: 3856: 3846: 3819: 3815: 3805: 3780: 3776: 3770: 3745: 3741: 3735: 3702: 3698: 3691: 3669:(2): 104–7. 3666: 3662: 3655: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3579:(1): 14–29. 3576: 3572: 3562: 3519: 3515: 3455: 3451: 3441: 3408: 3404: 3397: 3371:10.3791/1931 3365:(41): 1931. 3362: 3352: 3317: 3313: 3303: 3271:(5): 963–8. 3268: 3264: 3254: 3219: 3215: 3205: 3168: 3164: 3154: 3117: 3113: 3103: 3068: 3064: 3016: 3012: 2954: 2950: 2900: 2896: 2832: 2828: 2818: 2791: 2787: 2777: 2744: 2740: 2733: 2706: 2702: 2692: 2659: 2655: 2606: 2602: 2592: 2565: 2561: 2513: 2509: 2499: 2475:(2): 78–85. 2472: 2468: 2458: 2423: 2420:Genes Cancer 2419: 2409: 2382: 2378: 2368: 2325: 2321: 2311: 2274: 2270: 2260: 2246:cite journal 2224:(4): 222–8. 2221: 2217: 2211: 2186: 2182: 2176: 2131: 2127: 2117: 2090: 2086: 2076: 2051: 2047: 2041: 2024: 2020: 2014: 2005: 2001: 1995: 1958: 1954: 1944: 1921: 1915: 1904:. Retrieved 1900:the original 1890: 1866:(1): 19–25. 1863: 1859: 1849: 1838:. Retrieved 1834:the original 1824: 1813:. Retrieved 1809:the original 1799: 1787:. Retrieved 1783:the original 1757:. Retrieved 1748: 1739: 1718: 1711: 1687: 1680: 1660: 1653: 1618: 1614: 1586: 1577: 1569:the original 1557: 1548: 1530:Pleomorphism 1475: 1470: 1464: 1460: 1458: 1449: 1447: 1440: 1409:inflammation 1396: 1394: 1389: 1385: 1365: 1363: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1328: 1306: 1286: 1277: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1025: 1017: 1013: 1002: 977: 973: 955: 940: 893: 885: 860: 837: 824:colon cancer 809: 771: 737: 726: 722:Breast cysts 713: 711: 696: 680: 656:sweat glands 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 611: 603:precancerous 591: 587: 571: 563: 559: 555: 553: 538:lesions) or 505: 488:radiotherapy 484:chemotherapy 436: 256: 230: 227: 223: 219: 215: 154: 152: 39: 5420:Hepatitis C 5415:Hepatitis B 5361:Benzopyrene 5299:carcinogens 5246:Cancer pain 5186:Cancer cell 4931:Hyperplasia 4681:Hemosiderin 4562:Hyperplasia 4557:Hypertrophy 4533:Cell damage 4427:MedlinePlus 3777:Hum. Pathol 3314:Cancer Lett 3171:(7): e110. 1461:tumefaction 1454:"swellings" 1442:De Medicina 1165:Colorectal 1149:Colorectal 1133:Colorectal 1117:Colorectal 1101:Colorectal 1085:Colorectal 1069:Colorectal 880:methylation 832:neutrophils 828:macrophages 798:lung cancer 703:hemangiomas 660:hidradenoma 458:osteophytes 386:Hypertrophy 365:Prosoplasia 341:Hyperplasia 325:Desmoplasia 89:example of 65:Other names 5476:Categories 5191:Carcinogen 5055:Urogenital 4996:Topography 4977:Metastasis 4941:Pseudocyst 4915:Conditions 4847:Blood bank 4690:Lipofuscin 4686:Lipochrome 4662:Karyolysis 4591:Cell death 4572:Metaplasia 4403:DiseasesDB 4329:required.) 4289:"Swelling" 4230:Nat. Genet 4047:2019-09-02 3663:Oral Oncol 3573:Mod Pathol 3165:PLOS Genet 3114:PLOS Genet 2277:(1): 1–7. 2008:: 411–425. 1906:2008-01-08 1840:2015-02-10 1815:2008-01-08 1789:23 January 1583:"neoplasm" 1554:"neoplasm" 1541:References 1466:tumescence 1355:'new' and 1347:neoplastic 1343:neoplastic 1261:Esophagus 1005:phenomenon 962:epigenetic 868:epigenetic 863:hereditary 844:DNA repair 820:Bile acids 778:epigenetic 773:DNA damage 766:DNA repair 756:DNA damage 733:granulomas 612:The terms 542:gene (for 534:gene (for 520:epigenetic 512:monoclonal 476:metastases 392:Hypotrophy 353:Metaplasia 347:Hypoplasia 283:'new' and 263:metaplasia 18:Tumor cell 5482:Neoplasms 5385:plutonium 5210:Oncovirus 5200:oncogenes 5153:Ann Arbor 5096:Papilloma 5081:Carcinoma 5074:Histology 5018:laryngeal 4962:Dysplasia 4946:Hamartoma 4702:Steatosis 4645:Apoptosis 4582:Glandular 4567:Dysplasia 4499:Neoplasia 4494:Infection 4475:Pathology 3647:206950452 3405:BioEssays 3363:J Vis Exp 2271:Redox Rep 1920:"Tumor". 1471:tumescent 1364:The term 1339:Neoplasia 1329:The term 1325:Etymology 1312:, XPF or 790:exogenous 684:mutations 607:malignant 554:The word 502:Clonality 398:Dystrophy 359:Neoplasia 335:phenotype 331:Dysplasia 313:Anaplasia 267:dysplasia 216:neoplasia 138:Radiation 99:Specialty 83:Colectomy 5497:Oncology 5347:Bacteria 5342:Asbestos 5231:Research 5091:Blastoma 4908:oncology 4857:Serology 4652:Pyknosis 4598:Necrosis 4577:Squamous 4521:Ischemia 4260:23001126 4211:20220176 4154:22622578 4097:22492626 4041:Archived 4037:11237011 3985:22954224 3879:22808291 3838:23098428 3797:19695681 3762:21353335 3719:19786217 3683:21147548 3639:20947886 3603:24925058 3554:23539594 3492:10655514 3433:44981539 3425:21254148 3389:20689513 3344:18164807 3287:13094644 3246:22397650 3197:17616978 3146:18704159 3095:11850397 3065:EMBO Rep 3043:16728433 2929:22494821 2903:(1): 3. 2869:20351277 2810:15887099 2769:18733871 2761:23271133 2725:23422094 2676:21706233 2635:20653064 2584:16174854 2540:15888787 2491:10891514 2450:21779515 2401:21685942 2379:Oncogene 2360:21267546 2303:21605492 2238:22123420 2203:21802474 2109:18403632 2068:16793355 1987:34164589 1928:. 2007. 1926:Saunders 1753:Archived 1645:24788248 1484:See also 1331:neoplasm 1267:77%-100% 1245:Stomach 1229:Stomach 943:mutation 910:, MGMT, 806:melanoma 802:UV light 792:agents. 688:leukemia 672:fibroids 580:leukemia 568:swelling 564:swelling 528:leukemia 524:lymphoma 452:include 252:oncology 155:neoplasm 111:Symptoms 104:Oncology 87:invasive 60:Neoplasm 49:Pleonasm 42:(comics) 5405:Viruses 5337:Arsenic 5241:History 5140:grading 5136:Staging 5101:Adenoma 5086:Sarcoma 4730:Autopsy 4695:Melanin 4675:pigment 4552:Atrophy 4489:Disease 4432:001310. 4397:D009369 4251:3483378 4202:3037280 4181:Bibcode 4173:Science 4145:3367798 4124:Bibcode 4088:3413110 4015:Bibcode 3976:3674777 3955:Bibcode 3928:8949653 3919:1383355 3870:3396065 3727:8357370 3594:4265316 3545:3749880 3524:Bibcode 3516:Science 3460:Bibcode 3380:3149991 3335:2744582 3295:6736946 3237:4878653 3188:1913100 3137:2491723 3086:1084010 3034:2612936 2991:9096356 2959:Bibcode 2920:3351028 2860:2872463 2837:Bibcode 2684:8069716 2626:2909555 2531:1774551 2441:3135649 2351:3149672 2330:Bibcode 2294:6837368 2168:8367443 2136:Bibcode 1978:8218894 1882:7990861 1759:19 June 1636:4080181 1358:plastic 1270:23%-79% 956:During 889:miR-155 729:keloids 674:of the 658:called 654:of the 516:genetic 380:Atrophy 319:Aplasia 248:cancers 5389:radium 5311:Cancer 4972:Cancer 4904:cancer 4900:tumors 4386:239.99 4258: 4248: 4209: 4199: 4152: 4142: 4116:Nature 4095: 4085: 4035: 4007:Nature 3983: 3973: 3926: 3916: 3877: 3867: 3836: 3795: 3760: 3725: 3717: 3681: 3645: 3637: 3601: 3591: 3552: 3542: 3490: 3480: 3431: 3423: 3387: 3377: 3342: 3332: 3293: 3285: 3265:Cancer 3244: 3234: 3195: 3185: 3144: 3134: 3093: 3083: 3041: 3031: 2989: 2979: 2927: 2917: 2867: 2857: 2808: 2767: 2759: 2723: 2682: 2674: 2633: 2623: 2582: 2538: 2528: 2489: 2448: 2438: 2399: 2358: 2348: 2301: 2291: 2236: 2201: 2166: 2156: 2107: 2066: 1985: 1975: 1932: 1880: 1727: 1699: 1668: 1643: 1633: 1559:Lexico 1431:, and 1401:Celsus 1386:tumour 1381:tumēre 1052:Cancer 949:or in 852:cancer 744:biopsy 676:uterus 642:Causes 635:nodule 618:nodule 599:benign 593:cancer 576:lesion 560:tumour 544:T cell 536:B cell 460:, and 443:cancer 439:benign 291:plasma 286:πλάσμα 232:ICD-10 220:tumour 212:tissue 134:Causes 128:Cancer 5439:lists 5224:Misc. 5110:Other 5050:Blood 4504:Cause 4408:28841 4323: 4273:Tumor 4003:(PDF) 3723:S2CID 3643:S2CID 3483:15581 3429:S2CID 3291:S2CID 2982:20332 2765:S2CID 2680:S2CID 2159:47258 1478:Cysts 1450:tumor 1435:rubor 1428:calor 1421:dolor 1414:tumor 1397:tumor 1390:tumor 1375:tumor 1372:noun 1370:Latin 1366:tumor 1335:tumor 1310:ERCC1 1301:exome 1293:exome 1136:ERCC1 1064:Ref. 932:NEIL1 924:ERCC1 908:FANCF 904:FANCB 896:BRCA1 626:tumor 622:tumor 605:, or 588:Tumor 556:tumor 298:Types 275:νέος- 259:cells 224:tumor 40:Tumor 5437:IARC 5387:and 5256:Diet 5045:Skin 5040:Bone 5008:oral 4936:Cyst 4906:and 4392:MeSH 4377:9-CM 4256:PMID 4207:PMID 4150:PMID 4093:PMID 4033:PMID 3981:PMID 3951:1267 3924:PMID 3875:PMID 3834:PMID 3793:PMID 3758:PMID 3715:PMID 3679:PMID 3635:PMID 3599:PMID 3550:PMID 3488:PMID 3421:PMID 3385:PMID 3340:PMID 3283:PMID 3242:PMID 3193:PMID 3142:PMID 3091:PMID 3039:PMID 2987:PMID 2925:PMID 2865:PMID 2806:PMID 2757:PMID 2721:PMID 2672:PMID 2631:PMID 2580:PMID 2536:PMID 2487:PMID 2446:PMID 2397:PMID 2356:PMID 2299:PMID 2252:link 2234:PMID 2199:PMID 2164:PMID 2105:PMID 2064:PMID 1983:PMID 1930:ISBN 1878:PMID 1791:2012 1761:2014 1725:ISBN 1697:ISBN 1693:1184 1666:ISBN 1641:PMID 1463:and 1314:PMS2 1264:MLH1 1248:MLH1 1232:MGMT 1216:MLH1 1200:MLH1 1184:MGMT 1152:PMS2 1139:100% 1120:MSH2 1104:MGMT 1088:MGMT 1072:MGMT 1055:Gene 934:and 920:MSH4 916:MSH2 912:MLH1 876:MGMT 830:and 705:and 630:mass 616:and 614:mass 526:and 116:Lump 5425:HPV 5148:TNM 4382:140 4373:ICD 4367:D48 4363:C00 4354:ICD 4275:in 4246:PMC 4238:doi 4197:PMC 4189:doi 4177:328 4140:PMC 4132:doi 4120:485 4083:PMC 4075:doi 4023:doi 4011:409 3971:PMC 3963:doi 3914:PMC 3906:doi 3898:Gut 3865:PMC 3824:doi 3785:doi 3750:doi 3707:doi 3703:141 3671:doi 3627:doi 3619:Gut 3589:PMC 3581:doi 3540:PMC 3532:doi 3520:339 3478:PMC 3468:doi 3413:doi 3375:PMC 3367:doi 3330:PMC 3322:doi 3318:260 3273:doi 3232:PMC 3224:doi 3220:366 3183:PMC 3173:doi 3132:PMC 3122:doi 3081:PMC 3073:doi 3029:PMC 3021:doi 2977:PMC 2967:doi 2915:PMC 2905:doi 2855:PMC 2845:doi 2833:107 2796:doi 2792:128 2749:doi 2711:doi 2664:doi 2660:396 2621:PMC 2611:doi 2570:doi 2526:PMC 2518:doi 2510:Gut 2477:doi 2473:343 2436:PMC 2428:doi 2387:doi 2346:PMC 2338:doi 2289:PMC 2279:doi 2226:doi 2191:doi 2154:PMC 2144:doi 2095:doi 2056:doi 2029:doi 1973:PMC 1963:doi 1868:doi 1864:332 1631:PMC 1623:doi 1619:307 1411:as 1352:neo 1254:20% 1251:73% 1238:78% 1235:88% 1222:20% 1219:31% 1206:25% 1203:33% 1190:38% 1187:54% 1174:40% 1171:55% 1168:XPF 1158:50% 1155:88% 1142:40% 1123:13% 1110:60% 1107:70% 1094:11% 1091:47% 1078:34% 1075:46% 936:ATM 928:XPF 900:WRN 856:p53 714:not 690:or 558:or 518:or 486:or 445:). 280:neo 265:or 222:or 5478:: 4902:, 4430:: 4406:: 4395:: 4380:: 4361:: 4358:10 4311:. 4291:. 4254:. 4244:. 4234:44 4232:. 4228:. 4205:. 4195:. 4187:. 4175:. 4171:. 4148:. 4138:. 4130:. 4118:. 4114:. 4091:. 4081:. 4071:40 4069:. 4065:. 4039:. 4031:. 4021:. 4009:. 4005:. 3979:. 3969:. 3961:. 3949:. 3945:. 3922:. 3912:. 3902:39 3900:. 3896:. 3873:. 3859:. 3855:. 3832:. 3820:13 3818:. 3814:. 3791:. 3781:40 3779:. 3756:. 3746:32 3744:. 3721:. 3713:. 3701:. 3677:. 3667:47 3665:. 3641:. 3633:. 3623:59 3621:. 3597:. 3587:. 3577:28 3575:. 3571:. 3548:. 3538:. 3530:. 3518:. 3514:. 3500:^ 3486:. 3476:. 3466:. 3456:97 3454:. 3450:. 3427:. 3419:. 3409:33 3407:. 3383:. 3373:. 3361:. 3338:. 3328:. 3316:. 3312:. 3289:. 3281:. 3267:. 3263:. 3240:. 3230:. 3218:. 3214:. 3191:. 3181:. 3167:. 3163:. 3140:. 3130:. 3116:. 3112:. 3089:. 3079:. 3067:. 3063:. 3051:^ 3037:. 3027:. 3017:27 3015:. 3011:. 2999:^ 2985:. 2975:. 2965:. 2955:94 2953:. 2949:. 2937:^ 2923:. 2913:. 2899:. 2895:. 2877:^ 2863:. 2853:. 2843:. 2831:. 2827:. 2804:. 2790:. 2786:. 2763:. 2755:. 2745:40 2743:. 2719:. 2707:19 2705:. 2701:. 2678:. 2670:. 2658:. 2643:^ 2629:. 2619:. 2607:16 2605:. 2601:. 2578:. 2566:97 2564:. 2560:. 2548:^ 2534:. 2524:. 2514:54 2512:. 2508:. 2485:. 2471:. 2467:. 2444:. 2434:. 2422:. 2418:. 2395:. 2383:31 2381:. 2377:. 2354:. 2344:. 2336:. 2326:85 2324:. 2320:. 2297:. 2287:. 2275:16 2273:. 2269:. 2248:}} 2244:{{ 2222:30 2220:. 2197:. 2187:49 2185:. 2162:. 2152:. 2142:. 2132:90 2130:. 2126:. 2103:. 2089:. 2085:. 2062:. 2050:. 2025:40 2023:. 2004:. 1981:. 1971:. 1957:. 1953:. 1876:. 1862:. 1858:. 1769:^ 1747:. 1695:. 1639:. 1629:. 1617:. 1613:. 1597:^ 1585:. 1563:. 1556:. 1456:. 1425:, 1417:, 1405:c. 1392:. 1337:. 1126:5% 930:, 926:, 922:, 918:, 914:, 906:, 902:, 898:, 808:. 609:. 601:, 586:. 456:, 254:. 242:, 238:, 206:-/ 200:iː 188:əm 173:oʊ 170:iː 153:A 144:, 140:, 5391:) 5301:) 5290:e 5283:t 5276:v 5198:/ 5138:/ 4891:e 4884:t 4877:v 4688:/ 4467:e 4460:t 4453:v 4384:– 4375:- 4365:– 4356:- 4346:D 4321:. 4262:. 4240:: 4213:. 4191:: 4183:: 4156:. 4134:: 4126:: 4099:. 4077:: 4050:. 4025:: 4017:: 3987:. 3965:: 3957:: 3930:. 3908:: 3881:. 3861:5 3840:. 3826:: 3799:. 3787:: 3764:. 3752:: 3729:. 3709:: 3685:. 3673:: 3649:. 3629:: 3605:. 3583:: 3556:. 3534:: 3526:: 3494:. 3470:: 3462:: 3435:. 3415:: 3391:. 3369:: 3346:. 3324:: 3297:. 3275:: 3269:6 3248:. 3226:: 3199:. 3175:: 3169:3 3148:. 3124:: 3118:4 3097:. 3075:: 3069:3 3045:. 3023:: 2993:. 2969:: 2961:: 2931:. 2907:: 2901:3 2871:. 2847:: 2839:: 2812:. 2798:: 2771:. 2751:: 2727:. 2713:: 2686:. 2666:: 2637:. 2613:: 2586:. 2572:: 2542:. 2520:: 2493:. 2479:: 2452:. 2430:: 2424:2 2403:. 2389:: 2362:. 2340:: 2332:: 2305:. 2281:: 2254:) 2240:. 2228:: 2205:. 2193:: 2170:. 2146:: 2138:: 2111:. 2097:: 2091:6 2070:. 2058:: 2052:2 2035:. 2031:: 2006:4 1989:. 1965:: 1959:4 1938:. 1909:. 1884:. 1870:: 1843:. 1818:. 1793:. 1763:. 1733:. 1705:. 1674:. 1647:. 1625:: 1403:( 595:. 497:. 490:. 426:e 419:t 412:v 337:) 226:. 203:ə 197:n 194:ˈ 191:, 185:z 182:æ 179:l 176:p 167:n 164:ˈ 161:/ 157:( 51:. 44:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.