Ligature (writing) - Knowledge (XXG)

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anomalies which persist to this day in the reprinting of archaic texts and the spelling of regional words. The widely misunderstood 'ye' occurs through a habit of printer's usage that originates in Caxton's time, when printers would substitute the <y> (often accompanied by a superscript <e>) in place of the thorn <þ> or the eth <ð>, both of which were used to denote both the voiced and non-voiced sounds, /ð/ and /θ/ (Anderson, D. (1969) The Art of Written Forms. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, p 169)

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script of the Greek names of the planets which are Kronos (Saturn), Zeus (Jupiter), Thouros (Mars), Phosphoros (Venus) and Stilbon (Mercury). As observed by Linnaeus's one-time student Johann Beckmann in his History of Inventions (English transl., 1797), to understand their origin 'we must make ourselves acquainted with the oldest form of these characters which in all probability, like those used in writing, were subjected to many changes before they acquired that form which they have at present'.

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that one cannot render all the tones for words beginning with these sounds. A silent ຫ indicates that the syllable should be read with the tone rules for ຫ, rather than those of the following consonant. Three consonants can form ligatures with the letter ຫ. ຫ+ນ=ໜ (n), ຫ+ມ=ໝ (m) and ຫ+ລ=ຫຼ (l). ງ (ŋ) and ວ (w) just form clusters: ຫງ (ŋ) and ຫວ (w). ລ (l) can also be used written in a cluster rather than as a ligature: ຫລ (l).

1128: 3195: 8007: 583: 2435: 755: 962:(meaning S-Z) suggests a connection of "long s and z" (ſʒ) but the Latin script also knows a ligature of "long s over round s" (ſs). The latter is used as the design principle for the character in most of today's typefaces. Since German was mostly set in blackletter typefaces until the 1940s, and those typefaces were rarely set in uppercase, a capital version of the 3601: 2205: 322: 2017: 426: 1381:

digraphs when the diacritics are unavailable, for example in electronic conversation. Phone books treat umlauted vowels as equivalent to the relevant digraph (so that a name Müller will appear at the same place as if it were spelled Mueller; German surnames have a strongly fixed orthography, either a

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Today, modern font programming divides ligatures into three groups, which can be activated separately: standard, contextual and historical. Standard ligatures are needed to allow the font to display without errors such as character collision. Designers sometimes find contextual and historic ligatures

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contains a particularly large set to allow designers to create dramatic display text with a feel of antiquity. A parallel use of ligatures is seen in the creation of script fonts that join letterforms to simulate handwriting effectively. This trend is caused in part by the increased support for other

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uses three ligatures, all comprising the letter ຫ (h). As a tonal language, most consonant sounds in Lao are represented by two consonants, which will govern the tone of the syllable. Five consonant sounds are only represented by a single consonant letter (ງ (ŋ), ນ (m), ມ (n), ລ (l), ວ (w)), meaning

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enables standard ligature substitution by default for OpenType fonts, user can enable or disable any ligature substitution on the Features dialog box, which is accessible via the Features button of the Character dialog box, or alternatively, input a syntax with font name and feature into the Font

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maintains that ligaturing is a presentation issue rather than a character definition issue, and that, for example, "if a modern font is asked to display 'h' followed by 'r', and the font has an 'hr' ligature in it, it can display the ligature." Accordingly, the use of the special Unicode ligature

1274:, where it was an optional ligature in some specific words that had been transliterated and borrowed from Ancient Greek, for example, "Æneas". It is still found as a variant in English and French words descended or borrowed from Medieval Latin, but the trend has recently been towards printing the 437:, a ligature is made by joining two or more characters in an atypical fashion by merging their parts, or by writing one above or inside the other. In printing, a ligature is a group of characters that is typeset as a unit, so the characters do not have to be joined. For example, in some cases the 5416:

The types used by Caxton and his contemporaries originated in Holland and Belgium, and did not provide for the continuing use of elements of the Old English alphabet such as thorn <þ>, eth <ð>, and yogh <ʒ>. The substitution of visually similar typographic forms has led to some

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Ligatures have grown in popularity in the 21st century because of an increasing interest in creating typesetting systems that evoke arcane designs and classical scripts. One of the first computer typesetting programs to take advantage of computer-driven typesetting (and later laser printers) was

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revolution. Early computer software in particular had no way to allow for ligature substitution (the automatic use of ligatures where appropriate), while most new digital typefaces did not include ligatures. As most of the early PC development was designed for the English language (which already

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that ♂ represents the shield and spear of Mars and ♀ Venus's looking-glass. All the evidence favours the conclusion of the French classical scholar Claude de Saumaise (Salmasius, 1588–1653) that these symbols, as also those for Saturn, Mercury and Jupiter, are derived from contractions in Greek

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is a TeX typesetting engine designed to make the most of such advanced features. This type of substitution used to be needed mainly for typesetting Arabic texts, but ligature lookups and substitutions are being put into all kinds of Western Latin OpenType fonts. In OpenType, there are standard

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glyphs joined, developed into a legitimate letter with its own position in the alphabet. Because of its relative youth compared to other letters of the alphabet, only a few European languages (English, Dutch, German, Polish, Welsh, Maltese, and Walloon) use the letter in native words.

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has suggested the new upper case character for "ß" rather than replacing it with "SS" or "SZ" for geographical names. A new standardized German keyboard layout (DIN 2137-T2) has included the capital ß since 2012. The new character entered the official orthographic rules in June 2017.

3352: 2112:, written as ℔. Over time, the number sign was simplified to how it is seen today, with two horizontal strokes across two slash-like strokes. Now a logogram, the symbol is used mainly to denote (in the US) numbers, and weight in pounds. It has also been used popularly on 2473:

fonts the base form of the letters is not changed and the individual glyphs remain separate. Like some ligatures discussed above, these digraphs may or may not be considered individual letters in their respective languages. Until the 1994 spelling reform, the digraphs

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Ständiger Ausschuss für geographische Namen (StAGN) Empfehlungen und Hinweise für die Schreibweise geographischer Namen für Herausgeber von Kartenwerken und anderen Veröffentlichungen für den internationalen Gebrauch Bundesrepublik Deutschland 5. überarbeitete

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machine operators dropped because of the mass production of the IBM Selectric brand of electric typewriter in 1961. A designer active in the period commented: "some of the world's greatest typefaces were quickly becoming some of the world's worst fonts."

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characters is "discouraged", and "no more will be encoded in any circumstances". (Unicode has continued to add ligatures, but only in such cases that the ligatures were used as distinct letters in a language or could be interpreted as standalone

318:. Merchants especially needed a way to speed up the process of written communication and found that conjoining letters and abbreviating words for lay use was more convenient for record keeping and transaction than the bulky long forms. 2357:) into one symbol, used to denote a sentence which is both a question and is exclaimed. For example, the sentence "Are you really coming over to my house on Friday‽" shows that the speaker is surprised while asking their question. 2595:

in its uppercase form looking virtually identical (only slightly bigger). When written as two separate letters, both should be capitalized – or both not – to form a correctly spelled word, like

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had their vertical strokes superimposed. Scribes also used notational abbreviations to avoid having to write a whole character in one stroke. Manuscripts in the fourteenth century employed hundreds of such abbreviations.

1746:'s ο-υ, carried over into Latin alphabets as well. This ligature is still seen today on icon artwork in Greek Orthodox churches, and sometimes in graffiti or other forms of informal or decorative writing. 460:

Because of their complexity, ligatures began to fall out of use in the 20th century. Sans serif typefaces, increasingly used for body text, generally avoid ligatures, though notable exceptions include

2074:". In most typefaces, it does not immediately resemble the two letters used to form it, although certain typefaces use designs in the form of a ligature (examples include the original versions of 910:

Besides conventional ligatures, in the metal type era some newspapers commissioned custom condensed single sorts for the names of common long names that might appear in news headings, such as "

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program. Now the standard method of mathematical typesetting, its default fonts are explicitly based on nineteenth-century styles. Many new fonts feature extensive ligature sets; these include

2707:. Having 37 consonants in total, the total number of ligatures that can be formed in Devanagari using only two letters is 1369, though few fonts are able to render all of them. In particular, 3554:

block features characters that have been combined into one square character in legacy character set so that it matches Japanese text. For example, the Japanese equivalent of "stock company",

3539:– some of these characters were also used in Japan, where they were pronounced with borrowed European readings instead. These have now fallen out of general use, but are occasionally seen. 1004:). Until 2017, the SS replacement was the only valid spelling according to the official orthography in Germany and Austria. In Switzerland, the ß is omitted altogether in favour of ss. The 4950: 968:

never came into common use, even though its creation has been discussed since the end of the 19th century. Therefore, the common replacement in uppercase typesetting was originally SZ (

2138:), was simplified by scribes who, instead of lifting the pen to write the grave accent, drew an arc around the "a". Another states that it is short for the Latin word for "toward", " 3009:, some letters change their form depending on their position in relation to other letters, and this can also change how ligatures look. A popular ligature all three scripts use is 453:

was invented around 1450, typefaces included many ligatures and additional letters, as they were based on handwriting. Ligatures made printing with movable type easier because one

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ILY. It consists of the little finger of the letter I plus the thumb and forefinger of the letter L. The letter Y (little finger and thumb) overlaps with the other two letters.

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languages and alphabets in modern computing, many of which use ligatures somewhat extensively. This has caused the development of new digital typesetting techniques such as

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to a single character, used for ligature substitution. Typesetting software may or may not implement this feature, even if it is explicitly present in the font's metadata.

6325: 2066:. Like many other ligatures, it has at times been considered a letter (e.g., in early Modern English); in English it is pronounced "and", not "et", except in the case of 1008:

of the Eszett character was occasionally used since 1905/06, has been part of Unicode since 2008, and has appeared in more and more typefaces. Since the end of 2010, the

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but retain the original multi-character (multiple morpheme) reading and are therefore not considered true characters themselves. In Chinese, these ligatures are called

2162:, this fairly unpopular character became widely known, used to tag specific users. Lately, it has been used to de-gender nouns in Spanish with no agreed pronunciation. 5516:

Everson, Michael; Baker, Peter; Emiliano, António; Grammel, Florian; Haugen, Odd Einar; Luft, Diana; Pedro, Susana; Schumacher, Gerd; Stötzner, Andreas (2006-01-30).

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both include many cases of character combinations that gradually evolve from ligatures into separately recognizable characters. Other notable ligatures, such as the

6975: 3747:. For example, ligatures such as æ and œ are not used to replace arbitrary "ae" or "oe" sequences; it is generally considered incorrect to write "does" as "dœs".) 2695:

make frequent use of ligatures in consonant clusters. The number of ligatures employed is language-dependent; thus many more ligatures are conventionally used in

1761: 7966: 557:. An increasing modern trend is to use a "Th" ligature which reduces spacing between these letters to make it easier to read, a trait infrequent in metal type. 2469:, are not ligatures in the general case as the two letters are displayed as separate glyphs: although written together, when they are joined in handwriting or 457:

would replace frequent combinations of letters and also allowed more complex and interesting character designs which would otherwise collide with one another.

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typefaces, originally mandatory in Fraktur but now employed only stylistically, can be seen to this day on street signs for city squares whose name contains

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script, used from Middle Ages to the 19th century to write some Slavic languages, have a box-like shape that lends itself to more frequent use of ligatures.

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Fermino, J. L. D. (2000). Introduction to the wampanoag grammar. (Master's thesis). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. p. 48.

4909:'s work in which he combines Latin letters to form characters that resemble Chinese. Croatian designer Maja Škripelj also created a ligature that combined 5590: 3772:

when editing documents created in earlier versions of Word. Users can enable automatic ligature substitution on the Advanced tab of the Font dialog box.

2959:, most letters' shapes depend on whether they are followed (word-initial), preceded (word-final) or both (medial) by other letters. For example, Arabic 6954: 6168:"L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R "Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters" and IPA etc. code point and name changes" 5773:– contains section on the history of the dollar sign, with much documentary evidence supporting the theory that $ began as a ligature for "pesos". 495:

treated ligatures as optional at best) dependence on ligatures did not carry over to digital. Ligature use fell as the number of traditional hand

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knowledge or training to operate) also generally avoid them. A few, however, became characters in their own right, see below the sections about

306:, figure prominently throughout ancient manuscripts. These new glyphs emerge alongside the proliferation of writing with a stylus, whether on 6889: 849: 4886: 2715:' Indic support, does not correctly handle ligatures with consonants attached to the right of the characters द, ट, ठ, ड, and ढ, leaving the 7036: 5090: 1976: 357:

Around the 9th and 10th centuries, monasteries became a fountainhead for these type of script modifications. Medieval scribes who wrote in

2158:. Around the 18th century, it started being used in commerce to indicate price per unit, as "15 units @ $ 1". After the popularization of 5969: 2243:

and a cross (which was added in the 16th century to Christianize the pagan symbol), though other sources disagree; the symbol for Venus

751:) provide a setting to disable ligatures for German, while some users have also written macros to identify which ligatures to disable. 1067: 2176:

used a symbol resembling an overlapping U-S ligature, with the right vertical bar of the U intersecting through the middle of the S (

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possibly originated as a ligature (for "pesos", although there are other theories as well) but is now a logogram. At least once, the

6980: 6360: 5812: 5766: 5660: 5409: 5377: 5255: 6376: 3692:, though the CSS Fonts Module Level 4 draft standard indicates that authors should prefer several other properties. Those include 6870: 6852: 6329: 5468: 8031: 6504: 6421: 5677: 5300: 2062:. The ampersand comes in many different forms. Because of its ubiquity, it is generally no longer considered a ligature, but a 1789: 918:", and others. In these cases the characters did not appear combined, just more tightly spaced than if printed conventionally. 141: 5948: 3515:"kilowatt". However, in the 19th century these were often written via compound characters, pronounced disyllabically, such as 8041: 6829: 6482: 5049: 3677:. When TeX finds these combinations in a text, it substitutes the appropriate ligature, unless overridden by the typesetter. 3281: 3240: 5886:

The origin of these symbols has long been a matter of interest to scholars. Probably none now accepts the interpretation of

5818: 4893:'s 'Square Word' calligraphy, combining Latin characters into forms that resemble Chinese characters. The word pictured is ' 7961: 6746: 3474: 2649: 2005: 1092:

communities participating in the Wôpanâak Language Reclamation Project (WLRP), the ligature was replaced with the numeral

956:) is an official letter of the alphabet in Germany and Austria. There is no general consensus about its history. Its name 5782: 1297:, while normally printed as ligatures in French, are replaced by component letters if technical restrictions require it. 7846: 7808: 6527: 2204: 2130:

is potentially a ligature, but there are many different theories about the origin. One theory says that the French word

1953: 1947: 1026: 570: 3081:, being a flexible script, especially has many ligatures. For a wider, but not complete, list of Syriac ligatures, see 7992: 7061: 6448: 3469: 2208:

The symbol for Saturn in late Classical (4th & 5th c.) and medieval Byzantine (11th c.) manuscripts, derives from

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is different: there the umlaut vowels are treated as independent letters with positions at the end of the alphabet.

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can be considered a digraph, a ligature, or a letter in itself, depending on the standard used. Its uppercase and

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pound of England. The Italian abbreviation of lb with a line drawn across the letters was used for both weights.

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forms are often available as a single glyph with a distinctive ligature in several professional typefaces (e.g.

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when placed beside each other in a word, and are combined into a single glyph with the tittle absorbed into the

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as a component – left, top, right and bottom respectively – and share it at the center of the composition.

3117: 1967: 1962: 1564: 1051: 496: 105: 5123: 6949: 6737: 5440: 4256: 3324: 1777: 1030: 362: 101: 95: 2995:. Besides the obligatory lām + ʼalif ligature, Arabic script grammar requires numerous stylistic ligatures. 1840:, a short-lived alphabet intended for young children, used a number of ligatures to represent long vowels: 1155:

that originated in the seventh century, the phoneme it represents was formerly written in various ways. In

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Opinion is divided over whether it is the job of writers or typesetters to decide where to use ligatures.

3296: 3113: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1809: 1801: 1797: 1403: 1119: 3094: 409:) were written with the facing edges of the bowls superimposed. In many script forms, characters such as 8036: 7896: 7396: 7391: 7304: 7291: 7124: 6928: 6478: 6215: 6012: 4932: 4264: 4260: 2450: 2113: 1957: 1813: 1705: 1581: 1034: 500: 2745:, in particular a combination of omicron (Ο) and upsilon (Υ), which later gave rise to a letter of the 6055: 3077:‎. All three scripts use ligatures, but not in an equal spread or always with the same letters. 1096:, partly because of its ease in typesetting and display as well as its similarity to the o-u ligature 7688: 7329: 7183: 6134: 5915: 4962: 3423:

and cannot be used as such in Chinese. Instead, it is usually considered a graphic representation of

2296: 2264: 2173: 1945: 1773: 1465: 1390:); however, the alphabetic order used in other books treats them as equivalent to the simple letters 1232: 1156: 1065: 1049: 276: 793:

ligature is therefore not used in Turkish typography, and neither are other ligatures like that for

8046: 8010: 7971: 7884: 7778: 7633: 7611: 7601: 7469: 7076: 7066: 7022: 5903: 4968: 4926: 4914: 4874: 2708: 2621: 2587:(which is not found in native Dutch words, but occurs in words borrowed from other languages) as a 2400: 2276: 2236: 1997: 1805: 1793: 1641: 1407: 1255: 915: 76: 5616: 3724:

ligature in the middle column, and the Unicode code point on the right. Provided you are using an

49: 7934: 7861: 7841: 7831: 7803: 7773: 7733: 7360: 7223: 7149: 7139: 6860: 6284: 6257: 6103: 6037: 5877: 5869: 5844: 5394: 5305: 5027: 5023: 5015: 3775: 3102: 3093:(one of the main languages of South Asia), which uses a calligraphic version of the Arabic-based 2956: 2805: 2284: 1712: 1572: 1310: 1306: 1228: 1224: 1039: 724: 702: 491: 454: 282: 80: 56: 3384: 2980: 6308: 6237:"L2/20-125R: Unicode request for expected IPA retroflex letters and similar letters with hooks" 5538: 1872:

that are not encoded in Unicode. Ligatures for consonants also existed, including ligatures of

1263: 7879: 7798: 7753: 7683: 7154: 6516: 6356: 6167: 5808: 5762: 5656: 5405: 5373: 5251: 4910: 3653:

is an example of a computer typesetting system that makes use of ligatures automatically. The

3548: 3249: 3128: 2712: 2682: 2364: 2075: 1985: 1718: 1236: 911: 550: 465: 286: 84: 5966: 3440:, has had such a ligature associated with it combining the three relevant Chinese characters 7765: 7718: 7557: 7504: 7365: 7175: 6236: 5861: 5517: 4999: 4902: 3750: 3725: 3002: 2837: 2462: 2354: 2313:, with the cross added at the top in the 16th century to Christianize it. The dwarf planet 2228: 2059: 1989: 1769: 1764:

to be an OI ligature because of its appearance, and is thus known (to the ISO and, in turn,

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The Art of Xu Bing: Words Without Meaning, Meaning Without Words (Asian Art & Culture)

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The romance of writing, from Egyptian hieroglyphics to modern letters, numbers, and signs

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Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02).

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Shady Characters: The Secret Life of Punctuation, Symbols, and Other Typographical Marks

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boundary of a composite word are sometimes considered incorrect, especially in official

30: 7906: 7851: 7728: 7531: 7355: 7309: 7243: 7213: 7081: 6842: 6463: 5978: 5755: 5465: 5328: 4944: 4935: – Pair of characters used to write one phoneme (the unfused pairing of graphemes) 4248: 3765: 3754: 3736:

installed, some or all of these will display correctly. See also the provided graphic.

3481:. In Chinese these units are disyllabic and standardly written with two characters, as 3311:), meaning "ushering in wealth and fortune" and used as a popular New Year's greeting. 2869: 2754: 2742: 2689: 2548: 2466: 2184: 2146:

being represented by the arc. Another says it is short for an abbreviation of the term

1971: 1743: 1599: 1505: 1445: 1271: 1152: 450: 293: 2583:

with a broken left-hand stroke. Adding to the confusion, Dutch handwriting can render

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practice, an "a" with another "a" on top (aͣ) could sometimes be used, for example in

1005: 8025: 7698: 7666: 7656: 7536: 6837: 5366: 5217: 5165: 3433: 3132: 2865: 2857: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2813: 2785: 2382: 2350: 2329: 2001: 1736: 1637: 1590: 521: 6309:"L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode 'Teuthonista' phonetic characters in the UCS" 5881: 5728: 3351: 3290: 3201: 2490:

purposes. Catalan makes a difference between "Spanish ll" or palatalized l, written

1127: 17: 7956: 7836: 7723: 7708: 7678: 7638: 7621: 7375: 7345: 7319: 7228: 7071: 7053: 7003: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6759: 6754: 6458: 6437: 5952: 4885: 4252: 4244: 3194: 3170: 2915: 2554: 2477: 2416: 2192: 2083: 1645: 1501: 1477: 537: 525: 509: 4941: – Process in typography (optimization of spacing between adjacent letters). 4877:

block: regular and bold variants of ℯT (script e and T) and of ɛT (open E and T).

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has a long history of creating new characters by merging parts or wholes of other

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is an unconventional punctuation meant to combine the interrogation point (or the

6276: 5802: 2930:, in the Hebrew script) is the definite article in Arabic. For example, the word 2914:‎. The ligature appears in some pre-modern texts (mainly religious), or in 2685:

has the following ligatures: և (ե+ւ), ﬔ (մ+ե), ﬕ (մ+ի), ﬓ (մ+ն), ﬗ (մ+խ), ﬖ (վ+ն)

7951: 7946: 7939: 7929: 7743: 7693: 7648: 7588: 7552: 7523: 7511: 7491: 7314: 7266: 7134: 6944: 5702: 5574: 3729: 3156: 3140: 2758: 2750: 2576: 2470: 2428: 2343: 2309:), the Greek name for the planet. It later came to look like a lower-case Greek 2166: 2107: 2098: 2087: 1993: 853: 754: 434: 366: 315: 311: 6078: 5995: 582: 449:

with a greater separation than when they are typeset as separate letters. When

7924: 7738: 7628: 7481: 7474: 7451: 7406: 7370: 7324: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7256: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7045: 4240: 3121: 2884: 2696: 2635: 2568: 2372: 2368: 1665: 1262:

is not considered an independent letter but a spelling variant, for example: "

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attached to them and displaying the following consonant in its standard form.

545:, and the incorporation of ligature support into the text display systems of 7416: 7411: 7188: 7116: 6998: 6959: 5019: 3758: 3720:

This table below shows discrete letter pairs on the left, the corresponding

3222: 3182: 3164: 3160: 3148: 3144: 2849: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2560: 2487: 2424: 2224: 2071: 2032: 1941: 1900:(neither the reversed t nor any of the consonant ligatures are in Unicode). 1732: 1701: 1526: 1354: 1244: 1089: 770: 716:, which would be damaged by collision with raised parts of the next letter. 706: 683: 533: 461: 334: 330: 303: 272: 238: 53: 6095: 3761:

Light, the 'f' and 'i' appear superimposed when default settings are used.

2639: 1768:) as "Oi". Historically, it was used in many Latin-based orthographies of 201:

are joined for the second ligature. For stylistic and legibility reasons,

7889: 7748: 7567: 7440: 7426: 7251: 7203: 5887: 5539:"Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS" 4956: 4789: 4743: 4711: 4679: 4617: 4601: 4585: 4553: 4521: 4489: 4473: 3733: 3609: 3585: 3478: 3467:

Similar to the ligatures were several "two-syllable Chinese characters" (

3420: 3413:), meaning "library". Although it does have an assigned pronunciation of 3253: 3152: 3136: 3106: 3070: 2757:, ligatures were common (in fact, the ligature of a short-legged capital 2700: 2396: 2240: 2091: 2063: 720: 542: 517: 361:

increased their writing speed by combining characters and by introducing

289: 162: 5537:; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02). 2434: 1575: 1508:

and his contemporaries imported from Belgium and the Netherlands, while

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influence forced wynn out of use. By the 14th century, the "new" letter

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desirable for creating effects or to evoke an old-fashioned print look.

7713: 7499: 7350: 7261: 7193: 7129: 6923: 6918: 6509: 5873: 4938: 4906: 4890: 3739: 3721: 3551: 3226: 2952: 2789: 2692: 2564: 2360: 2124: 2117: 2079: 1765: 1493: 1469: 1167: 713: 425: 337:). However, in Nordic texts a particular type of ligature appeared for 296: 150: 5429:

Nordisk familjebok / Uggleupplagan. 33. Väderlek – Äänekoski / 905–906

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Four "ligature ornaments" are included from U+1F670 to U+1F673 in the

3600: 1541:-ligature. Before the replacement of the older "aa" with "å" became a 116:

This page uses notation for orthographic or other linguistic analysis.

7616: 7233: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6377:"Designs of Croatian national sides of euro and cent coins presented" 6079:"Unicode FAQ: Ligatures, Digraphs, Presentation Forms vs. Plain Text" 3135:. Of these, only two are widely available ones on computers: one for 3098: 3010: 3006: 2716: 2306: 1132: 868:. Instead, the "sz" ligature has merged into a single character, the 691: 603: 214: 6195:"L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic" 5865: 4727: 4081: 3657:

Roman typeface provided with TeX includes the five common ligatures

2735: 2731: 2727: 1214: 481: 321: 365:. Others conjoined letters for aesthetic purposes. For example, in 245:, developed from a ligature in which the handwritten Latin letters 7459: 7198: 7166: 6876: 6764: 5245: 5007: 5003: 4884: 3749: 3617: 3613: 3599: 3193: 3178: 3078: 3062: 3051: 3021: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2903: 2895: 2704: 2666: 2658: 2648: 2629: 2433: 2410: 2314: 2288: 2203: 2159: 2047: 2015: 1685: 1620: 1417: 1240: 1126: 1118: 799: 753: 729: 687: 581: 546: 424: 358: 320: 300: 260: 166: 48: 29: 5444: 1760:, a rarely used letter based on Q and G, was misconstrued by the 7815: 7661: 7606: 5372:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 1993. p. 6.61. 5277: 5272: 4894: 4773: 4695: 4663: 4647: 4569: 4537: 4505: 4457: 4413: 4397: 4367: 4351: 4085: 4036: 3820: 3685: 3090: 2960: 2877: 2873: 2821: 2781: 2765: 2528: 2260: 2214: 2211: 2016: 1631: 1560: 1532: 1332: 1324: 1316: 1288: 1212: 1202: 1160: 927: 766: 180: 172: 7018: 6410: 6406: 804:"ß" in the form of a "ſʒ" ligature on a street sign in Berlin ( 594:

with the following letter. A particularly prominent example is

5573:, 'balance') represented a weight almost exactly equal to the 5518:"L2/06-027: Proposal to add Medievalist characters to the UCS" 3650: 3097:, requires a great number of ligatures in digital typography. 3040: 2836:(ћ, ђ, љ, њ), were developed as ligatures of Cyrillic used in 2833: 2829: 2825: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2609: 2310: 2292: 1754: 1088:

interchangeably). In the orthography in use since 2000 in the

797:, which would be rare anyway because of Turkish phonotactics. 748: 513: 490:

The trend against digraph use was further strengthened by the

333:. During the medieval era several conventions existed (mostly 7014: 5783:

Reverse of $ 1 United States Note (Greenback), series of 1869

2300: 1464:

written as a diacritic. During the latter Middle English and

694:

are also used, as well as the equivalent set for the doubled

5101:

Capelli – Dizionario di abbreviature latine ed italiane

5070:

Unicode calls this a digraph, but it is actually a ligature.

1033:(later used in the first Bible printed in the Americas, the 6784: 6275:

Freytag, Asmus; McGowan, Rick; Whistler, Ken (2006-05-08).

5906:(August 1934). "The origin of the symbols of the planets". 4017: 3005:, has three different scripts that all use ligatures. Like 2456: 1349:

ligatures (strictly, from these vowels with a small letter

1243:— and when collated, may be given a different place in the 4965: – Abbreviations used by ancient and medieval scribes 2645:-ligature (द् + ध् + र् + य = द्ध्र्य) of JanaSanskritSans 2517:

The difference can be illustrated with the French digraph

1711:

formerly used to express the phoneme in question, e.g. by

1044:, published in 1663) was the use of the double-o ligature 6724: 6717: 6710: 6703: 6696: 6689: 6682: 6675: 6668: 6661: 6654: 6647: 6640: 6633: 6626: 6619: 6612: 6605: 6598: 6591: 6584: 6577: 6570: 6563: 6556: 6549: 6216:"L2/17-299 Proposal to add two Sinological Latin letters" 4951:

List of English words that may be spelled with a ligature

3159:, which is a vertical writing ligature of the characters 3143:, which is a vertical writing ligature of the characters 2861: 1266:" versus "encyclopaedia" or "encyclopedia". In this use, 1185: 1177: 1146: 429:

A widely used Th ligature in a handwriting-style typeface

3252:. However, a few of these combinations do not represent 3181:

texts ligatures are common. Such ligatures are known as

2104:

originated as a stylized abbreviation of the Roman term

6259:

L2/21-004: Unicode request for dezh with retroflex hook

3768:

disables ligature substitution by default, largely for

3612:

font format includes features for associating multiple

1496:

Curiositie Shoppe'. One major reason for this was that

5845:"The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology" 3732:

that can handle Unicode, and have the correct Unicode

3571: 3561: 2918:

texts, where that combination is very frequent, since

2591:-glyph without the dots in its lowercase form and the 5395:"Chapter 25: Typography and the printed English text" 5346:. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. p. 149. 5026:), or where word-compounding results such ligatures ( 4959: – Motif made by overlapping two or more letters 2792:

Cyrillic letters are ligatures of the early Cyrillic

485: 6326:"The art of typography in the digital age ligatures" 5402:

The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System

3757:

does not enable ligatures automatically. Here, with

2872:, a ligature of ya (Я) and e also exists: Ԙԙ, as do 2761:

was a key feature of the acrophonic numeral system).

1422:"... by the grace that god put in..." (Extract from 7985: 7917: 7870: 7824: 7764: 7647: 7587: 7545: 7522: 7490: 7450: 7439: 7384: 7338: 7290: 7242: 7174: 7165: 7115: 7052: 6986:

List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks

6968: 6937: 6887: 6869: 6851: 6828: 6745: 6736: 6525: 6477: 5052:. The same standard explicitly allows the spelling 3374:

ligature combining the three constituent characters

1012:

Ständiger Ausschuss für geographische Namen (StAGN)

5807:. American Philosophical Society. pp. 62–63. 5754: 5365: 329:) during the Roman Republic era were written as a 193:are joined for the first ligature and the letters 6355:. Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Ga. 5982:online. 21 April 2006. Retrieved 15 January 2011. 1567:, but it merged in later Germanic languages with 1104:. For example, compare the colonial-era spelling 185:used in English and French, in which the letters 4929: – Neighbour-dependent grapheme positioning 2741:A number of ligatures have been employed in the 2486:were considered separate letters in Spanish for 2031:The most common ligature in modern usage is the 1235:is not a typographic ligature. It is a distinct 1123:Capilla de San José, Sevilla. Several ligatures. 610:in many typefaces collides with the hood of the 3120:is used to sign "I love you", from the English 2502:(law), and "French ll" or geminated l, written 1111: 1105: 1037: 747:("boat trip"). Some computer programs (such as 6135:"L2/20-116R: Expansion of the extIPA and VoQS" 6090: 6088: 5655:. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 41–57. 5091:"What is the origin of the ampersand (&)?" 4947: – Physical spacing of characters in text 3588:" that can be ligated into 1 square character 3580:. There are other Latin abbreviations such as 3555: 3419:and appears in many dictionaries, it is not a 1369:). It is common practice to replace them with 7967:Intellectual property protection of typefaces 7030: 6422: 6256:Miller, Kirk; Everson, Michael (2021-01-03), 5838: 5836: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5562: 3688:provides control over these properties using 3534: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3482: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3424: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3382: 3367: 3358: 3338: 3331: 3306: 3300: 3288: 3275: 3269: 3257: 3230: 3214: 3207: 3206:(expression) written as a ligature. It reads 3199: 2653:Hebrew text: the letter in the upper left is 2509: 2503: 2497: 2491: 1672:spelling stems from the ligature of a silent 1659: 1653: 1584: 784: 778: 472:machines in the 1970s (which did not require 8: 7509: 6277:"Known Anomalies in Unicode Character Names" 5996:"Polysyllabic characters in Chinese writing" 5326: 5053: 5039: 5014:represents a vocalic or semi-vocalic sound ( 4901:Typographic ligatures are used in a form of 4259:DŽ, LJ, and NJ. Although similar, these are 3566:) can be represented in 1 Unicode character 3299:is a combination of the four characters for 2990: 2984: 2974: 2964: 2940:‎) can be written with this ligature: 2534: 2526: 2518: 2367:, many of which were ligatures: 🜇 (AR, for 2180: ) to resemble the modern dollar sign. 1992:for characters used in German dialectology ( 1593: 1468:periods, the thorn in its common script, or 1452:written as a diacritic. Similarly, the word 1009: 999: 993: 987: 981: 975: 969: 963: 957: 947: 941: 863: 857: 843: 829: 811: 805: 742: 618:. Other ligatures with the letter f include 6193:Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (2020-11-08). 5568: 5301:"1952 – 'Eisenhower,' a True Campaign Logo" 5124:"Johannes Gutenberg and the Printing Press" 2973:, rendering as initial, medial and final): 2677:Ligatures are not limited to Latin script: 2603: 2597: 2419:glyph appearing as the distinctive "broken- 2386: 2376: 2339:, represents the center line of an object. 2105: 1956:), as well as in some orthographies of the 1716: 1603: 1542: 314:, and often for a practical reason: faster 254: 7447: 7171: 7037: 7023: 7015: 6742: 6429: 6415: 6407: 6302: 6300: 6251: 6249: 6230: 6228: 6209: 6207: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6180: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6114: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5493: 4905:, as can be illustrated by Chinese artist 4277: 3785: 1648:of a vowel, originated in ligatures where 1488:became ubiquitous, leading to the common " 7993:Punctuation and other typographic symbols 6133:Miller, Kirk; Ball, Martin (2020-07-11). 6073: 6071: 6069: 5618:Business Arithmetic for Secondary Schools 5010:", but is encountered in languages where 3074: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3047: 3043: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3017: 3013: 2247:) may be a ligature of the Greek letters 2090:, known in modern times as the italic of 602:, rendered with two normal letters). The 5678:"The Accidental History of the @ Symbol" 2579:, typically use a ligature resembling a 2335:In engineering diagrams, a CL ligature, 789:), this contrast would be obscured. The 701:These arose because with the usual type 59:with ligatures of (from left to right) 6976:Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode 5559:. New York: Viking Press. p. 125. 5083: 4987: 4977: – Ligatures used in Greek writing 4286: 3797: 2187:was sometimes symbolized by a ligature 1796:, of which six are encoded in Unicode: 1040:Mamusse Wunneetupanatamwe Up-Biblum God 165:or letters are joined to form a single 106:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 27:Glyph combining two or more letterforms 5242:Helmut Kopka; Patrick W. Daly (1999). 4971: – Aspect of the Unicode Standard 3716:Ligatures in Unicode (Latin alphabets) 3604:Some example ligatures in Latin script 3001:, a semitic alphabet derived from the 1908:Rarer ligatures also exist, including 1808:is still represented with a ligature: 733:. An English example of this would be 6056:"CSS font-variant-ligatures Property" 5066: 5064: 2287:, where it can be seen to be a Greek 2195:was often symbolized by the ligature 1792:formerly used ligatures to represent 7: 6960:DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe 5804:Astronomical papyri from Oxyrhynchus 5621:. New York: Macmillan. p. 419. 5368:The Chicago Manual of Style, 14th Ed 3031:‎ isolated and final: (Serto) 2525:, which is composed of the ligature 2365:a set of mostly standardized symbols 2353:) and the bang (printer's slang for 2283:) has been traced back to the Greek 2038:. This was originally a ligature of 1742:that, while originally based on the 758:Ligatures "Th" and "Wh" illustration 381:) and those with left-facing bowls ( 6468: 5757:A History of Mathematical Notations 5404:. Taylor & Francis. p. 6. 4740:superscript ts with retroflex hook 4614:superscript lʒ with retroflex hook 2991: 2989:, and lām + ʼalif medial or final: 2985: 2975: 2965: 636:⟨f‌f‌l⟩ 632:⟨f‌f‌i⟩ 369:, letters with right-facing bowls ( 5821:from the original on 30 April 2021 5703:"The @ Symbol Meaning And History" 5591:"The Ancient Roots of Punctuation" 5190:Ulrich, Ferdinand (22 July 2012). 3395:; 1898–1967) created the ligature 2979:. Notable are the shapes taken by 2054:". It has exactly the same use in 1440:) was frequently abbreviated as a 816:) ends with a "tʒ" ligature ("ꜩ"). 25: 6081:. Unicode Consortium. 2015-07-06. 5058:with dash to avoid the tripled f. 3473:) created in the 19th century as 3401:from two of the three characters 3109:fonts with over 20,000 ligatures. 2730:(uni), which is a combination of 2255:(kappa). The symbol for Jupiter ( 1975: 1961: 8006: 8005: 6166:Anderson, Deborah (2020-12-07). 6013:"font-feature-settings property" 5111:Medieval Unicode Font Initiative 4953: – Spelling rule in English 3350: 3323: 3221:and means "to be as studious as 3039:‎. Another popular one is 2816:(sometimes also spelled ЮУ). In 2317:is symbolized by a PL ligature, 2012:Symbols originating as ligatures 42:combined to create the ligature 6505:International Phonetic Alphabet 6214:Everson, Michael (2017-08-17). 5937:(12th ed.). HarperCollins. 5843:Stearn, William T. (May 1962). 5048:only if the writer follows the 3345:, a popular New Year's greeting 3282:polysyllabic Chinese characters 3229:." All four characters contain 1790:International Phonetic Alphabet 1784:International Phonetic Alphabet 1700:ligature. It was introduced by 903:are used (e.g. in the typeface 586:Two common ligatures: fi and fl 5299:Dunlap, David (23 June 2016). 5250:. Addison-Wesley. p. 22. 5216:Shaw, Paul (31 October 2011). 5122:Bellis, Mary (17 April 2017). 3383: 3241:Polysyllabic Chinese character 2910:‎) can form a ligature, 1480:printing, the substitution of 1110:with the modern WLRP spelling 712:, the end of its hood is on a 482:various Latin accented letters 169:. Examples are the characters 1: 7962:History of Western typography 5761:. New York: Dover (reprint). 5589:Houston, Keith (2013-09-06). 5487:. Collier's Cyclopedia, 1901. 4292:superscript small capital AA 3779:Name input box, for example: 3570:. Its romanized abbreviation 3287:One popular ligature used on 1080:(although Eliot himself used 869: 477: 7809:traditional point-size names 6955:Western Latin character sets 5615:Thurston, Ernest L. (1917). 5555:Keith Gordon Irwin (1967) . 5441:"Bureus, J., Runa ABC boken" 2734:(oni) and the former letter 1954:close-mid back rounded vowel 1940:, which is used in medieval 1432:In Middle English, the word 741:; a German example would be 571:List of Latin-script letters 441:ligature prints the letters 221:merges with the hood of the 83:≈ 90.2328 mm (typeface 7062:Canons of page construction 6981:Letters used in mathematics 6235:Miller, Kirk (2020-07-11). 5393:Hill, Will (30 June 2020). 5145:. Hoefler & Frere-Jones 3572: 3562: 3511: 3488: 3460: 3432:In recent years, a Chinese 3425: 3415: 3409: 3359: 3332: 3301: 3289: 3270: 3258: 3208: 3200: 3084:Contextual forms of letters 2640: 1982:voiceless lateral fricative 1970:); ᵺ; ỻ, which was used in 1704:around 1900 to replace the 1476:shape. With the arrival of 1025:A prominent feature of the 209:are often merged to create 8063: 6537: 6281:Unicode Technical Note #27 5935:Collins English Dictionary 5635:(written before a figure.) 5164:Shaw, Paul (12 May 2011). 4233:ꟓ ꟓ 4219:ꟕ ꟕ 4205:ꟗ ꟗ 4191:Ꝡ ꝡ 4135:Ꜩ ꜩ 4059:Ꝏ ꝏ 3899:Ꜽ ꜽ 3885:Ꜻ ꜻ 3871:Ꜹ ꜹ 3857:Ꜷ ꜷ 3843:Ꜵ ꜵ 3812:Ꜳ ꜳ 3238: 2753:. Among the ancient Greek 2619: 2301: 1652:followed the base letter: 1537:likewise originated as an 1472:, form came to resemble a 925: 820:Remnants of the ligatures 810:). The sign on the right ( 628:⟨f‌f⟩ 624:⟨f‌l⟩ 600:⟨f‌i⟩ 568: 451:printing with movable type 281:The earliest known script 270: 263:for 'and') were combined. 8001: 7219:Subscript and superscript 6994: 6444: 6402:Examples of CSS ligatures 6351:Erickson, Britta (2001). 6038:"CSS Font Module Level 4" 5801:Jones, Alexander (1999). 5567:(from the old Latin word 4280: 4011:℔ ℔ 3556: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3483: 3468: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3368: 3339: 3307: 3276: 3263: 3231: 3215: 3131:has a number of obsolete 2941: 2937: 2911: 2907: 2899: 2818:Serbian Cyrillic alphabet 2711:, which is included with 2670: 2662: 2654: 2391:, a steam bath); and 🝛 ( 2371:); 🜈 (S inside a V, for 2324:A different PL ligature, 2299:, as an abbreviation for 2271:, as an abbreviation for 1838:Initial Teaching Alphabet 1832:Initial Teaching Alphabet 1563:in particular saw use in 1500:existed in the printer's 1425:The Book of Margery Kempe 1211:; in ancient times named 875:Sometimes, ligatures for 345:, referred to as "broken 161:occurs where two or more 7977:Vox-ATypI classification 7107:Intentionally blank page 6541:ISO basic Latin alphabet 6497:ISO basic Latin alphabet 6492:Classical Latin alphabet 5933:Harper, Collins (2014). 5753:Cajori, Florian (1993). 5342:Trumbull, J. H. (1903). 4045:&OElig; &oelig; 4028:Ỻ ỻ 3829:Æ æ 3576:can also be 1 character 3118:American manual alphabet 2259:) descends from a Greek 1968:close back rounded vowel 1598:"foot"). It survives in 1565:Early Modern High German 1337:historically arose from 553:, and applications like 363:notational abbreviations 118:For the meaning of how 5050:spelling reform of 1996 4802:tʃ with retroflex hook 4724:ts with retroflex hook 4598:lʒ with retroflex hook 4440:dʒ with retroflex hook 4271:Ligatures used only in 4257:Serbo-Croatian digraphs 3702:discretionary-ligatures 3330:A Chinese ligature for 3061:‎, resulting in ( 2657:‎, a ligature of 2575:glyphs, popular in the 2533:and the simplex letter 2235:) may be a ligature of 1984:); ꜩ; ᴂ; ᴔ; and ꭣ have 1585: 1576: 1529:used in vowels such as 1213: 1112: 1106: 1038: 719:Ligatures crossing the 590:Many ligatures combine 225:); the same is true of 8032:Latin-script ligatures 7510: 5647:Keith Houston (2013). 5569: 5563: 5327: 5054: 5040: 4898: 4273:phonetic transcription 3997:Ƕ ƕ 3770:backward compatibility 3762: 3694:font-variant-ligatures 3605: 3297:Chinese Lunar New Year 3236: 3114:American Sign Language 2674: 2646: 2604: 2598: 2535: 2527: 2519: 2510: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2447: 2431: 2387: 2377: 2220: 2114:push-button telephones 2106: 2028: 1717: 1660: 1654: 1628:as part of the letter 1604: 1594: 1543: 1429: 1404:Scandinavian languages 1151:is an addition to the 1135: 1124: 1010: 1000: 994: 988: 982: 976: 970: 964: 958: 948: 942: 864: 858: 844: 830: 817: 812: 806: 785: 779: 759: 743: 587: 520:, Seria and others by 430: 354: 255: 94:This article contains 88: 46: 8042:Typographic ligatures 5485:Teach Yourself French 5141:Frere-Jones, Tobias. 4933:Digraph (orthography) 4888: 4816:tʃ with palatal hook 4426:dʒ with palatal hook 4263:, not ligatures. See 4177:W w 3753: 3690:font-feature-settings 3603: 3295:decorations used for 3197: 2652: 2633: 2437: 2414: 2207: 2036:⟨&⟩ 2019: 1958:Massachusett language 1814:extensions to the IPA 1602:, where it is called 1421: 1382:name is spelled with 1130: 1122: 1035:Massachusett-language 852:, a family of German 803: 773:. In a ligature with 757: 585: 569:Further information: 501:hot metal typesetting 428: 324: 243:⟨&⟩ 52: 33: 7847:Typographic features 6332:on November 29, 2014 5682:Smithsonian Magazine 4963:Scribal abbreviation 3946:f‌f‌l 3932:f‌f‌i 3706:historical-ligatures 3596:Computer typesetting 3105:tool for Urdu, uses 3035:‎, (Madnhaya) 2764:Cyrillic ligatures: 2191:(from Pts), and the 2174:United States dollar 2050:word "et", meaning " 1860:, and ligatures for 1816:contain three more: 1794:affricate consonants 1614:Tilde and circumflex 1466:Early Modern English 1402:. The convention in 1174:, originated as two 1027:colonial orthography 327:Geminated consonants 277:scribal abbreviation 18:Typographic ligature 7972:Technical lettering 7871:Typography in other 7612:Hanging punctuation 6501:Phonetic alphabets 5920:1934Obs....57..238M 5676:Allman, William F. 5041:Schiff‌fahrt 4969:Unicode equivalence 4927:Complex text layout 4875:Ornamental Dingbats 4265:Digraphs in Unicode 4239:There are separate 3675:⟨ffl⟩ 3671:⟨ffi⟩ 2796:and another vowel: 2755:acrophonic numerals 2622:Complex text layout 2616:Non-Latin alphabets 2277:astronomical symbol 1806:fricative consonant 1636:, representing the 1624:diacritic, used in 1456:was abbreviated to 1256:English orthography 1159:, the runic letter 1006:capital version (ẞ) 807:Petersburger Straße 744:Schiff‌fahrt 727:as outlined in the 638:(ﬄ). Ligatures for 576:Stylistic ligatures 7935:Handwriting script 7862:Desktop publishing 7832:Character encoding 7825:Digital typography 7339:Horizontal aspects 7292:Visual distinction 7150:Widows and orphans 6888:Keyboard layouts ( 6104:Unicode Consortium 6096:"Latin Extended-E" 5972:2011-10-03 at the 5949:"JanaSanskritSans" 5475:", Aula Hispanica. 5471:2018-08-14 at the 5306:The New York Times 5218:"The Kerning Game" 5166:"Flawed Typefaces" 5018:, occasionally in 4998:is represented in 4996:⟨fj⟩ 4911:Glagolitic letters 4899: 3876:AV, av (with bar) 3776:LibreOffice Writer 3763: 3667:⟨fl⟩ 3663:⟨fi⟩ 3659:⟨ff⟩ 3606: 3543:Japanese ligatures 3475:Chinese characters 3250:Chinese characters 3237: 3185:and were optional. 3116:a ligature of the 3103:desktop publishing 2957:Nabataean alphabet 2883:Some forms of the 2703:than when writing 2675: 2647: 2484:⟨ll⟩ 2448: 2432: 2285:Oxyrhynchus Papyri 2221: 2170:⟨$ ⟩ 2029: 1986:Unicode codepoints 1930:⟨av⟩ 1890:⟨ng⟩ 1886:⟨ʗh⟩ 1882:⟨wh⟩ 1878:⟨ʈh⟩ 1874:⟨ʃh⟩ 1870:⟨oi⟩ 1866:⟨ou⟩ 1862:⟨ee⟩ 1709:⟨hv⟩ 1698:⟨hw⟩ 1688:(ƕ), used only in 1640:consonant, and in 1557:⟨uo⟩ 1430: 1388:⟨ue⟩ 1379:⟨ue⟩ 1375:⟨oe⟩ 1371:⟨ae⟩ 1367:⟨uͤ⟩ 1363:⟨oͤ⟩ 1359:⟨aͤ⟩ 1347:⟨ue⟩ 1343:⟨oe⟩ 1339:⟨ae⟩ 1307:German orthography 1245:alphabetical order 1136: 1125: 1082:⟨oo⟩ 1064:as opposed to the 946:, also called the 901:⟨Th⟩ 897:⟨Qu⟩ 893:⟨ct⟩ 889:⟨ck⟩ 885:⟨ch⟩ 881:⟨ſt⟩ 877:⟨st⟩ 840:⟨tz⟩ 836:⟨tʒ⟩ 826:⟨ſz⟩ 822:⟨ſʒ⟩ 818: 795:⟨fl⟩ 791:⟨fi⟩ 777:(in words such as 760: 735:⟨ff⟩ 725:German orthography 696:⟨ff⟩ 676:⟨fy⟩ 672:⟨fu⟩ 668:⟨fh⟩ 664:⟨fb⟩ 660:⟨ft⟩ 656:⟨fs⟩ 652:⟨fr⟩ 648:⟨fo⟩ 644:⟨fe⟩ 640:⟨fa⟩ 620:⟨fj⟩ 588: 492:desktop publishing 439:⟨fi⟩ 431: 355: 283:Sumerian cuneiform 96:special characters 89: 73:⟨fi⟩ 69:⟨ff⟩ 65:⟨ft⟩ 61:⟨fl⟩ 47: 8019: 8018: 7766:Typographic units 7684:For position only 7583: 7582: 7435: 7434: 7012: 7011: 6883: 6882: 6731: 6730: 6517:Spelling alphabet 6379:. 4 February 2022 5967:'圕'字怎麼念？什麼意思？誰造的？ 5904:Maunder, A. S. D. 5344:Natick Dictionary 5012:⟨j⟩ 4871: 4870: 4237: 4236: 3590:⟨㎏⟩ 3578:⟨㏍⟩ 3568:⟨㍿⟩ 3549:CJK Compatibility 3317:Chinese ligatures 3190:Chinese ligatures 3129:Japanese language 2955:derived from the 2951:, historically a 2876:(Ꚉꚉ ← Д + З) and 2713:Microsoft Windows 2683:Armenian alphabet 2593:⟨Ĳ⟩ 2589:⟨ĳ⟩ 2585:⟨y⟩ 2581:⟨U⟩ 2573:⟨Ĳ⟩ 2347:⟨‽⟩ 2328:, represents the 2297:horizontal stroke 2269:⟨Ƶ⟩ 2265:horizontal stroke 2253:⟨κ⟩ 2249:⟨ϕ⟩ 2198:⟨₣⟩ 2189:⟨₧⟩ 2156:⟨a⟩ 2152:⟨e⟩ 2144:⟨d⟩ 2128:⟨@⟩ 2102:⟨#⟩ 2044:⟨t⟩ 2040:⟨E⟩ 1938:⟨ꝏ⟩ 1934:⟨ꜽ⟩ 1926:⟨ꜻ⟩ 1922:⟨ꜹ⟩ 1918:⟨ꜷ⟩ 1914:⟨ꜵ⟩ 1910:⟨ꜳ⟩ 1898:⟨h⟩ 1894:⟨t⟩ 1858:⟨ꭡ⟩ 1854:⟨ᵫ⟩ 1850:⟨œ⟩ 1846:⟨æ⟩ 1842:⟨ꜷ⟩ 1758:⟨ƣ⟩ 1740:⟨Ȣ⟩ 1719:Patrologia Latina 1674:⟨s⟩ 1664:. Similarly, the 1650:⟨n⟩ 1569:⟨u⟩ 1539:⟨o⟩ 1510:⟨Þ⟩ 1498:⟨y⟩ 1486:⟨Þ⟩ 1482:⟨y⟩ 1474:⟨y⟩ 1462:⟨t⟩ 1458:⟨þ⟩ 1450:⟨e⟩ 1442:⟨þ⟩ 1400:⟨u⟩ 1396:⟨o⟩ 1392:⟨a⟩ 1384:⟨ü⟩ 1351:⟨e⟩ 1295:⟨œ⟩ 1280:⟨E⟩ 1276:⟨A⟩ 1268:⟨Æ⟩ 1260:⟨Æ⟩ 1209:⟨æ⟩ 1172:⟨W⟩ 1164:⟨Ƿ⟩ 1131:The ligatures of 1098:⟨Ȣ⟩ 1094:⟨8⟩ 1086:⟨ꝏ⟩ 1048:to represent the 1046:⟨ꝏ⟩ 980:, different from 938:⟨ß⟩ 710:⟨f⟩ 680:⟨f⟩ 616:⟨f⟩ 612:⟨f⟩ 608:⟨i⟩ 596:⟨ﬁ⟩ 592:⟨f⟩ 447:⟨i⟩ 443:⟨f⟩ 419:⟨n⟩ 415:⟨m⟩ 411:⟨h⟩ 407:⟨q⟩ 395:⟨d⟩ 391:⟨o⟩ 387:⟨e⟩ 383:⟨c⟩ 379:⟨p⟩ 375:⟨o⟩ 371:⟨b⟩ 251:⟨t⟩ 247:⟨e⟩ 235:⟨ﬆ⟩ 231:⟨t⟩ 227:⟨s⟩ 223:⟨f⟩ 219:⟨i⟩ 211:⟨ﬁ⟩ 207:⟨i⟩ 203:⟨f⟩ 199:⟨e⟩ 195:⟨o⟩ 191:⟨e⟩ 187:⟨a⟩ 102:rendering support 44:⟨ﬆ⟩ 40:⟨t⟩ 36:⟨s⟩ 16:(Redirected from 8054: 8009: 8008: 7986:Related template 7918:Related articles 7719:Phototypesetting 7573:reverse-contrast 7558:Display typeface 7515: 7492:Blackletter type 7448: 7385:Vertical aspects 7366:Sentence spacing 7176:Typeface anatomy 7172: 7039: 7032: 7025: 7016: 6743: 6727: 6720: 6713: 6706: 6699: 6692: 6685: 6678: 6671: 6664: 6657: 6650: 6643: 6636: 6629: 6622: 6615: 6608: 6601: 6594: 6587: 6580: 6573: 6566: 6559: 6552: 6535: 6534: 6431: 6424: 6417: 6408: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6373: 6367: 6366: 6348: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6328:. Archived from 6322: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6304: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6291: 6272: 6266: 6265: 6264: 6253: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6232: 6223: 6222: 6220: 6211: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6190: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6163: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6130: 6109: 6108: 6100: 6092: 6083: 6082: 6075: 6064: 6063: 6052: 6046: 6045: 6034: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6009: 6003: 5992: 5986: 5985: 5963: 5957: 5956: 5951:. Archived from 5945: 5939: 5938: 5930: 5924: 5923: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5849: 5840: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5798: 5785: 5780: 5774: 5772: 5760: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5725: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5699: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5673: 5667: 5666: 5649:"The Octothorpe" 5644: 5638: 5637: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5612: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5572: 5566: 5552: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5535:Everson, Michael 5531: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5513: 5488: 5482: 5476: 5466:Origen de la 'Ñ' 5462: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5452: 5443:. Archived from 5437: 5431: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5399: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5371: 5362: 5356: 5353: 5347: 5340: 5334: 5333: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5239: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5187: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5119: 5113: 5108: 5102: 5099: 5093: 5088: 5071: 5068: 5059: 5057: 5044:is written with 5043: 5037: 5031: 5013: 4997: 4994:The combination 4992: 4903:contemporary art 4881:Contemporary art 4660:tɕ (or tc curl) 4394:dʑ (or dz curl) 4278: 4243:for the digraph 3786: 3781:Noto Sans:liga=0 3726:operating system 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3698:common-ligatures 3695: 3691: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3640: 3636: 3633:, discretionary 3632: 3628: 3624: 3591: 3579: 3575: 3569: 3565: 3563:kabushiki gaisha 3559: 3558: 3538: 3537: 3532: 3531: 3526: 3525: 3520: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3508: 3503: 3502: 3497: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3485: 3472: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3451: 3450: 3445: 3444: 3428: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3400: 3399: 3394: 3393: 3388: 3387: 3371: 3370: 3364: 3354: 3342: 3341: 3335: 3327: 3310: 3309: 3304: 3294: 3279: 3278: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3234: 3233: 3218: 3217: 3211: 3209:Kǒng Mèng hàoxué 3205: 3101:, a widely used 3095:Nastaʿlīq script 3076: 3068: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3045: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3019: 3015: 3003:Aramaic alphabet 2994: 2993: 2988: 2987: 2978: 2977: 2968: 2967: 2943: 2939: 2913: 2909: 2901: 2848:(л, н) with the 2838:Serbian Language 2672: 2664: 2656: 2643: 2607: 2601: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2574: 2558: 2538: 2532: 2524: 2513: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2485: 2481: 2460: 2446:in various forms 2390: 2380: 2355:exclamation mark 2348: 2338: 2327: 2320: 2304: 2303: 2282: 2270: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2234: 2229:planetary symbol 2218: 2200: 2199: 2190: 2179: 2171: 2157: 2153: 2145: 2129: 2111: 2103: 2069: 2045: 2041: 2037: 1990:Latin Extended-E 1979: 1965: 1951: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1811: 1803: 1799: 1759: 1741: 1722: 1710: 1699: 1675: 1663: 1657: 1651: 1635: 1609: 1597: 1588: 1579: 1570: 1558: 1546: 1540: 1536: 1511: 1499: 1487: 1483: 1475: 1463: 1459: 1451: 1443: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1328: 1320: 1296: 1292: 1281: 1277: 1269: 1261: 1250: 1218: 1210: 1206: 1189: 1181: 1173: 1166:) was used, but 1165: 1150: 1133:Adobe Caslon Pro 1115: 1109: 1099: 1095: 1087: 1083: 1071: 1055: 1047: 1043: 1015: 1003: 997: 992:) and later SS ( 991: 985: 979: 973: 967: 961: 951: 945: 939: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 867: 861: 847: 841: 837: 833: 827: 823: 815: 809: 796: 792: 788: 782: 746: 739:shelf‌ful 736: 711: 697: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 601: 597: 593: 555:Microsoft Office 530:Jonathan Hoefler 470:phototypesetting 448: 444: 440: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 402: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 258: 252: 248: 244: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 176: 139: 136: 135: 132: 128: 126: 122: 74: 70: 66: 62: 45: 41: 37: 21: 8062: 8061: 8057: 8056: 8055: 8053: 8052: 8051: 8022: 8021: 8020: 8015: 7997: 7981: 7913: 7873:writing systems 7872: 7866: 7820: 7760: 7704:Microtypography 7643: 7579: 7541: 7518: 7486: 7443:classifications 7442: 7431: 7380: 7334: 7300:Blackboard bold 7286: 7238: 7161: 7111: 7102:Recto and verso 7048: 7043: 7013: 7008: 6990: 6964: 6933: 6879: 6865: 6847: 6824: 6732: 6723: 6716: 6709: 6702: 6695: 6688: 6681: 6674: 6667: 6660: 6653: 6646: 6639: 6632: 6625: 6618: 6611: 6604: 6597: 6590: 6583: 6576: 6569: 6562: 6555: 6548: 6543: 6539:Letters of the 6521: 6473: 6440: 6435: 6398: 6393: 6392: 6382: 6380: 6375: 6374: 6370: 6363: 6350: 6349: 6345: 6335: 6333: 6324: 6323: 6319: 6311: 6306: 6305: 6298: 6289: 6287: 6274: 6273: 6269: 6262: 6255: 6254: 6247: 6239: 6234: 6233: 6226: 6218: 6213: 6212: 6205: 6197: 6192: 6191: 6178: 6170: 6165: 6164: 6145: 6137: 6132: 6131: 6112: 6098: 6094: 6093: 6086: 6077: 6076: 6067: 6054: 6053: 6049: 6036: 6035: 6031: 6021: 6019: 6011: 6010: 6006: 6002:, 2011 August 2 5993: 5989: 5983: 5974:Wayback Machine 5964: 5960: 5947: 5946: 5942: 5932: 5931: 5927: 5908:The Observatory 5902: 5901: 5897: 5866:10.2307/1217734 5847: 5842: 5841: 5834: 5824: 5822: 5815: 5800: 5799: 5788: 5781: 5777: 5769: 5752: 5751: 5747: 5737: 5735: 5727: 5726: 5722: 5712: 5710: 5701: 5700: 5696: 5686: 5684: 5675: 5674: 5670: 5663: 5646: 5645: 5641: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5614: 5613: 5609: 5599: 5597: 5588: 5587: 5583: 5554: 5553: 5549: 5541: 5533: 5532: 5528: 5520: 5515: 5514: 5491: 5483: 5479: 5473:Wayback Machine 5463: 5459: 5450: 5448: 5439: 5438: 5434: 5427: 5423: 5412: 5397: 5392: 5391: 5387: 5380: 5364: 5363: 5359: 5354: 5350: 5341: 5337: 5325: 5321: 5311: 5309: 5298: 5297: 5293: 5283: 5281: 5271:Loretan, Mico. 5270: 5269: 5265: 5258: 5241: 5240: 5236: 5226: 5224: 5215: 5214: 5210: 5200: 5198: 5189: 5188: 5184: 5174: 5172: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5148: 5146: 5140: 5139: 5135: 5121: 5120: 5116: 5109: 5105: 5100: 5096: 5089: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5074: 5069: 5062: 5038: 5034: 5022:) or an affix ( 5011: 4995: 4993: 4989: 4984: 4975:Greek ligatures 4923: 4883: 4786:superscript tʃ 4708:superscript ts 4676:superscript tɕ 4582:superscript lʒ 4550:superscript lz 4518:superscript ls 4470:Superscript fŋ 4306:superscript ae 4276: 4202:U+A7D6, U+A7D7 4188:U+A760, U+A761 4174:U+0057, U+0077 4132:U+A728, U+A729 4090:U+1E9E, U+00DF 4056:U+A74E, U+A74F 4042:U+0152, U+0153 4025:U+1EFA, U+1EFB 3994:U+01F6, U+0195 3896:U+A73C, U+A73D 3882:U+A73A, U+A73B 3868:U+A738, U+A739 3854:U+A736, U+A737 3840:U+A734, U+A735 3826:U+00C6, U+00E6 3809:U+A732, U+A733 3718: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3683: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3655:Computer Modern 3647: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3598: 3589: 3577: 3567: 3545: 3438:Grass Mud Horse 3379: 3378: 3377: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3355: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3328: 3319: 3318: 3246:Written Chinese 3243: 3220: 3192: 2949:Arabic alphabet 2892:Hebrew alphabet 2747:Cyrillic script 2724:Georgian script 2628: 2626:Greek ligatures 2618: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2572: 2552: 2545: 2483: 2475: 2454: 2409: 2388:balneum vaporis 2385:); 🝬 (VB, for 2375:); 🝫 (MB, for 2346: 2336: 2332:in surveying. 2325: 2318: 2280: 2268: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2232: 2209: 2197: 2196: 2188: 2177: 2169: 2155: 2151: 2143: 2127: 2101: 2097:Similarly, the 2067: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2026:humanist script 2014: 1988:(in code block 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1906: 1897: 1893: 1892:and a reversed 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1834: 1786: 1757: 1752: 1739: 1729: 1708: 1697: 1694:Gothic language 1690:transliteration 1682: 1673: 1649: 1629: 1616: 1568: 1556: 1553:Runa: ABC-Boken 1549:Johannes Bureus 1538: 1530: 1518: 1509: 1497: 1485: 1481: 1473: 1461: 1457: 1449: 1448:) with a small 1441: 1416: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1330: 1322: 1314: 1303: 1294: 1286: 1279: 1275: 1267: 1259: 1248: 1219:) when used in 1208: 1200: 1197: 1183: 1175: 1171: 1163: 1144: 1141: 1097: 1093: 1085: 1081: 1045: 1023: 937: 930: 924: 905:Linux Libertine 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 839: 835: 825: 821: 794: 790: 734: 709: 695: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 599: 595: 591: 578: 573: 567: 446: 442: 438: 418: 414: 410: 406: 400: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 335:diacritic marks 279: 269: 250: 246: 242: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 178: 170: 147: 146: 145: 137: 134: 130: 129: 124: 120: 119: 111: 110: 109: 100:Without proper 87:bold condensed) 72: 68: 64: 60: 43: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8060: 8058: 8050: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8024: 8023: 8017: 8016: 8014: 8013: 8002: 7999: 7998: 7996: 7995: 7989: 7987: 7983: 7982: 7980: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7943: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7921: 7919: 7915: 7914: 7912: 7911: 7910: 7909: 7907:National Fonts 7899: 7894: 7893: 7892: 7882: 7876: 7874: 7868: 7867: 7865: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7852:Web typography 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7828: 7826: 7822: 7821: 7819: 7818: 7813: 7812: 7811: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7770: 7768: 7762: 7761: 7759: 7758: 7757: 7756: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7729:Reversing type 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7675: 7674: 7669: 7659: 7653: 7651: 7645: 7644: 7642: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7625: 7624: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7598: 7596: 7585: 7584: 7581: 7580: 7578: 7577: 7576: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7555: 7549: 7547: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7539: 7534: 7528: 7526: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7516: 7507: 7502: 7496: 7494: 7488: 7487: 7485: 7484: 7479: 7478: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7456: 7454: 7445: 7437: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7430: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7388: 7386: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7356:Letter-spacing 7353: 7348: 7342: 7340: 7336: 7335: 7333: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7310:Color printing 7307: 7302: 7296: 7294: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7248: 7246: 7244:Capitalization 7240: 7239: 7237: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7180: 7178: 7169: 7163: 7162: 7160: 7159: 7158: 7157: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7121: 7119: 7113: 7112: 7110: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7082:Page numbering 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7058: 7056: 7050: 7049: 7044: 7042: 7041: 7034: 7027: 7019: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7006: 7001: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6972: 6970: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6941: 6939: 6935: 6934: 6932: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6895: 6893: 6885: 6884: 6881: 6880: 6875: 6873: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6863: 6857: 6855: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6845: 6840: 6834: 6832: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6751: 6749: 6740: 6734: 6733: 6729: 6728: 6721: 6714: 6707: 6700: 6693: 6686: 6679: 6672: 6665: 6658: 6651: 6644: 6637: 6630: 6623: 6616: 6609: 6602: 6595: 6588: 6581: 6574: 6567: 6560: 6553: 6545: 6544: 6538: 6533: 6531: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6519: 6514: 6513: 6512: 6507: 6499: 6494: 6488: 6486: 6475: 6474: 6472: 6471: 6466: 6464:Roman numerals 6461: 6456: 6451: 6445: 6442: 6441: 6436: 6434: 6433: 6426: 6419: 6411: 6405: 6404: 6397: 6396:External links 6394: 6391: 6390: 6368: 6361: 6343: 6317: 6296: 6267: 6245: 6224: 6203: 6176: 6143: 6110: 6084: 6065: 6047: 6029: 6004: 5987: 5979:Sing Tao Daily 5958: 5955:on 2011-07-16. 5940: 5925: 5895: 5860:(4): 109–113. 5832: 5813: 5786: 5775: 5767: 5745: 5733:dictionary.com 5720: 5709:. 24 June 2010 5694: 5668: 5661: 5639: 5607: 5595:The New Yorker 5581: 5547: 5526: 5489: 5477: 5457: 5432: 5421: 5410: 5385: 5378: 5357: 5348: 5335: 5319: 5291: 5263: 5256: 5234: 5208: 5182: 5170:Print magazine 5156: 5143:"Hoefler Text" 5133: 5114: 5103: 5094: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5060: 5032: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4979: 4978: 4972: 4966: 4960: 4954: 4948: 4945:Letter spacing 4942: 4936: 4930: 4922: 4919: 4889:An example of 4882: 4879: 4869: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4859: 4855: 4854: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4841: 4840: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4827: 4826: 4825:𝼗 4823: 4820: 4817: 4813: 4812: 4811:𝼜 4809: 4806: 4803: 4799: 4798: 4797:𐞮 4795: 4792: 4787: 4783: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4766: 4763: 4760: 4757: 4753: 4752: 4751:𐞭 4749: 4746: 4741: 4737: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4725: 4721: 4720: 4719:𐞬 4717: 4714: 4709: 4705: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4693: 4689: 4688: 4687:𐞫 4685: 4682: 4677: 4673: 4672: 4669: 4666: 4661: 4657: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4645: 4641: 4640: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4627: 4626: 4625:𐞟 4623: 4620: 4615: 4611: 4610: 4609:𝼅 4607: 4604: 4599: 4595: 4594: 4593:𐞞 4591: 4588: 4583: 4579: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4567: 4563: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4551: 4547: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4535: 4531: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4519: 4515: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4503: 4499: 4498: 4497:𝼀 4495: 4492: 4487: 4486:fŋ with trill 4483: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4471: 4467: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4455: 4451: 4450: 4449:𝼙 4447: 4444: 4441: 4437: 4436: 4435:𝼒 4433: 4430: 4427: 4423: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4395: 4391: 4390: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4377: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4365: 4361: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4349: 4345: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4331: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4317: 4316: 4315:𐞃 4313: 4310: 4307: 4303: 4302: 4301:𐞀 4299: 4296: 4293: 4289: 4288: 4285: 4282: 4275: 4269: 4255:, and for the 4235: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4221: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4207: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4193: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4179: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4165: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4151: 4150: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4137: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4123: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4109: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4095: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4079: 4075: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4061: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4051: 4047: 4046: 4043: 4040: 4034: 4030: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4013: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4003: 3999: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3985: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3971: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3957: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3943: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3929: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3915: 3914: 3913:🙰 3911: 3908: 3905: 3901: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3887: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3873: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3859: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3845: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3831: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3818: 3814: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3800: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3766:Microsoft Word 3755:Microsoft Word 3717: 3714: 3682: 3679: 3646: 3643: 3597: 3594: 3544: 3541: 3492:"centimeter" ( 3365: 3356: 3349: 3348: 3336: 3333:zhāocái jìnbǎo 3329: 3322: 3321: 3320: 3316: 3315: 3314: 3313: 3302:zhāocái jìnbǎo 3212: 3191: 3188: 3187: 3186: 3175: 3168: 3151:; and one for 3133:kana ligatures 3125: 3110: 3088: 2996: 2945: 2894:, the letters 2888: 2881: 2820:, the letters 2762: 2743:Greek alphabet 2739: 2720: 2686: 2617: 2614: 2544: 2541: 2438:Comparison of 2423:" ligature in 2408: 2405: 2378:balneum Mariae 2185:Spanish peseta 2070:, pronounced " 2046:, forming the 2024:ligature in a 2013: 2010: 1972:Medieval Welsh 1944:languages for 1905: 1904:Rare ligatures 1902: 1833: 1830: 1785: 1782: 1751: 1748: 1744:Greek alphabet 1728: 1725: 1715:in the 1860s ( 1696:, resembles a 1681: 1678: 1615: 1612: 1517: 1514: 1506:William Caxton 1415: 1414:Middle English 1412: 1357:, for example 1302: 1299: 1272:Medieval Latin 1199:The character 1196: 1193: 1153:Latin alphabet 1143:As the letter 1140: 1137: 1022: 1021:Massachusett ꝏ 1019: 926:Main article: 923: 920: 765:distinguishes 682:followed by a 577: 574: 566: 565:Latin alphabet 563: 468:. Inexpensive 349:" and "broken 268: 265: 138:are used here, 114: 113: 112: 104:, you may see 92: 91: 90: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8059: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8012: 8004: 8003: 8000: 7994: 7991: 7990: 7988: 7984: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7927: 7926: 7923: 7922: 7920: 7916: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7891: 7888: 7887: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7869: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7857:Bézier curves 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7842:Rasterization 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7829: 7827: 7823: 7817: 7814: 7810: 7807: 7806: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7771: 7769: 7767: 7763: 7755: 7752: 7751: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7699:Microprinting 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7664: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7657:Etaoin shrdlu 7655: 7654: 7652: 7650: 7646: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7623: 7620: 7619: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7590: 7586: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7560: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7550: 7548: 7544: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7525: 7521: 7514: 7513: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7497: 7495: 7493: 7489: 7483: 7480: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7462: 7461: 7458: 7457: 7455: 7453: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7438: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7389: 7387: 7383: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7343: 7341: 7337: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7293: 7289: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7245: 7241: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7177: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7164: 7156: 7153: 7152: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7118: 7114: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7040: 7035: 7033: 7028: 7026: 7021: 7020: 7017: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6993: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6973: 6971: 6967: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6942: 6940: 6936: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6886: 6878: 6874: 6872: 6868: 6862: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6850: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6831: 6827: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6752: 6750: 6748: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6735: 6726: 6722: 6719: 6715: 6712: 6708: 6705: 6701: 6698: 6694: 6691: 6687: 6684: 6680: 6677: 6673: 6670: 6666: 6663: 6659: 6656: 6652: 6649: 6645: 6642: 6638: 6635: 6631: 6628: 6624: 6621: 6617: 6614: 6610: 6607: 6603: 6600: 6596: 6593: 6589: 6586: 6582: 6579: 6575: 6572: 6568: 6565: 6561: 6558: 6554: 6551: 6547: 6546: 6542: 6536: 6532: 6529: 6524: 6518: 6515: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6443: 6439: 6432: 6427: 6425: 6420: 6418: 6413: 6412: 6409: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6395: 6378: 6372: 6369: 6364: 6362:9780295981437 6358: 6354: 6347: 6344: 6331: 6327: 6321: 6318: 6310: 6303: 6301: 6297: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6271: 6268: 6261: 6260: 6252: 6250: 6246: 6238: 6231: 6229: 6225: 6217: 6210: 6208: 6204: 6196: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6177: 6169: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6144: 6136: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6111: 6106: 6105: 6097: 6091: 6089: 6085: 6080: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6061: 6057: 6051: 6048: 6043: 6039: 6033: 6030: 6018: 6014: 6008: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5994:Victor Mair, 5991: 5988: 5981: 5980: 5975: 5971: 5968: 5962: 5959: 5954: 5950: 5944: 5941: 5936: 5929: 5926: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5899: 5896: 5892: 5889: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5854: 5846: 5839: 5837: 5833: 5820: 5816: 5814:9780871692337 5810: 5806: 5805: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5787: 5784: 5779: 5776: 5770: 5768:0-486-67766-4 5764: 5759: 5758: 5749: 5746: 5734: 5730: 5724: 5721: 5708: 5704: 5698: 5695: 5683: 5679: 5672: 5669: 5664: 5662:9780393064421 5658: 5654: 5650: 5643: 5640: 5636: 5620: 5619: 5611: 5608: 5596: 5592: 5585: 5582: 5578: 5576: 5571: 5565: 5558: 5551: 5548: 5540: 5536: 5530: 5527: 5519: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5481: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5467: 5461: 5458: 5447:on 2010-01-24 5446: 5442: 5436: 5433: 5430: 5425: 5422: 5418: 5413: 5411:9780367581565 5407: 5403: 5396: 5389: 5386: 5381: 5379:9780226103891 5375: 5370: 5369: 5361: 5358: 5352: 5349: 5345: 5339: 5336: 5332: 5331: 5323: 5320: 5308: 5307: 5302: 5295: 5292: 5280: 5279: 5274: 5267: 5264: 5259: 5257:0-201-39825-7 5253: 5249: 5247: 5238: 5235: 5223: 5219: 5212: 5209: 5197: 5193: 5186: 5183: 5171: 5167: 5160: 5157: 5144: 5137: 5134: 5129: 5125: 5118: 5115: 5112: 5107: 5104: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5087: 5084: 5077: 5067: 5065: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5047: 5042: 5036: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4991: 4988: 4981: 4976: 4973: 4970: 4967: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4955: 4952: 4949: 4946: 4943: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4931: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4896: 4892: 4887: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4866: 4863: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4853:ꭑ 4852: 4849: 4846: 4843: 4842: 4839:ꭐ 4838: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4800: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770:tʃ (or tesh) 4769: 4768: 4765:ꭧ 4764: 4761: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4735:ꭧ 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4722: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4707: 4706: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692:ts (or tess) 4691: 4690: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4659: 4658: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4643: 4642: 4639:ꭀ 4638: 4635: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4612: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4597: 4596: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4580: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566:lʒ (or lezh) 4565: 4564: 4561:𐞚 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4529:𐞙 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502:ls (or less) 4501: 4500: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4481:𐞐 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454:fŋ (or feng) 4453: 4452: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410:dʒ (or dezh) 4409: 4408: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4389:ꭦ 4388: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4362: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4346: 4343:ꭁ 4342: 4339: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4329:ꬱ 4328: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4291: 4290: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4232: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4208: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4166: 4163:ꭣ 4162: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4152: 4149:ᵫ 4148: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4124: 4121:ﬅ 4120: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4107:ﬆ 4106: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4076: 4073:ꭢ 4072: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4015: 4014: 4010: 4007: 4004: 4001: 4000: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3986: 3983:ﬂ 3982: 3979: 3976: 3973: 3972: 3969:ﬁ 3968: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3958: 3955:ﬄ 3954: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3944: 3941:ﬃ 3940: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3930: 3927:ﬀ 3926: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3888: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3832: 3828: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3801: 3794: 3791: 3789:Non-ligature 3788: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3746: 3741: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3715: 3713: 3687: 3680: 3678: 3656: 3652: 3644: 3642: 3637:and required 3629:, contextual 3625:, historical 3619: 3615: 3611: 3602: 3595: 3593: 3587: 3583: 3574: 3564: 3553: 3550: 3542: 3540: 3513: 3490: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3465: 3462: 3439: 3435: 3434:internet meme 3430: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3411: 3386: 3363: 3362: 3353: 3334: 3326: 3312: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3292: 3285: 3283: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3228: 3224: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3196: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3085: 3080: 3072: 3064: 3053: 3042: 3023: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2997: 2982: 2972: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2935: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2905: 2902:‎) and 2897: 2893: 2889: 2886: 2882: 2880:(Ꚅꚅ ← З + Ж). 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2699:when writing 2698: 2694: 2691: 2687: 2684: 2680: 2679: 2678: 2668: 2665:‎) and 2660: 2651: 2644: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2623: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2606: 2600: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2531: 2530: 2523: 2522: 2515: 2514:(colleague). 2512: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2489: 2479: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2384: 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