141:
33:
1344:
1556:
1450:
1663:
1146:
1715:
respectively. The numbers denote the dimension of the irreducible representation and equivalently the number of components of the corresponding fields. The various massless fields obtained are the
1229:
are the irreducible representations with odd and even eigenvalues of the fermionic parity operator often called co-spinor and spinor representations. These three representations enjoy a
1242:
1784:
974:
1838:
1980:
1872:
1746:
1709:
1456:
1350:
2027:
2006:
1958:
1687:
2941:
1936:
1903:
1807:
1227:
1200:
1173:
2543:
2112:
353:
1562:
913:
1051:, and others) that the limit of type IIA string theory in which the string coupling goes to infinity becomes a new 11-dimensional theory called
50:
2456:
2403:
2446:
2536:
2357:
1982:
dimensional world-volume, Type IIA string theory naturally incorporates various extended objects like D0, D2, D4 and D6 branes (using
287:
2908:
116:
97:
69:
1073:
3138:
2873:
1060:
292:
3500:
659:
76:
54:
3080:
2586:
2529:
2850:
3525:
2581:
1237:. The four sectors of the massless spectrum after GSO projection and decomposition into irreducible representations are
684:
3105:
2045:
83:
906:
2731:
3026:
2678:
1339:{\displaystyle {\text{NS-NS}}:~8_{v}\otimes 8_{v}=1\oplus 28\oplus 35=\Phi \oplus B_{\mu \nu }\oplus G_{\mu \nu }}
65:
43:
3365:
3320:
997:
887:
519:
479:
3545:
3465:
3280:
3214:
2576:
1044:
882:
704:
624:
439:
3425:
3047:
3021:
2762:
584:
361:
3685:
3495:
3209:
3052:
2893:
2651:
2593:
849:
654:
271:
203:
3726:
3450:
3191:
2997:
2888:
2860:
2683:
2120:
899:
609:
328:
245:
3600:
2936:
2903:
2767:
2609:
1875:
1070:
The content of the massless sector of the theory (which is relevant in the low energy limit) is given by
759:
3305:
3245:
3186:
3153:
3148:
2946:
2619:
2061:
1064:
1021:
464:
404:
371:
348:
186:
3475:
2131:
In the late 1980s, it was realized that type IIA string theory is related to type IIB string theory by
634:
1757:
949:
3690:
2688:
2673:
2629:
2491:
2297:
2255:
2216:
2182:
2092:
The mathematical treatment of type IIB string theory belongs to algebraic geometry, specifically the
1816:
1005:
854:
323:
261:
195:
1551:{\displaystyle {\text{R-NS}}:8_{c}\otimes 8_{s}=8_{s}\oplus 56_{s}=\lambda ^{-}\oplus \psi _{m}^{+}}
1445:{\displaystyle {\text{NS-R}}:8_{v}\otimes 8_{c}=8_{s}\oplus 56_{c}=\lambda ^{+}\oplus \psi _{m}^{-}}
3605:
3490:
3143:
3042:
2668:
2037:
1983:
1025:
927:
764:
649:
297:
90:
2472:
Maldacena, Juan M. (1999). "The Large N Limit of
Superconformal Field Theories and Supergravity".
1963:
1847:
1721:
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2144:
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2041:
1692:
1001:
943:
814:
729:
629:
589:
469:
434:
307:
191:
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3037:
2010:
1989:
1941:
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789:
2373:
Maccaferri, Carlo; Marino, Fabio; Valsesia, Beniamino (2023). "Introduction to String Theory".
2285:
3615:
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3265:
3235:
3031:
2926:
2878:
2772:
2452:
2399:
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2313:
2101:
2068:=10 supersymmetry; the fact that the anomalies in this theory cancel is therefore nontrivial.
1841:
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394:
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784:
719:
689:
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266:
155:
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In the 1990s it was realized that type IIB string theory with the string coupling constant
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1658:{\displaystyle {\text{R-R}}:8_{s}\otimes 8_{c}=8_{v}\oplus 56_{t}=C_{n}\oplus C_{nmp}}
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132:
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1749:
1056:
864:
699:
579:
529:
499:
484:
343:
3695:
3665:
3645:
3505:
3460:
3415:
3380:
3330:
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2782:
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981:
859:
829:
809:
664:
619:
574:
539:
489:
32:
17:
3640:
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3515:
3178:
3158:
3057:
3016:
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2503:
2064:
in ten dimensions which is a chiral theory (leftâright asymmetric) with (2,0)
989:
804:
739:
674:
366:
2317:
3555:
3345:
3285:
2931:
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2726:
2721:
2716:
2132:
2111:
gave some arguments indicating that type IIB string theory is equivalent to
2080:
2030:
1752:
1008:
and type II coined to classify the three string theories known at the time.
714:
504:
444:
230:
225:
220:
2448:
String Theory and
Particle Physics: An Introduction to String Phenomenology
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3085:
2815:
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2747:
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theories. Type II string theory accounts for two of the five consistent
2820:
2800:
2757:
2752:
2486:
1787:
170:
1810:
2430:
2379:
2792:
165:
2424:
Nawata; Tao; Yokoyama (2022). "Fudan lectures on string theory".
2521:
2352:(Illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 85.
2036:
The mathematical treatment of type IIA string theory belongs to
2525:
984:— in ten dimensions. Both theories are based on oriented
2246:
Duff, Michael (1998). "The theory formerly known as strings".
26:
1960:-form gauge fields naturally couple to extended objects with
1786:
which gives rise to local spacetime supersymmetry, a scalar
955:
1141:{\textstyle (8_{v}\oplus 8_{s})\otimes (8_{v}\oplus 8_{c})}
980:
which is maximal amount of supersymmetry — namely 32
2398:(1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 444.
2089:
of type IIB string theory leads to type I string theory.
2349:
String Theory: Volume 2, Superstring Theory and Beyond
1076:
2013:
1992:
1966:
1944:
1911:
1884:
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1819:
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1154:
952:
3223:
3200:
3177:
3124:
3009:
2917:
2859:
2791:
2740:
2707:
2602:
2559:
2075:is equivalent to the same theory with the coupling
1061:
unique maximal supergravity theory in 11 dimensions
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2396:A Physicist's Introduction to Algebraic Structures
2021:
2000:
1974:
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1028:theory (i.e. leftâright symmetric) with (1,1)
2537:
2286:"Kaluza-Klein supergravity in ten dimensions"
2119:; it was the first suggestion concerning the
907:
8:
2474:International Journal of Theoretical Physics
2096:of complex structures originally studied by
1036:in this theory cancel is therefore trivial.
1175:is the irreducible vector representation,
2544:
2530:
2522:
2445:Ibåñez, Luis E.; Uranga, Angel M. (2012).
914:
900:
139:
128:
2485:
2451:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2429:
2378:
2127:Relationship between the type II theories
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1116:
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954:
953:
951:
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
2166:
1063:(low energy version of M-theory) via a
1055:. Consequently the low energy type IIA
279:
253:
212:
178:
147:
131:
2113:N = 4 supersymmetric YangâMills theory
946:in ten dimensions. Both theories have
1032:=10 supersymmetry; the fact that the
934:is a unified term that includes both
7:
2942:Bogomol'nyiâPrasadâSommerfield bound
2419:
2417:
2415:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2279:
2277:
1059:theory can also be derived from the
992:, they differ only in the choice of
357:= 4 supersymmetric YangâMills theory
55:adding citations to reliable sources
2284:Huq, M; Namazie, M A (1985-05-01).
1233:symmetry which is evident from its
2183:"Supersymmetrical string theories"
1796:
1301:
1043:(building on previous insights by
288:Geometric Langlands correspondence
25:
2268:10.1038/scientificamerican0298-64
1024:in ten dimensions which is a non-
1004:in 1982, with the terminology of
1986:) among the D-branes (which are
1779:{\displaystyle \psi _{m}^{\pm }}
1713:Ramond and NeveuâSchwarz sectors
1039:In the 1990s it was realized by
996:. They were first discovered by
969:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}=2}
31:
3139:Eleven-dimensional supergravity
2079:. This equivalence is known as
1833:{\displaystyle \lambda ^{\pm }}
42:needs additional citations for
1148:representation of SO(8) where
1135:
1109:
1103:
1077:
1:
2587:Second superstring revolution
2290:Classical and Quantum Gravity
3081:Generalized complex manifold
2582:First superstring revolution
2233:10.1016/0370-1573(82)90087-4
2199:10.1016/0370-2693(82)91110-8
1975:{\displaystyle {\text{p+1}}}
1867:{\displaystyle B_{\mu \nu }}
1741:{\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }}
2346:Polchinski, Joseph (2005).
2029:charged) and F1 string and
1704:{\displaystyle {\text{NS}}}
3743:
2679:Non-critical string theory
2394:Pal, Palash Baran (2019).
2022:{\displaystyle {\text{R}}}
2001:{\displaystyle {\text{R}}}
1953:{\displaystyle {\text{p}}}
1682:{\displaystyle {\text{R}}}
2310:10.1088/0264-9381/2/3/007
3215:Introduction to M-theory
2909:WessâZuminoâWitten model
2851:HananyâWitten transition
2577:History of string theory
2046:GromovâWitten invariants
213:Non-perturbative results
2894:Vertex operator algebra
2594:String theory landscape
2504:10.1023/A:1026654312961
1931:{\displaystyle C_{nmp}}
66:"Type II string theory"
3192:AdS/CFT correspondence
2947:Exceptional Lie groups
2889:Superconformal algebra
2861:Conformal field theory
2732:MontonenâOlive duality
2684:Non-linear sigma model
2121:AdS/CFT correspondence
2058:type IIB string theory
2052:Type IIB string theory
2023:
2002:
1976:
1954:
1932:
1899:
1868:
1834:
1809:with two superpartner
1803:
1780:
1742:
1705:
1683:
1659:
1552:
1446:
1340:
1223:
1196:
1169:
1142:
1018:type IIA string theory
1012:Type IIA string theory
970:
329:Conformal field theory
246:AdS/CFT correspondence
3187:Holographic principle
3154:Type IIB supergravity
3149:Type IIA supergravity
3001:-form electrodynamics
2620:Bosonic string theory
2062:type IIB supergravity
2033:among other objects.
2024:
2003:
1977:
1955:
1933:
1900:
1898:{\displaystyle C_{n}}
1869:
1835:
1813:—the dilatinos
1804:
1802:{\displaystyle \Phi }
1781:
1743:
1706:
1684:
1660:
1553:
1447:
1341:
1224:
1222:{\displaystyle 8_{s}}
1197:
1195:{\displaystyle 8_{c}}
1170:
1168:{\displaystyle 8_{v}}
1143:
1065:dimensional reduction
1022:type IIA supergravity
971:
932:type II string theory
372:Holographic principle
349:Twistor string theory
3106:HoĆavaâWitten theory
3053:HyperkÀhler manifold
2741:Particles and fields
2689:Tachyon condensation
2674:Matrix string theory
2217:"Superstring theory"
2011:
1990:
1964:
1942:
1909:
1882:
1848:
1817:
1793:
1758:
1722:
1693:
1671:
1563:
1457:
1351:
1243:
1206:
1179:
1152:
1074:
950:
944:superstring theories
324:Theory of everything
51:improve this article
3144:Type I supergravity
3048:CalabiâYau manifold
3043:Ricci-flat manifold
3022:KaluzaâKlein theory
2763:RamondâRamond field
2669:String field theory
2496:1999IJTP...38.1113M
2302:1985CQGra...2..293H
2260:1998SciAm.278b..64D
2248:Scientific American
2038:symplectic topology
1844:spin-2 gauge field
1775:
1547:
1441:
928:theoretical physics
362:KaluzaâKlein theory
298:Monstrous moonshine
179:Perturbative theory
148:Fundamental objects
3111:K-theory (physics)
2988:ADE classification
2625:Superstring theory
2145:Superstring theory
2094:deformation theory
2042:algebraic geometry
2019:
1998:
1972:
1950:
1928:
1895:
1864:
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1533:
1442:
1427:
1336:
1219:
1192:
1165:
1138:
1002:John Henry Schwarz
966:
3714:
3713:
3496:van Nieuwenhuizen
3032:Why 10 dimensions
2937:ChernâSimons form
2904:KacâMoody algebra
2884:Conformal algebra
2879:Conformal anomaly
2773:Magnetic monopole
2768:KalbâRamond field
2610:NambuâGoto action
2458:978-0-521-51752-2
2405:978-1-108-72911-6
2187:Physics Letters B
2102:Donald C. Spencer
2056:At low energies,
2017:
1996:
1970:
1948:
1876:KalbâRamond field
1874:often called the
1699:
1677:
1569:
1463:
1357:
1256:
1249:
1016:At low energies,
924:
923:
655:van Nieuwenhuizen
127:
126:
119:
101:
16:(Redirected from
3734:
3224:String theorists
3164:Lie superalgebra
3116:Twisted K-theory
3074:Spin(7)-manifold
3027:Compactification
2869:Virasoro algebra
2652:Heterotic string
2546:
2539:
2532:
2523:
2516:
2515:
2489:
2480:(4): 1113â1133.
2469:
2463:
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2433:
2421:
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2329:
2281:
2272:
2271:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2171:
2155:Heterotic string
2098:Kunihiko Kodaira
2060:is described by
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2026:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2015:
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2005:
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1265:
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1147:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1134:
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1121:
1120:
1102:
1101:
1089:
1088:
1020:is described by
975:
973:
972:
967:
959:
958:
940:type IIB strings
936:type IIA strings
916:
909:
902:
318:Related concepts
143:
129:
122:
115:
111:
108:
102:
100:
59:
35:
27:
21:
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3741:
3737:
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3732:
3731:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3219:
3196:
3173:
3120:
3068:
3038:KĂ€hler manifold
3005:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2913:
2874:Mirror symmetry
2855:
2841:Brane cosmology
2787:
2736:
2703:
2659:N=2 superstring
2645:Type IIB string
2640:Type IIA string
2615:Polyakov action
2598:
2555:
2550:
2520:
2519:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2444:
2443:
2439:
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2413:
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2367:
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2345:
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2245:
2244:
2240:
2221:Physics Reports
2211:
2210:
2206:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2141:
2129:
2054:
2044:, particularly
2009:
2008:
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1879:
1851:
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1600:
1587:
1574:
1561:
1560:
1520:
1507:
1494:
1481:
1468:
1455:
1454:
1414:
1401:
1388:
1375:
1362:
1349:
1348:
1323:
1307:
1270:
1257:
1241:
1240:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1125:
1112:
1093:
1080:
1072:
1071:
1014:
948:
947:
920:
875:
874:
385:
377:
376:
334:Quantum gravity
319:
293:Mirror symmetry
123:
112:
106:
103:
60:
58:
48:
36:
23:
22:
18:Type IIB string
15:
12:
11:
5:
3740:
3738:
3730:
3729:
3719:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3546:Randjbar-Daemi
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3183:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3169:Lie supergroup
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3050:
3040:
3035:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2846:Quiver diagram
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2797:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2709:String duality
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2635:Type II string
2632:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2574:
2572:Cosmic strings
2569:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2526:
2518:
2517:
2487:hep-th/9711200
2464:
2457:
2437:
2411:
2404:
2386:
2365:
2359:978-1551439761
2358:
2331:
2296:(3): 293â308.
2273:
2238:
2227:(3): 223â322.
2204:
2193:(6): 444â448.
2165:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2140:
2137:
2128:
2125:
2117:'t Hooft limit
2109:Juan Maldacena
2053:
2050:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1892:
1888:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1827:
1823:
1798:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1235:Dynkin diagram
1216:
1212:
1189:
1185:
1162:
1158:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1013:
1010:
994:GSO projection
986:closed strings
965:
962:
957:
922:
921:
919:
918:
911:
904:
896:
893:
892:
891:
890:
885:
877:
876:
873:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
705:Randjbar-Daemi
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
386:
383:
382:
379:
378:
375:
374:
369:
364:
359:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
320:
317:
316:
313:
312:
311:
310:
305:
303:Vertex algebra
300:
295:
290:
282:
281:
277:
276:
275:
274:
269:
264:
256:
255:
251:
250:
249:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
215:
214:
210:
209:
208:
207:
189:
181:
180:
176:
175:
174:
173:
168:
163:
158:
150:
149:
145:
144:
136:
135:
125:
124:
39:
37:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3739:
3728:
3727:String theory
3725:
3724:
3722:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3691:Zamolodchikov
3689:
3687:
3686:Zamolodchikov
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3210:Matrix theory
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3126:Supersymmetry
3123:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2778:Dual graviton
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2694:RNS formalism
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2630:Type I string
2628:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2553:String theory
2547:
2542:
2540:
2535:
2533:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2465:
2460:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2441:
2438:
2432:
2427:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2387:
2381:
2376:
2369:
2366:
2361:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2213:Schwarz, J.H.
2208:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2179:Schwarz, J.H.
2176:
2170:
2167:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2150:Type I string
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2032:
1985:
1984:Hodge duality
1923:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1905:and a 3-form
1890:
1886:
1877:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1843:
1825:
1821:
1812:
1789:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1754:
1751:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1665:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1558:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1452:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1346:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1214:
1210:
1187:
1183:
1160:
1156:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1049:Paul Townsend
1046:
1042:
1041:Edward Witten
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
998:Michael Green
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
978:supersymmetry
963:
960:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
917:
912:
910:
905:
903:
898:
897:
895:
894:
889:
886:
884:
881:
880:
879:
878:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
855:Zamolodchikov
853:
851:
850:Zamolodchikov
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
387:
381:
380:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
356:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
339:Supersymmetry
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
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62:Find sources:
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52:
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40:This article
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
3236:Arkani-Hamed
3134:Supergravity
3101:Moduli space
2998:
2993:Dirac string
2919:Gauge theory
2899:Loop algebra
2836:Black string
2699:GS formalism
2644:
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1938:. Since the
1750:superpartner
1666:
1559:
1453:
1347:
1239:
1069:
1057:supergravity
1045:Michael Duff
1038:
1029:
1017:
1015:
982:supercharges
939:
935:
931:
925:
395:Arkani-Hamed
354:
344:Supergravity
199:
113:
104:
94:
87:
80:
73:
61:
49:Please help
44:verification
41:
3596:Silverstein
3096:Orientifold
2831:Black holes
2826:Black brane
2783:Dual photon
2254:(2): 64â9.
2175:Green, M.B.
2087:Orientifold
1878:, a 1-form
1711:stands for
755:Silverstein
280:Mathematics
192:Superstring
3616:Strominger
3611:Steinhardt
3606:Staudacher
3521:Polchinski
3471:Nanopoulos
3431:Mandelstam
3411:Kontsevich
3251:Berenstein
3179:Holography
3159:Superspace
3058:K3 surface
3017:Worldsheet
2932:Instantons
2560:Background
2431:2208.05179
2380:2311.18111
2161:References
1753:gravitinos
990:worldsheet
775:Strominger
770:Steinhardt
765:Staudacher
680:Polchinski
630:Nanopoulos
590:Mandelstam
570:Kontsevich
410:Berenstein
367:Multiverse
107:April 2014
77:newspapers
3651:Veneziano
3531:Rajaraman
3426:Maldacena
3316:Gopakumar
3266:Dijkgraaf
3261:Curtright
2927:Anomalies
2806:NS5-brane
2727:U-duality
2722:S-duality
2717:T-duality
2326:250879278
2318:0264-9381
2133:T-duality
2081:S-duality
2031:NS5 brane
1860:ν
1857:μ
1826:±
1822:λ
1797:Φ
1772:±
1763:ψ
1748:with two
1734:ν
1731:μ
1637:⊕
1611:⊕
1585:⊗
1535:ψ
1531:⊕
1526:−
1522:λ
1505:⊕
1479:⊗
1438:−
1429:ψ
1425:⊕
1416:λ
1399:⊕
1373:⊗
1332:ν
1329:μ
1321:⊕
1316:ν
1313:μ
1305:⊕
1302:Φ
1293:⊕
1287:⊕
1268:⊗
1123:⊕
1107:⊗
1091:⊕
1034:anomalies
988:. On the
976:extended
815:Veneziano
690:Rajaraman
585:Maldacena
475:Gopakumar
425:Dijkgraaf
420:Curtright
384:Theorists
272:Landscape
267:Cosmology
231:U-duality
226:T-duality
221:S-duality
204:Heterotic
3721:Category
3706:Zwiebach
3661:Verlinde
3656:Verlinde
3631:Townsend
3626:Susskind
3561:Sagnotti
3526:Polyakov
3481:Nekrasov
3446:Minwalla
3441:Martinec
3406:Knizhnik
3401:Klebanov
3396:Kapustin
3361:'t Hooft
3296:Fischler
3231:AganagiÄ
3202:M-theory
3091:Conifold
3086:Orbifold
3069:manifold
3010:Geometry
2816:M5-brane
2811:M2-brane
2748:Graviton
2664:F-theory
2512:12613310
2215:(1982).
2181:(1982).
2139:See also
2107:In 1997
1717:graviton
1231:triality
1053:M-theory
888:Glossary
870:Zwiebach
825:Verlinde
820:Verlinde
795:Townsend
790:'t Hooft
785:Susskind
720:Sagnotti
685:Polyakov
640:Nekrasov
605:Minwalla
600:Martinec
565:Knizhnik
560:Klebanov
555:Kapustin
525:Horowitz
455:Fischler
390:AganagiÄ
308:K-theory
241:F-theory
236:M-theory
3636:Trivedi
3621:Sundrum
3586:Shenker
3576:Seiberg
3571:Schwarz
3541:Randall
3501:Novikov
3491:Nielsen
3476:NÄstase
3386:Kallosh
3371:Gibbons
3311:Gliozzi
3301:Friedan
3291:Ferrara
3276:Douglas
3271:Distler
2821:S-brane
2801:D-brane
2758:Tachyon
2753:Dilaton
2567:Strings
2492:Bibcode
2298:Bibcode
2256:Bibcode
2115:in the
1811:spinors
1788:dilaton
883:History
800:Trivedi
780:Sundrum
745:Shenker
735:Seiberg
730:Schwarz
700:Randall
660:Novikov
650:Nielsen
635:NÄstase
545:Kallosh
530:Gibbons
470:Gliozzi
460:Friedan
450:Ferrara
435:Douglas
430:Distler
200:Type II
187:Bosonic
171:D-brane
91:scholar
3701:Zumino
3696:Zaslow
3681:Yoneya
3671:Witten
3591:Siegel
3566:Scherk
3536:Ramond
3511:Ooguri
3436:Marolf
3391:Kaluza
3376:Kachru
3366:HoĆava
3356:Harvey
3351:Hanson
3336:Gubser
3326:Greene
3256:Bousso
3241:Atiyah
2793:Branes
2603:Theory
2510:
2455:
2402:
2356:
2324:
2316:
1840:, a 2-
1667:where
1255:
1026:chiral
1006:type I
865:Zumino
860:Zaslow
845:Yoneya
835:Witten
750:Siegel
725:Scherk
695:Ramond
670:Ooguri
595:Marolf
550:Kaluza
535:Kachru
520:HoĆava
515:Harvey
510:Hanson
495:Gubser
485:Greene
415:Bousso
400:Atiyah
196:Type I
156:String
93:
86:
79:
72:
64:
3641:Turok
3551:RoÄek
3516:Ovrut
3506:Olive
3486:Neveu
3466:Myers
3461:Mukhi
3451:Moore
3421:Linde
3416:Klein
3341:Gukov
3331:Gross
3321:Green
3306:Gates
3286:Dvali
3246:Banks
2508:S2CID
2482:arXiv
2426:arXiv
2375:arXiv
2322:S2CID
1248:NS-NS
805:Turok
710:RoÄek
675:Ovrut
665:Olive
645:Neveu
625:Myers
620:Mukhi
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480:Green
465:Gates
445:Dvali
405:Banks
166:Brane
98:JSTOR
84:books
3666:Wess
3646:Vafa
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3456:Motl
3381:Kaku
3346:Guth
3281:Duff
2453:ISBN
2400:ISBN
2354:ISBN
2314:ISSN
2100:and
2040:and
1842:form
1689:and
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1356:NS-R
1202:and
1000:and
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810:Vafa
715:Rohm
615:Motl
540:Kaku
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440:Duff
70:news
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3581:Sen
2500:doi
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2195:doi
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1969:p+1
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