231:
223:
601:. Other non-thermal conversions can be more efficient. For example, while wind turbines do not capture all of the wind's energy, they have a high conversion efficiency and generate very little waste heat since wind energy is low entropy. In principle solar photovoltaic conversions could be very efficient, but current conversion can only be done well for narrow ranges of wavelength, whereas solar thermal is also subject to Carnot efficiency limits. Hydroelectric power is also very ordered, and converted very efficiently. The amount of usable energy is the
618:
While source or primary energy provides a more complete picture of energy consumption, it cannot be measured directly and must be calculated using conversion factors from site energy measurements. For electricity, a typical value is three units of source energy for one unit of site energy. However, this can vary considerably depending on factors such as the primary energy source or fuel type, the type of power plant, and the transmission infrastructure. One full set of conversion factors is available as technical reference from
745:, all primary energy sources can be considered to be renewable. The non-renewable essence of resources (PES) is due to the scale of needs within human society. In certain situations, the use of resources by human society is performed at a much higher rate than the minimum rate at which it can be geophysically renewed. This is the rationale behind the differentiation between non-renewable primary energy sources (oil, coal, gas, uranium) and renewable primary energy sources (wind, solar, hydro).
532:
2180:
654:
2204:
690:
2216:
2192:
617:
Source energy, in contrast, is the term used in North
America for the amount of primary energy consumed in order to provide a facility's site energy. It is always greater than the site energy, as it includes all site energy and adds to it the energy lost during transmission, delivery, and conversion.
677:
sources, and there is hence an international debate on how to count energy from non thermal renewables, with many estimates having them undercounted by a factor of about three. The false notion that all primary energy from thermal fossil fuel sources has to be replaced by an equivalent amount of non
672:
of the fuel is available as thermal energy and around two thirds is typically lost in conversion to electrical or mechanical energy. There are very much less significant conversion losses when hydroelectricity, wind and solar power produce electricity, but today's UN conventions on energy statistics
1226:
Kydes, Andy (Lead Author); Cutler J. Cleveland (Topic Editor). 2007. "Primary energy." In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental
Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth June 1,
613:
Site energy is the term used in North
America for the amount of end-use energy of all forms consumed at a specified location. This can be a mix of primary energy (such as natural gas burned at the site) and secondary energy (such as electricity). Site energy is measured at the campus, building, or
766:, are also used in nuclear fission power plants. However, they cannot be considered to be primary energy sources as they cannot be found in nature in any quantity. Indeed, there must be a consumption of natural uranium (primary energy source) in order to make these other nuclear fuels available.
571:
Energy carriers are energy forms which have been transformed from primary energy sources. Electricity is one of the most common energy carriers, being transformed from various primary energy sources such as coal, oil, natural gas, and wind. Electricity is particularly useful since it has low
673:
counts the electricity made from hydroelectricity, wind and solar as the primary energy itself for these sources. One consequence of employing primary energy as an energy metric is that the contribution of hydro, wind and solar energy is under reported compared to
213:
used by human society. Primary energy only counts raw energy and not usable energy and fails to account well for energy losses, particularly the large losses in thermal sources. It therefore generally grossly undercounts non thermal renewable energy sources .
792:
723:
629:, for example, uses primary (source) energy for its energy overviews but site energy for its Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey and Residential Building Energy Consumption Survey. The US
785:
188:) is the sum of production and imports, plus or minus stock changes, minus exports and international bunker storage. The International Recommendations for Energy Statistics (IRES) prefers
1149:
968:
209:, as well as in the field of energetics. In energetics, a primary energy source (PES) refers to the energy forms required by the energy sector to generate the supply of
630:
1293:
230:
1266:
1913:
1173:
162:) is the energy found in nature that has not been subjected to any human engineered conversion process. It encompasses energy contained in raw
1957:
1632:
934:
678:
thermal renewables (which is not necessary as conversion losses do not need to be replaced) has been termed the "primary energy fallacy".
594:
2099:
638:
1198:
853:
626:
222:
625:
Either site or source energy can be an appropriate metric when comparing or analyzing energy use of different facilities. The U.S
2040:
202:
984:
817:
2050:
587:, primary energy sources cannot be produced. They must be available to society to enable the production of energy carriers.
192:
to refer to this indicator. These expressions are often used to describe the total energy supply of a national territory.
2220:
1580:
1398:
835:
2139:
1286:
379:
952:
2045:
1903:
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325:
1974:
1318:
988:
1232:
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1054:
198:
is a carrier of energy, such as electricity. These are produced by conversion from a primary energy source.
98:
1647:
1543:
1470:
1460:
1341:
1279:
584:
509:
171:
1587:
1378:
363:
1102:"Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
1032:
2035:
2008:
1986:
1893:
1826:
1575:
1505:
1450:
642:
431:
2114:
2057:
1979:
1952:
1637:
1500:
1475:
480:
359:
31:
2203:
2196:
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2062:
1898:
708:
590:
531:
1996:
1821:
1682:
1642:
1612:
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1480:
1383:
1323:
1313:
1241:
1125:
930:
849:
544:
540:
504:
421:
206:
1126:"Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS) - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
1101:
2155:
2129:
2124:
2104:
2089:
1930:
1920:
1700:
1627:
1363:
1199:"IEA underreports contribution solar and wind by a factor of three compared to fossil fuels"
959:
by David A. Dobson, Ph.D., Welty
Environmental Center Feature Article, accessed July 9, 2009
841:
763:
577:
472:
391:
242:
components (or conversion processes) through which they are converted into energy carriers.
175:
81:
65:
543:
processes to more convenient forms of energy that can directly be used by society, such as
2242:
2184:
2165:
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1617:
1607:
1592:
1550:
1455:
1405:
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956:
703:
669:
354:
334:
576:(is highly ordered) and so can be converted into other forms of energy very efficiently.
535:
Primary energy sources are transformed by the energy sector to generate energy carriers.
234:
Share of fossil fuels, nuclear and renewable energy in global primary energy consumption
2160:
2109:
2084:
1888:
1853:
1776:
1692:
1672:
1667:
1652:
1622:
1602:
1560:
1538:
1520:
1420:
1410:
1346:
742:
657:
593:
varies. For thermal energy, electricity and mechanical energy production is limited by
560:
271:
210:
2236:
2208:
2067:
2027:
1991:
1947:
1873:
1836:
1754:
1677:
1445:
1440:
1393:
1373:
1174:"DOE Releases Common Definition for Zero Energy Buildings, Campuses, and Communities"
718:
695:
674:
552:
425:
239:
94:
896:
1964:
1908:
1858:
1841:
1662:
1435:
1368:
755:
665:
660:
for the United States 2016 shows that 66.4% of primary energy ends up as waste heat
653:
467:
403:
398:
304:
985:"Measuring energy: site energy vs. source energy in ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager"
1261:
1969:
1935:
1809:
1799:
1742:
1725:
1710:
1657:
1555:
634:
619:
443:
409:
338:
320:
289:
1011:
2003:
1925:
1863:
1831:
1771:
1465:
713:
685:
598:
454:
845:
2013:
1940:
1814:
1794:
1766:
1705:
1010:
Torcellini, Paul; Pless, Shanti; Deru, Michael; Crawley, Drury (June 2006).
759:
689:
476:
448:
298:
563:
and correspond to the concept of "secondary energy" in energy statistics.
1749:
1730:
1715:
1415:
949:
927:
The
Biofuel Delusion: The Fallacy of Large Scale Agro-Biofuels Production
614:
sub-building level and is the basis for energy charges on utility bills.
330:
309:
1883:
1425:
573:
490:
374:
1430:
1351:
1302:
602:
556:
526:
167:
724:
List of countries by total primary energy consumption and production
17:
1077:
166:
and other forms of energy, including waste, received as input to a
652:
548:
530:
229:
221:
1021:. National Renewable Energy Laboratory/U.S. Department of Energy.
837:
OECD Factbook 2013: Economic, Environmental and Social
Statistics
1804:
1737:
1720:
1388:
1227:
2006; Last revised August 14, 2007; Retrieved
November 15, 2007.
316:
163:
1275:
1078:"Total Energy - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
1012:"Zero energy buildings: a critical look at the definition"
1271:
264:
252:
27:
Energy form not subjected to any human conversion process
238:
Primary energy sources should not be confused with the
40:
World total primary energy consumption by type in 2020
929:. Earthscan, Taylor & Francis group. p. 336.
920:
918:
247:
2148:
2024:
1872:
1785:
1691:
1531:
1332:
1267:
Our Energy
Futures glossary: Primary Energy Sources
879:
567:
Conversion to energy carriers (or secondary energy)
876:Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2018).
388:
903:. Washington, DC: U.S. Energy Information Agency
637:program recommends using source energy, and the
1150:"The difference between source and site energy"
840:. OECD Factbook. OECD Publishing. p. 108.
1287:
93:World total primary energy supply of 162,494
8:
885:. New York: United Nations. p. 105,137.
786:"Statistical Review of World Energy (2021)"
226:Global primary energy consumption by source
1294:
1280:
1272:
1234:Definition of primary and secondary energy
539:Primary energy sources are transformed in
1262:The Encyclopedia of Earth: Primary energy
664:Where primary energy is used to describe
979:
977:
925:Giampietro, Mario; Mayumi, Kozo (2009).
641:uses site energy in its definition of a
580:is another example of secondary energy.
244:
777:
734:
201:Primary energy is used as a measure in
131: Non-OECD Asia (w/o China) (13.4%)
1914:Integrated gasification combined cycle
397:
286:
279:
1958:Radioisotope thermoelectric generator
1633:Quantum chromodynamics binding energy
119: Non-OECD Europe /Eurasia (8.0%)
7:
2191:
1055:"Technical Reference: Source Energy"
950:"Energy and the Natural Environment"
2215:
2100:World energy supply and consumption
798:from the original on 15 August 2021
1231:Ăvergaard, Sara (September 2008).
818:"2019 Key World Energy Statistics"
25:
627:Energy Information Administration
2214:
2202:
2190:
2179:
2178:
688:
101:) by region in 2017 (IEA, 2019)
631:Environmental Protection Agency
485:Mechanical work or electricity
461:Mechanical work or electricity
149: Bunkers (marine/air) (3%)
1197:Sauar, Erik (31 August 2017).
1033:"Site Energy vs Source Energy"
137: Non-OECD Americas (4.4%)
1:
649:Conversion factor conventions
551:, or synthetic fuels such as
466:Falling and flowing water,
182:Total primary energy supply
2264:
524:
29:
2174:
1904:Fossil fuel power station
1566:Electric potential energy
1511:Thermodynamic temperature
1491:Thermodynamic free energy
1486:Thermodynamic equilibrium
1309:
597:, and generates a lot of
559:, these forms are called
344:
326:Fossil fuel power station
190:total energy supply (TES)
58: Natural Gas (24.7%)
1975:Concentrated solar power
989:Natural Resources Canada
846:10.1787/factbook-2013-en
643:zero net energy building
514:Enthalpy or electricity
510:Geothermal power station
499:Enthalpy or electricity
384:Enthalpy or electricity
170:. Primary energy can be
113: Middle East (5.4%)
1516:Volume (thermodynamics)
1496:Thermodynamic potential
1399:Massâenergy equivalence
639:US Department of Energy
380:Thorium breeder reactor
261:Energy system component
1471:Quantum thermodynamics
1461:Laws of thermodynamics
1342:Conservation of energy
661:
609:Site and source energy
585:laws of thermodynamics
536:
249:Primary energy sources
235:
227:
205:in the compilation of
1588:Interatomic potential
1379:Energy transformation
656:
591:Conversion efficiency
534:
364:thermonuclear fission
233:
225:
2036:Efficient energy use
2009:Airborne wind energy
1987:Solar thermal energy
1894:Electricity delivery
1506:Thermodynamic system
1451:Irreversible process
971:Retrieved 2017-11-03
969:U.S. EPA Energy STAR
496:Biomass power plant
432:Solar thermal energy
74: Nuclear (4.3%)
30:For other uses, see
2058:Energy conservation
1980:Photovoltaic system
1953:Nuclear power plant
1638:Quantum fluctuation
1501:Thermodynamic state
1476:Thermal equilibrium
481:tidal power station
360:Nuclear power plant
218:Examples of sources
143: Africa (5.8%)
2095:Sustainable energy
2073:Energy development
2063:Energy consumption
1899:Energy engineering
1154:www.energystar.gov
1019:ACEEE Summer Study
955:2008-10-24 at the
709:Energy development
662:
555:. In the field of
537:
473:Hydropower station
236:
228:
52: Coal (27.2%)
2230:
2229:
1997:Solar power tower
1643:Quantum potential
1481:Thermal reservoir
1384:Energy transition
1242:Statistics Norway
936:978-1-84407-681-9
583:According to the
545:electrical energy
541:energy conversion
518:
517:
505:Geothermal energy
422:Solar power tower
203:energy statistics
125: China (22%)
46: Oil (31.2%)
16:(Redirected from
2255:
2218:
2217:
2206:
2194:
2193:
2182:
2181:
2156:Carbon footprint
2090:Renewable energy
1931:Hydroelectricity
1921:Geothermal power
1364:Energy condition
1296:
1289:
1282:
1273:
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1064:
1059:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
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1035:. The World Bank
1029:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1007:
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996:
981:
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960:
947:
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897:"Primary energy"
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767:
764:depleted uranium
752:
746:
741:At the scale of
739:
698:
693:
692:
595:Carnot's theorem
578:District heating
245:
196:Secondary energy
148:
142:
136:
130:
124:
118:
112:
107: OECD (38%)
106:
79:
73:
63:
57:
51:
45:
21:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2254:
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2170:
2166:Waste-to-energy
2144:
2080:Energy security
2026:
2020:
1876:
1868:
1847:Natural uranium
1781:
1762:Mechanical wave
1693:Energy carriers
1687:
1527:
1456:Isolated system
1334:
1328:
1305:
1300:
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1221:Further reading
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991:. 28 March 2017
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957:Wayback Machine
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704:Energy industry
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670:embodied energy
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561:energy carriers
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375:Natural thorium
355:Natural uranium
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335:mechanical work
301:(or crude oil)
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272:Energy carriers
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211:energy carriers
207:energy balances
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2161:Jevons paradox
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2085:Energy storage
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1917:
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1889:Electric power
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1787:Primary energy
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1421:Entropic force
1418:
1411:Thermodynamics
1408:
1403:
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1256:External links
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791:. p. 13.
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747:
743:earth sciences
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683:
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658:Sankey diagram
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525:Main article:
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80: Others (
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2135:South America
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2118:
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2098:
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2093:
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2088:
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2070:
2069:
2068:Energy policy
2066:
2064:
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2056:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2023:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1992:Solar furnace
1990:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1948:Nuclear power
1946:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
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1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
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1881:
1879:
1875:
1874:Energy system
1871:
1865:
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1857:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
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1830:
1828:
1827:Gravitational
1825:
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1808:
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1755:Hydrogen fuel
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1736:
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1576:Gravitational
1574:
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1446:Heat transfer
1444:
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1441:Heat capacity
1439:
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1394:Negative mass
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1374:Energy system
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1220:
1205:. Energy Post
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1203:energypost.eu
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1103:
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1056:
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978:
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872:
869:
857:
855:9789264177062
851:
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843:
839:
838:
834:OECD (2012).
830:
827:
819:
813:
810:
794:
787:
781:
778:
772:
765:
761:
757:
756:nuclear fuels
751:
748:
744:
738:
735:
729:
725:
722:
720:
719:Energy system
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
701:
697:
696:Energy portal
691:
686:
681:
679:
676:
675:fossil energy
671:
667:
659:
655:
648:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
621:
615:
608:
606:
605:of a system.
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
586:
581:
579:
575:
566:
564:
562:
558:
554:
553:hydrogen fuel
550:
546:
542:
533:
528:
521:Usable energy
520:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
502:
498:
495:
492:
489:
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460:
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427:
426:solar furnace
423:
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419:
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411:
406:power plant (
405:
402:
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395:
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365:
361:
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329:
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322:
318:
315:
314:
311:
308:
306:
303:
300:
297:
295:
294:
293:
284:
283:
282:Non-renewable
278:
275:
273:
269:
267:
262:
259:
257:
250:
246:
243:
241:
240:energy system
232:
224:
217:
215:
212:
208:
204:
199:
197:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
177:
173:
172:non-renewable
169:
165:
161:
157:
102:
100:
96:
83:
67:
64: Hydro (
41:
33:
19:
2219:
2207:
2195:
2183:
1965:Oil refinery
1909:Cogeneration
1842:Nuclear fuel
1786:
1648:Quintessence
1436:Free entropy
1369:Energy level
1333:Fundamental
1245:. Retrieved
1233:
1207:. Retrieved
1202:
1192:
1181:. Retrieved
1177:
1168:
1157:. Retrieved
1153:
1144:
1133:. Retrieved
1129:
1120:
1109:. Retrieved
1105:
1096:
1085:. Retrieved
1081:
1072:
1061:. Retrieved
1049:
1037:. Retrieved
1027:
1018:
1005:
993:. Retrieved
964:
945:
926:
905:. Retrieved
900:
891:
878:
871:
859:. Retrieved
836:
829:
823:. IEA. 2019.
812:
800:. Retrieved
780:
750:
737:
666:fossil fuels
663:
624:
616:
612:
589:
582:
570:
538:
468:tidal energy
452:
429:
416:Electricity
407:
404:Photovoltaic
399:Solar energy
390:
389:
369:Electricity
346:
345:
305:Oil refinery
288:
287:
281:
280:
270:
265:
260:
253:
248:
237:
200:
195:
194:
189:
185:
181:
180:
159:
155:
154:
92:
39:
2221:WikiProject
2041:Agriculture
1970:Solar power
1936:Tidal power
1810:Natural gas
1800:Fossil fuel
1743:Latent heat
1711:Electricity
1130:www.eia.gov
1106:www.eia.gov
1082:www.eia.gov
1039:November 8,
995:November 8,
635:Energy STAR
620:Energy STAR
444:Wind energy
410:Solar power
339:electricity
321:natural gas
97:(or 13,792
2237:Categories
2004:Wind power
1926:Hydropower
1877:components
1832:Hydropower
1822:Geothermal
1772:Sound wave
1683:Zero-point
1613:Mechanical
1598:Ionization
1571:Electrical
1466:Negentropy
1347:Energetics
1247:2016-12-17
1240:. Norway:
1183:2017-11-20
1178:Energy.gov
1159:2017-11-09
1135:2017-11-09
1111:2017-11-09
1087:2017-11-09
1063:2017-11-09
773:References
758:, such as
714:Energy mix
599:waste heat
557:energetics
547:, refined
455:Wind power
82:renewables
66:renewables
2115:Australia
2051:Transport
2046:Computing
2014:Wind farm
1941:Wave farm
1815:Petroleum
1795:Bioenergy
1767:Radiation
1706:Capacitor
1628:Potential
907:18 August
861:16 August
802:19 August
760:plutonium
477:wave farm
453:see also
449:Wind farm
438:Enthalpy
430:see also
408:see also
392:Renewable
254:converted
176:renewable
2185:Category
1750:Hydrogen
1716:Enthalpy
1618:Negative
1608:Magnetic
1593:Internal
1551:Chemical
1416:Enthalpy
1335:concepts
1209:22 April
953:Archived
901:Glossary
793:Archived
682:See also
493:sources
331:Enthalpy
310:Fuel oil
84:) (5.7%)
68:) (6.9%)
2197:Commons
2025:Use and
1884:Biomass
1854:Radiant
1701:Battery
1673:Thermal
1668:Surface
1653:Radiant
1623:Phantom
1603:Kinetic
1581:Binding
1561:Elastic
1544:Nuclear
1539:Binding
1426:Entropy
1324:Outline
1314:History
574:entropy
491:Biomass
347:Mineral
2243:Energy
2209:Portal
2130:Mexico
2125:Europe
2120:Canada
2105:Africa
2028:supply
1837:Marine
1726:Fossil
1678:Vacuum
1431:Exergy
1352:Energy
1303:Energy
933:
852:
668:, the
603:exergy
527:exergy
290:Fossil
274:(main)
168:system
147:
141:
135:
129:
123:
117:
111:
105:
78:
72:
62:
56:
50:
44:
2149:Misc.
1859:Solar
1663:Sound
1532:Types
1406:Power
1357:Units
1319:Index
1238:(PDF)
1058:(PDF)
1015:(PDF)
883:(PDF)
821:(PDF)
796:(PDF)
789:(PDF)
754:Some
730:Notes
549:fuels
349:fuels
292:fuels
164:fuels
2110:Asia
1864:Wind
1805:Coal
1777:Work
1738:Heat
1721:Fuel
1658:Rest
1556:Dark
1521:Work
1389:Mass
1211:2018
1041:2017
997:2017
931:ISBN
909:2021
863:2021
850:ISBN
804:2021
317:Coal
186:TPES
99:Mtoe
18:TPES
1731:Oil
842:doi
762:or
633:'s
337:or
319:or
299:Oil
174:or
95:TWh
2239::
1201:.
1176:.
1152:.
1128:.
1104:.
1080:.
1017:.
987:.
976:^
917:^
899:.
848:.
645:.
622:.
479:,
475:,
458:)
435:)
424:,
413:)
366:)
333:,
266:to
256:by
178:.
160:PE
32:PE
1295:e
1288:t
1281:v
1250:.
1213:.
1186:.
1162:.
1138:.
1114:.
1090:.
1066:.
1043:.
999:.
939:.
911:.
865:.
844::
806:.
451:(
428:(
362:(
184:(
158:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
