TRS-80 - Knowledge (XXG)

649: 2190:

and cassette storage. The computer's CPU board has three banks of sockets (8 sockets to a bank) which take type 4116 DRAMs, so memory configurations come in 16 KB, 32 KB, or 48 KB RAM memory sizes. Computers with 32 KB or 48 KB RAM can be upgraded with floppy disk drive storage. There is space inside the computer cabinet for two full-height drives. Those offered by Tandy/Radio Shack are single-sided, 40-track, double-density (MFM encoding) for 180K of storage. Third-party suppliers offered double-sided and 80-track drives, though to control them they had to modify the TRSDOS driver code or else furnish an alternative third-party DOS which could (see below). The installation of floppy disk drives also requires the computer's power supply to be upgraded. There is no internal cooling fan in the Model III; it uses passive convection cooling (unless an unusual number of power-hungry expansions were installed internally, such as a hard disk drive, graphics board, speedup kit, RS-232 board, etc.).

1500:, "It was a sort of intermediate between 8K BASIC and Extended BASIC. Some features from Extended BASIC such as descriptive errors and user-defined functions were not included, but there were double precision variables and the PRINT USING statement that we wanted to get in. The entire development of Level II BASIC took about four weeks from start to finish." The accompanying manual is more terse and technical than the Level I manual. Original Level I BASIC-equipped machines could be retrofitted to Level II through a ROM replacement performed by Radio Shack for a fee (originally $ 199). Users with Level I BASIC programs stored on cassette have to convert these to the tokenized Level II BASIC before use. A utility for this was provided with the Level II ROMS. 1164:. Radio Shack offered a "TRS-80 System Desk" that concealed nearly all the cabling. It can accommodate the complete computer system plus up to four floppy drives and the Quick Printer. Since the cable connecting the Expansion Interface carries the system bus, it is short (about 6 inches). The user has no choice but to place the E/I directly behind the computer with the monitor on top. This causes problems for a non-Tandy monitor whose case did not fit the mounting holes. Also, the friction fit of the edge connector on the already short interconnect cable makes it possible to disconnect the system bus from the CPU if either unit is bumped during operation. 2215:

entirely identical to the Model I DOS. This was primarily to avoid legal disputes with Randy Cook over ownership of the code as had occurred with Model I DOS and also because Radio Shack originally planned several features for the Model III such as 80-column text support that were not included. Two early versions, 1.1 and 1.2, were replaced by version 1.3 in 1981 which became the standard Model III OS. TRSDOS 1.3 is not format compatible with 1.1 and 1.2; a utility called XFERSYS is provided which converts older format disks to TRSDOS 1.3 format (this change is permanent and the resultant disks cannot be read with the older DOS versions).

1609:

Tandy's death. An author wrote in a 1979 article on the computer's "mystery of machine language graphics control" that "Radio Shack seems to hide the neat little jewels of information a hobbyist needs to make a treasure of the TRS-80". He stated that other than the "excellent" Level I BASIC manual "there has been little information until recently ... TRS-80 owners must be resourceful", reporting that the computer's "keyboard, video, and cassette" functionality were also undocumented. The first book authorized by Tandy with technical information on TRSDOS for the Model I did not appear until after the computer's discontinuation.

772: 3261:

and play with in home computing. And just because Boston suburbia has more colleges and universities per square foot than any other region of the United States doesn't mean that this computing show is just for high school, college students and their professors. To be sure, MIT, Tufts, Harvard, Boston College, Brandeis, Emerson, Simmons, Northeastern, Babson, University of Massachusetts, Bentley, Wentworth, Lincoln, Emmanuel, Lesley, Curry, Radcliff, Jackson, Suffolk, Wheelock and so forth will be there. B.U. is organizing the fair to be of interest for everybody in personal computing.

1128:

last drive on the chain is to be powered on first and work down from there), the E/I, and the computer last. When powering down, the computer is to be turned off first, followed by the monitor, E/I, and peripherals. In addition, users are instructed to remove all disks from the drives during power up or down (or else leave the drive door open to disengage the read/write head from the disk). This is because a transient electrical surge from the drive's read/write head would create a magnetic pulse that could corrupt data. This was a common problem on many early floppy drives.

1337: (equivalent to $ 7,600 in 2023)). Later, a 15MB hard disk was offered in a white case, which can be daisy-chained for up to 60 MB. Like most hard disks used on 8-bit machines, there is no provision for subdirectories, but the DiskDISK utility is a useful alternative that creates virtual hard disk ".DSK" files that can be mounted as another disk drive and used like a subdirectory would. To display the directory/contents of an unmounted DiskDISK virtual disk file, a shareware DDIR "Virtual Disk Directory Utility" program was commonly used. 764: 823: 386: 2323:

professional-grade green or amber CRT video displays, better DOS software (typically DOSPlus by Micro Systems Software or LDOS by Logical Systems) including the all-important hard drive backup utilities, and custom menu-driven shell interfaces which insulated non-expert users (business employees) from the DOS command line. These were touted as high productivity turnkey systems for small businesses at less cost than competing business systems from higher-end providers such as IBM and DEC, as well as Radio Shack's own

1037:

and the volume is adjusted until the TRS-80 picked up the data. Then it is halted to rewind the tape and restart the load. Users were instructed to save multiple copies of a software program file, especially if audio tape cassettes instead of certified data tape was used. Automatic gain control or indicator circuits can be constructed to improve the loading process (the owner's manual provides complete circuit diagrams for the whole machine, including the peripheral interfaces, with notes on operation).

756: 2308:

drive (LDOS was furnished as Tandy's hard drive OS vice TRSDOS), a high-resolution graphics board (resolution 512 by 192 pixels), an RS-232C serial port on an internal circuit card, and a parallel printer (connected by a card-edge connector). A popular hardware/software add-on was the Orchestra-90 music synthesizer. It can be programmed to play up to five voices with a range of six octaves stereophonically. A great many Orch-90 (as it was often called) music files were available for download from

1097:

standard feature of many commercial programs. They accept an "asterisk parameter", an asterisk (star) character typed following the program name when the program is run from the TRSDOS Ready prompt. When used following a spontaneous reboot (or an accidental reset, program crash, or exit to TRSDOS without saving data to disk), the program loads without initializing its data area(s), preserving any program data still present from the pre-reboot session. Thus, for example, if a

2409: 2350: 2342: 6732: 2282:

LPRINT and LLIST commands for printer output. Upgrading to a disk machine necessitates installing at least 32 KB of RAM, the disk controller board, and another power supply for the disk drives. Disk upgrades purchased from Radio Shack included TRSDOS 1.3; users upgrading from third-party vendors had to purchase DOS separately (most opted for LDOS or DOSPlus), though a great many Model III applications programs included a licensed copy of TRSDOS 1.3.

1592:

are more programs for the 80 than for all other systems combined" because of the computer's large market share, "Radio Shack can't advertise this because they are trying as hard as they can to keep this fact a secret from their customers. They don't want the TRS-80 buyers to know that there is anything more than their handful of mediocre programs available", many of which "are disastrous and, I'm sure, doing tremendous damage to the industry".

60: 2278:

DOSPlus. These are compatible with TRSDOS 1.3 and run the same application programs, but offer improved command structures, more and better system utilities, and enhancements to the Microsoft BASIC interpreter. After writing the original Model I TRSDOS, Randy Cook began work on his own DOS, titled VTOS, which was superseded by LDOS and also created some frustration for users as it is the only TRS-80 DOS to be copy-protected.

1619:. (A lengthy 1980 article in a Tandy publication introducing the TRS-80 version of VisiCalc did not mention that the spreadsheet had been available for the Apple II for a year.) However, in the early 1980s, it was not uncommon for small companies and municipalities to write custom programs for computers such as the TRS-80 to process a variety of data. In one case a small town's vehicle fleet was managed from a single TRS-80. 6576: 1193:

several instruction cycles after it receives a command. A common method of handling the delay was to issue a command to the 1771, perform several "NOP" instructions, then query the 1771 for the result. Early TRSDOS neglects the required yet undocumented wait period, and thus false status often returns to the OS, generating random errors and crashes. Once the 1771 delay was implemented, it was fairly reliable.

714:

non-Tandy computers. while the company's computer success helped Roach become Tandy's CEO. Selling computers did not change the company's "schlocky" image; the Radio Shack name embarrassed business customers, and Tandy executives disliked the "Trash-80" nickname for its products. By 1984, computers accounted for 35% of sales, however, and the company had 500 Tandy Radio Shack Computer Centers.

1997: 969: 884: 930:

of those bytes, the first six bits control which pixel is displayed. The seventh bit is ignored, and the eighth toggles graphics mode. The reason that the seventh bit is ignored is due to the company's decision to have only seven 2102 static-RAM chips installed on the computer's motherboard instead of eight to keep the manufacturing cost low. Thus, there are no lowercase letters in the

6570: 51: 1904:(later called Multidos). The DOS for the Model 4 line, TRSDOS Version 6, was produced by and licensed from Logical Systems. It is a derivative of LDOS, enhanced to allow for the new Model 4 hardware such as its all-RAM architecture (no ROM), external 32 KB memory banks, bigger screen and keyboard, and featured new utilities such as a ram disk and a printer spooler. 1601:

supported third-party development, while "we find the Shack seeming to begrudge any sale not made by them and them alone". Dealers not affiliated with Radio Shack preferred to sell software for other computers and not compete with the company; mail-order sales were also difficult, because company-owned stores did not sell third-party publications like

616:

TRS-80, began shipping computers by September, opened its first computer-only store in October, and delivered 5,000 computers to customers by December. Still forecasting 3,000 sales a year, Radio Shack sold over 10,000 TRS-80s in its first one and a half months of sales, 55,000 in its first year, and over 200,000 during the product's lifetime;

462:—at one point comprising more than 20% of Radio Shack's sales—declined, however, the company sought new products. In December 1976 French and Leininger received official approval for the project but were told to emphasize cost savings; for example, leaving out lowercase characters saved US$ 1.50 in components and reduced the retail price by 2211:

versions of TRSDOS for the Model I also use them. In addition, they are used by copy protection schemes. Software was available to allow Model I disks to be read on a Model III. The WD1791 supports the 500-bit/s bitrate needed for high-density floppy drives, but the controller is not capable of using them without extensive modifications.

2178:

cables. A Model III with two floppy drives requires the use of only one electrical outlet; a two-drive Model I requires five outlets. The Model III avoids the complicated power on/off sequence of the Model I. Shortly after the Model III's introduction, Model I production was discontinued as it did not comply with new

2294:

approved of the Model III's single-unit design, simplified cable management, and improvements such as lack of keyboard bounce and improved disk reliability. The reviewer, a former Model I owner, stated "I'm impressed" and that "had the Model III been available, it's probable that I wouldn't have sold

2214:

TRSDOS for the Model III was developed in-house by Radio Shack rather than being contracted out like the Model I's DOS. None of the code base from Model I DOS was reused and the Model III DOS was rewritten from scratch; this also created some compatibility issues since the Model III DOS's API was not

2197:

The Model III's memory map and system architecture are mostly the same as the Model I's, but the disk drives and printer port were moved from memory mapped to port I/O, thus Model I software that attempts to manipulate the disk controller directly or output to the printer (in particular Model I DOSes

1600:

said that the computer "turned out to be a terrible market because most of the distribution networks were closed, even though there were plenty of machines out there". Green wrote in 1982 that Apple had surpassed Tandy in sales and sales outlets despite the thousands of Radio Shack dealers because it

1591:

The more than 2,000 Radio Shack franchise stores as of September 1982 sold third-party hardware and software, but the more than 4,300 company-owned stores were at first prohibited from reselling or even mentioning products not sold by Radio Shack itself. Green stated in 1980 that although "there

1361:

Radio Shack offered an extensive line of printers for the TRS-80 family, ranging from basic 9-pin dot matrix units to large wide-carriage line printers for professional use, daisy-wheel printers, inkjet, laser, and color plotters. All have a Centronics-standard interface and after the introduction of

1179:

was written by Randy Cook under license from Radio Shack; Randy claimed to have been paid $ 3000 for it. The first version released to the public was a buggy v2.0. This was quickly replaced by v2.1. Floppy disk operation requires buying the Expansion Interface, which included a single-density floppy

1048:

programme in the UK, which broadcast software for several different microcomputers over the radio. A special program was loaded using the conventional tape interface. Then the radio broadcast was connected to the cassette tape interface. Tandy eventually replaced the CTR-41 unit with the CTR-80 which

943:

came with instructions for modifying the computer. Although the modification needs to be disabled for Level II BASIC, its design became the industry standard and was widely sold in kit form, along with an eighth 2102 chip. Later models came with the hardware for the lowercase character set to be

929:

The graphics are displayed at a resolution of 64×16 character positions on a screen measuring 7.5 inches (19 cm) wide and 6.625 inches (16.83 cm) tall. Each character is composed of a 2×3 matrix of pixels, and corresponds to one byte of the 1 KB video memory used by the TRS-80. In each

713:

described Tandy as "the number-one microcomputer manufacturer" despite having "so few roots in microcomputing". That year Leininger left his job as director for advanced research; French had left to found a software company, and the company had rejected his attempt for a Tandy Computer Center to sell

510:

MITS sold 1,000 Altairs in February 1975 and was selling 10,000 a year. When Charles Tandy asked who would buy the computer, company president Lewis Kornfeld admitted that they did not know if anyone would, but suggested that small businesses and schools might. Knowing that demand was very strong for

506:

to prevent a recurrence. The project was formally approved on 2 February 1977; Tandy revealed that he had already leaked the computer's existence to the press. When first inspecting the prototype, he remarked that even if it did not sell, the project could be worthy if only for the publicity it might

306:

While the software environment was stable, the cassette load/save process combined with keyboard bounce issues and a troublesome Expansion Interface contributed to the Model I's reputation as not well-suited for serious use. Initially (until 1981), it lacked support for lowercase characters which may

2298:

Don French, who had left Radio Shack to found FMG Software after designing the Model I, expressed his disappointment in the new machine while trying to convert CP/M to run on it. "I've encountered numerous problems with the floppy drive and its interface. Radio Shack will sell a Model III to anyone.

1645:

Compared to the contemporary Commodore and Apple micros, the TRS-80's block graphics and crude sound were widely considered limited. The faster speed available to the game programmer, not having to processor color data in high resolution, went a long way to compensating for this. TRS-80 arcade games

1120:

The power button on the E/I is difficult to operate as it is recessed so as to guard against the user accidentally hitting it and turning it off while in use. A pencil eraser or similar object is used to depress the power button and the E/I has no power LED, making it difficult to determine if it is

1096:

contacts. This demands periodic cleaning with a pencil eraser in order to avoid spontaneous reboots, which contributes to its "Trash-80" sobriquet. Aftermarket connectors plated with gold solved this problem permanently. Software developers also responded by devising a recovery method which became a

791:

processor clocked at 1.78 MHz (later models shipped with a Z80A). The initial Level I machines shipped in late 1977-early 1978 have only 4 KB of RAM. After the Expansion Interface and Level II BASIC were introduced in mid-1978, RAM configurations of 16 KB and up were offered

578:

article discussed the novelty of a large consumer-electronics company selling a home computer that could "do a payroll for up to 15 people in a small business, teach children mathematics, store your favorite recipes or keep track of an investment portfolio. It can also play cards." Six sacks of mail

2277:

Because TRSDOS 1.3 was found wanting by many users, Tandy offered (at added cost) Logical System's LDOS Version 5 as an alternative. As with the Model I, other third-party sources also offered TRSDOS alternatives for the Model III, including NewDOS, Alphabit's MultiDOS, and Micro Systems Software's

2189:

Tandy distinguished between the high-end Model II and Model III, describing the former as "an administrative system, good for things like word processing, data management and VisiCalc operations" and suitable for small businesses. The lowest-priced version of the Model III was sold with 4 KB of RAM

1938:

in April 1978 that as an "'appliance' computer ... the TRS-80 brings the personal computer a good deal closer to the average customer", suitable for home and light business use. He concluded that it "is not the only alternative for the aspiring personal computer user, but it is a strong contender."

1587:

described it as "yet another example of Radio Shack's inability to deal with the consumer in a consumer's market". The magazine added, "Sadly, too, as with some other Radio Shack programs, the instructions seem to assume that the reader is either a child or an adult with the mentality of a slightly

1345:

The "Quick Printer" is an electrostatic rotary printer that scans the video memory through the bus connector, and prints an image of the screen onto aluminum-coated paper in about one second. However, it is incompatible with both the final, buffered version of the Expansion Interface, and with the

1324:

Radio Shack introduced a 5 MB external hard disk for the TRS-80 Model III/4 in 1983. It is the same hard disk unit offered for the Model II line, but came with OS software for Model III/4. An adapter is required to connect it to the Model I's E/I. The unit is about the same size as a modern desktop

1080:

for a printer, and an added cassette connector. Optionally, an extra 16 or 32 KB of RAM can be installed and a daughterboard with an RS-232 port. The 40-conductor expansion connector passes through to a card edge connector, which permits the addition of external peripherals such as an outboard hard

729:

After some exhibitors at the 1979 Northeast Computer Show were forced to clarify that their products bearing the TRS-80 name were not affiliated with Radio Shack, publications and advertisers briefly began to use "S-80" generically rather than "TRS-80" under scare of legal action, though this never

545:

stereo. The company hoped that the new computer would help Radio Shack sell higher-priced products, and improve its "schlocky" image among customers. Small businesses were the primary target market, followed by educators, then consumers and hobbyists; despite its hobbyist customer base, Radio Shack

3260:

If you are going to be anywhere all the computer buffs from near Boston on August 4th, 5th or 6th, you may want to get over to Boston University. They are going to have a PERSONAL COMPUTING show complete with exhibits, seminars and everything that's new and up to date that you can see, touch, feel

2400:

The Model 4D with bundled Deskmate productivity suite was introduced in early 1985. It has a revised CPU board using faster gate array logic which includes the floppy controller and RS-232C circuitry, all on a single board. The computer has two internal double-sided diskette drives and is the last

2396:

The Model 4P is a transportable version introduced in September 1983 and discontinued in early 1985. It is functionally the same as the dual-drive desktop model but lacks the card edge connector for two outboard diskette drives and for a cassette tape interface. It has a slot for an internal modem

2193:

Tandy claimed that the Model III was compatible with 80% of Model I software. Many software publishers issued patches to permit their Model I programs to run on the Model III. Marketing director Ed Juge explained that their designers considered changing from the Model I's 64-column by 16-row video

1127:

The user is instructed to power on and power off all peripherals in proper order to avoid corrupting data or potentially damaging hardware components. The manuals for the TRS-80 advise turning on the monitor first, then any peripherals attached to the E/I (if multiple disk drives are attached, the

1036:

has three articles on how to improve cassette performance. It is sensitive to audio volume, and the computer gives only a crude indication as to whether the correct volume was set, via a blinking character on screen while data is loaded. To find the correct volume at first use, the load is started

515:

Altair—which cost more than $ 1,000 with a monitor—Leininger suggested that Radio Shack could sell 50,000 computers, but no one else believed him; Roach called the figure "horseshit", as the company had never sold that many of anything at that price. Roach and Kornfeld suggested 1,000 to 3,000 per

2307:

Aftermarket hardware was offered by Tandy/Radio Shack and many third-party manufacturers. The usual selection of add-ons and peripherals available for the Model I were offered: outboard floppy drives (one or two could be plugged into a card-edge connector on the back panel), an outboard hard disk

2234:

TRSDOS 1.3 was given a few more minor updates, the last being in 1984, although the version number was unchanged. This includes at least one update that writes an Easter Egg message "Joe, you rummy buzzard" on an unused disk sector, which is reputedly a joke message left by a programmer in a beta

1952:

I'm a little bitter about my experiences with Tandy. I had genuinely thought that the Model I was the machine of the future: an inexpensive home computer that could be expanded by stages until it would do professional work. Of course it was never that. First, Tandy tried to fence in Model I users

1947:

Three years later Pournelle was less positive about the computer. He wrote in May 1983, "As to our TRS-80 Model I, we trashed that sucker long ago. It was always unreliable, and repeated trips to the local Radio Shack outlet didn't help. The problem was that Tandy cut corners". Pournelle wrote in

1943:

wrote in 1980 that "the basic TRS-80 is a lot of computer for the money". He criticized the quality of Tandy's application and system software and the high cost of peripherals, but reported that with the Omikron board a customer paid less than $ 5000 for a computer compatible with TRS-80 and CP/M

1867:

Toolkit offered the first sorted directory, decoding or reset of passwords, and the ability to eliminate parts of TRSDOS that were not needed in order to free up floppy disk space. They also produced the On-Line 80 BBS, a TRSDOS-based Bulletin Board System. Misosys Inc. was a prolific producer of

1424:

by David A. Lien presents lessons on programming with text and cartoons. Lien wrote that it was "written specifically for people who don't know anything about computers ... I want you to have fun with your computer! I don't want you to be afraid of it, because there is nothing to fear". Reviewers

1192:

Demand for Model I drives greatly exceeded supply at first. The drive is unreliable, partly because the interface lacked an external data separator (buffer). The early versions of TRSDOS were also buggy, and not helped by the Western Digital FD1771 chip which cannot reliably report its status for

2520:

to prevent this from happening. It takes TRSDOS some half a dozen seconds to load from a floppy disk; the user has this long to keep an AUTO'd program from loading. This star parameter became a standard for many software applications running on the Models III and 4; for instance LS-DOS's TED and

2392:

The Model 4 includes all of the Model III's hardware, port assignments, and operating modes, making it 100% compatible. Model III programs running on a Model 4 can access the Model 4's added hardware features (like 4 MHz clock rate, bigger video screen and keyboard, banked RAM above 64 KB).

2177:

on July 26, 1980. The improvements of the Model III over the Model I include: built-in lowercase, a better keyboard with repeating keys, an enhanced character set, a real-time clock, 1500-baud cassette interface, a faster (2.03 MHz) Z80 processor, and an all-in-one enclosure requiring fewer

1255:

The usual method of connecting floppy drives involves setting the drive letter via jumper blocks on the drive controller board, but Tandy opted for a slightly more user-friendly technique where all four select pins on the drives are jumpered and the ribbon cable is missing the Drive Select line.

1052:

TRS-80 Model I computers with Level I BASIC read and write tapes at 250 baud (about 30 bytes per second); Level II BASIC doubles this to 500 baud (about 60 bytes per second). Some programmers wrote machine-language programs that increase the speed to up to 2,000 bits per second without a loss of

615:

several months earlier but had not yet shipped any—Tandy had its own factories (capable of producing 18,000 computers a month) and distribution network, and even small towns had Radio Shack stores. The company announced plans to be selling by Christmas a range of peripherals and software for the

2281:

Although mostly intended as a disk-based computer, the Model III was available in a base cassette configuration with no disk hardware and only 16 KB of RAM with Level II BASIC. Radio Shack also offered a 4K version with Level I BASIC, identical to Model I Level I BASIC, but with the addition of

2227:

While Model I DOS is fairly flexible in its capabilities, Model III DOS is hard-coded to only support 180K single-sided floppies, a problem fixed by the many third-party DOSes. To that end, when Radio Shack introduced hard disks for the TRS-80 line in 1982, the company licensed LDOS rather than

2210:

Differences in the WD1771 and WD1791 floppy controllers created problems reading Model I disks on a Model III (the double-density upgrade in the Model I included both chips while a Model III had only the WD1791). The WD1771 supports four data markers while the WD1791 only supports two, and some

2198:

and application packages such as Visicalc and Scripsit) will not work. Under the supplied TRSDOS 1.3 operating system Model I disks can be read in the Model III, but not vice versa. The optional LDOS OS (by Logical Systems Inc.) uses a common disk format for both Model I and Model III versions.

1608:

Charles Tandy reportedly wanted to encourage outside developers but after his death a committee ran the company, which refused to help outside developers, hoping to monopolize the sale of software and peripherals. Leininger reportedly resigned because he disliked the company's bureaucracy after

1518:

written by Bill Gates, on cassette tape. The cassette contains a "Cassette File" version on one side and a "disk file" version on the second side for disk system users (which was to be saved to disk). Level III BASIC adds most of the functions in the full 16 KB version of BASIC plus many other

2223:

key will boot the computer into ROM-based Level II BASIC. This ability is useful if the disk drive is not functioning and cannot boot a TRSDOS disk (or if a boot disk is not available); it permits an operator familiar with the machine hardware to perform diagnostics using BASIC's PEEK and POKE

2515:

The user must take care not to do anything that could cause memory to be overwritten; they should recover immediately without running any other programs. Since programs may start automatically via the TRSDOS AUTO command, during a spontaneous reboot they take the precaution of holding down

2453:) was ready to use immediately after sliding the power switch on, and work would be held ready when switched off, making it convenient to use for a few moments at a time. This speed made the Model 100/102 useful well after powerful -- and slower-booting -- laptop computers became common. 1091:

The Model I Expansion Interface is the most troublesome part of the TRS-80 Model I system. It went through several revisions. The E/I connects to the CPU/keyboard with a 6-inch ribbon cable which is unshielded against RF interference and its card edge connector tends to oxidize due to its

2322:

A number of third-party manufacturers specialized in upgrading Model IIIs with high-performance hardware and software, and remarketing them under their own labels. The improvements typically included internal hard disk drives, greater capacity floppy drives, 4 MHz Z80 speedup kits,

2299:

They're trying to market it as a business computer when the existing software is woefully inadequate. 48K just isn't enough. You run out of memory before you get going. They're selling a medical package that takes up nine disks. I think the Model III is a very poorly conceived machine".

1248:-inch drive on the market in 1977–78. By 1979, other manufacturers began offering drives. Models 3/4/4P uses Tandon TM-100 40-track drives. The combination of 40 tracks and double density gives a capacity of 180 kilobytes per single-sided floppy disk. The use of index-sync means that a " 1491:

and is required to use the expansion bus and disk drives. Radio Shack always intended for Level I BASIC to be a stopgap until Level II was ready, and the first brochure for the Model I in January 1978 mentioned that Level II BASIC was "coming soon". It is an abridged version of the 16K

2218:

The Model III's boot screen was cleaned up from the Model I. Instead of displaying garbage on the screen at power up, it displays a "Diskette?" prompt if a bootable floppy is not detected. The user can insert a disk and press any key to boot. On powerup or reset holding down the

1404:

fits into 12 KB of ROM. Level I is single precision only and had a smaller set of commands. Level II introduced double precision floating point support and has a much wider set of commands. Level II was further enhanced when a disk system was added, allowing for the loading of

520:

agreed to supply the video monitor—a black-and-white television with the tuner and speakers removed—after others refused because of Tandy's low initial volume of production. Tandy used the black-and-silver colors of the RCA CRT unit's cabinet for the TRS-80 units as well.

1862:

Radio Shack offered a number of programming utilities, including an advanced debugger, a subroutine package, and a cross-reference builder. Probably the most popular utility package was Super Utility written by Kim Watt of Breeze Computing. Other utility software such as

1231:-inch (130 mm) diskette drives with up to 720 KB of storage, and also the older 8-inch (200 mm) diskettes with up to 1,155 KB. Near the end of the Model I's lifespan in 1982, upgrades were offered to replace its original controller with a double-density one. 603:" as "the most important, useful, exciting, electronic product of our time". Kornfeld stated when announcing the TRS-80, "This device is inevitably in the future of everyone in the civilized world—in some way—now and so far as ahead as one can think", and Tandy's 1977 1311:

or ESF. It requires no Expansion Interface, plugging directly into the TRS-80's 40-pin expansion bus, is much less expensive than a floppy drive, can read and write random-access data like a floppy drive unlike a cassette tape, and it transfers data at up to 14,400

1059:

The first version of the Model I also has a hardware problem that complicated loading programs from cassette recorders. Tandy offered a small board which was installed at a service center to correct the issue. The ROMs in later models were modified to correct this.

934:

of an unmodified Model I, and the number of both graphics symbols and alphanumeric symbols is 64. This can be worked around by deleting the unused bit and piggybacking an eighth 2102 chip onto another. The alphanumeric symbols are displayed in 5×7 matrices of

682:, and Tandy) had much to do with Tandy's retailing the computer through more than 3,000 of its Radio Shack storefronts in the USA. Tandy claimed it had "7000 stores in 40 countries". The pre-release price for the basic system (CPU/keyboard and video monitor) was 516:

year; 3,000 was the quantity the company would have to produce to buy the components in bulk. Roach persuaded Tandy to agree to build 3,500—the number of Radio Shack stores—so that each store could use a computer for inventory purposes if they did not sell.

1259:

A standard flat floppy ribbon cable is usable on the Model I, in which case the drives is jumpered to their number on the chain, or even an IBM PC "twist" cable, which requires setting each drive number to 1, but only permits two drives on the chain.

443:. Hired for his technical and retail experience, Leininger began working with French in June 1976. The company envisioned a kit, but Leininger persuaded the others that because "too many people can't solder", a preassembled computer would be better. 950:

The Model I has no built-in speaker. Square-wave tones can be produced by outputting data to the cassette port and plugging an amplifier into the cassette "Mic" line. Most games use this ability for sound effects. An adapter was available to use

1316:. Exatron tape cartridges store over 64 KB of data. The ESF can coexist with the TRS-80 data cassette drive. Exatron also made a complementary RAM expansion board that installed in the TRS-80 keyboard to increase memory to 48 KB without the EI. 1188:

SA-400 minifloppy disk drive was used. Four floppy drives can be daisy-chained to the Model I. The last drive in the chain is supposed to have a termination resistor installed but often it is not needed as it is integrated into later cables.

1075:

like other early 8080 and Z80-based computers. A proprietary Expansion Interface (E/I) box, which fits under the video monitor and serves as its base, was offered instead. Standard features of the E/I are a floppy disk controller, Centronics

667:

The first units, ordered unseen, were delivered in November 1977, and rolled out to the stores the third week of December. The line won popularity with hobbyists, home users, and small businesses. Tandy Corporation's leading position in what

1919:) starting at $ 0100; the TRS-80 ROM resides in this address space. Omikron Systems' Mappers board remaps the ROM to run unmodified CP/M programs on the Model I. A customized version of CP/M is available but loses its portability advantage. 746:

radio placed next to the computer can be used to provide sounds. Radio Shack offered upgrades (double-density floppy controller, LDOS, memory, reliable keyboard with numeric keypad, lowercase, Level II, RS-232C) as late as its 1984 catalog.

1357:

for normal paper, costing at first DM 3000, later sold at approximately DM 1500 in some stores. It has only 7 pins, so letters with descenders such as lowercase "g" do not reach under the baseline, but are elevated within the normal line.

733:

Following the Model III launch in mid-1980, Tandy stated that the Model I was still sold, but it was discontinued by the end of the year. Tandy cited one of the main reasons as being the prohibitive cost of redesigning it to meet stricter

1143:

was pressed, which drops the computer into BASIC. Due to the above-mentioned problems with potentially corrupting disks, it is recommended to power up to the garbage screen with the disk drives empty, insert a system disk, and then hit

1030:. Radio Shack's model CTR-41 cassette recorder was included with the US$ 599 package. The software-based cassette tape interface is slow and erratic; Green described it as "crummy ... drives users up the wall", and the first issue of 648: 2764:

announced that manufacturing of the Model I computer would stop prior to the end of 1980 to meet the new FCC regulations we would have had to redesign the entire product, case and all the cost of the Model I as much as the Model

1871:

Perhaps because of the lack of information on TRSDOS and its bugs, by 1982 perhaps more operating systems existed for the TRS-80 than for any other computer. TRSDOS is limited in its capabilities, since like Apple DOS 3.3 on the

310:

An extensive line of upgrades and add-on hardware peripherals for the TRS-80 was developed and marketed by Tandy/Radio Shack. The basic system can be expanded with up to 48 KB of RAM (in 16 KB increments), and up to four

1263:

Although third-party DOSes allow the user to define virtually any floppy format wanted, the "lowest common denominator" format for TRS-80s is the baseline single-density, single-sided, 35-40 track format of the Model I.

2289:

Like the Model I, the Model III sold well in the educational market. Many school administrators valued the Model III's all-in-one hardware design because it made it more difficult for students to steal components.

1953:

through that goofy operating system, and then it wouldn't let Radio Shack stores sell non-Tandy software. ... It had never been all that well designed, and when sales took off much faster than anticipated, the

925:

Because of bandwidth problems in the interface card that replaced the TV's tuner, the display loses horizontal sync if large areas of white are displayed. A simple half-hour hardware fix corrects the problem.

863:

utility, the Model III, the last Model I firmware, and most third-party operating systems also implement the software fix, and Tandy changed the keyboard during the Model III's lifetime to an

2285:

As with the Model I's E/I, the RS-232C port on the Model III was an extra cost option and not included in the base price of the computer, though the dual disk Model III for $ 2495 included the serial port.

434:

microprocessor impressed them. National executives refused to provide Leininger's contact information when French and Roach wanted to hire him as a consultant, but they found Leininger working part-time at

1630:, "we intend to rely mostly on 'big-name', market-proven software from leading software firms". A full suite of office applications became available from the company and others, including the VisiCalc and 3971: 2751: 947:

With higher-density RAM chips and purpose-built monitors, higher-resolution crisp displays are obtainable; 80×24-character displays are available in the Model II, Model 4, and later systems.

1053:

reliability on their tape recorders. With the Model III and improved electronics in the cassette interface, the standard speed increased to 1,500 baud which works reliably on most tape recorders.

906:

a cheap black and white television set with a bit of conversion for computer use". (The computer could be purchased without the Radio Shack monitor.) CPU access to the screen memory causes visible

1346:"heartbeat" interrupt used for the real-time clock under Disk BASIC. This can be overcome by using special cabling, and by doing a "dummy" write to the cassette port while triggering the printer. 579:

arrived at Tandy headquarters asking about the computer, over 15,000 people called to purchase a TRS-80—paralyzing the company switchboard—and 250,000 joined the waiting list with a $ 100 deposit.

550: 486:

storage, and other features requiring a higher retail price to provide Tandy's typical profit margin. In February 1977 they showed their prototype, running a simple tax-accounting program, to

6348: 1252:" requires a second index hole and write-enable notch. One could purchase factory-made "flippies". Some software publishers formatted one side for Apple systems and the other for the TRS-80. 628: 591: 569: 1577:

came with the TRS-80, and at its debut, Radio Shack offered four payroll, personal finance, and educational programs on cassette. Its own products' quality was often poor. A critical 1980

806:

space is available for program use, subject to the amount of physical RAM installed. Although the Z80 CPU can use port-based I/O, the Model I's I/O is memory-mapped aside from the

2315:

At least three vendors produced CP/M modifications for the Model III, Omikron (also a Model I mod), Holmes Engineering, and Memory Merchant. Options were available for upgrading the

1612:

By 1982, the company admitted—after no software appeared for the Model 16 after five months—that it should have, like Apple, encouraged third-party developers of products like the

1880:

because Radio Shack licensed it from Logical Systems and adopted it as its official DOS for its Models I and III hard disk drive products. Other alternative TRS-80 DOSes included

6461: 2548:

It was necessary to rebrand these highly modified Model IIIs because Radio Shack enforced a strict policy that no repair service would be performed on nonstandard RS products.

6786: 1476:; reserved words are stored literally. In order to maximize the code that fits into 4 KB of memory, users can enter abbreviations for reserved words. For example, writing " 2295:

it". He concluded, "If you're looking for a computer that's not too expensive but that performs well, you would be wise to test the Model III—you might end up buying it."

1131:

The E/I displays a screen full of garbage characters on power up and unless a bootable system disk is present in Drive 0, it hangs there until the user either presses

852:

that the computer detects as multiple presses. The key switches can be cleaned, but the bounce recurs when the keyboard is reexposed to the contaminating environment.

6771: 641:. By mid-1978 the waits of two months or more for delivery were over, and the company could state in advertisements that TRS-80 was "on demonstration and available 1507:, MultiDOS, DosPlus, LDOS) adds powerful sorting, searching, full-screen editing, and other features. Level II BASIC reserves some of these keywords and issues a " 30:

This article is about the original TRS-80 (Model I) and its successors (Models III and 4). For an overview of all computers using the TRS-80 and Tandy names, see

2494: 5100: 2893: 2405:

at its introduction in 1985. During 1987–1988 the retail stores removed the Model 4Ds from display but they were available by special order through 1991.

2365:

CPU, a larger video display 80 columns x 24 rows with reverse video, bigger keyboard, internal speaker, and its 64 KB of RAM can be upgraded to 128 KB of

322:

By 1979, the TRS-80 had the largest selection of software in the microcomputer market. Until 1982, the TRS-80 was the bestselling PC line, outselling the

6470: 3637: 1969: 31: 3530: 3406: 1847:, in which the player composes a song for a devil and choreographs his dance steps to the music. Radio Shack offered simple graphics animation programs 1056:

For loading and storing data from tape, the CPU creates the sound by switching the output voltage between three states, creating crude sine wave audio.

802:, I/O area, video memory, and OS work space occupy the first 16 KB of memory space on the Model I. The remaining 48 KB of the 64 KB 2373:

240 pixels. The Model 4 is fully compatible with Model III and CP/M application software. A diskless Model 4 (with 16 KB RAM and Level II BASIC) cost

2438:

with 8 lines of 40 characters each, 8 kilobytes of RAM (expandable to 32KB), and is powered by AA cell batteries (or a plug-in adapter). A built-in

303:, and a starting price of US$ 600 (equivalent to US$ 3,000 in 2023). A cassette tape drive for program storage was included in the original package. 6454: 4283: 2201:

Customers and developers complained of bugs in the Model III's Microsoft BASIC interpreter and TRSDOS. Tandy/Radio Shack (and TRS-80 magazines like

1295:-inch floppy drives with up to 720 KB of storage each. These new drives are half-height and therefore require different or modified drive housings. 1088:

Originally, printing with the Model I required the Expansion Interface, but later Tandy made an alternative parallel printer interface available.

5683: 4004: 2207:) periodically published many software patches to correct these deficiencies and to permit users to customize the software to their preferences. 1333:

was bundled, which provides utilities for managing the storage space and flexible backup. The initial retail price for the first (primary) unit (

787:

into one unit, which became a design trend in the 8-bit microcomputer era, although the Model I has a separate power supply unit. It uses a

693:

By 1978, Tandy/Radio Shack promoted itself as "The Biggest Name in Little Computers". By 1979 1,600 employees built computers in six factories.

5768: 1511:", suggesting a behind-the-scenes change of direction intervened between the creation of the Level II ROMs and the introduction of Disk BASIC. 709:

described Radio Shack as "the dominant supplier of small computers". Hundreds of small companies produced TRS-80 software and accessories, and

1876:, it is mainly conceived of as a way of extending BASIC to support disk drives. Numerous alternative DOSes appeared, the most prominent being 6377: 4985: 2730: 4459: 3697: 3501: 319:. Tandy/Radio Shack provided full-service support including upgrade, repair, and training services in their thousands of stores worldwide. 1646:

tended to be faster with effects that emphasized motion. This perceived disadvantage did not deter independent software companies such as

5538: 4921: 2456:

The Model 100-series computers also found popularity as a field-portable communications terminal due to its light weight and simplicity.

1449:. Code for functions like SIN(), COS() and TAN() is not included in ROM but printed at the end of the book. The only error messages are " 6447: 5893: 5648: 4853: 4824: 3142: 1555: 1519:

TRS-80 specific enhancements. Many of Level III BASIC's features are included in the TRS-80 Model III's Level II BASIC and disk BASIC.

638: 623: 586: 564: 4953: 4103: 6284: 771: 4488: 3339: 2312:. The Orch-90 was licensed from a company called Software Affair, which also produced the Model I-compatible Orchestra-85 from 1981. 6761: 6554: 6313: 5618: 2841: 2584: 2179: 1515: 1124:

The expansion unit requires a second power supply, identical to the base unit power supply. An interior recess holds both supplies.

1008: 735: 533:

on development, Radio Shack announced the TRS-80 (Tandy Radio Shack) at a New York City press conference on August 3, 1977. It cost

334: 1349:

Two third-party printers were for 57 mm (2.2 in) metal-coated paper, selling for approximately DM 600 in Germany, and a

3584: 1536:

magazine printed a modification enabling it to run under the Model 4's TRSDOS Version 6. Also from Radio Shack was Tiny Pascal.

541:($ 3012 today) with a 12" monitor and a Radio Shack tape recorder; the most expensive product Radio Shack previously sold was a 6397: 2475: 458:, and many opposed the project; one executive told French, "Don't waste my time—we can't sell computers." As the popularity of 4642: 2806: 6717: 6382: 5719: 4618: 990: 914:

writes to the VRAM, causing a short black line. This has little effect on normal BASIC programs, but fast programs made with

450:

median price of a Radio Shack product, and a great risk for the very conservative company. Executives feared losing money as

3112: 1522:

Level I BASIC was still offered on the Model I in either 4K or 16K configurations after the introduction of Level II BASIC.

3014: 1256:

Thus, the user does not need to worry about moving jumpers around depending on which position on the chain a drive was in.

6781: 3561: 1877: 403:

division was a successful American chain of more than 3,000 electronics stores. Among the Tandy employees who purchased a

6367: 3602: 6426: 2183: 1720: 739: 338: 284: 6086: 1049:

had built-in AGC circuitry (and no volume control). This helped the situation, but tape operation is still unreliable.

5225: 3919: 2412:

DGT-100 by DIGITUS Ind. Com. Serv. de Eletrônica Ltda., one of a dozen brands of TRS-80 clones made by other companies

422:

manager. Although the design did not impress Roach, the idea of selling a microcomputer did. When the two men visited

6115: 5736: 5439: 1820:

by Leo Christopherson was rewritten for the Commodore PET and Apple. Many games are unique to the TRS-80, including

6430: 6393:

jTandy, another javascript TRS-80 emulator : online emulation of Model III BASIC & commercial arcade games

4598: 3886: 2819: 1737: 1559: 763: 607:

called the computer "probably the most important product we've ever built in a company factory". Unlike competitor

419: 3053: 1839: 979: 6439: 3984:

First of all the Model I is not dropped, it is in the 1981 Radio Shack Annual catalog and the price is unchanged.

1864: 1744: 1426: 5127: 1172:

Radio Shack introduced floppy drives in July 1978, about six months after the Model I went on sale. The Model I

822: 6776: 3439: 1761:

has three levels of play and can run in the 4 KB of memory that is standard with the Model I; the classic

1068:

Only the Model I uses an Expansion Interface; all later models have everything integrated in the same housing.

859:; Level I BASIC has a "debounce" delay to the keyboard driver to avoid the noisy switch contacts. Tandy's 333:

was released in the middle of 1980. The Model I was discontinued shortly thereafter, primarily due to stricter

5253: 385: 6059: 6007: 5866: 5840: 5814: 5788: 5566: 5493: 5360: 5155: 4701: 4557: 4516: 4429: 4403: 4377: 4351: 4325: 4026: 3667: 3645: 1530:

Radio Shack published a combined assembler and program editing package called the Series I Assembler Editor.

1234:

The first disk drives offered on the Model I were Shugart SA-400s which supported 35 tracks and was the sole

352:, the TRS-80 name became a generic brand used on other unrelated computer lines sold by Tandy, including the 6766: 6421: 6303: 4727: 4169: 2090: 1810: 1805: 1725: 1326: 1206:

the design for a homemade, improved expansion interface with more RAM and a disk controller for the TRS-80.

1160: 986: 911: 695: 679: 634: 608: 446:

Tandy had 11 million customers that might buy a microcomputer, but it would be much more expensive than the

292: 190: 173: 35: 4795: 3294: 2427:

Also in April 1983, Radio Shack released the TRS-80 Model 100, one of the first laptop-portable computers.

1217:

floppies using a Percom-modified TRSDOS called DoubleDOS. The LNDoubler adds the ability to read and write

6691: 6252: 6143: 3243: 2953: 2231:

Level II BASIC on the Model III is 16 KB in size and incorporates a few features from Level I Disk BASIC.

2142: 1916: 1658: 1308: 1181: 868:

design with sealed switches. The Alps keyboard was available as an upgrade for the Model I for $ 79.

755: 427: 423: 369: 5961: 3857: 1213:(a Texas peripheral vendor), LNW, Tandy, and others. The Percom Doubler adds the ability to boot and use 6506: 6501: 2480: 1363: 1173: 792:(the first 16 KB was in the Model I itself and the remaining RAM in the Expansion Interface). 742:

emitted by the original design. The Model I radiated so much interference that, while playing games, an

365: 6402: 875:

so that certain locations in the processor's memory space correspond to the status of a group of keys.

6388:

TRS-80 Emulator in Javascript : online emulation of Model III BASIC & commercial arcade games

3996: 891:

The color of the 12 in (300 mm) KCS 172 RCA monitor's text is faintly blue (the standard P4

599:

Despite the internal skepticism, Radio Shack aggressively entered the market. The company advertised "

414:

Don French, who began designing his own computer and showed it to the vice president of manufacturing

2470: 2465: 1868:

sophisticated TRS-80 utility and language software for all models of TRS-80 from the very beginning.

1825: 1690: 1330: 931: 919: 743: 1833: 482:

and no video monitor. Leininger persuaded Roach and French to include a better keyboard, a monitor,

6735: 6653: 2393:

There were aftermarket software packages that made this ability available to non-programmer users.

2194:

screen layout, but that they ultimately decided that maintaining compatibility was most important.

952: 499: 459: 2408: 2319:

to the CP/M professional standard of 80 columns and 24 rows, as well as eight-inch floppy drives.

6628: 5132: 4165: 3058: 2898: 1635: 1350: 1185: 471: 6170: 4258: 3507: 2822:, "John V. Roach Honors College". Archived from the original on 2018-05-27. Retrieved 2018-05-26 2349: 1209:

A data separator and a double-density disk controller (based on the WD 1791 chip) were made by

6712: 6584: 6407: 6309: 5715: 4993: 3894: 2726: 2610: 2580: 2007: 1901: 1684: 1647: 915: 895:

used in black-and-white televisions). Green and amber filters, or replacement tubes to reduce

872: 784: 554: 479: 396: 254: 73: 6193: 5932: 5048: 4882: 4064: 3785: 3753: 3468: 3435:"To the Doctor, the Lawyer, the Butcher, the Baker, the Candlestick Maker, and Everyone Else" 3215: 3179: 2845: 2600: 1893: 726:, the TRS-80 was officially renamed the TRS-80 Model I to distinguish the two product lines. 490:, head of Tandy Corporation. The program quickly crashed as the computer's implementation of 6543: 4766: 3820: 3724: 3367: 2688: 2422: 2316: 2080: 1796:

ported its series of interactive text-based adventure games to the Models I/III; the first,

1788: 1458: 1397: 1082: 907: 849: 799: 796: 575: 440: 439:. Leininger was unhappy at National, his wife wanted a better job, and Texas did not have a 411: 361: 300: 296: 162: 6416: 6222: 5412: 2341: 341:

to nearby electronic devices. In April 1983, the Model III was succeeded by the compatible

59: 6756: 6638: 6495: 6353: 6343: 5928: 5773: 5764: 5688: 5679: 5653: 5543: 4926: 4917: 4647: 4623: 4464: 4288: 3607: 3344: 3299: 3272: 3175: 3117: 2664: 2655: 2324: 1976: 1954: 1940: 1639: 1493: 1202: 1155: 940: 845: 723: 669: 353: 316: 2530:

One outlet each for the CPU/keyboard, Expansion Interface, Video Monitor, and the drives.

1325:

computer enclosure. Up to four hard disks can be daisy-chained for 20 MB of storage. The

834:", resulting in multiple letters being typed per keystroke. The problem was described in 5019: 3380: 1724:

was cloned for the Models I/III by Wayne Westmoreland and Terry Gilman and published by

6648: 6490: 2572: 2366: 2358: 2336: 2165: 1673: 1584: 1214: 918:

can be affected. Software authors worked to minimize the effect, and many arcade-style

902:

Complaints about the video display quality were common. As Green wrote, "hells bells,

831: 675: 342: 5989: 1307:

sold over 4,000 units by 1981. The device is a continuous loop tape drive, dubbed the

6750: 6549: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6338: 4455: 3277: 2605: 2258:

is used in combination with number and alpha keys. The Model III keyboard also lacks

2017: 1885: 1597: 1466: 1392: 1197: 1077: 1027: 865: 807: 619: 612: 604: 582: 560: 503: 487: 415: 288: 266: 250: 183: 83: 6643: 6613: 6575: 6559: 6223:"The Misosys Quarterly Vol. I.iii pg. 6, "LDOS 5.3 Model 4 Hardware Interface Kit"" 5044: 3816: 3781: 3407:"Introduction of the TRS-80 at the Boston Personal Computer Faire in 1977. (Photo)" 2679: 2539:

The Radio Shack catalog entry advertises 640x240 resolution, but this is a misprint

1668: 1413: 1135:

on the back of the computer, which causes it to attempt to boot the disk again, or

710: 483: 455: 407: 221: 5386: 5279: 5101:"Vehicle Maintenance - How the City of Lander, WY keeps tracke on their Model III" 3089: 2986: 2954:"The Tandy Story: It all started 10 years ago in a converted used-car showroom..." 2660:"Please Don't Call It Trash-80: A 35th Anniversary Salute to Radio Shack's TRS-80" 2369:

RAM. The display can be upgraded with a high-resolution graphics card yielding 640

910:. The bus arbitration logic blocks video display refresh (video-RAM reads) during 4584:"GitHub - human39/fp-215-plotter: Radio Shack TRS-80 FP-215 Flatbed Plotter Info" 3585:"TRS-80 Microcomputer System Model I 16k Level II - Computer - Computing History" 3122: 2631: 1907:

The memory map of the Model I and III render them incompatible with the standard

899:

were popular aftermarket items. Later models came with a green-on-black display.

6673: 6663: 6658: 6608: 6598: 4981: 4949: 4791: 4099: 3853: 3693: 3335: 3020: 1996: 1968:

For computers using the TRS-80 name, but unrelated to Models I, III, and 4, see

1931: 1912: 1816: 1775: 1769: 1596:, founded that year, began by publishing TRS-80 software, but by 1983 cofounder 1249: 968: 896: 835: 780: 404: 400: 312: 258: 6387: 2683: 1975:

Tandy replaced the Model I with the broadly compatible Model III in 1980. (The

1748:; the latter wasn't published until after the TRS-80 was discontinued, because 546:

saw them as "not the mainstream of the business" and "never our large market".

6707: 6538: 6533: 6528: 3612: 2659: 2309: 2095: 1757: 1642:, and from Radio Shack itself the Scripsit and SuperScripsit word processors. 1613: 1593: 1574: 1497: 1417: 1354: 1117:

at TRSDOS Ready, and Visicalc restores the previous computing session intact.

1093: 883: 803: 700: 549:

Although the press conference did not receive much media attention because of

491: 357: 17: 4997: 3946: 3898: 2614: 1755:

Some games originally written for other computers were ported to the TRS-80.

6198: 5937: 5053: 4887: 4583: 4493: 4069: 3825: 3790: 3758: 3729: 3556: 3473: 3434: 3220: 3184: 3049: 2850: 2450: 2271: 1889: 1881: 1831:

by Software Affair (the Orchestra-80, -85 and -90 people) and shooters like

1678: 1631: 1570: 1504: 1488: 1473: 1072: 788: 722:

By 1979, when Radio Shack launched the business-oriented, and incompatible,

705: 498:

figure that Tandy typed in as his salary, and the two men added support for

436: 277: 195: 178: 5467: 4135: 3923: 1267:

Third-party vendors like Aerocomp made available double-sided and 80 track

4771: 4754: 855:

Keyboard bounce only occurs in Model I computers with Level II BASIC

775:

Tandy/Radio Shack TRS‑80 Model I Level II ROM Upgrade PCB

699:

estimated in 1980 that Tandy was selling three times as many computers as

6257: 6147: 6120: 6091: 5966: 5898: 5741: 5444: 4958: 4922:"Interstellar Drives, Osborne Accessories, DEDICATE/32, and Death Valley" 4858: 4829: 4800: 4174: 4108: 3862: 3147: 2957: 2486: 2203: 2110: 1923:

magazine published a do-it-yourself CP/M modification for the Model III.

1897: 1873: 1779:, was written for the TRS-80 by Yves Lempereur and published by Funsoft. 1749: 1714: 1652: 1627: 1623: 1616: 1579: 1532: 1098: 1032: 892: 856: 840: 323: 281: 210: 6569: 5305: 2720: 2684:"The Lost Tribes of RadioShack: Tinkerers Search for New Spiritual Home" 2389:

and provided a new motherboard and keyboard. Tandy sold 71,000 in 1984.

1706:

were ported to the computer and marketed by Radio Shack. Namco/Midway's

50: 5712:

Priming the Pump: How TRS-80 Enthusiasts Helped Spark the PC Revolution

5592: 2722:

Priming the Pump: How TRS-80 Enthusiasts Helped Spark the PC Revolution

2431: 1793: 1708: 1696: 1540: 1370: 1304: 993: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 830:

The TRS-80 Model I keyboard uses mechanical switches that suffer from "

690:

deposit was required, with a money-back guarantee at time of delivery.

6033: 5331: 2780: 2577:

The Encyclopedia of Consoles, Handhelds & Home Computers 1972–2005

2490:, magazine with BASIC programs for the TRS-80 and other microcomputers 6623: 6603: 6362: 6357: 1702: 1210: 1176: 811: 273: 168: 5181: 1366:

in 1980, many also had a connector for the CoCo's serial interface.

1158:

connecting the TRS-80 Model I's various components to the snakes in

1814:

by Westmoreland and Gilman, later ported to the other home micros.

1101:

user suffers a spontaneous reboot, to recover data the user enters

848:, or other contamination enters the unsealed key switches, causing 265:. It is one of the earliest mass-produced and mass-marketed retail 6618: 5077: 2439: 2407: 2348: 2340: 2224:

commands. This works for the Model 4 as well, but not for the 4P.

1763: 1663: 1548: 1544: 1387: 1184:

single-density floppy disk controller chip. The industry standard

936: 882: 821: 770: 767:

Tandy/Radio Shack TRS‑80 Model I rear-panel connectors

762: 754: 647: 451: 431: 384: 6392: 6144:"The Muscle Micros, These Three Sleek Supercharged Model IIIs..." 1712:

was cloned by Philip Oliver and distributed by Cornsoft Group as

287:(DRAM) standard memory, small size and desk area, floating-point 5769:"Ulterior Motives, Lobo, Buying Your First Computer, JRT Update" 1908: 1798: 1780: 1650:

from producing unlicensed versions of arcade games like Namco's

1313: 6443: 1180:

disk interface (with a formatted capacity of 85K) based on the

6471:

TRS-80 and Tandy-branded computers, clones and related systems

5519: 2446: 2435: 2099: 1041: 962: 826:

Tandy/Radio Shack TRS‑80 Model I Alps keyboard PCB

517: 199: 4460:"Build the Disk-80: Memory Expansion and Floppy-Disk Control" 2609:. Vol. XIII, no. 42. October 15, 1979. p. 31. 2235:

version, but accidentally included in the production master.

1843:, and strange experimental programs such as Christopherson's 1303:

An alternative to cassette tape and floppy disk storage from

1040:

An alternative to using tape was data transmissions from the

658:

s "1977 trinity": Commodore PET, Apple II, and TRS-80 Model I

4220: 3531:"August 3, 1977: The TRS-80 Personal Computer Goes on Sale" 3170: 3168: 3166: 2807:

John Roach, Pioneer of the Personal Computer, Is Dead at 83

1420:

with more functions added by Radio Shack. The accompanying

5684:"Omikron TRS-80 Boards, NEWDOS+, and Sundry Other Matters" 2228:

attempting to modify Model III DOS for hard disk support.

1767:

is another TRS-80 port. Both were offered by Radio Shack.

1487:

Level II BASIC, introduced in mid-1978, was licensed from

6372: 5933:"Bugs in Radio Shack TRS-80 Model III: How Bad Are They?" 5248: 5246: 2149:

Model I Z80 code ~ 80% (higher with patches), BASIC 100%

1496:, since the Model I has 12 KB of ROM space. According to 1425:

praised the manual's quality. Level I BASIC has only two

3997:"TRS-80 Model III (Tandy/Radio Shack TRS-80 Model III)" 3054:"Tandy Radio Shack enters the magic world of computers" 2401:

model descended from the 1977 Model I. It retailed for

5923: 5921: 5919: 5917: 3370:. Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. 2377:, with 64 KB RAM and one single-sided 180K disk drive 1622:

By 1985, the company's Ed Juge stated that other than

6373:

trs-80.com : Ira Goldklang's TRS-80 Revived Site

4312:

1978 Radio Shack Tandy TRS-80 Computer Catalog RSC-02

3113:"The Personal Computer That Beat Apple (For a While)" 2498:, TRS-80 magazine with technical programming articles 2442:

and 25-pin RS-232 serial port provided connectivity.

887:

Layout of characters and pixels on the TRS-80 display

6383:

REM 80 – The North West TRS-80 USers Group Magazines

3632: 3630: 3008: 3006: 3004: 1390:

programming language were produced for the Model I.

6700: 6684: 6583: 6477: 6060:"1985 Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-12, page 31" 5789:"1981 Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-4 pages 5-6" 5674: 5672: 5128:"News for the top: what's really going on at Tandy" 5049:"Radio Shack: set apart from the rest of the field" 2775: 2773: 2650: 2648: 2449:, the Model 100 (and the improved model, named the 2161: 2153: 2141: 2133: 2125: 2117: 2105: 2089: 2079: 2061: 2041: 2023: 2013: 2003: 1979:is an entirely different and incompatible design). 860: 703:, with both companies ahead of Commodore. By 1981, 227: 216: 205: 189: 161: 144: 126: 115: 107: 89: 79: 69: 64:

TRS-80 Model I with Expansion Interface and display

6286:TRS-80 Micro Computer Technical Reference Handbook 6008:"1983 Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-8, page 52" 5494:"1985 Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-14 page 36" 4912: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4048: 3922:. Consumer Electronics Association. Archived from 3811: 3809: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 5226:"Games from the Trash: The History of the TRS-80" 5219: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5156:"1982 Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-6 page 10" 4702:"1982 Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-6 page 11" 4277: 4275: 4160: 4158: 4156: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2746: 2744: 2742: 1514:Microsoft also marketed an enhanced BASIC called 939:. The 1978 manual for the popular word processor 5867:"1981 Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-4, pg. 5" 5361:"1982 Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-6 page 8" 4755:"A microcomputer APL*PLUS system implementation" 4728:"1982 Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-6 page 9" 4687:. Microsoft Consumer Products. 1979. p. 11. 4129: 4127: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3016:TRS-80 architect reminisces about design project 759:Tandy/Radio Shack TRS‑80 Model I PCB 249:to distinguish it from successors) is a desktop 6261:(product review). CW Communications. p. 33 5970:. No. 9. CW Communications. pp. 10–11 5649:"Multidos / A New TRS-80 Disk Operating System" 4673:. Microsoft Consumer Products. 1979. p. 1. 4636: 4634: 4612: 4610: 3303:. Associated Press. August 6, 1977. pp. 1A 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2810:, The New York Ledger, Business, March 24, 2022 2619:How we sold over 100,000 TRS-80 Model I Systems 2262:; to caps-lock the alpha keys the user presses 2054:$ 2495 (48K, two 180 KB floppy drives, RS-232C) 1950: 1808:'s text adventures began on the TRS-80, as did 1503:Disk BASIC allows disk I/O, and in some cases ( 738:regulations covering the significant levels of 645:at every Radio Shack store in this community!" 553:, the computer received much more publicity at 326:by a factor of five according to one analysis. 5332:"Search Results for "eliminator", Donkey Kong" 4786: 4784: 4782: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4088: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3188:. Vol. 3, no. 17. pp. 51, 53–54 3136: 3134: 3132: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2445:With the rudementary operating system held in 1944:software "all without building a single kit". 1911:OS for Z80 business computers, which loads at 6455: 5254:"Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-12 page 31" 4558:"Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-2, page 16" 4517:"Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-8, page 52" 4430:"Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-2, page 14" 4404:"Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-2, page 15" 4378:"Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-2, page 19" 4352:"Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-2. page 13" 4326:"Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-3, page 10" 4259:"The Electric Pencil Lower Case Modification" 4104:"Where We're Coming From / Where We're Bound" 3668:"Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-2, page 20" 3638:"Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-3, page 24" 3503:1977 TRS-80 Radio Shack Introduction Brochure 3429: 3427: 3368:Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional (FALN) 3289: 3287: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2361:released in April 1983. It has a faster Z80A 2182:regulations as of January 1, 1981, regarding 8: 5841:"Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-8 page 52" 5815:"Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-8 page 40" 5777:. Vol. 8, no. 5. pp. 298–324. 5657:. Vol. 7, no. 12. pp. 392–397 4854:"The Bottom Shelf: Software For All Seasons" 4651:. Vol. 8, no. 10. pp. 292–302 3496: 3494: 3492: 3385:World Technology Computer Repair and Service 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3019:. San Diego Computer Society. Archived from 2567: 2565: 1989: 43: 5567:"Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-7 page 9" 5537:Cooper, Elizabeth; Kolya, Yvon (May 1981). 5387:""Software" Category - page 5: Apple Panic" 4292:. Vol. 6, no. 9. pp. 384–386 4065:"The Radio Shack TRS-80 Model III Computer" 3443:(advertisement). May 26, 1978. pp. 3–A 3340:"The Radio Shack TRS-80: An Owner's Report" 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2121:16 rows by 64 or 32 columns, block graphics 6787:Products and services discontinued in 1981 6574: 6568: 6462: 6448: 6440: 6202:. Vol. 7, no. 10. pp. 28–29 4627:. Vol. 4, no. 8. pp. 82–84. 4497:. Vol. 3, no. 17. pp. 47–48 4073:. Vol. 3, no. 17. pp. 35–37 4027:"1984 Radio Shack TRS-80 Computer Catalog" 3794:. Vol. 3, no. 17. pp. 42–43 3762:. Vol. 3, no. 17. pp. 46–47 3477:. Vol. 3, no. 17. pp. 44–45 3224:. Vol. 6, no. 34. pp. 47–52 2854:. Vol. 3, no. 17. pp. 40–43 2781:"Radio Shack TRS-80 Micro Computer System" 1995: 1988: 1970:List of TRS-80 and Tandy-branded computers 557:'s Personal Computer Fair two days later. 430:member Steve Leininger's expertise on the 58: 49: 42: 32:List of TRS-80 and Tandy-branded computers 5355: 5353: 4770: 3829:. Vol. 3, no. 20. pp. 1, 6 3090:"The Introduction of the TRS‑80 (Part 2)" 2987:"The Introduction of the TRS‑80 (Part 1)" 2638:. 33–36. Berkeley Enterprises: 19. 1984. 2495:The Alternate Source Programmer's Journal 1562:for the TRS-80 Model III as APL*PLUS/80. 1009:Learn how and when to remove this message 551:a terrorist bombing elsewhere in the city 6368:Radio Shack Model I and II catalog RSC-3 6347:) is being considered for deletion. See 5280:""Software" Category - page 4: Scarfman" 4883:"All others sell at list price; we deal" 4685:Program Instructions for Level III BASIC 4671:Program Instructions for Level III BASIC 3733:. Vol. 3, no. 17. pp. 6–7 3469:"A Look at Radio Shack's Five Computers" 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2725:. Ferndale, Michigan: The Seeker Books. 2517: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2220: 1551:compiler available through Radio Shack. 1145: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 6378:TRS-80 Model 1 at www.old-computers.com 6363:Radio Shack Catalog Archive (1939–2011) 4696: 4694: 3387:. World Technology, LLC. August 3, 2017 3013:Leininger, Steven W. (September 1977). 2561: 2508: 2385:; an upgrade for Model III owners cost 2129:optional 512 by 192 pixels, $ 369 extra 261:stores. The name is an abbreviation of 27:1977 microcomputer by Tandy Corporation 6772:Computer-related introductions in 1977 5941:. Vol. 3, no. 17. p. 49 5692:. Vol. 5, no. 7. p. 198 5547:. Vol. 6, no. 5. p. 148 5057:. Vol. 4, no. 26. p. 36 4930:. Vol. 8, no. 7. p. 323 4891:. Vol. 4, no. 36. p. 11 3725:"From Zero to a Billion in Five Years" 2892:Thomas, Wes (September–October 1977). 2357:The successor to the Model III is the 1085:, or a VOXBOX voice recognition unit. 220:Monochrome 12" CRT, 64 × 16 character 6417:"Guide to the Radio Shack collection" 5745:. CW Communications. pp. 112–122 5647:Archer, Rowland Jr. (December 1982). 4586:. August 11, 2019 – via GitHub. 4468:. Vol. 6, no. 3. p. 36 4244: 4232: 4208: 4196: 3885:Hayes, Thomas C. (October 27, 1992). 3348:. Vol. 3, no. 4. p. 49 3180:"Radio Shack Prepares for the Future" 7: 6398:Tandy Model 4/4P Technical Reference 5990:"The TRSDOS "rummy buzzard" release" 4641:Archer, Rowland Jr. (October 1983). 2632:"Table 2: United States (1978-1982)" 2397:card and could emulate a Model III. 991:adding citations to reliable sources 922:are available for the Tandy TRS-80. 674:magazine called the "1977 Trinity" ( 122: (equivalent to $ 3,020 in 2023) 3644:. Tandy/Radio Shack. Archived from 3506:. Radio Shack. 1977. Archived from 3281:. 1999-08-13. Retrieved 2017-08-03. 2894:"Radio Shack's $ 600 Home Computer" 1934:, among the first owners, wrote in 1824:, also by Christopherson, an early 1556:Scientific Time Sharing Corporation 1026:User data was originally stored on 838:'s editorial in the first issue of 639:National Museum of American History 348:Following the original Model I and 6171:"TRS-80 Computers: TRS-80 Model 4" 5892:Robertson, Nancy (December 1980). 5438:Mitchell, Robert (November 1984). 5224:Dobson, Dale (November 26, 2012). 4487:Lundell, Allan (August 31, 1981). 4282:Williams, Gregg (September 1981). 4007:from the original on July 27, 2010 3821:"TRS-80 Co-creator to Leave Tandy" 3752:Lundell, Allan (August 31, 1981). 3529:Righthand, Jess (August 3, 2010). 25: 6555:Tandy 10 Business Computer System 6351:to help reach a consensus. › 6289:(2nd ed.). Radio Shack. 1982 4852:Shuford, Dan B. (February 1980). 4221:Technical Reference Handbook 1982 3887:"Tandy Ventures Into the Unknown" 3754:"TRS-80 Outcrop Companies Evolve" 2719:Welch, David and Theresa (2007). 2345:TRS-80 Model 4 (standard version) 335:Federal Communications Commission 307:have hampered business adoption. 6731: 6730: 6251:Dalton, David (September 1985). 6124:. CW Communications. p. 122 6095:. CW Communications. p. 114 5539:"Dancing Demon from Radio Shack" 5448:. CW Communications. p. 192 4881:Shea, Tom (September 13, 1982). 4823:O'Brien, William (August 1980). 4617:Yeager, George H (August 1979). 4542:McKay, Bryan (January 2, 1986). 3611:. September 1995. Archived from 3381:"Blast from the Computer's Past" 3295:"Computers May Soon Be In Homes" 3216:"Radio Shack Polishes Its Image" 3214:Bartimo, Jim (August 20, 1984). 2242:. Many application programs use 2018:Home and small business computer 1773:, itself a clone of Universal's 1457:" for arithmetic errors such as 967: 390:Tandy/Radio Shack TRS-80 Model I 6192:Bartimo, Jim (March 11, 1985). 6114:Kepner, Terry (December 1983). 5894:"Model I Caught By FCC Fallout" 4804:(editorial). pp. 8, 10, 12 4796:"Is the Shack in real trouble?" 4063:Hogan, Thom (August 31, 1981). 3920:"John Roach, Tandy/Radio Shack" 3723:Hogan, Thom (August 31, 1981). 3467:Hogan, Thom (August 31, 1981). 3244:"Computer fair comes to Boston" 2476:List of software for the TRS-80 1802:, was marketed by Radio Shack. 978:needs additional citations for 349: 6718:Tandy Video Information System 6085:Ludwig, Gary A. (March 1985). 5902:. No. 12. pp. 51, 56 4643:"Radio Shack's TRS-80 Model 4" 3557:"Microcomputer stirs interest" 2381:, and two drives with RS-232C 1: 5619:"Misosys 1992 Catalog page 1" 5099:Clack, Jeff (April 1, 1983). 5020:"Profiles: The Carlston Trio" 5018:Barry, David (October 1983). 4489:"Stringy Floppy from Exatron" 3562:The San Bernardino County Sun 3555:Baker, Joe (April 28, 1978). 3141:Brown, Chris (January 1980). 2640:TRS-80 (all models) 2,400,000 2238:The Model III keyboard lacks 1752:refused to license the game. 299:(ROM), 64-character-per-line 272:The TRS-80 has a full-stroke 253:launched in 1977 and sold by 6427:Online Archive of California 6308:. Creative Computing Press. 6194:"Tandy Revamps Product Line" 6151:. April 1983. pp. 81–94 5160:Radio Shack Catalogs dot com 4862:. No. 2. pp. 36–37 4753:Gates, Phelps (March 1983). 4732:Radio Shack Catalogs dot com 4706:Radio Shack Catalogs dot com 4562:Radio Shack Catalogs dot com 4521:Radio Shack Catalogs dot com 4434:Radio Shack Catalogs dot com 4408:Radio Shack Catalogs dot com 4382:Radio Shack Catalogs dot com 4356:Radio Shack Catalogs dot com 4330:Radio Shack Catalogs dot com 3672:Radio Shack Catalogs dot com 3642:Radio Shack Catalogs dot com 2601:"Advertisement: Radio Shack" 2434:, the Model 100 features an 2184:electromagnetic interference 2137:output through cassette port 1071:The TRS-80 does not use the 740:radio-frequency interference 339:radio-frequency interference 285:dynamic random-access memory 239:TRS-80 Micro Computer System 6411:magazine review of LDOS 5.1 6173:. Trs-80.com. March 4, 2009 5960:Juge, Ed (September 1980). 5735:Brewer, Bill (March 1983). 5710:Theresa Welsh, David Welsh 4619:"Exploring TRS-80 Graphics" 3972:"TRS-80 Microcomputer News" 3589:www.computinghistory.org.uk 3248:Personal Computing Magazine 2752:"TRS-80 Microcomputer News" 2067:; 41 years ago 2029:; 44 years ago 1792:runs slowly on the TRS-80. 1558:published a version of its 1526:Other programming languages 1064:Model I Expansion Interface 944:displayed with descenders. 601:The $ 599 personal computer 426:in California in mid-1976, 132:; 43 years ago 6803: 6431:California Digital Library 6064:radioshackcatalogs dot com 6012:radioshackcatalogs dot com 5871:radioshackcatalogs dot com 5845:radioshackcatalogs dot com 5819:radioshackcatalogs dot com 5793:radioshackcatalogs dot com 5714:, The Seeker Books, 2007, 5571:radioshackcatalogs dot com 5498:radioshackcatalogs dot com 5365:radioshackcatalogs dot com 5258:radioshackcatalogs dot com 3603:"Most Important Companies" 2952:White, Ron (August 1987). 2820:Texas Christian University 2420: 2334: 1967: 1412:Level I BASIC is based on 624:Excessive citations inline 587:Excessive citations inline 565:Excessive citations inline 420:electronic data processing 350:its compatible descendants 29: 6726: 6566: 5628:. Roy Soltoff/Misosys Inc 5126:Juge, Ed (October 1985). 5107:. 80-Northwest Publishing 4759:ACM SIGAPL APL Quote Quad 4600:User's Manual for Level 1 3866:. No. 20. p. 10 2846:"How the TRS-80 Was Born" 1994: 1915:address $ 0000 with TPA ( 1437:), 26 numeric variables ( 1422:User's Manual for Level 1 779:The Model I combines the 611:—which had announced the 478:; the first design had a 57: 48: 6762:Z80-based home computers 6349:templates for discussion 4833:. No. 8. p. 21 4001:DigiBarn Computer Museum 3440:The Galveston Daily News 2579:. Gameplan. p. 17. 2048:$ 699 (4KB RAM, Level I) 1588:premature corned beef". 154:2.4 million (all models) 151:>100,000 (as of 1979) 6422:Computer History Museum 4962:. No. 8. p. 8 4597:Lien, David A. (1978). 4247:, pp. 28, 313–314. 3858:"Tandy Growth Retarded" 3702:Kilobaud Microcomputing 3411:Lawrence Hageman Forums 3366:Pérez, Gina M. (2005). 1806:Adventure International 1726:Adventure International 1161:Raiders of the Lost Ark 696:Kilobaud Microcomputing 633: one entered the 629:considered for deletion 592:considered for deletion 570:considered for deletion 529:Having spent less than 329:The broadly compatible 263:Tandy Radio Shack, Z80 36:TRS-80 (disambiguation) 6692:Tandy Graphics Adapter 3947:"What does S-80 mean?" 3786:"The Portable Osborne" 3273:Clinton Pardons Terror 2413: 2354: 2346: 1959: 1917:Transient Program Area 1453:" for syntax errors, " 1386:Three versions of the 1299:Exatron Stringy Floppy 888: 827: 776: 768: 760: 659: 470:retail price required 428:Homebrew Computer Club 424:National Semiconductor 392: 370:TRS-80 Pocket Computer 95:; 47 years ago 34:. For other uses, see 6507:Tandy Pocket Computer 6502:TRS-80 Color Computer 5417:videogamegeek dot com 4986:"Publisher's Remarks" 4772:10.1145/390005.801217 4223:, pp. 34, 96–97. 3698:"Publisher's Remarks" 2481:List of TRS-80 clones 2411: 2352: 2344: 2051:$ 999 (16K, Level II) 1962:Compatible successors 1957:system couldn't cope. 1634:spreadsheets and the 1472:Level I BASIC is not 1174:disk operating system 886: 825: 774: 766: 758: 651: 494:could not handle the 388: 366:TRS-80 Color Computer 337:(FCC) regulations on 6782:Early microcomputers 6403:LDOS 5.1 User Manual 6087:"Let There Be Music" 5468:"13 Ghosts (TRS-80)" 5419:. BoardGameGeek, LLC 4314:. Radio Shack. 1978. 4031:Radio Shack Catalogs 2636:Computers and People 2471:List of TRS-80 games 2466:TRS-80 character set 2303:Aftermarket products 1826:first-person shooter 1369:FP-215 is a flatbed 1329:operating system by 1182:Western Digital 1771 987:improve this article 932:TRS-80 character set 574: A front-page 245:, later renamed the 6736:RadioShack template 6305:The Creative TRS-80 6302:Mazur, Ken (1983). 6066:. Tandy/Radio Shack 6014:. Tandy/Radio Shack 5931:(August 31, 1981). 5873:. Tandy/Radio Shack 5847:. Tandy/Radio Shack 5821:. Tandy/Radio Shack 5795:. Tandy/Radio Shack 5573:. Tandy/Radio Shack 5500:. Tandy/Radio Shack 5367:. Tandy/Radio Shack 5260:. Tandy/Radio Shack 5162:. Tandy/Radio Shack 4734:. Tandy/Radio Shack 4708:. Tandy/Radio Shack 4564:. Tandy/Radio Shack 4523:. Tandy/Radio Shack 4436:. Tandy/Radio Shack 4410:. Tandy/Radio Shack 4384:. Tandy/Radio Shack 4358:. Tandy/Radio Shack 4332:. Tandy/Radio Shack 4284:"Big Five Software" 4235:, pp. 258–259. 4211:, p. 294, 297. 4170:"The Assembly Line" 4136:"Model I Keybounce" 3819:(October 5, 1981). 3674:. Tandy/Radio Shack 3178:(August 31, 1981). 2844:(August 31, 1981). 2521:Prosoft's Allwrite. 2246:, while others use 2173:Tandy released the 2065:September 1983 1991: 1732:. They also cloned 1539:Microsoft made its 1022:Cassette tape drive 537:($ 2006 today), or 500:floating-point math 93:August 3, 1977 45: 6629:Mera-Elzab Meritum 5133:Creative Computing 3891:The New York Times 3784:(April 13, 1981). 3125:on August 3, 2015. 3059:Creative Computing 2899:Creative Computing 2682:(April 19, 2010). 2658:(August 3, 2012). 2414: 2355: 2347: 2113:or 16, 32 or 48 KB 2085:TRSDOS 1.3, LDOS 5 2042:Introductory price 1865:Stewart Software's 1566:Other applications 1445:), and one array, 1351:dot-matrix printer 1186:Shugart Associates 1168:Floppy disk drives 889: 828: 777: 769: 761: 660: 472:manufacturing cost 395:In the mid-1970s, 393: 116:Introductory price 111:1977–1981, 4 years 6744: 6743: 6713:Tandy Corporation 6487:Model I & III 5474:. Blue Flame Labs 5472:mobygames dot com 4984:(November 1980). 4794:(December 1982). 4458:(February 1982). 4178:. pp. 22, 24 3148:80 Microcomputing 3143:"The Tandy Story" 3052:(November 1984). 2902:. pp. 94–95. 2732:978-0-9793468-0-4 2171: 2170: 2008:Tandy Corporation 1648:Big Five Software 1484:" saves 3 bytes. 1083:voice synthesizer 1019: 1018: 1011: 916:assembly language 555:Boston University 480:membrane keyboard 418:, Tandy's former 397:Tandy Corporation 358:TRS-80 Model 2000 255:Tandy Corporation 235: 234: 231:Square wave tones 130:January 1981 74:Tandy Corporation 16:(Redirected from 6794: 6734: 6733: 6595:Original TRS-80 6578: 6572: 6544:TRS-80 Model 100 6464: 6457: 6450: 6441: 6434: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6266: 6248: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6230:tim-mann dot org 6227: 6218: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6189: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6178: 6167: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6111: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6082: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6030: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6004: 5998: 5997: 5986: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5957: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5929:Freiberger, Paul 5925: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5863: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5837: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5785: 5779: 5778: 5765:Pournelle, Jerry 5761: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5732: 5726: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5680:Pournelle, Jerry 5676: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5626:tim-mann dot org 5623: 5615: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5589: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5534: 5528: 5527: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5490: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5464: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5435: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5357: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5306:"Armored Patrol" 5302: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5250: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5221: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5096: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5047:(July 5, 1982). 5041: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5015: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5004: 4992:. pp. 6–8. 4978: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4918:Pournelle, Jerry 4914: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4788: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4698: 4689: 4688: 4681: 4675: 4674: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4638: 4629: 4628: 4614: 4605: 4604: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4554: 4548: 4547: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4400: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4279: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4206: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4162: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4131: 4122: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4102:(January 1980). 4096: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4060: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4012: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3981: 3979: 3974:. September 1980 3968: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3850: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3813: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3696:(October 1980). 3690: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3634: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3615:on June 18, 2008 3599: 3593: 3592: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3510:on July 15, 2011 3498: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3464: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3431: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3377: 3371: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3332: 3313: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3291: 3282: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3257: 3255: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3211: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3176:Freiberger, Paul 3172: 3161: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3151:. pp. 28–30 3138: 3127: 3126: 3121:. Archived from 3108: 3102: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3085: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3046: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3010: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2982: 2971: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2961:. pp. 50–64 2949: 2904: 2903: 2889: 2864: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2838: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2777: 2768: 2767: 2761: 2759: 2748: 2737: 2736: 2716: 2701: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2676: 2670: 2669: 2656:McCracken, Harry 2652: 2643: 2642: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2569: 2549: 2546: 2540: 2537: 2531: 2528: 2522: 2513: 2430:Manufactured by 2423:TRS-80 Model 100 2404: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2364: 2175:TRS-80 Model III 2081:Operating system 2075: 2073: 2068: 2037: 2035: 2030: 1999: 1992: 1990:TRS-80 Model III 1789:Temple of Apshai 1785: 1510: 1483: 1479: 1464: 1459:division by zero 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1396:fits in 4 KB of 1336: 1294: 1293: 1289: 1286: 1281:-inch and later 1280: 1279: 1275: 1272: 1247: 1246: 1242: 1239: 1230: 1229: 1225: 1222: 1121:running or not. 1014: 1007: 1003: 1000: 994: 971: 963: 871:The keyboard is 862: 850:electrical noise 718:Model II and III 689: 685: 657: 632: 595: 576:Associated Press 573: 544: 540: 536: 532: 514: 497: 477: 469: 465: 449: 441:state income tax 391: 362:TRS-80 Model 100 331:TRS-80 Model III 317:hard disk drives 297:read-only memory 181: 171: 163:Operating system 140: 138: 133: 121: 103: 101: 96: 62: 53: 46: 21: 6802: 6801: 6797: 6796: 6795: 6793: 6792: 6791: 6777:8-bit computers 6747: 6746: 6745: 6740: 6722: 6696: 6680: 6635:Color Computer 6589:related systems 6588: 6579: 6573: 6564: 6496:TRS-80 Model II 6473: 6468: 6415: 6352: 6333: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6301: 6292: 6290: 6283: 6280: 6278:Further reading 6275: 6274: 6264: 6262: 6250: 6249: 6245: 6235: 6233: 6225: 6220: 6219: 6215: 6205: 6203: 6191: 6190: 6186: 6176: 6174: 6169: 6168: 6164: 6154: 6152: 6142: 6141: 6137: 6127: 6125: 6116:"CP/M III Ways" 6113: 6112: 6108: 6098: 6096: 6084: 6083: 6079: 6069: 6067: 6058: 6057: 6053: 6043: 6041: 6032: 6031: 6027: 6017: 6015: 6006: 6005: 6001: 5988: 5987: 5983: 5973: 5971: 5959: 5958: 5954: 5944: 5942: 5927: 5926: 5915: 5905: 5903: 5891: 5890: 5886: 5876: 5874: 5865: 5864: 5860: 5850: 5848: 5839: 5838: 5834: 5824: 5822: 5813: 5812: 5808: 5798: 5796: 5787: 5786: 5782: 5763: 5762: 5758: 5748: 5746: 5734: 5733: 5729: 5709: 5705: 5695: 5693: 5678: 5677: 5670: 5660: 5658: 5646: 5645: 5641: 5631: 5629: 5621: 5617: 5616: 5612: 5602: 5600: 5593:"Super Utility" 5591: 5590: 5586: 5576: 5574: 5565: 5564: 5560: 5550: 5548: 5536: 5535: 5531: 5520:"Dancing Demon" 5518: 5517: 5513: 5503: 5501: 5492: 5491: 5487: 5477: 5475: 5466: 5465: 5461: 5451: 5449: 5440:"Ghost Busting" 5437: 5436: 5432: 5422: 5420: 5413:"Duel-N-Droids" 5411: 5410: 5406: 5396: 5394: 5385: 5384: 5380: 5370: 5368: 5359: 5358: 5351: 5341: 5339: 5330: 5329: 5325: 5315: 5313: 5304: 5303: 5299: 5289: 5287: 5278: 5277: 5273: 5263: 5261: 5252: 5251: 5244: 5234: 5232: 5223: 5222: 5201: 5191: 5189: 5180: 5179: 5175: 5165: 5163: 5154: 5153: 5149: 5139: 5137: 5125: 5124: 5120: 5110: 5108: 5098: 5097: 5093: 5083: 5081: 5076:Reed, Matthew. 5075: 5074: 5070: 5060: 5058: 5043: 5042: 5038: 5028: 5026: 5017: 5016: 5012: 5002: 5000: 4980: 4979: 4975: 4965: 4963: 4952:(August 1980). 4948: 4947: 4943: 4933: 4931: 4916: 4915: 4904: 4894: 4892: 4880: 4879: 4875: 4865: 4863: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4836: 4834: 4822: 4821: 4817: 4807: 4805: 4790: 4789: 4780: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4737: 4735: 4726: 4725: 4721: 4711: 4709: 4700: 4699: 4692: 4683: 4682: 4678: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4654: 4652: 4640: 4639: 4632: 4616: 4615: 4608: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4582: 4581: 4577: 4567: 4565: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4526: 4524: 4515: 4514: 4510: 4500: 4498: 4486: 4485: 4481: 4471: 4469: 4454: 4453: 4449: 4439: 4437: 4428: 4427: 4423: 4413: 4411: 4402: 4401: 4397: 4387: 4385: 4376: 4375: 4371: 4361: 4359: 4350: 4349: 4345: 4335: 4333: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4310: 4309: 4305: 4295: 4293: 4281: 4280: 4273: 4263: 4261: 4257:Reed, Matthew. 4256: 4255: 4251: 4243: 4239: 4231: 4227: 4219: 4215: 4207: 4203: 4195: 4191: 4181: 4179: 4166:Barden, William 4164: 4163: 4154: 4144: 4142: 4134:Reed, Matthew. 4133: 4132: 4125: 4115: 4113: 4098: 4097: 4086: 4076: 4074: 4062: 4061: 4046: 4036: 4034: 4025: 4024: 4020: 4010: 4008: 3995: 3994: 3990: 3977: 3975: 3970: 3969: 3965: 3955: 3953: 3945:Reed, Matthew. 3944: 3943: 3939: 3929: 3927: 3926:on July 9, 2007 3918: 3917: 3913: 3903: 3901: 3893:. pp. D1. 3884: 3883: 3879: 3869: 3867: 3856:(August 1981). 3852: 3851: 3842: 3832: 3830: 3815: 3814: 3807: 3797: 3795: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3765: 3763: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3736: 3734: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3707: 3705: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3677: 3675: 3666: 3665: 3661: 3651: 3649: 3648:on May 31, 2017 3636: 3635: 3628: 3618: 3616: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3568: 3566: 3565:. pp. B-19 3554: 3553: 3549: 3539: 3537: 3528: 3527: 3523: 3513: 3511: 3500: 3499: 3490: 3480: 3478: 3466: 3465: 3456: 3446: 3444: 3433: 3432: 3425: 3415: 3413: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3390: 3388: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3365: 3361: 3351: 3349: 3334: 3333: 3316: 3306: 3304: 3300:Lakeland Ledger 3293: 3292: 3285: 3271: 3267: 3253: 3251: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3227: 3225: 3213: 3212: 3201: 3191: 3189: 3174: 3173: 3164: 3154: 3152: 3140: 3139: 3130: 3111:Rothman, Lile. 3110: 3109: 3105: 3095: 3093: 3088:Reed, Matthew. 3087: 3086: 3075: 3065: 3063: 3048: 3047: 3036: 3026: 3024: 3023:on May 31, 2012 3012: 3011: 3002: 2992: 2990: 2985:Reed, Matthew. 2984: 2983: 2974: 2964: 2962: 2951: 2950: 2907: 2891: 2890: 2867: 2857: 2855: 2842:Swaine, Michael 2840: 2839: 2826: 2818: 2814: 2803: 2799: 2789: 2787: 2785:oldcomputer.org 2779: 2778: 2771: 2757: 2755: 2750: 2749: 2740: 2733: 2718: 2717: 2704: 2694: 2692: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2654: 2653: 2646: 2630: 2629: 2625: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2587: 2573:Forster, Winnie 2571: 2570: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2552: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2525: 2519: 2514: 2510: 2505: 2462: 2425: 2419: 2402: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2362: 2353:TRS-80 Model 4P 2339: 2333: 2325:TRS-80 Model II 2305: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2222: 2144: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2057: 2033: 2031: 2028: 1985: 1977:TRS-80 Model II 1973: 1964: 1955:quality control 1941:Jerry Pournelle 1929: 1840:Defence Command 1783: 1640:Electric Pencil 1568: 1528: 1516:Level III BASIC 1508: 1481: 1477: 1462: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1384: 1379: 1343: 1334: 1331:Logical Systems 1322: 1301: 1291: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1277: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1227: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1170: 1156:cable spaghetti 1147: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1066: 1024: 1015: 1004: 998: 995: 984: 972: 961: 953:Atari joysticks 941:Electric Pencil 881: 879:Video and audio 846:cigarette smoke 832:keyboard bounce 820: 753: 724:TRS-80 Model II 720: 687: 683: 665: 655: 617: 580: 558: 542: 538: 534: 530: 527: 512: 495: 475: 467: 466:. The original 463: 447: 389: 383: 378: 354:TRS-80 Model II 177: 167: 157: 136: 134: 131: 119: 99: 97: 94: 65: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6800: 6798: 6790: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6767:Home computers 6764: 6759: 6749: 6748: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6738: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6721: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6704: 6702: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6694: 6688: 6686: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6678: 6677: 6676: 6668: 6667: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6633: 6632: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6592: 6590: 6581: 6580: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6525: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6504: 6499: 6493: 6491:TRS-80 Model 4 6488: 6481: 6479: 6475: 6474: 6469: 6467: 6466: 6459: 6452: 6444: 6436: 6435: 6413: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6336: 6332: 6331:External links 6329: 6328: 6327: 6314: 6299: 6279: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6253:"The Enhancer" 6243: 6232:. Misosys, Inc 6221:Soltoff, Roy. 6213: 6184: 6162: 6135: 6106: 6077: 6051: 6040:. Matthew Reed 6034:"Orchestra-90" 6025: 5999: 5994:www.trs-80.org 5981: 5952: 5913: 5884: 5858: 5832: 5806: 5780: 5756: 5727: 5703: 5668: 5639: 5610: 5599:. Matthew Reed 5597:TRS-80 dot org 5584: 5558: 5529: 5511: 5485: 5459: 5430: 5404: 5393:. Matthew Reed 5391:TRS-80 dot org 5378: 5349: 5338:. Matthew Reed 5336:TRS-80 dot org 5323: 5312:. Matthew Reed 5310:TRS-80 dot org 5297: 5286:. Matthew Reed 5284:TRS-80 dot org 5271: 5242: 5199: 5188:. Matthew Reed 5186:TRS-80 dot org 5173: 5147: 5118: 5091: 5068: 5036: 5010: 4973: 4941: 4902: 4873: 4844: 4815: 4778: 4765:(3): 201–204. 4745: 4719: 4690: 4676: 4662: 4630: 4606: 4589: 4575: 4549: 4534: 4508: 4479: 4456:Ciarcia, Steve 4447: 4421: 4395: 4369: 4343: 4317: 4303: 4271: 4249: 4237: 4225: 4213: 4201: 4199:, p. 386. 4189: 4152: 4123: 4084: 4044: 4018: 3988: 3963: 3937: 3911: 3877: 3840: 3805: 3773: 3744: 3715: 3704:. pp. 6–9 3685: 3659: 3626: 3594: 3576: 3547: 3521: 3488: 3454: 3423: 3398: 3372: 3359: 3338:(April 1978). 3314: 3283: 3265: 3235: 3199: 3162: 3128: 3103: 3073: 3034: 3000: 2972: 2905: 2865: 2824: 2812: 2797: 2769: 2754:. January 1981 2738: 2731: 2702: 2671: 2644: 2623: 2592: 2585: 2560: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2550: 2541: 2532: 2523: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2500: 2499: 2491: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2461: 2458: 2421:Main article: 2418: 2415: 2359:TRS-80 Model 4 2337:TRS-80 Model 4 2335:Main article: 2332: 2329: 2304: 2301: 2274:is supported. 2169: 2168: 2163: 2159: 2158: 2155: 2151: 2150: 2147: 2139: 2138: 2135: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2123: 2122: 2119: 2115: 2114: 2107: 2103: 2102: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2083: 2077: 2076: 2063: 2059: 2058: 2056: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2038: 2027:July 1980 2025: 2021: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2010: 2005: 2001: 2000: 1984: 1981: 1963: 1960: 1928: 1925: 1834:Cosmic Fighter 1730:Armored Patrol 1682:, and Exidy's 1585:text adventure 1567: 1564: 1527: 1524: 1494:Extended BASIC 1480:" instead of " 1402:Level II BASIC 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1364:Color Computer 1342: 1339: 1321: 1318: 1309:stringy floppy 1300: 1297: 1215:double density 1169: 1166: 1081:disk drive, a 1065: 1062: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1016: 975: 973: 966: 960: 957: 880: 877: 819: 816: 814:serial ports. 752: 749: 730:materialized. 719: 716: 701:Apple Computer 676:Apple Computer 664: 661: 643:from stock now 526: 523: 382: 379: 377: 374: 343:TRS-80 Model 4 315:drives and/or 276:keyboard, the 267:home computers 257:through their 233: 232: 229: 225: 224: 218: 214: 213: 207: 203: 202: 193: 187: 186: 165: 159: 158: 156: 155: 152: 148: 146: 142: 141: 128: 124: 123: 117: 113: 112: 109: 105: 104: 91: 87: 86: 81: 77: 76: 71: 67: 66: 63: 55: 54: 44:TRS-80 Model I 26: 24: 18:TRS-80 Model I 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6799: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6737: 6729: 6728: 6725: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6699: 6693: 6690: 6689: 6687: 6683: 6675: 6672: 6671: 6670:TRS-80 MC-10 6669: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6596: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6586: 6582: 6577: 6571: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6550:Tandy 1400 LT 6548: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6509: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6486: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6465: 6460: 6458: 6453: 6451: 6446: 6445: 6442: 6438: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6423: 6418: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6355: 6350: 6346: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6334: 6330: 6317: 6315:9780916688363 6311: 6307: 6306: 6300: 6288: 6287: 6282: 6281: 6277: 6260: 6259: 6254: 6247: 6244: 6231: 6224: 6217: 6214: 6201: 6200: 6195: 6188: 6185: 6172: 6166: 6163: 6150: 6149: 6145: 6139: 6136: 6123: 6122: 6117: 6110: 6107: 6094: 6093: 6088: 6081: 6078: 6065: 6061: 6055: 6052: 6039: 6038:trs80 dot org 6035: 6029: 6026: 6013: 6009: 6003: 6000: 5995: 5991: 5985: 5982: 5969: 5968: 5963: 5956: 5953: 5940: 5939: 5934: 5930: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5914: 5901: 5900: 5895: 5888: 5885: 5872: 5868: 5862: 5859: 5846: 5842: 5836: 5833: 5820: 5816: 5810: 5807: 5794: 5790: 5784: 5781: 5776: 5775: 5770: 5766: 5760: 5757: 5744: 5743: 5738: 5731: 5728: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5707: 5704: 5691: 5690: 5685: 5682:(July 1980). 5681: 5675: 5673: 5669: 5656: 5655: 5650: 5643: 5640: 5627: 5620: 5614: 5611: 5598: 5594: 5588: 5585: 5572: 5568: 5562: 5559: 5546: 5545: 5540: 5533: 5530: 5525: 5524:www.dnull.com 5521: 5515: 5512: 5499: 5495: 5489: 5486: 5473: 5469: 5463: 5460: 5447: 5446: 5441: 5434: 5431: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5405: 5392: 5388: 5382: 5379: 5366: 5362: 5356: 5354: 5350: 5337: 5333: 5327: 5324: 5311: 5307: 5301: 5298: 5285: 5281: 5275: 5272: 5259: 5255: 5249: 5247: 5243: 5231: 5227: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5187: 5183: 5177: 5174: 5161: 5157: 5151: 5148: 5136:. p. 108 5135: 5134: 5129: 5122: 5119: 5106: 5102: 5095: 5092: 5079: 5072: 5069: 5056: 5055: 5050: 5046: 5045:Markoff, John 5040: 5037: 5025: 5021: 5014: 5011: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4977: 4974: 4961: 4960: 4955: 4951: 4945: 4942: 4929: 4928: 4923: 4920:(July 1983). 4919: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4903: 4890: 4889: 4884: 4877: 4874: 4861: 4860: 4855: 4848: 4845: 4832: 4831: 4826: 4819: 4816: 4803: 4802: 4797: 4793: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4779: 4773: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4749: 4746: 4733: 4729: 4723: 4720: 4707: 4703: 4697: 4695: 4691: 4686: 4680: 4677: 4672: 4666: 4663: 4650: 4649: 4644: 4637: 4635: 4631: 4626: 4625: 4620: 4613: 4611: 4607: 4602: 4601: 4593: 4590: 4585: 4579: 4576: 4563: 4559: 4553: 4550: 4545: 4538: 4535: 4522: 4518: 4512: 4509: 4496: 4495: 4490: 4483: 4480: 4467: 4466: 4461: 4457: 4451: 4448: 4435: 4431: 4425: 4422: 4409: 4405: 4399: 4396: 4383: 4379: 4373: 4370: 4357: 4353: 4347: 4344: 4331: 4327: 4321: 4318: 4313: 4307: 4304: 4291: 4290: 4285: 4278: 4276: 4272: 4260: 4253: 4250: 4246: 4241: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4214: 4210: 4205: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4190: 4177: 4176: 4171: 4168:(June 1980). 4167: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4153: 4141: 4137: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4111: 4110: 4105: 4101: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4085: 4072: 4071: 4066: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4045: 4032: 4028: 4022: 4019: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3992: 3989: 3985: 3973: 3967: 3964: 3952: 3948: 3941: 3938: 3925: 3921: 3915: 3912: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3881: 3878: 3865: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3828: 3827: 3822: 3818: 3817:Markoff, John 3812: 3810: 3806: 3793: 3792: 3787: 3783: 3782:Osborne, Adam 3777: 3774: 3761: 3760: 3755: 3748: 3745: 3732: 3731: 3726: 3719: 3716: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3673: 3669: 3663: 3660: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3614: 3610: 3609: 3604: 3598: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3580: 3577: 3564: 3563: 3558: 3551: 3548: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3522: 3509: 3505: 3504: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3489: 3476: 3475: 3470: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3455: 3442: 3441: 3436: 3430: 3428: 3424: 3412: 3408: 3402: 3399: 3386: 3382: 3376: 3373: 3369: 3363: 3360: 3347: 3346: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3315: 3302: 3301: 3296: 3290: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3279: 3278:New York Post 3274: 3269: 3266: 3262: 3250:. May 1, 1977 3249: 3245: 3239: 3236: 3223: 3222: 3217: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3187: 3186: 3181: 3177: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3150: 3149: 3144: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3120: 3119: 3114: 3107: 3104: 3091: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3074: 3062:. p. 292 3061: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3035: 3022: 3018: 3017: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3001: 2988: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2900: 2895: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2853: 2852: 2847: 2843: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2813: 2809: 2808: 2801: 2798: 2786: 2782: 2776: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2753: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2728: 2724: 2723: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2691: 2690: 2685: 2681: 2680:Mooallem, Jon 2675: 2672: 2667: 2666: 2661: 2657: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2627: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2607: 2606:Computerworld 2602: 2596: 2593: 2588: 2586:3-00-015359-4 2582: 2578: 2574: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2555: 2545: 2542: 2536: 2533: 2527: 2524: 2512: 2509: 2502: 2497: 2496: 2492: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2463: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2424: 2416: 2410: 2406: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2368: 2367:bank-switched 2360: 2351: 2343: 2338: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2320: 2318: 2313: 2311: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2293: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2273: 2270:. Under LDOS 2236: 2232: 2229: 2225: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2206: 2205: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2167: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2146: 2145:compatibility 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2101: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2064: 2060: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2026: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1987: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1949: 1945: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1886:Apparat, Inc. 1883: 1879: 1875: 1869: 1866: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1853:Micro Marquee 1850: 1846: 1845:Dancing Demon 1842: 1841: 1836: 1835: 1830: 1827: 1823: 1822:Duel-N-Droids 1819: 1818: 1813: 1812: 1807: 1803: 1801: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1790: 1782: 1778: 1777: 1772: 1771: 1766: 1765: 1760: 1759: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1746: 1741: 1740: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1716: 1711: 1710: 1705: 1704: 1699: 1698: 1693: 1692: 1687: 1686: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1671: 1670: 1665: 1661: 1660: 1655: 1654: 1649: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1604: 1599: 1598:Doug Carlston 1595: 1589: 1586: 1582: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1537: 1535: 1534: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1512: 1506: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1475: 1470: 1468: 1467:out of memory 1460: 1428: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1408: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1394: 1393:Level I BASIC 1389: 1381: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1367: 1365: 1359: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1340: 1338: 1332: 1328: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1310: 1306: 1298: 1296: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1251: 1232: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1204: 1200:published in 1199: 1198:Steve Ciarcia 1194: 1190: 1187: 1183: 1178: 1175: 1167: 1165: 1163: 1162: 1157: 1154:compared the 1153: 1149: 1129: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1100: 1095: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1079: 1078:parallel port 1074: 1069: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1054: 1050: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1029: 1028:cassette tape 1021: 1013: 1010: 1002: 992: 988: 982: 981: 976:This section 974: 970: 965: 964: 958: 956: 954: 948: 945: 942: 938: 933: 927: 923: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 900: 898: 894: 885: 878: 876: 874: 873:memory-mapped 869: 867: 866:Alps Electric 858: 853: 851: 847: 843: 842: 841:80 Micro 837: 833: 824: 817: 815: 813: 809: 808:cassette tape 805: 801: 798: 793: 790: 786: 782: 773: 765: 757: 750: 748: 745: 741: 737: 731: 727: 725: 717: 715: 712: 708: 707: 702: 698: 697: 691: 681: 677: 673: 672: 662: 654: 650: 646: 644: 640: 636: 630: 626: 625: 621: 614: 610: 606: 605:annual report 602: 597: 593: 589: 588: 584: 577: 571: 567: 566: 562: 556: 552: 547: 524: 522: 519: 508: 505: 504:Level I BASIC 501: 493: 489: 488:Charles Tandy 485: 481: 473: 461: 457: 453: 444: 442: 438: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 416:John V. Roach 413: 409: 406: 402: 398: 387: 380: 375: 373: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 346: 344: 340: 336: 332: 327: 325: 320: 318: 314: 308: 304: 302: 301:video monitor 298: 294: 290: 289:Level I BASIC 286: 283: 280:processor, 4 279: 275: 270: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 251:microcomputer 248: 244: 240: 230: 226: 223: 219: 215: 212: 208: 204: 201: 197: 194: 192: 188: 185: 184:Level I BASIC 180: 175: 170: 166: 164: 160: 153: 150: 149: 147: 143: 129: 125: 118: 114: 110: 106: 92: 88: 85: 84:Home computer 82: 78: 75: 72: 68: 61: 56: 52: 47: 41: 37: 33: 19: 6685:Technologies 6654:CP 400 COLOR 6644:Dragon 32/64 6614:Colour Genie 6560:TRS-80 MC-10 6484: 6437: 6420: 6408: 6342: 6319:. Retrieved 6304: 6291:. Retrieved 6285: 6265:November 12, 6263:. Retrieved 6256: 6246: 6236:November 12, 6234:. Retrieved 6229: 6216: 6204:. Retrieved 6197: 6187: 6175:. Retrieved 6165: 6153:. Retrieved 6146: 6138: 6126:. Retrieved 6119: 6109: 6097:. Retrieved 6090: 6080: 6068:. Retrieved 6063: 6054: 6042:. Retrieved 6037: 6028: 6016:. Retrieved 6011: 6002: 5993: 5984: 5972:. Retrieved 5965: 5955: 5945:February 28, 5943:. Retrieved 5936: 5904:. Retrieved 5897: 5887: 5875:. Retrieved 5870: 5861: 5849:. Retrieved 5844: 5835: 5823:. Retrieved 5818: 5809: 5797:. Retrieved 5792: 5783: 5772: 5767:(May 1983). 5759: 5747:. Retrieved 5740: 5737:"CP/M Cheap" 5730: 5724:The DOS Wars 5723: 5722:, Chapter 2 5711: 5706: 5694:. Retrieved 5687: 5659:. Retrieved 5652: 5642: 5630:. Retrieved 5625: 5613: 5601:. Retrieved 5596: 5587: 5575:. Retrieved 5570: 5561: 5549:. Retrieved 5542: 5532: 5523: 5514: 5502:. Retrieved 5497: 5488: 5476:. Retrieved 5471: 5462: 5450:. Retrieved 5443: 5433: 5421:. Retrieved 5416: 5407: 5395:. Retrieved 5390: 5381: 5369:. Retrieved 5364: 5340:. Retrieved 5335: 5326: 5314:. Retrieved 5309: 5300: 5288:. Retrieved 5283: 5274: 5262:. Retrieved 5257: 5233:. Retrieved 5229: 5190:. Retrieved 5185: 5182:"Super Nova" 5176: 5164:. Retrieved 5159: 5150: 5138:. Retrieved 5131: 5121: 5109:. Retrieved 5104: 5094: 5082:. Retrieved 5080:. TRS-80.org 5071: 5061:February 10, 5059:. Retrieved 5052: 5039: 5027:. Retrieved 5023: 5013: 5001:. Retrieved 4989: 4982:Green, Wayne 4976: 4966:February 12, 4964:. Retrieved 4957: 4954:"80 Remarks" 4950:Green, Wayne 4944: 4932:. Retrieved 4925: 4893:. Retrieved 4886: 4876: 4864:. Retrieved 4857: 4847: 4837:February 12, 4835:. Retrieved 4828: 4818: 4808:February 29, 4806:. Retrieved 4799: 4792:Green, Wayne 4762: 4758: 4748: 4736:. Retrieved 4731: 4722: 4710:. Retrieved 4705: 4684: 4679: 4670: 4665: 4653:. Retrieved 4646: 4622: 4603:. p. 1. 4599: 4592: 4578: 4566:. Retrieved 4561: 4552: 4546:. p. 1. 4544:DDIR read-me 4543: 4537: 4525:. Retrieved 4520: 4511: 4501:February 15, 4499:. Retrieved 4492: 4482: 4470:. Retrieved 4463: 4450: 4438:. Retrieved 4433: 4424: 4412:. Retrieved 4407: 4398: 4388:November 30, 4386:. Retrieved 4381: 4372: 4360:. Retrieved 4355: 4346: 4334:. Retrieved 4329: 4320: 4311: 4306: 4294:. Retrieved 4287: 4264:February 27, 4262:. Retrieved 4252: 4240: 4228: 4216: 4204: 4192: 4180:. Retrieved 4173: 4143:. Retrieved 4139: 4114:. Retrieved 4107: 4100:Green, Wayne 4077:February 28, 4075:. Retrieved 4068: 4037:November 30, 4035:. Retrieved 4033:. p. 27 4030: 4021: 4009:. Retrieved 4000: 3991: 3983: 3976:. Retrieved 3966: 3956:February 26, 3954:. Retrieved 3950: 3940: 3930:February 26, 3928:. Retrieved 3924:the original 3914: 3902:. Retrieved 3890: 3880: 3868:. Retrieved 3861: 3854:Green, Wayne 3831:. Retrieved 3824: 3796:. Retrieved 3789: 3776: 3766:February 15, 3764:. Retrieved 3757: 3747: 3737:February 15, 3735:. Retrieved 3728: 3718: 3706:. Retrieved 3701: 3694:Green, Wayne 3688: 3676:. Retrieved 3671: 3662: 3650:. Retrieved 3646:the original 3641: 3617:. Retrieved 3613:the original 3606: 3597: 3588: 3579: 3567:. Retrieved 3560: 3550: 3538:. Retrieved 3534: 3524: 3512:. Retrieved 3508:the original 3502: 3481:February 28, 3479:. Retrieved 3472: 3445:. Retrieved 3438: 3414:. Retrieved 3410: 3401: 3389:. Retrieved 3384: 3375: 3362: 3350:. Retrieved 3343: 3336:Fylstra, Dan 3305:. Retrieved 3298: 3276: 3268: 3259: 3252:. Retrieved 3247: 3238: 3228:February 28, 3226:. Retrieved 3219: 3190:. Retrieved 3183: 3153:. Retrieved 3146: 3123:the original 3116: 3106: 3094:. Retrieved 3092:. TRS-80.org 3066:February 26, 3064:. Retrieved 3057: 3027:February 28, 3025:. Retrieved 3021:the original 3015: 2991:. Retrieved 2989:. TRS-80.org 2963:. Retrieved 2956: 2897: 2858:February 28, 2856:. Retrieved 2849: 2815: 2805: 2800: 2788:. Retrieved 2784: 2763: 2756:. Retrieved 2721: 2693:. Retrieved 2687: 2674: 2663: 2639: 2635: 2626: 2618: 2604: 2595: 2576: 2544: 2535: 2526: 2511: 2493: 2485: 2455: 2444: 2429: 2426: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2356: 2321: 2314: 2306: 2297: 2291: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2237: 2233: 2230: 2226: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2174: 2172: 2062:Discontinued 2024:Release date 2004:Manufacturer 1986: 1974: 1965: 1951: 1946: 1935: 1930: 1920: 1906: 1870: 1861: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1838: 1832: 1828: 1821: 1815: 1809: 1804: 1797: 1787: 1774: 1768: 1762: 1756: 1754: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1719: 1713: 1707: 1701: 1695: 1689: 1683: 1677: 1669:Lunar Rescue 1667: 1657: 1651: 1644: 1621: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1590: 1583:review of a 1578: 1569: 1553: 1538: 1531: 1529: 1521: 1513: 1502: 1486: 1471: 1421: 1414:Li-Chen Wang 1411: 1406: 1401: 1391: 1385: 1368: 1360: 1348: 1344: 1323: 1302: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1233: 1208: 1201: 1195: 1191: 1171: 1159: 1151: 1150: 1130: 1126: 1123: 1119: 1090: 1087: 1070: 1067: 1058: 1055: 1051: 1045: 1039: 1031: 1025: 1005: 996: 985:Please help 980:verification 977: 949: 946: 928: 924: 903: 901: 890: 870: 854: 839: 829: 794: 778: 732: 728: 721: 711:Adam Osborne 704: 694: 692: 670: 666: 652: 642: 622: 600: 598: 585: 563: 548: 528: 525:Announcement 509: 484:datacassette 456:Cartrivision 445: 408:kit computer 394: 347: 330: 328: 321: 309: 305: 271: 262: 246: 242: 238: 236: 222:semigraphics 127:Discontinued 90:Release date 70:Manufacturer 40: 6674:Matra Alice 6609:Video Genie 6599:Aster CT-80 6498:/12/16/6000 6337:‹ The 6321:October 14, 6293:October 14, 6206:January 21, 6070:December 2, 6018:December 2, 5962:"Inside 80" 5877:December 2, 5851:December 2, 5825:December 2, 5696:October 18, 5661:February 6, 5577:December 2, 5551:October 18, 5504:December 2, 5371:December 2, 5264:December 2, 5192:December 1, 5166:December 2, 5140:October 14, 5084:January 23, 4866:October 17, 4712:December 1, 4655:January 31, 4568:December 1, 4527:December 1, 4472:October 18, 4440:December 1, 4414:December 2, 4362:December 1, 4336:December 1, 4296:October 19, 4182:October 14, 4116:October 17, 4112:. p. 8 3678:December 1, 3652:December 1, 3540:January 23, 3535:Smithsonian 3352:October 17, 3307:January 23, 3192:October 26, 3155:October 17, 3096:January 23, 2993:January 23, 2260:⇪ Caps Lock 2154:Predecessor 1948:July 1983: 1932:Dan Fylstra 1913:hexadecimal 1857:Micro Music 1849:Micro Movie 1817:Android Nim 1776:Space Panic 1770:Apple Panic 1745:Donkey Kong 1636:Lazy Writer 1547:and BASCOM 1429:variables ( 1250:flippy disk 959:Peripherals 897:eye fatigue 836:Wayne Green 635:Smithsonian 531:US$ 150,000 496:US$ 150,000 405:MITS Altair 401:Radio Shack 381:Development 313:floppy disk 293:interpreter 259:Radio Shack 6751:Categories 6708:RadioShack 6539:Tandy 3000 6534:Tandy 2000 6529:Tandy 1000 6177:August 13, 5720:0979346819 5111:October 9, 5078:"VisiCalc" 4934:August 28, 4245:Mazur 1983 4233:Mazur 1983 4209:Mazur 1983 4197:Mazur 1983 4140:TRS-80.org 3951:TRS-80.org 3904:January 9, 3798:January 1, 3569:October 6, 3447:October 6, 3050:Ahl, David 2804:obituary, 2556:References 2363:4 MHz 2310:CompuServe 2096:Zilog Z80A 1811:Sea Dragon 1758:Microchess 1736:(based on 1734:Eliminator 1721:Battlezone 1718:. Atari's 1656:, Atari's 1614:killer app 1594:Broderbund 1575:backgammon 1498:Bill Gates 1418:Tiny BASIC 1407:Disk BASIC 1355:Centronics 1320:Hard drive 1094:base metal 804:memory map 507:generate. 492:Tiny BASIC 145:Units sold 120:US$ 599.95 100:1977-08-03 6199:InfoWorld 5938:InfoWorld 5906:March 21, 5230:Gamasutra 5054:InfoWorld 4998:0192-4575 4895:March 17, 4888:InfoWorld 4825:"Pyramid" 4494:InfoWorld 4070:InfoWorld 3899:0362-4331 3833:March 20, 3826:InfoWorld 3791:InfoWorld 3759:InfoWorld 3730:InfoWorld 3514:March 14, 3474:InfoWorld 3221:InfoWorld 3185:InfoWorld 2851:InfoWorld 2695:August 3, 2615:0010-4841 2451:Tandy 102 2417:Model 100 2292:InfoWorld 2272:typeahead 2162:Successor 2098:@ 2 1983:Model III 1927:Reception 1890:DoubleDOS 1829:13 Ghosts 1694:. Sega's 1679:Make Trax 1659:Asteroids 1632:Multiplan 1571:Blackjack 1554:In 1982, 1509:?L3 ERROR 1505:NewDos/80 1489:Microsoft 1474:tokenized 1353:built by 1335:US$ 2,495 1196:In 1981, 1152:InfoWorld 1073:S-100 bus 1046:Chip Shop 999:July 2017 789:Zilog Z80 781:mainboard 706:InfoWorld 680:Commodore 627:is being 609:Commodore 590:is being 568:is being 454:did with 437:Byte Shop 291:language 278:Zilog Z80 196:Zilog Z80 179:NewDos/80 6701:See also 6659:Color 64 6339:template 6258:80 Micro 6148:80 Micro 6128:July 17, 6121:80 Micro 6092:80 Micro 5967:80 Micro 5899:80 Micro 5749:July 19, 5742:80 Micro 5452:July 15, 5445:80 Micro 5003:June 23, 4990:Kilobaud 4959:80 Micro 4859:80 Micro 4830:80 Micro 4801:80 Micro 4175:80 Micro 4109:80 Micro 4011:July 20, 4005:Archived 3978:March 7, 3863:80 Micro 3708:June 23, 3619:June 10, 3416:March 7, 3391:March 7, 3254:March 7, 2958:80 Micro 2758:March 7, 2575:(2005). 2487:SoftSide 2460:See also 2254:. Often 2204:80 Micro 2143:Backward 2126:Graphics 1921:80 Micro 1902:UltraDOS 1898:MicroDOS 1874:Apple II 1750:Nintendo 1739:Defender 1715:Scarfman 1674:Williams 1653:Galaxian 1628:DeskMate 1624:Scripsit 1617:VisiCalc 1603:80 Micro 1580:80 Micro 1533:80 Micro 1469:errors. 1416:'s free 1377:Software 1341:Printers 1099:VisiCalc 1033:80 Micro 893:phosphor 857:firmware 844:. Dirt, 818:Keyboard 785:keyboard 751:Hardware 663:Delivery 620:template 583:template 561:template 460:CB radio 324:Apple II 198:@ 1.774 108:Lifespan 6649:MX-1600 6639:CD-6809 6433:. 2004. 6341:below ( 6155:May 22, 6099:July 9, 5974:May 22, 5799:May 21, 5478:May 14, 5423:May 14, 5235:May 13, 5029:July 1, 4145:May 20, 3870:May 28, 2965:May 18, 2518:↵ Enter 2432:Kyocera 2403:$ 1,199 2383:$ 1,999 2379:$ 1,699 2331:Model 4 2264:⇧ Shift 2248:⇧ Shift 2240:CONTROL 2166:Model 4 2157:Model I 2118:Display 2072:1983-09 2070: ( 2034:1980-07 2032: ( 1894:DOSPlus 1794:Infocom 1709:Pac-Man 1697:Frogger 1691:Venture 1541:Fortran 1461:, and " 1371:plotter 1305:Exatron 1290:⁄ 1276:⁄ 1243:⁄ 1226:⁄ 908:flicker 684:US$ 500 596: 543:US$ 500 539:US$ 599 535:US$ 399 513:US$ 795 502:to its 468:US$ 199 376:History 247:Model I 217:Display 137:1981-01 135: ( 98: ( 6757:TRS-80 6624:Max-80 6604:LNW-80 6585:Clones 6485:TRS-80 6478:Series 6358:Curlie 6354:TRS-80 6344:Curlie 6312: 6044:May 3, 5718: 5632:May 8, 5603:May 7, 5397:May 8, 5342:May 8, 5316:May 7, 5290:May 8, 5105:80-U.S 4996: 4738:May 1, 3897: 2790:May 6, 2729: 2613: 2583: 2106:Memory 1888:, and 1882:NewDOS 1855:, and 1799:Zork I 1742:) and 1703:Zaxxon 1465:" for 1427:string 1400:, and 1211:Percom 1177:TRSDOS 937:pixels 812:RS-232 688:US$ 50 686:and a 476:US$ 80 448:US$ 30 368:, and 274:QWERTY 243:TRS-80 206:Memory 169:TRSDOS 6664:VC 50 6619:D8000 6226:(PDF) 5622:(PDF) 5024:Antic 2689:Wired 2503:Notes 2440:modem 2387:$ 799 2375:$ 999 2256:CLEAR 2221:Break 2134:Sound 1884:from 1784:' 1764:ELIZA 1664:Taito 1549:BASIC 1545:COBOL 1482:PRINT 1463:SORRY 1451:WHAT? 1388:BASIC 1382:BASIC 1146:RESET 1141:Reset 1137:Break 1133:RESET 1111:SPACE 920:games 861:KBFIX 656:' 618:‹The 581:‹The 559:‹The 464:US$ 5 452:Sears 432:SC/MP 412:buyer 228:Sound 209:4–48 6546:/200 6522:PC-3 6517:PC-2 6512:PC-1 6409:Byte 6323:2021 6310:ISBN 6295:2021 6267:2019 6238:2019 6208:2015 6179:2013 6157:2019 6130:2020 6101:2020 6072:2022 6046:2017 6020:2022 5976:2019 5947:2011 5908:2011 5879:2022 5853:2022 5827:2022 5801:2019 5774:Byte 5751:2020 5716:ISBN 5698:2013 5689:Byte 5663:2015 5654:Byte 5634:2019 5605:2019 5579:2022 5553:2013 5544:Byte 5506:2022 5480:2019 5454:2020 5425:2019 5399:2019 5373:2022 5344:2019 5318:2019 5292:2019 5266:2022 5237:2019 5194:2022 5168:2022 5142:2016 5113:2019 5086:2015 5063:2015 5031:2021 5005:2014 4994:ISSN 4968:2015 4936:2016 4927:Byte 4897:2019 4868:2013 4839:2015 4810:2020 4740:2019 4714:2022 4657:2015 4648:Byte 4624:Byte 4570:2022 4529:2022 4503:2015 4474:2013 4465:Byte 4442:2022 4416:2022 4390:2022 4364:2022 4338:2022 4298:2013 4289:Byte 4266:2016 4184:2021 4147:2019 4118:2013 4079:2011 4039:2022 4013:2010 3980:2015 3958:2020 3932:2011 3906:2024 3895:ISSN 3872:2019 3835:2020 3800:2015 3768:2015 3739:2015 3710:2014 3680:2022 3654:2022 3621:2008 3608:Byte 3571:2015 3542:2015 3516:2011 3483:2011 3449:2015 3418:2021 3393:2021 3354:2013 3345:Byte 3309:2015 3256:2021 3230:2011 3194:2016 3157:2013 3118:Time 3098:2015 3068:2011 3029:2011 2995:2015 2967:2019 2860:2011 2792:2010 2760:2015 2727:ISBN 2697:2012 2665:Time 2611:ISSN 2581:ISBN 2014:Type 1936:Byte 1909:CP/M 1878:LDOS 1851:and 1837:and 1781:Epyx 1700:and 1688:and 1685:Targ 1626:and 1573:and 1455:HOW? 1433:and 1362:the 1327:LDOS 1314:baud 1203:Byte 810:and 800:ROMs 795:The 783:and 671:Byte 653:Byte 511:the 410:was 237:The 174:LDOS 80:Type 6356:at 4767:doi 2765:III 2447:ROM 2436:LCD 2317:CRT 2180:FCC 2100:MHz 2091:CPU 1728:as 1676:'s 1666:'s 1560:APL 1447:A() 1435:B$ 1431:A$ 1398:ROM 1044:'s 1042:BBC 989:by 912:CPU 736:FCC 637:'s 613:PET 518:RCA 474:of 399:'s 295:in 200:MHz 191:CPU 182:, 6753:: 6429:, 6425:. 6419:. 6255:. 6228:. 6196:. 6118:. 6089:. 6062:. 6036:. 6010:. 5992:. 5964:. 5935:. 5916:^ 5896:. 5869:. 5843:. 5817:. 5791:. 5771:. 5739:. 5686:. 5671:^ 5651:. 5624:. 5595:. 5569:. 5541:. 5522:. 5496:. 5470:. 5442:. 5415:. 5389:. 5363:. 5352:^ 5334:. 5308:. 5282:. 5256:. 5245:^ 5228:. 5202:^ 5184:. 5158:. 5130:. 5103:. 5051:. 5022:. 4988:. 4956:. 4924:. 4905:^ 4885:. 4856:. 4827:. 4798:. 4781:^ 4763:13 4761:. 4757:. 4730:. 4704:. 4693:^ 4645:. 4633:^ 4621:. 4609:^ 4560:. 4519:. 4491:. 4462:. 4432:. 4406:. 4380:. 4354:. 4328:. 4286:. 4274:^ 4172:. 4155:^ 4138:. 4126:^ 4106:. 4087:^ 4067:. 4047:^ 4029:. 4003:. 3999:. 3982:. 3949:. 3889:. 3860:. 3843:^ 3823:. 3808:^ 3788:. 3756:. 3727:. 3700:. 3670:. 3640:. 3629:^ 3605:. 3587:. 3559:. 3533:. 3491:^ 3471:. 3457:^ 3437:. 3426:^ 3409:. 3383:. 3342:. 3317:^ 3297:. 3286:^ 3275:. 3258:. 3246:. 3218:. 3202:^ 3182:. 3165:^ 3145:. 3131:^ 3115:. 3076:^ 3056:. 3037:^ 3003:^ 2975:^ 2908:^ 2896:. 2868:^ 2848:. 2827:^ 2783:. 2772:^ 2762:. 2741:^ 2705:^ 2686:. 2662:. 2647:^ 2634:. 2617:. 2603:. 2564:^ 2371:× 2327:. 2186:. 2111:KB 2109:4 1900:, 1896:, 1892:, 1859:. 1786:s 1672:, 1662:, 1638:, 1605:. 1543:, 1478:P. 1441:– 1409:. 1373:. 1148:. 955:. 904:is 797:OS 744:AM 678:, 631:.› 594:.› 572:.› 372:. 364:, 360:, 356:, 345:. 282:KB 269:. 211:KB 176:, 172:, 6587:, 6463:e 6456:t 6449:v 6325:. 6297:. 6269:. 6240:. 6210:. 6181:. 6159:. 6132:. 6103:. 6074:. 6048:. 6022:. 5996:. 5978:. 5949:. 5910:. 5881:. 5855:. 5829:. 5803:. 5753:. 5700:. 5665:. 5636:. 5607:. 5581:. 5555:. 5526:. 5508:. 5482:. 5456:. 5427:. 5401:. 5375:. 5346:. 5320:. 5294:. 5268:. 5239:. 5196:. 5170:. 5144:. 5115:. 5088:. 5065:. 5033:. 5007:. 4970:. 4938:. 4899:. 4870:. 4841:. 4812:. 4775:. 4769:: 4742:. 4716:. 4659:. 4572:. 4531:. 4505:. 4476:. 4444:. 4418:. 4392:. 4366:. 4340:. 4300:. 4268:. 4186:. 4149:. 4120:. 4081:. 4041:. 4015:. 3960:. 3934:. 3908:. 3874:. 3837:. 3802:. 3770:. 3741:. 3712:. 3682:. 3656:. 3623:. 3591:. 3573:. 3544:. 3518:. 3485:. 3451:. 3420:. 3395:. 3356:. 3311:. 3232:. 3196:. 3159:. 3100:. 3070:. 3031:. 2997:. 2969:. 2862:. 2794:. 2735:. 2699:. 2668:. 2589:. 2268:0 2266:+ 2252:↑ 2250:+ 2244:@ 2074:) 2036:) 1972:. 1443:Z 1439:A 1292:2 1288:1 1285:+ 1283:3 1278:4 1274:1 1271:+ 1269:5 1245:4 1241:1 1238:+ 1236:5 1228:4 1224:1 1221:+ 1219:5 1139:+ 1115:✶ 1113:+ 1109:+ 1107:C 1105:+ 1103:V 1012:) 1006:( 1001:) 997:( 983:. 241:( 139:) 102:) 38:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index