TV and FM DX - Knowledge

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or radio signal is capable of being reflected up to distances approaching that of conventional Sporadic E propagation, typically about 1500 km (1000 miles). A signal reflected by such meteor ionisation can vary in duration from fractions of a second up to several minutes for intensely ionized trails. The events are classified as overdense and underdense, depending on the electron line-density (related to used frequency) of the trail plasma. The signal from overdense trail has a longer signal decay associated with fading and is physically a reflection from the ionized cylinder surface, while an underdense trail gives a signal of short duration, which rises fast and decays exponentially and is scattered from individual electrons inside the trail.

567:, as with amateur-radio practice, EME signals can generally only be detected using narrow-band receiving systems. This means that the only aspect of the TV signal that could be detected is the field scan modulation (AM vision carrier). FM broadcast signals also feature wide frequency modulation, hence EME reception is generally not possible. There are no published records of VHF/UHF EME amateur radio contacts using FM. 441:(560 km). When short-skip Es reception occurs, i.e., under 500 miles (800 km) in band I, there is a greater possibility that the ionized Es cloud will be capable of reflecting a signal at a much higher frequency – i.e., a VHF band 3 channel – since a sharp reflection angle (short skip) favours low frequencies, a shallower reflection angle from the same ionized cloud will favour a higher frequency. 942: 918:

may allow a lower-definition signal to be received even if the details of the full signal cannot be decoded. In reality, though, it's actually much more difficult to get DVB-T E-skip reception as the lowest channel DVB-T transmissions operate on is channel E5 which is 178 MHz. A unique issue observed

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periods, when the geomagnetic field is at right angle to Sun for efficient charged particle coupling. Signals propagated by aurora have a characteristic hum effect, which makes video and audio reception difficult. Video carriers, as heard on a communications receiver, no longer can be heard as a pure

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The aurora produces a reflecting sheet (or metric sized columns) which tends to lie in a vertical plane. The result of this vertical ionospheric "curtain" is reflection of signals well into the upper VHF band. The reflection is very aspect sensitive. Since the reflecting sheet lies towards the poles,

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The second type of TEP peaks in the evening around 1900 to 2300 hours local time. Signals are possible up to 220 MHz, and even very rarely on 432 MHz. Evening TEP is quenched by moderate to severe geomagnetic disturbances. The occurrence of evening TEP is more heavily dependent on high solar activity

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on frequencies as high as 432 MHz. Reception of lower frequencies in the 30 – 70 MHz range are most common. If sunspot activity is sufficiently high, signals up to 108 MHz are also possible. Reception of TEP signals above 220 MHz is extremely rare. Transmitting and receiving stations should be nearly

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While only a limited number of local stations can normally be received at satisfactory signal strengths in any given area, tuning into other channels may reveal weaker signals from adjacent areas. More consistently strong signals, especially those accentuated by unusual atmospheric conditions, can be

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Over the last few years, FM DXing using computers became more popular then ever, people have started using different software for DXing based on their devices, as it provides more comfort and receivers can also be tuned remotely. This allows DXers to place their antennas in remote places without the

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Frequencies in the range of 50 to 80 MHz have been found to be optimum for meteor scatter propagation. The 88 – 108 MHz FM broadcast band is also highly suited for meteor scatter experiments. During the major meteor showers, with extremely intense trails, band III 175 – 220 MHz signal reception

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In June 1945, the FCC decided that FM would have to move from the established 42 – 50 MHz pre-war band to a new band at 88 – 108 MHz. According to 1945 and 1946 FCC documents, the three major factors which the commission considered in its decision to place FM in the 88 – 108 MHz band were sporadic E

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can arise after more distant signals are either intentionally or accidentally discovered, leading to a serious interest in improving the listener's antenna and receiving installation for the purpose of actively seeking long-range television and radio reception. The TV-FM DX hobby is somewhat similar

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is formed at the height of the E layer. This slender, ionized column is relatively long, and when first formed is sufficiently dense to reflect and scatter television and radio signals, generally observable from 25 MHz upwards through UHF TV, back to earth. Consequently, an incident television

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The first large-scale VHF TEP communications occurred around 1957 – 58 during the peak of solar cycle 19. Around 1970, the peak of cycle 20, many TEP contacts were made between Australian and Japanese radio amateurs. With the rise of cycle 21 starting around 1977, amateur contacts were made between

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shift can occur, single-hop Sporadic E signals tend to remain in the original transmitted polarisation. Long single-hop (900–1,500 miles or 1,400–2,400 kilometres) Sporadic E television signals tend to be more stable and relatively free of multipath images. Shorter-skip (400–800 miles or 640–1,290

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surrounding earth. The aurora-producing relativistic electrons eventually precipitate towards Earth's magnetic poles, resulting in an aurora which disrupts short-wave communications (SID) due to ionospheric/magnetic storms in the D, E, and F layers. Various visual effects are also seen in the sky

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Afternoon TEP peaks during the mid-afternoon and early evening hours and is generally limited to distances of 4,000–5,000 miles (6,400–8,000 km). Signals propagated by this mode are limited to approximately 60 MHz. Afternoon TEP signals tend to have high signal strength and suffer moderate

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The effect of a typical visually seen single meteor (of size 0.5 mm) shows up as a sudden "burst" of signal of short duration at a point not normally reached by the transmitter. The combined effect of several meteors impinging on earth's atmosphere, while perhaps too weak to provide long-term

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band I (TV channels 2 – 6) and band II (88 – 108 MHz FM broadcast band). The typical expected distances are about 600 to 1,400 miles (970 to 2,250 km). However, under exceptional circumstances, a highly ionized Es cloud can propagate band I VHF signals down to approximately 350 miles

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was that very distant analog stations were viewable in the hours after the permanent shutdown of local analog transmitters in June 2009. This was particularly pronounced because June is one of the strongest months for DX reception on VHF, and most digital stations were assigned to UHF.

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occurs, with upper air warmer than lower air, VHF and UHF radio waves can be refracted over the Earth's surface instead of following a straight-line path into space or into the ground. Such "tropospheric ducting" can carry signals for 800 km (500 miles) or more, far beyond usual range.

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it follows that reflected signals will arrive from that general direction. An active region or coronal hole may persist for some 27 days resulting in a second aurora when the Sun has rotated. There is a tendency for auroras to occur around the March/April, September/October

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For observing meteor shower-related radio signals, the shower's radiant must be above the (propagation mid path) horizon. Otherwise no meteor of the shower can hit the atmosphere along the propagation path and no reflections from the shower's meteor trails can be observed.

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first published a regular TV DX column edited by Charles Rafarel. By 1970, Rafarel's column had attracted considerable interest from TV DXers worldwide. After Rafarel's death in 1971, UK TV DXer Roger Bunney continued the monthly column, which continued to be published by

224:(FCC), a U.S. government agency, formally allocated the 42 – 50 MHz band for FM radio broadcasting. It was soon apparent that distant FM signals from up to 1,400 miles (2,300 km) distance would often interfere with local stations during the summer months. 716:

of earth relative to the velocity of the particles is greatest which also increases the number of meteors occurring on the morning-side of the earth, but some sporadic meteor reflections can be received at any time of the day, least in the early evening.

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reception is related in certain aspects. For example, reception of satellite signals requires sensitive receiving systems and large outdoor antenna systems. However, unlike terrestrial TV DX, satellite UHF TV reception is far easier to predict. The

641:. When such an eruption occurs, charged particles from the flare may spiral towards Earth arriving about a day later. This may or may not cause an aurora: if the interstellar magnetic field has same polarity, the particles do not get coupled to the 79:

system connected to a sensitive TV or FM receiver, although this may not always be the case. Many times smaller antennas and receivers such as those in vehicles will receive stations farther than normal depending on how favourable conditions are.

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have provided tentative correlations. There seems to be a positive correlation between sunspot maximum and Es activity in Europe. Conversely, there seems to be a negative correlation between maximum sunspot activity and Es activity in

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A typical radio aurora occurs in the afternoon, which produces strong and distorted signals for few hours. The local midnight sub-storming usually produces weaker signals, but with less distortion by Doppler from gyrating electrons.

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total path loss places great demand on high-gain receiving antennas, high-power transmissions, and sensitive receiving systems. Even when all these factors are observed, the resulting signal level is often just above the noise.

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Ionized trails generally reflect lower frequencies for longer periods (and produce stronger signals) compared to higher frequencies. For example, an 8-second burst on 45.25 MHz may only cause a 4-second burst at 90.5 MHz.

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via moonbounce. At the time of the experiment there were only two known transmitters operating in the United States on UHF television channel 68, the main reason why this channel was selected for EME experiments.

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Because the 42 – 50 MHz FM signals were originally intended to only cover a relatively confined service area, the sporadic long-distance signal propagation was seen as a nuisance, especially by station management.

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satellite at 22,375 miles (36,009 km) height is a line of sight reception source. If the satellite is above the horizon, it can be generally received, if it is below the horizon, reception is not possible.

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TV standard mandated in the U.S. However, when the signal is strong enough to be decoded identification is much easier than with analog TV as the picture is guaranteed to be noise-free when present. For

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are present, television and radio signals sometimes can be received hundreds or even thousands of miles outside their intended coverage area. These signals are often received using a large outdoor

251:, telling of daily reception of this station between 3:00 P.M. and 6:00 P.M. This is the greatest distance, 1,100 miles, from which consistent reception of the 50 transmitter has been reported." 464:

Discovered in 1947, transequatorial spread-F (TE) propagation makes it possible for reception of television and radio stations between 3,000–5,000 miles (4,800–8,000 km) across the

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The F2 layer is found about 200 miles (320 km) above the Earth's surface and can reflect radio waves back toward the Earth. When the layer is particularly strong during periods of high

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efficiently. Besides sunspot-related active solar surface areas, other solar phenomena that produce particles causing auroras, such as re-occurring coronal holes spraying out intense

105:, and organisations such as the Worldwide TV-FM DX Association have developed to coordinate and foster the further study and enjoyment of VHF/UHF television and FM broadcast DX. 323:

in June 2008, Bunney's column finished after 36 years of publication. In addition to the monthly TV DX column, Bunney has also published several TV DX books, including

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band III (175 – 230 MHz) television signals back to Earth. While not yet confirmed, FM broadcast EME reception may also be possible using the Arecibo dish antenna.

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and reflect TV and FM frequencies, generally up to about 150 MHz. When frequencies reflect off multiple patches, it is referred to as multi-hop skip. E-skip allows

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Television and FM signals received via Sporadic E can be extremely strong and range in strength over a short period from just detectable to overloading. Although

365:, at altitudes up to about to 17 km (11 miles). Weather conditions in the lower atmosphere can produce radio propagation over greater ranges than normal. If a 1710: 2012: 1762: 293:

In 1957, the world record for TV DX was extended to 10,800 miles (17,400 km) with the reception of Britain's channel BBC TV in various parts of

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activity, FM and TV reception can take place over 2000 miles (3000 km) or more, as the signal effectively "bounces" off the high atmospheric layer.

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No conclusive theory has yet been formulated as to the origin of Sporadic E. Attempts to connect the incidence of Sporadic E with the eleven-year

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began. After the BBC Television Service recommenced in 1946, distant reception reports were received from various parts of the world, including

2051: 2022: 2282: 1230: 301:, received viewable pictures and audio of a news program from the BBC TV London station. This BBC F2 reception was recorded on movie film. 1261: 426:

kilometres) signals tend to be reflected from more than one part of the Sporadic E layer, resulting in multiple images and ghosting, with

1620: 2247: 2071: 924: 658:. The same effect occurs in the Southern Hemisphere, but the visual effects are towards the south. The auroral event starts by onset of 164:, who also shared announcing duties with Jasmine, an excerpt from an unknown period costume drama and the BBC's station identification 71:) in areas where the broadcast spectrum is congested, and about 50 percent farther in the absence of interference. However, providing 989: 344: 332: 221: 131:

was introduced in 1936, it soon became apparent that television could be received well outside the original intended service area.

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to observe the Moon at a variety of frequencies. This experiment demonstrated that the lunar surface is capable of reflecting

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to travel a thousand miles or even more beyond their intended area of reception. E-skip is unrelated to tropospheric ducting.

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During the 1950s to early 1960s, long-distance television reports started to circulate via popular U.S. electronics hobbyist

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television and radio signals are normally limited to a maximum "deep fringe" reception service area of approximately 40–100

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At polar latitudes, Sporadic E can accompany auroras and associated disturbed magnetic conditions and is called Auroral-E.

2032: 1524: 1660: 555:'s mean distance from Earth is 239,000 miles (385,000 km), path losses are very high. It follows that a typical 240 1959: 361:

Tropospheric propagation refers to the way radio signals travel through the lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere, the

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Since 1953, radio amateurs have been experimenting with lunar communications by reflecting VHF and UHF signals off the

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In February 1942, the first known published long-distance FM broadcast station reception report was reported by

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at times. Picture degradation and signal-strength attenuation increases with each subsequent Sporadic E hop.

2209: 2108: 2061: 1969: 915: 1632: 618:, low noise masthead preamplifier, VHF/UHF synthesised communications receiver, and personal computer with 2287: 2103: 2017: 1859: 1611:

is a non-commercial worldwide database of FM stations, including a bandscan and logbook tool (FMINFO/myFM)

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can also be received; however, there is much greater difficulty with reception of weak signals due to the

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is most likely to occur during periods of high solar activity when there is a high probability of a large

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The optimum time for receiving RF reflections off sporadic meteors is the early morning period, when the

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During the mid-1970s, John Yurek, K3PGP, using a home-constructed, 24-foot (7.3 m), 0.6-focal-diameter

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Sporadic E, also called E-skip, is the phenomenon of irregularly scattered patches of relatively dense

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allows communication on Earth between any two points that can observe the Moon at a common time.

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Polish blog about DXing (with English articles), also containing tutorials on building FM yagis.

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reception prediction of FM, TV, MW, SW stations (also use the expert options for better results)

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During late September 2001, from 2000 to 2400 local time, VHF television and radio signals from

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software could be used to successfully detect extremely weak UHF television carriers via EME.

622: 499:"Afternoon" and "evening" are two distinctly different types of trans-equatorial propagation. 340: 328: 282: 248: 236: 186:, and is now considered to be the only surviving example of pre-war, live British television. 183: 649:. These charged particles are affected and captured by the geomagnetic field and the various 2225: 2169: 1983: 1794: 1719: 161: 114: 102: 1645:

Mailing Lists for Radio, Television, Amateur and other related information for Enthusiasts.

2194: 2164: 1800: 1138: 286:. In January 1960, the TV DX interest was further promoted via Robert B. Cooper's regular 76: 1688: 1804: 963: 871: 838: 809: 379: 305: 143: 1208: 247:: "Zenith Radio Corporation, operating W51C, has received a letter from a listener in 2276: 2179: 1904: 1784: 1723: 894: 747: 737: 448: 427: 210: 157: 94: 38: 1587: 2251: 1726: 1441: 1368: 1097: 902: 875: 860: 856: 615: 198: 190: 156:

The flickering black-and-white footage (characteristic of F2 propagation) included

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ionisation, is thought to contribute to the existence of the night-time E layer.

2174: 1999: 1790: 1022: 725: 638: 580: 470: 453: 362: 206: 1175: 2056: 2042: 1744: 646: 592: 433: 415: 411: 403: 146: 50: 1343: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2128: 2119: 1978: 920: 842: 830: 800: 611: 294: 240: 214: 176: 150: 68: 1642: 874:, received one of the few remaining analog terrestrial transmissions from 826:, was the first DXer to receive viewable pictures from the 860 MHz Indian 1869: 1822: 1780: 1479: 778: 759: 753: 743: 713: 693: 552: 528:

up to 220 MHz were received via evening transequatorial propagation near

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dish and UHF TV dipole feed-point tuned to channel 68, received KVST-68

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co-channel interference, F2 layer interference, and extent of coverage.

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When a meteor strikes earth's atmosphere, a cylindrical region of free

667: 556: 473: 465: 385: 128: 1326:"K3PGP – Experimenters Corner – K3PGP UHF TV reception via EME (1970)" 2133: 1949: 1923: 1918: 1877: 1828: 1814: 879: 784: 731: 686: 481: 244: 118: 1532: 1460: 1325: 1670: 1394: 689:

scatter occurs when a signal bounces off a meteor's ionized trail.

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Frequencies up to 200 MHz can be affected by auroral propagation.

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Online list of currently active servers, which users can DX from.

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The BBC temporarily ceased transmissions on September 1, 1939 as

1557: 906: 804: 774:(Note: activity varies, outburst only at about 33 year interval) 541: 180: 165: 64: 2089: 1692: 1038: 1018:(suitable for Sony XDR devices and NXP TEF668x-based receivers) 1602: 935: 135: 124: 1416: 1030:(suitable for Sony XDR devices, NXP TEF668x based tuners and 878:, which is being periodically picked up and relayed by newer 325:

Long Distance Television Reception (TV-DX) for the Enthusiast

662:, followed by number of sub-storms over the next day or so. 27:

Long-distance reception of signals on the VHF frequency band

1582: 1480:"William Hepburn's VHF / UHF Tropospheric Ducting Forecast" 1010: 1572: 160:, one of the original BBC announcers, and a brief shot of 1614: 1608: 1131: 1054: 45:

received during unusual atmospheric conditions. The term

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researching meteor showers with Radio Meteor Observation

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Dr. Tony Mann demonstrated that a single high-gain UHF

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The International Project for Radio Meteor Observation

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William Hepburn's TV & Radio DX Information Centre

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Although not by strict definition terrestrial TV DX,

142:, accidentally received a 3,000-mile (4,800 km) 1578:

Girard Westerberg's page, including a live DX webcam

970:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a 720:

The annual major meteor showers are detailed below:

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Meteor Burst Technology used for Data Communication

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Earth – Moon – Earth (EME) propagation (Moonbounce)

1682: 1505:. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007 1003:need of being at the mentioned place while DXing. 168:transmitted at the beginning and end of the day's 93:to other radio/electronic related hobbies such as 1666:VHF-DX network in South America and The Caribbean 1344:"Eavesdropping Mode and Radio Leakage from Earth" 1296:: Moonbounce Advances the State of the Radio Art" 496:), and between Central and South America by TEP. 1300:ARRL, the national association for Amateur Radio 859:, received 714 MHz television pictures from the 134:For example, in November 1938, engineers at the 88:. The development of interest in TV-FM DX as a 1369:"UHF TV carrier detection by moonbounce (EME)" 870:In 2022, amateur radio operator Derek OK9SGC, 235:. The report provided details of 45.1MHz W51C 1704: 8: 571:Notable Earth-Moon-Earth (EME) DX receptions 1417:"Amateur radio page of Ian Roberts, ZS6BTE" 488:and Southern Africa (both South Africa and 2086: 1894: 1737: 1711: 1697: 1689: 1231:"George Palmer – Australian TV DX Pioneer" 990:Learn how and when to remove this message 508:distortion due to multipath reflections. 817:Notable Satellite UHF TVRO DX receptions 1124: 1006:Most popular programs among DXers are: 1516: 951:contains content that is written like 1573:Worldwide TV/FM DX Association Forums 654:towards the north – aptly called the 7: 1442:"Amateur radio page of Derek OK9SGC" 153:, 405-line BBC Television service. 1558:european DXTV reception in the 60's 1155:Alexandra Palace Television Society 925:DTV transition in the United States 822:In December 1975, Stephen Birkill, 591:For three nights in December 1978, 406:that develop seasonally within the 1262:"Darwin, Australia VHF DXpedition" 37:is the active search for distant 25: 1651:– From Fort Walton Beach, Florida 1348:NASA CP-2156 Life In The Universe 460:Transequatorial propagation (TEP) 297:. Most notably, George Palmer in 222:Federal Communications Commission 73:favourable atmospheric conditions 2245: 1605:Home of FM & TV DX in Sicily 1180:History of American Broadcasting 940: 841:, for the purpose of providing 392:Sporadic E propagation (E-skip) 2185:Error detection and correction 1568:Worldwide TV/FM DX Association 1533:"Optical Echoes from the Moon" 1465:Worldwide TV-FM DX Association 867:-class Statsionar-T satellite. 53:term meaning "long distance." 1: 1617:AM/FM/DAB database for France 1387:"RWT and the History of TVRO" 149:broadcast of the London 45.0 1537:K3PGP.Experimenter's. Corner 1176:"FM Broadcasting Chronology" 517:than is the afternoon type. 304:During the early 1960s, the 2283:Radio frequency propagation 2258:Comparison of radio systems 1633:Herman Wijnants' FMDX pages 1588:Todd Emslie's TV FM DX Site 1503:Matthew C. Sittel's DX Page 1373:internal.physics.uwa.edu.au 1132:Official WTFDA Club Website 2304: 2231:International broadcasting 2200:FM extended band in Brazil 1661:FM DX RDS LogBook Software 1260:Mann, Tony; Emslie, Todd. 1201:"FM Radio Finds its Niche" 1151:"First Live BBC Recording" 682:Meteor scatter propagation 583:(1200 kW ERP) and WBTB-68 530:Darwin, Northern Territory 436:usually affects the lower 395: 377: 354: 84:achieved by improving the 2239: 2085: 1523:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 1391:Real-World Technology Ltd 1499:"Bellevue, NE DX Photos" 1266:Todd Emslie's TV DX Page 1235:Todd Emslie's TV DX Page 905:, particularly with the 597:Woodruff T. 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Archived from 1197: 1191: 1190: 1188: 1186: 1172: 1166: 1165: 1163: 1161: 1147: 1141: 1129: 995: 988: 984: 981: 975: 953:an advertisement 944: 943: 936: 764:November 3 – 5: 752:August 12 – 13: 162:Elizabeth Cowell 115:Alexandra Palace 103:short-wave radio 21: 2303: 2302: 2298: 2297: 2296: 2294: 2293: 2292: 2273: 2272: 2271: 2262: 2246: 2244: 2235: 2214: 2195:FM broadcasting 2165:AM broadcasting 2153: 2113: 2092: 2081: 2037: 1990: 1964: 1933:Digital systems 1928: 1913: 1882: 1843:Digital systems 1838: 1767: 1729: 1717: 1554: 1541: 1539: 1531: 1515: 1508: 1506: 1497: 1488: 1486: 1478: 1469: 1467: 1459: 1456: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1439: 1435: 1425: 1423: 1415: 1414: 1410: 1400: 1398: 1385: 1384: 1380: 1367: 1366: 1362: 1352: 1350: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1324: 1323: 1319: 1309: 1307: 1290: 1289: 1285: 1275: 1273: 1272:on May 18, 2022 1259: 1258: 1254: 1244: 1242: 1229: 1228: 1224: 1214: 1212: 1199: 1198: 1194: 1184: 1182: 1174: 1173: 1169: 1159: 1157: 1149: 1148: 1144: 1139:Wayback Machine 1130: 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