727:
the
Lebanese Army under the command of Hayek entered the Aley and Chouf districts, taking position at former PLA checkpoints and seizing all artillery material. The Chouf Mountains were the last areas of Mount Lebanon that the LAF moved into. Slowly after, Christians began returning to their homeland in these territories, but it was not until the Mountain Reconciliation in 2001 that the mass return of Christians was finalized.
576:
86:
188:
45:
702:. Soon after, barrages and checkpoints blocking access between the cantons were dismantled, allowing traffic to move freely between the East and West for the first time since 1976. In addition, the LAF moved into Martyrs’ Square, which had been the site of some of the most intense fighting in the entire Civil War. On 3 December 1990
764:
On 4 July 1991, following the failure of disarmament negotiations, as required by the Taif agreement, the
Lebanese Army attacked Palestinian positions in Southern Lebanon. The offensive, involving 10,000 troops against an estimated 5,000 militia, lasted 3 days and ended with the Army taking all the
726:
The LAF had not been present in the Chouf and most parts of Aley since 1975 when fighting first broke out; in addition, the area was devoid of
Christians following an ethnic cleansing committed by Jumblatt’s PLA during the 1983 Mountain War. On 30 April 1991, the final date of militia disbandment,
797:
The agreement stipulated the withdrawal of all Syrian troops to the Beqaa valley by 2 years at most, but did not provide a time frame for their full withdrawal of the country. This loophole enabled the Syrian Arab Army to occupy the Beqaa for the next 15 years and dominate political life for the
454:
The agreement also provided for the disarmament of all national and non national militias. Hezbollah was allowed to stay armed in its capacity as a "resistance force" rather than a militia, fighting Israel in the south, a privilege obtained – according to the
Swedish academic Magnus Ranstorp – in
450:
on 22 September 1988. This had caused a serious political crisis of a split premiership, as the post was reserved for a Sunni Muslim due to the
National Pact of 1943, and Omar Karami held this office. The Taif agreement helped to overcome this crisis by preparing the election of a new president.
735:
Up until the 30 April 1991, all LF apparatus and positions were integrated into the national army. The army entered the districts of
Bcharre (LF/Maronite heartland) to take command of any remaining positions, although there was no animosity or historic entrance as two presidents during the war
788:
The LAF entered the South in 2000 for the first time since 1976 – 34 years after it retreated following the
Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon. Despite the IDF withdrawal in 2000, Hezbollah did not disarm - with approval from President Lahoud and Syria - in violation of the Taif Accord.
784:
by Israel and the South
Lebanon Army (SLA) militia, the army was not deployed there until the year 2000, when Israel and the SLA retreated South of the Blue Line. As a result of the occupation in 1989, the Taif Agreement enabled "resistance" groups to remain armed in the South until Israeli
437:
Muslim Prime
Minister was appointed by and responsible to the Maronite President. After the Taif agreement the Prime Minister was responsible to the legislature, as in a traditional parliamentary system. Therefore, the agreement changed the power-sharing formula that had favoured the
539:
Article 17 of the constitution was amended from "the executive power is vested in the
President of the Republic, who exercises with the assistance of his ministers" to "the executive power is vested in the Council of Ministers, who exercise it according to the dispositions of this
458:
Although the Taif Agreement identified the abolition of political sectarianism as a national priority, it provided no timeframe for doing so. The Chamber of Deputies was increased in size to 128 members, shared equally between Christians and Muslims, rather than elected by
390:, especially Syria. In other words, the Taif Accord positioned Lebanon as a country with "an Arab identity and belonging." The agreement was finalized and confirmed only after the development of an anti-Saddam Hussein international alliance. The alliance included
555:
Nominate or dismiss state employees, which became the Council's duty. In reality, this had little impact in political life as civil servants were generally nominated by ministers and then voted on in cabinet, before being appointed by the
677:
and East from Beirut into the Metn and Baabda. Following the battle for the Presidential Palace in which 150 of their soldiers were killed the Syrian army executed up to 80 of the defenders. Atrocities also occurred in the Metn where the
744:
Most Syrian troops withdrew from Akkar and Tripoli in the two years following Hrawi's signature of the Accord to Tartous governorate in Syria or the Beqaa Valley in Lebanon (as there was no time limit on their presence in the Beqaa).
367:, by the surviving members of Lebanon's 1972 parliament. The agreement came into effect with the active mediation of Saudi Arabia, discreet participation by the United States, and behind-the-scenes influence from Syria.
644:
The LF had already agreed to hand over the Keserwan and Jbeil districts in April 1990 to the LAF under General Elie Hayek (Mount Lebanon commander), with the condition that its 10,000 men strong force remain intact.
474:, although there is ongoing debate about whether this power has shifted to the Council as a whole or the Prime Minister. The president, having had significant executive power prior to the agreement, was reduced to a
710:
officially withdrew from East Beirut with a 2,000 man parade featuring hundreds of vehicles, including tanks and artillery. They also stripped Beirut port of all its equipment including cranes and tugboats.
463:
that would have provided a Muslim majority (excluding the expatriate community, a majority of which is Christian). A cabinet was established similarly divided equally between Christians and Muslims.
561:"The Chamber of Deputies shall take the appropriate measures to bring about the abolition of political confessionalism according to a transitional plan." (Article 95 of the constitution)
386:
was a former Saudi diplomatic representative, he played a significant role in constructing the Taif Agreement. It is also argued that the Taif Accord reoriented Lebanon toward the
529:
The agreement contained multiple constitutional amendments, which came into force following President Hrawi's signature in September 1990. Among the most major changes:
442:
to a 50:50 ratio and enhanced the powers of the Sunni Prime Minister over those of the Christian president. Prior to the Taif negotiations, a Maronite Christian, General
1141:
761:
fighters crushed a revolt by a group of their own members who refused to leave their positions in one of the villages. 10 people were killed in the fighting.
661:
areas, which had been the heartland of the Phalange Party and the LF since the 1950s, experienced unprecedented fighting and shelling following Michel Aoun’s
781:
754:
328:
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Hrawi’s government set 30 April 1991 as the final date imposing the surrender of all territory, heavy artillery, and disbandment of militias.
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1092:
888:
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Christian community, which had been given a privileged status in Lebanon under the period of French rule. Prior to the agreement, the
695:
662:
623:
249:
231:
169:
72:
198:
430:
1011:
F. Salloukh, Bassel (September 2006). "The Limits of Electoral Engineering in Divided Societies: Elections in Postwar Lebanon".
769:. In the agreement that followed all heavy weapons were surrendered and infantry weapons only allowed in the two refugee camps,
597:
471:
103:
58:
1279:
601:
150:
107:
122:
536:
The term duration of the Speaker of the House was increased from one year to four years. (Article 44 of the constitution)
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336:
31:
1316:
1199:
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Introduce laws in Parliament. Instead, he introduces them to the Cabinet, who then vote to transmit it to Parliament.
129:
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213:
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605:
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209:
96:
669:’s LF. On 13 October 1990, during the Syrian assault on Baabda Palace, Aoun escaped to the French embassy. The
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335:. Though the agreement set a time frame for withdrawal of Syrian military forces from Lebanon, stipulating that
136:
1301:
1058:
343:
did not withdraw its forces from the country until 2005. It was signed on 22 October 1989 and ratified by the
798:
same period, until its complete retreat in March 2005 following the Cedar Revolution and UN Resolution 1559.
736:(Bachir and Amine Gemayel) had been Phalangists, therefore army/LF cooperation had been an everyday affair.
439:
320:
118:
774:
479:
434:
1331:
807:
490:
344:
1169:
916:"The dynamics of effective corrupt leadership: Lessons from Rafik Hariri's political career in Lebanon"
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486:
from one year to four years, although the position "remains largely without meaningful authority".
356:
64:
1266:
Middle East International No 404, 12 July 1991; Jim Muir, p.3; Godfrey Jansen, Lamis Andoni pp.4-5
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1216:
1146:
1036:
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505:
which was still in use by General Michel Aoun. Moawad was assassinated seventeen days later in a
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425:) as the main objective of post-civil war parliamentary electoral laws. It also restructured the
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324:
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467:
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vacated this position upon the expiration of his term in 1988. Moawad was unable to occupy the
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884:
878:
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930:
316:
143:
707:
549:
Cannot dismiss or appoint individual ministers at will (requires approval of the Council).
275:
267:
1142:"The Meaning of the Recent Lebanese Election (and How Hariri Suffered a Stinging Defeat)"
489:
The agreement was ratified on 5 November 1989. The Parliament met on the same day at the
753:
From 7 February 1991, the Lebanese army began deploying in villages next to the Israeli
1220:
494:
1295:
1040:
832:
770:
670:
502:
498:
447:
426:
407:
955:
Hudson, Michael C. (1997). "Trying Again: Power-Sharing in Post-Civil War Lebanon".
470:, the agreement greatly diminished the power of the President to the benefit of the
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683:
666:
391:
383:
364:
308:
1257:
Middle East International No 396, 22 March 1991; ‘twenty-eight days in brief’ p.18
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would be mandated by the government to rebuild the completely destroyed downtown.
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419:) between Lebanon's different sects and their "proper political representation" (
17:
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543:
Presidential prerogatives were somewhat curtailed. Among the powers lost were:
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443:
85:
30:
For the Treaty of Ta'if ending the 1934 war between Saudi Arabia and Yemen, see
1024:
968:
777:. 73 people were killed in the fighting, and 200 wounded, mostly Palestinian.
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387:
533:
The ratio of Christians to Muslims in Parliament was reduced from 6:5 to 1:1.
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on 13 October 1990, LAF soldiers began dismantling militia positions on the
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political system in Lebanon by transferring some of the power away from the
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715:
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Require parliamentary consultations before nominating the Prime Minister.
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1032:
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part by using its leverage as holder of a number of Western hostages.
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300:
658:
399:
332:
1248:
Middle East International No 389, 7 December 1990; Jim Muir pp.10,11
216:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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758:
395:
379:
375:
340:
1125:
Hizb'allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis
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654:
403:
304:
1215:
Middle East International No 386, 26 October 1990, Publishers
1059:"Failing Consociationalism in Lebanon and Integrative Options"
569:
181:
79:
38:
374:, the establishment of special relations between Lebanon and
482:. He also noted that the agreement extended the term of the
413:
The agreement formed the principle of "mutual coexistence" (
370:
The agreement covered political reform, the ending of the
295:, was reached to provide "the basis for the ending of the
355:
The treaty was fathered by the Speaker of the Parliament
205:
686:’s LF were at the forefront of the Syrian operations.
27:
1989 agreement intended to end the Lebanese Civil War
1235:
Middle East International No 390, 21 December 1990;
478:with no real and/or considerable power, as in most
110:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1231:
1229:
673:under General Elie Hayek began moving South from
446:, had been appointed Prime Minister by President
378:, and a framework for the beginning of complete
315:, and reassert Lebanese government authority in
1194:
1192:
1190:
984:"Lebanon One Year After the Israeli Withdrawal"
872:
870:
853:"The Lebanese civil war and the Taif agreement"
32:Saudi–Yemeni War (1934) § Treaty of Taif
8:
988:Middle East Research and Information Project
420:
414:
287:
1170:"Lebanon Picks New President; Aoun Defiant"
1127:, New York, St. Martins Press, 1997, p. 105
1052:
1050:
883:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 151.
604:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
73:Learn how and when to remove these messages
319:, which was controlled at the time by the
311:, it was designed to end the 15 year-long
624:Learn how and when to remove this message
250:Learn how and when to remove this message
232:Learn how and when to remove this message
170:Learn how and when to remove this message
1091:Somasundram, Premarani (2 August 2006).
299:and the return to political normalcy in
843:
493:in North Lebanon and elected President
1278:81 Volume XXI, Number 1, Autumn 1991,
1066:International Journal of Peace Studies
1006:
1004:
914:Neal, Mark W.; Richard Tansey (2010).
909:
907:
1286:7/6, Mideast Mirror (MEM), London 7/5
1013:Canadian Journal of Political Science
521:, who remained in office until 1998.
509:in Beirut on 22 November 1989 as his
7:
1057:Salamey, Imad (Autumn–Winter 2009).
785:withdrawal (principally Hezbollah).
602:adding citations to reliable sources
108:adding citations to reliable sources
1098:. IDSS Commentaries. Archived from
877:Laura Etheredge (15 January 2011).
818:UN Security Council Resolution 1559
421:
415:
288:
271:
1093:"Lebanon: Return to the dark ages"
484:Speaker of the Lebanese Parliament
25:
823:2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute
54:This article has multiple issues.
1282:. pp.193,194 Chronology quoting
1168:Murphy, Kim (25 November 1989).
574:
517:ceremonies. He was succeeded by
186:
84:
43:
982:AbuKhalil, Asad (29 May 2001).
855:. American University of Beirut
714:A few years later, the company
382:withdrawal from Lebanon. Since
95:needs additional citations for
62:or discuss these issues on the
1280:University of California Press
284:National Reconciliation Accord
1:
765:Palestinian positions around
1312:November 1989 events in Asia
1276:Journal of Palestine Studies
935:10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.10.003
1307:October 1989 events in Asia
1200:"The Lebanese Constitution"
282:), officially known as the
212:the claims made and adding
1348:
880:Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan
29:
1322:Middle East peace efforts
1025:10.1017/s0008423906060185
969:10.1163/15718069720847889
957:International Negotiation
694:Following the end of the
515:Lebanese Independence Day
329:the occupational hegemony
923:The Leadership Quarterly
1327:Lebanon–Syria relations
566:Disarmament of militias
480:parliamentary republics
808:Doha Agreement of 2008
422:التمثيل السياسي الصحيح
339:end within two years,
279:
347:on 5 November, 1989.
337:the Syrian occupation
1223:, G.H. Jansen pp.8,9
598:improve this section
472:Council of Ministers
104:improve this article
1105:on 21 February 2007
740:North (Syrian-held)
503:Presidential Palace
357:Hussein El-Husseini
345:Lebanese parliament
289:وثيقة الوفاق الوطني
1317:Lebanese Civil War
1147:consortiumnews.com
1123:Ranstorp, Magnus,
813:History of Lebanon
757:. On 15 February
461:universal suffrage
372:Lebanese Civil War
359:and negotiated in
325:South Lebanon Army
313:Lebanese Civil War
285:
197:possibly contains
1284:Los Angeles Times
1221:Dennis Walters MP
1174:Los Angeles Times
890:978-1-61530-329-8
780:As the South was
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497:, 409 days after
303:". Negotiated in
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16:(Redirected from
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1140:(15 June 2018).
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416:العيش المشترك
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1332:Rafic Hariri
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1211:
1177:. Retrieved
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1151:. Retrieved
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1107:. Retrieved
1100:the original
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793:Beqaa Valley
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704:Samir Geagea
693:
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652:
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584:
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392:Saudi Arabia
384:Rafik Hariri
369:
365:Saudi Arabia
354:
323:-separatist
309:Saudi Arabia
292:
272:اتفاق الطائف
263:
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102:Please help
97:verification
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56:Please help
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1217:Lord Mayhew
1072:(2): 83–105
963:: 103–122.
649:Metn-Baabda
519:Elias Hrawi
507:car bombing
495:René Moawad
444:Michel Aoun
1296:Categories
1076:21 October
839:References
722:Aley-Chouf
700:Green Line
663:offensives
614:April 2021
556:President.
476:figurehead
440:Christians
388:Arab world
206:improve it
130:newspapers
59:improve it
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775:Mieh Mieh
585:does not
511:motorcade
398:, Syria,
321:Christian
297:civil war
210:verifying
65:talk page
1237:Jim Muir
1179:19 March
1033:25165996
896:19 March
802:See also
782:occupied
716:Solidere
675:Kisrawan
665:against
431:Maronite
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351:Overview
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940:10 June
859:10 June
684:Hobeika
606:removed
591:sources
301:Lebanon
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144:scholar
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400:France
380:Syrian
333:Israel
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137:books
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1181:2013
1155:2018
1111:2012
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657:and
655:Metn
589:any
587:cite
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