20:
723:
hated for their abominations, called
Christians by the populace. Christus, from whom the name had its origin, suffered the extreme penalty during the reign of Tiberius at the hands of one of our procurators, Pontius Pilatus, and a most mischievous superstition, thus checked for the moment, again broke out not only in Judæa, the first source of the evil, but even in Rome, where all things hideous and shameful from every part of the world find their centre and become popular. Accordingly, an arrest was first made of all who pleaded guilty; then, upon their information, an immense multitude was convicted, not so much of the crime of firing the city, as of hatred against mankind.
4284:
4147:
715:
per procuratorem
Pontium Pilatum supplicio adfectus erat; repressaque in praesens exitiabilis superstitio rursum erumpebat, non modo per Iudaeam, originem eius mali, sed per urbem etiam, quo cuncta undique atrocia aut pudenda confluunt celebranturque. igitur primum correpti qui fatebantur, deinde indicio eorum multitudo ingens haud proinde in crimine incendii quam odio humani generis convicti sunt.
1065:
907:
471:
1171:
1149:. Theissen and Merz state that Tacitus gives us a description of widespread prejudices about Christianity and a few precise details about "Christus" and Christianity, the source of which remains unclear. However, Paul Eddy has stated that given his position as a senator, Tacitus was also likely to have had access to official Roman documents of the time and did not need other sources.
799:
52:
1114:, and like other Romans as he grew up he would have most likely heard about the fire that destroyed most of the city, and Nero's accusations against Christians. When Tacitus wrote his account, he was the governor of the province of Asia, and as a member of the inner circle in Rome he would have known of the official position with respect to the fire and the Christians.
483:
736:
exhibiting a show in the circus, while he mingled with the people in the dress of a charioteer or stood aloft on a car. Hence, even for criminals who deserved extreme and exemplary punishment, there arose a feeling of compassion; for it was not, as it seemed, for the public good, but to glut one man's cruelty, that they were being destroyed.
1370:. As it stands now, the letter is requesting guidance on how to deal with suspected Christians who appeared before him in trials he was holding at that time. Tacitus' references to Nero's persecution of Christians in the Annals were written around 115 AD, a few years after Pliny's letter but also during the reign of emperor Trajan.
673:
1056:, (who was in office AD 44–46). Feldman notes that Philo, Josephus and Tacitus may have anachronistically confused the timing of the titles—prefect later changing to procurator. Feldman also notes that the use of the titles may not have been rigid, for Josephus refers to Cuspius Fadus both as "prefect" and "procurator".
649:
881:
that it was unlikely for
Tacitus himself to refer to Christians as Chrestianos i.e. "useful ones" given that he also referred to them as "hated for their shameful acts". Eddy and Boyd see no major impact on the authenticity of the passage or its meaning regardless of the use of either term by Tacitus.
1140:
and
Annette Merz argue that Tacitus at times had drawn on earlier historical works now lost to us, and he may have used official sources from a Roman archive in this case; however, if Tacitus had been copying from an official source, some scholars would expect him to have labelled Pilate correctly as
735:
Mockery of every sort was added to their deaths. Covered with the skins of beasts, they were torn by dogs and perished, or were nailed to crosses, or were doomed to the flames and burnt, to serve as a nightly illumination, when daylight had expired. Nero offered his gardens for the spectacle, and was
714:
Sed non ope humana, non largitionibus principis aut deum placamentis decedebat infamia, quin iussum incendium crederetur. ergo abolendo rumori Nero subdidit reos et quaesitissimis poenis adfecit, quos per flagitia invisos vulgus
Chrestianos appellabat. auctor nominis eius Christus Tibero imperitante
616:
Tacitus provides non-Christian confirmation of the crucifixion of Jesus. Scholars view it as establishing three separate facts about Rome around AD 60: (i) that there was a sizable number of
Christians in Rome at the time, (ii) that it was possible to distinguish between Christians and Jews in Rome,
612:
The scholarly consensus is that
Tacitus's reference to the execution of Jesus by Pontius Pilate is both authentic, and of historical value as an independent Roman source. However, Tacitus does not reveal the source of his information. There are several hypotheses as to what sources he may have used.
1217:
has argued that
Tacitus was relying on Christian and Jewish legendary sources that portrayed Nero as the Antichrist for the information that Nero persecuted Christians and that in fact, no persecution under Nero took place. Shaw has questioned if the passage represents "some modernizing or updating
1181:
Regarding Jesus, Van Voorst states that "of all Roman writers, Tacitus gives us the most precise information about Christ". Crossan considers the passage important in establishing that Jesus existed and was crucified, and states: "That he was crucified is as sure as anything historical can ever be,
964:
Various theories have been put forward to explain why
Tacitus should use the term "procurator" when the archaeological evidence indicates that Pilate was a prefect. Jerry Vardaman theorizes that Pilate's title was changed during his stay in Judea and that the Pilate Stone dates from the early years
880:
immediately after it to show his own superior knowledge compared to the population at large. Robert
Renehan has stated that it was natural for a Roman to mix the two words that sounded the same, that Chrestianos was the original word in the Annals and not an error by a scribe. Van Voorst has stated
722:
But all human efforts, all the lavish gifts of the emperor, and the propitiations of the gods, did not banish the sinister belief that the conflagration was the result of an order. Consequently, to get rid of the report, Nero fastened the guilt and inflicted the most exquisite tortures on a class
1208:
state that in addition to establishing that there was a large body of Christians in Rome, the Tacitus passage provides two other important pieces of historical information, namely that by around AD 60 it was possible to distinguish between Christians and Jews in Rome and that even pagans made a
744:
had started the fire himself. To divert attention from himself, Nero accused the Christians of starting the fire and persecuted them, making this the first documented confrontation between Christians and the authorities in Rome. Tacitus suggested that Nero used the Christians as scapegoats.
1152:
Scholars have also debated the issue of hearsay in the reference by Tacitus. Charles Guignebert argued that "So long as there is that possibility , the passage remains quite worthless". R. T. France states that the Tacitus passage is at best just Tacitus repeating what he had heard through
1079:
Most scholars hold the passage to be authentic and that Tacitus was the author. Classicists observe that in a recent assessment by latinists on the passage, they unanimously deemed the passage authentic and noted that no serious Tacitean scholar believes it to be an interpolation.
1106:
states that the tone of the passage towards Christians is far too negative to have been authored by a Christian scribe. Van Voorst also states that the passage is unlikely to be a Christian forgery because of the pejorative language used to describe Christianity.
1212:
Regarding the Neronian persecution, the scholarly consensus is that it really took place. Questioning this consensus, Weaver notes that Tacitus spoke of the persecution of Christians, but no other Christian author wrote of this persecution for a hundred years.
1182:
since both Josephus and Tacitus... agree with the Christian accounts on at least that basic fact." Eddy and Boyd state that it is now "firmly established" that Tacitus provides a non-Christian confirmation of the crucifixion of Jesus. Biblical scholar
1247:
was also critical of Shaw's argument, dismissing it as "vague and hazy". Brigit van der Lans and Jan N. Bremmer also dismissed Shaw's argument, noting that the Neronian persecution is recorded in many 1st-century Christian writings, such as the
830:, suggesting that the text had been altered, and an 'e' had originally been in the text, rather than this 'i'. "With ultra-violet examination of the MS the alteration was conclusively shown. It is impossible today to say who altered the letter
1162:, a council of priests whose duty it was to supervise foreign religious cults in Rome, which as Van Voorst points out, makes it reasonable to suppose that he would have acquired knowledge of Christian origins through his work with that body.
2790:
997:
states that, as the term "prefect" has a military connotation, while "procurator" is civilian, the use of either term may be appropriate for governors who have a range of military, administrative and fiscal responsibilities.
1133:
The majority of scholars consider the passage to be genuinely by Tacitus. However, he does not reveal the source of his information. For this reason, some scholars have debated the historical value of the passage.
609:) as the origin of that name. Second, he calls Pilate a "procurator", even though other sources indicate that he had the title "prefect". Scholars have proposed various hypotheses to explain these peculiarities.
1200:, e.g. that there was a sizable number of Christians in Rome around AD 60. Dunn states that Tacitus seems to be under the impression that Christians were some form of Judaism, although distinguished from them.
1098:. His writings show no sympathy towards Christians, or knowledge of who their leader was. His characterization of "Christian abominations" may have been based on the rumors in Rome that during the
1091:, Paul Eddy and Gregory Boyd agree with John Meier's statement that "Despite some feeble attempts to show that this text is a Christian interpolation in Tacitus, the passage is obviously genuine".
993:
because it was more common at the time of his writing and that this variation in the use of the title should not be taken as evidence to doubt the correctness of the information Tacitus provides.
969:
postulates that the inscription would originally have mentioned the title of "procurator" along with "prefect". L.A. Yelnitsky argues that the use of "procurator" in Annals 15.44.3 is a
1192:
Regarding early Christianity, scholars generally consider Tacitus's reference to be of historical value as an independent Roman source that is in unison with other historical records.
838:." Since the alteration became known it has given rise to debates among scholars as to whether Tacitus deliberately used the term "Chrestians", or if a scribe made an error during the
1186:
wrote: "Tacitus's report confirms what we know from other sources, that Jesus was executed by order of the Roman governor of Judea, Pontius Pilate, sometime during Tiberius's reign."
846:
states that many sources indicate that the term Chrestians was also used among the early followers of Jesus by the second century. The term Christians appears only three times in the
1087:
states that there is no historical or archaeological evidence to support the argument that a scribe may have introduced the passage into the text. Scholars such as Bruce Chilton,
1153:
Christians. However, Paul Eddy has stated that as Rome's preeminent historian, Tacitus was generally known for checking his sources and was not in the habit of reporting gossip.
1225:) answered to Shaw and refuted his arguments, noting that the Tacitus's anti-Christian stance makes it unlikely that he was using Christian sources; he also noted that the
4264:
2668:
1178:
Depending on the sources Tacitus used, the passage is potentially of historical value regarding Jesus, early Christianity, and its persecution under emperor Nero.
3732:
78:
1423:
3085:
2228:
Die Benennung von römischen Amtsträgern und politisch-militärisch-administrativenFunktionen bei Flavius Iosephus: Probleme der korrekten IdentifizierungAuthor
1012:
also use the term "procurator" for Pilate. As both Philo and Josephus wrote in Greek, neither of them actually used the term "procurator", but the Greek word
1280:
were probably terms invented by the Romans in the 50s and then adopted by Christians themselves. John Granger Cook also rebuked Shaw's thesis, arguing that
1233:
clearly points to the fact that there was indeed a clear and distinct Christian community in Rome in the 50s and that the persecution is also mentioned by
842:. It has been stated that both the terms Christians and Chrestians had at times been used by the general population in Rome to refer to early Christians.
3727:
3722:
260:
253:
98:
1348:
1336:
3832:
3167:
1392:
4313:
1340:
19:
1612:
3403:
215:
773:, is the oldest witness to the passage describing Christians. Scholars generally agree that this codex was written in the 11th century at the
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3346:
2937:
2708:
2601:
2561:
2475:
2425:
2330:
2007:
1509:
1396:
326:
3760:
3504:
3084:
Benko, Stephen (2014). "Pagan Criticism of Christianity during the First Centuries A.D.". In Temporini, Hildegard; Haase, Wolfgang (eds.).
1433:
321:
1036:(a legate). Werner Eck, in his list of terms for governors of Judea found in the works of Josephus, shows that, while in the early work,
822:
In 1902 Georg Andresen commented on the appearance of the first 'i' and subsequent gap in the earliest extant, 11th century, copy of the
4085:
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3250:
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3201:
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3127:
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2213:
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2397:
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2297:
2141:
1999:
1912:
1807:
1781:
1672:
1598:
1574:
1489:
851:
1221:
Shaw's views have received strong criticism and have generally not been accepted by the scholarly consensus: Christopher P. Jones (
230:
866:
a number of funerary stone inscriptions use the term Chrestians, with one stone inscription using both terms together, reading: "
3961:
3919:
3860:
1443:
1418:
1367:
1309:
633:
513:
366:
1847:
3932:
3755:
3596:
2887:
2176:
2048:
1732:
1158:
699:
691:
657:
560:
333:
309:
1981:
Tacitus, Annals 12.60: Claudius said that the judgments of his procurators had the same efficacy as those judgments he made.
4021:
3638:
3499:
1856:
550:
4127:
3889:
3428:
353:
270:
1189:
However, some scholars question the value of the passage given that Tacitus was born 25 years after Jesus' death.
225:
4323:
3872:
3775:
3705:
3466:
3396:
1453:
1117:
William L. Portier has stated that the references to Christ and Christians by Tacitus, Josephus and the letters to
420:
165:
3904:
3807:
1025:
934:
583:
180:
3954:
3827:
3628:
3566:
1269:
618:
393:
628:
Tacitus is one of the non-Christian writers of the time who mentioned Jesus and early Christianity along with
4318:
3882:
3521:
3213:
1448:
1323:
1313:
1193:
1103:
1048:
970:
922:
774:
637:
575:
2728:
961:'s death in AD 44, when Judea reverted to direct Roman rule, Claudius gave procurators control over Judea.
4221:
4122:
4049:
3715:
3484:
3238:
1261:
1249:
1102:
rituals Christians ate the body and drank the blood of their God, interpreting the ritual as cannibalism.
1033:
348:
279:
175:
2882:
2833:
4176:
4004:
3937:
3842:
3822:
3817:
3657:
3571:
3461:
3389:
3115:
2798:
1226:
1083:
Suggestions that the passage may have been a complete forgery have been generally rejected by scholars.
1029:
754:
exist. The surviving copies of Tacitus' major works derive from two principal manuscripts, known as the
445:
440:
378:
155:
140:
103:
61:
1024:), which is regularly translated as "procurator". Philo also uses this Greek term for the governors of
597:
There are two points of vocabulary in the passage. First, Tacitus may have used the word "Chrestians" (
3971:
3966:
3742:
3633:
3494:
3304:
3189:
3163:
1428:
1318:
Tacitus is not the only non-Christian writer of the time who mentioned Jesus and early Christianity.
974:
843:
542:
527:
400:
316:
292:
145:
1823:
884:
Whatever the original wording of Tacitus, another ancient source about the Neronian persecution, by
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3942:
3613:
3532:
3528:
3438:
1359:
1257:
506:
475:
383:
299:
240:
123:
2715:
It appears to me that historians of ancient Rome generally accept Nero's persecution of Christians
4132:
4117:
4112:
3999:
3978:
3799:
3789:
3662:
3606:
3586:
2904:
2815:
2771:
1941:
Robert Renehan, "Christus or Chrestus in Tacitus?", La Parola del Passato 122 (1968), pp. 368-370
1379:
1253:
1239:
1222:
1197:
1111:
762:
740:
The exact cause of the fire remains uncertain, but much of the population of Rome suspected that
703:
695:
661:
567:
450:
433:
405:
343:
338:
274:
160:
3038:. Vol. 1: The First Christian Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 429.
818:... called Christians by the populace. Christus, from whom the name had its origin ...
4241:
4080:
4027:
3899:
3765:
3685:
3576:
3561:
3556:
3516:
3471:
3456:
3372:
3359:
3342:
3312:
3288:
3267:
3246:
3221:
3197:
3173:
3147:
3123:
3091:
3064:
3039:
3031:
2994:
2961:
2933:
2734:
2704:
2674:
2647:
2622:
2597:
2557:
2471:
2446:
2421:
2393:
2368:
2293:
2209:
2172:
2137:
2044:
2003:
1995:
1908:
1803:
1777:
1668:
1594:
1570:
1505:
1485:
1438:
1355:
1305:
1122:
873:
629:
579:
410:
265:
170:
135:
130:
118:
108:
2551:
694:), which has been subjected to much scholarly analysis, follows a description of the six-day
4308:
4287:
4259:
4235:
4169:
3750:
3591:
3581:
3549:
3544:
3509:
3489:
3423:
2912:
2896:
2807:
2763:
1798:
1473:
1408:
1388:
1344:
1293:
1288:
are not creations of the second century and that Roman officials were probably aware of the
1230:
1201:
855:
750:
686:
677:
555:
304:
113:
4214:
4207:
4095:
4058:
3645:
3623:
3478:
966:
785:
who was most probably one of the two abbots of that name at the abbey during that period.
210:
150:
27:
2958:
Josephus, the Essential Writings: A Condensation of Jewish Antiquities and the Jewish War
2274:
Blom, Willem (2019), "Why the Testimonium Taciteum Is Authentic: A Response to Carrier",
1844:
1719:
769:, Italy. The second of them (Plut. 68.2), as the only one containing books xi–xvi of the
4150:
4090:
3949:
3850:
3710:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3243:
The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition
1265:
1183:
1118:
1088:
1038:
986:
977:
states that Tacitus "retrojected" the title procurator which was in use at the time of
546:
499:
388:
198:
93:
68:
42:
748:
As with almost all ancient Greek and Latin literature, no original manuscripts of the
4302:
3909:
3894:
3672:
3650:
3618:
3443:
2986:
2953:
2908:
2819:
2775:
2346:
1851:
1244:
1205:
1137:
1084:
1053:
1001:
994:
982:
958:
915:
847:
778:
220:
205:
185:
83:
876:
argued that Chrestians was the original wording, and that Tacitus deliberately used
4269:
4032:
4010:
3983:
3855:
3812:
3451:
2589:
1477:
1095:
926:
911:
741:
622:
531:
487:
1335:. As it stands now, this work includes two references to Jesus and Christians (in
1064:
973:. S.G.F. Brandon suggests that there is no real difference between the two ranks.
906:
810:
xv. 44.4: in the word 'Christianos' the gap between the 'i' and 's' is highlighted
2927:
2698:
4016:
3877:
3867:
3601:
3334:
3139:
3090:. second series (Principat) (in German). Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 1055–118.
2090:"The Caesarea Inscription of Pontius Pilate and Its Historical Significance" in
839:
373:
73:
1762:
Scribes and Scholars. A Guide to the Transmission of Greek and Latin Literature
1218:
of the facts" to reflect the Christian world at the time the text was written.
1170:
798:
4037:
3537:
2900:
2811:
2767:
1845:
Inpulsore Cherestro? Suetonius' Divus Claudius 25.4 in Sources and Manuscripts
1214:
587:
31:
2390:
Jesus as a figure in history: how modern historians view the man from Galilee
4102:
3120:
Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times
1374:
1234:
1099:
885:
470:
2860:"Tacitus and the Persecution of the Christians: An Invention of Tradition?"
2134:
Studying the historical Jesus: evaluations of the state of current research
1774:
Cornelii Taciti Annalium, Libri V, VI, XI, XII: With Introduction and Notes
2468:
The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament
1332:
1328:
1009:
978:
954:
938:
827:
766:
756:
698:
that burned much of Rome in July 64 AD. The key part of the passage
3309:
Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence
570:
that burned much of the city in AD 64 during the reign of Roman Emperor
4192:
4043:
3927:
2791:"The Historicity of the Neronian Persecution: A Response to Brent Shaw"
1413:
1384:
1046:
less consistently, the first governor to be referred to by the term in
930:
863:
534:
455:
4107:
4063:
3680:
1951:
Transactions and proceedings of the American Philological Association
1810:
Cambridge University Press, 1999. "The Date of the Medicean Tacitus (
1363:
1069:
1019:
948:
574:. The passage is one of the earliest non-Christian references to the
88:
2859:
2443:
An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity
1125:
are consistent, which reaffirms the validity of all three accounts.
854:) giving the origin of the term. In all three cases the uncorrected
2883:"Chrestiani, Christiani, Χριστιανοί: a Second Century Anachronism?"
989:
as well as Van Voorst state that Tacitus apparently used the title
802:
Detail from the page of the Codex Laurentianus Mediceus 68.2 (f. 38
3412:
1169:
1073:
1005:
672:
538:
235:
51:
18:
1209:
connection between Christianity in Rome and its origin in Judea.
621:
made a connection between Christianity in Rome and its origin in
3063:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 5–7.
1665:
Antioch and Rome: New Testament cradles of Catholic Christianity
1068:
The title page of 1598 edition of the works of Tacitus, kept in
591:
571:
4165:
3385:
2700:
The State of New Testament Studies: A Survey of Recent Research
1484:, page 892 (Cambridge University Press, 1982, reprinted 1996).
3311:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
3220:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
3172:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
2491:
2489:
2487:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1867:
1865:
708:
648:
3218:
Beginning from Jerusalem (Christianity in the Making, vol. 2)
2411:
2409:
1013:
942:
3285:
Tradition and Incarnation: Foundations of Christian Theology
2077:"Inscriptions latines de Cesaree (Caesarea Palaestinae)" in
1196:
considers the passage as useful in establishing facts about
2960:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Kregel Publications. p. 12.
1321:
The earliest known references to Christianity are found in
16:
References by Roman historian and senator Tacitus to Christ
4161:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1613:"Did Jesus Exist? Searching for Evidence Beyond the Bible"
957:
was the ruler who gave procurators governing power. After
660:, the passage with the reference to Christians (Florence,
2506:
2504:
2189:
2187:
2185:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1628:
1626:
981:
back onto Pilate who was called prefect in his own time.
3381:
2929:
Ten Caesars: Roman Emperors from Augustus to Constantine
2754:
Shaw, Brent (2015). "The Myth of Neronian Persecution".
2730:
The Historical Jesus in the Twentieth Century: 1900–1950
1744:
1742:
1740:
1354:
The next known reference to Christianity was written by
652:
Part of the page from the 11th century codex containing
3014:
3012:
3010:
1799:
The Scriptorium and Library at Monte Cassino, 1058–1105
2525:
Jesus and Christian Origins Outside the New Testament
1643:
1641:
1561:
1559:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1399:
by Nero, who was the heir and successor of Claudius.
1110:
Tacitus was about seven years old at the time of the
2060:"A New Inscription Which Mentions Pilate as 'Prefect
888:, apparently speaks of "Christians": "In Suetonius'
4252:
4199:
4073:
3992:
3918:
3841:
3798:
3741:
3671:
3437:
2870:: 299–331 – via Centre for Classical Studies.
2466:Köstenberger, Andreas J.; Kellum, L. Scott (2009).
2257:
2255:
2208:by Warren Carter (T&T Clark: October 10, 2001)
1387:. In this work, Suetonius apparently described why
1327:, a 20-volume work written by the Jewish historian
731:Tacitus then describes the torture of Christians:
3264:Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies
4265:List of people mentioned in the works of Tacitus
2670:Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium
3371:by Ronald Mellor 2010 Oxford University Press,
3122:. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press.
2596:. Trafalgar Square Publishing. pp. 19–20.
2348:A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus
2127:
2125:
898:', however, seems to be the original reading."
816:
733:
603:) for Christians, but then speaks of "Christ" (
3733:Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament
2858:Van der Lans, Birgit; Bremmer, Jan N. (2017).
2697:McKnight, Scot; Gupta, Nijay K. (2019-11-05).
2619:Handbook for the Study of the Historical Jesus
1953:, Volume 29, JSTOR (Organization), 2007. p vii
1663:Brown, Raymond Edward; Meier, John P. (1983).
1658:
1656:
1565:Watson E. Mills, Roger Aubrey Bullard (2001).
4177:
3397:
2169:Pontius Pilate: Portraits of a Roman Governor
1905:Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries
1424:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire
1331:around 93–94 AD, during the reign of emperor
1174:Portrait of Tacitus, based on an antique bust
941:refers to Pilate with the generic Greek term
507:
8:
2537:
2232:
2226:
1792:
1790:
1591:Pontius Pilate in History and Interpretation
1585:
1583:
30:, 1861. According to Tacitus, Nero targeted
2993:. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 54–7.
2692:
2690:
2556:. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. p. 83.
2553:The historical Jesus: a comprehensive guide
2445:. Cambridge University Press. p. 485.
2392:. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 33.
2352:. Vol. 1. Doubleday. pp. 168–171.
2329:sfn error: no target: CITEREFFurneaux1907 (
1383:around 122 AD, during the reign of emperor
893:
604:
598:
578:, the execution of Christ described in the
4184:
4170:
4162:
3728:New Testament places associated with Jesus
3723:Historical background of the New Testament
3404:
3390:
3382:
3087:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt
2621:. Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 2159.
2495:
2312:
2246:
2234:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik
2156:
2103:"Pontius Pilate in history and legend" in
1929:
1871:
1855:, Liber Annuus 61 (2011), ISSN 0081-8933,
1687:
1533:
933:, while this Tacitean passage calls him a
566:The context of the passage is the six-day
514:
500:
50:
37:
3192:(1999). "Voices of the First Outsiders".
3169:International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
3144:A Political History of Early Christianity
2420:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 293.
1482:The Cambridge History of Latin Literature
4055:Jacob (paternal grandfather per Matthew)
2579:, University Books, New York, 1956, p.13
2470:. B&H Publishing. pp. 109–110.
2324:
2206:Matthew and Empire: Initial Explorations
2132:Chilton, Bruce; Evans, Craig A. (1998).
2028:
1969:
1892:
1838:
1836:
1733:Tacitus, The Annals, book 15, chapter 44
1632:
1063:
905:
797:
671:
647:
3018:
2822:– via Cambridge University Press.
2673:. Oxford University Press. p. 59.
2510:
2193:
2116:
1828:Wochenschrift fur klassische Philologie
1748:
1466:
925:appeared in a Latin inscription on the
921:Pilate's rank while he was governor of
2550:Theissen, Gerd; Merz, Annette (1998).
3287:. Mahwah, New Jersey: Paulist Press.
2527:. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. p. 23.
1706:
1550:
1521:
953:), or governor. Tacitus records that
7:
2261:
1647:
1434:Sources for the historicity of Jesus
322:Sources for the historicity of Jesus
3341:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3061:Pagan Rome and the Early Christians
2041:Paul, apostle of the heart set free
1611:Mykytiuk, Lawrence (January 2015).
4046:(traditional maternal grandfather)
4040:(traditional maternal grandmother)
3356:Tacitus and the Writing of History
2991:Josephus, Judaism and Christianity
2733:. A&C Black. pp. 53, 57.
2594:Evidence for Jesus (Jesus Library)
1776:by Henry Furneaux, H. Pitman 2010
1395:by emperor Claudius, and also the
34:as those responsible for the fire.
14:
3245:. Ada, Michigan: Baker Academic.
2292:. T&T Clark. pp. 67–74.
1994:, Oxford University Press, 1990,
1373:Another notable early author was
4283:
4282:
4146:
4145:
2985:and the Martyrdom of James". In
2644:Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography
2365:Josephus, the Bible, and history
2290:Early Classical Authors on Jesus
1358:, who was the Roman governor of
481:
469:
181:Apparitions and visions of Jesus
4052:(paternal grandfather per Luke)
2864:Eirene: Studia Graeca et Latina
2727:Weaver, Walter P. (July 1999).
2441:Burkett, Delbert Royce (2002).
2171:by Warren Carter (Sep 1, 2003)
1859:, Jerusalem 2012, p. 355, n. 2.
1444:Pliny the Younger on Christians
1419:Christianity in the 1st century
1366:. Around 111 AD, Pliny wrote a
1310:Pliny the Younger on Christians
261:Background to the New Testament
4314:Ancient Roman writers on Jesus
3756:Quest for the historical Jesus
3034:(1957). "The Wars of Trajan".
2789:Jones, Christopher P. (2017).
2642:Crossan, John Dominic (1995).
2617:Van Voorst, Robert E. (2011).
2288:Williams, Margaret H. (2023).
1567:Mercer Dictionary of the Bible
1500:Stephen Dando-Collins (2010).
1296:also rejects Shaw's argument.
1159:Quindecimviri sacris faciundis
310:Quest for the historical Jesus
1:
2926:Strauss, Barry (2020-03-03).
1857:Studium Biblicum Franciscanum
1667:. Paulist Press. p. 99.
3283:Portier, William L. (1994).
3266:. Leiden: Brill Publishers.
3196:. Edinburgh: T&T Clark.
3146:. Edinburgh: T&T Clark.
2416:Dunstan, William E. (2010).
1760:L.D. Reynolds, N.G. Wilson,
1617:Biblical Archaeology Society
1362:during the reign of emperor
1156:Tacitus was a member of the
1020:
949:
2388:Powell, Mark Allan (1998).
1380:Lives of the Twelve Caesars
1375:Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus
1343:), and also a reference to
706:and W. J. Brodribb, 1876):
702:(translation from Latin by
644:The passage and its context
617:and (iii) that at the time
4340:
3706:Five Discourses of Matthew
3036:The Early Christian Church
2646:. HarperOne. p. 145.
2363:Feldman, Louis H. (1997).
1454:Mara bar Serapion on Jesus
1303:
1014:
943:
327:Reliability of the Gospels
4278:
4141:
3419:
3358:by Ronald H. Martin 1981
2901:10.1163/15700720-12341410
2834:"Nero and the Christians"
2812:10.1017/S0028688516000308
2768:10.1017/S0075435815000982
2227:
2019:Tacitus, Histories 5.9.8.
1397:persecution of Christians
894:
868:Chrestians for Christians
794:Christians and Chrestians
3933:In comparative mythology
3262:Evans, Craig A. (2001).
2981:Baras, Zvi (1987). "The
2756:Journal of Roman Studies
2667:Ehrman, Bart D. (2001).
2538:Theissen & Merz 1998
1368:letter to emperor Trajan
1282:Chrestianus, Christianus
1274:Chrestianus, Christianus
1272:; they also argued that
1270:First Epistle of Clement
1094:Tacitus was a patriotic
761:, which are held in the
551:early Christians in Rome
266:Language spoken by Jesus
4086:Interactions with women
3059:Benko, Stephen (1986).
2344:Meier, John P. (1991).
2092:Vestnik Drevnej Istorii
1449:Suetonius on Christians
1324:Antiquities of the Jews
1314:Suetonius on Christians
1129:Sources used by Tacitus
1049:Antiquities of the Jews
971:Christian interpolation
965:of his administration.
582:, and the presence and
576:origins of Christianity
549:, and the existence of
476:Christianity portal
4222:Dialogus de oratoribus
4096:Mary, sister of Martha
3716:Oral gospel traditions
2989:; Hata, Gōhei (eds.).
2932:. Simon and Schuster.
2881:G. Cook, John (2020).
2327:, Appendix II, p. 418.
2233:
2107:18 (1968), pp. 523—530
2043:by F. F. Bruce (2000)
1589:Helen K. Bond (2004).
1502:The Great Fire of Rome
1329:Titus Flavius Josephus
1262:First Epistle of Peter
1250:Epistle to the Hebrews
1175:
1076:
918:
820:
811:
781:and its end refers to
738:
720:
712:
681:
669:
605:
599:
280:Mental health of Jesus
35:
3823:Life of Christ Museum
3818:Life of Christ in art
3305:Van Voorst, Robert E.
3194:Birth of Christianity
3190:Crossan, John Dominic
3164:Bromiley, Geoffrey W.
2983:Testimonium Flavianum
2799:New Testament Studies
2523:Bruce, F. F. (1974).
2237:, 166 (2008), p. 222.
2081:22 (1963), pp. 783–4.
1992:Roman imperial themes
1720:"Tacitus: Annales XV"
1227:Epistle to the Romans
1173:
1067:
1008:(who died AD 50) and
909:
801:
783:Abbas Raynaldus cu...
675:
651:
559:(written c. AD 116),
446:Life of Christ Museum
367:Perspectives on Jesus
62:Jesus in Christianity
22:
3639:Sayings on the cross
3597:Entry into Jerusalem
2888:Vigiliae Christianae
2838:Larry Hurtado's Blog
2136:. pp. 465–466.
2094:93 (1965), pp.142–6.
1970:Eddy & Boyd 2007
1907:by Peter Lampe 2006
1633:Eddy & Boyd 2007
1429:Historicity of Jesus
1104:Andreas Köstenberger
975:John Dominic Crossan
844:Robert E. Van Voorst
814:The passage states:
789:Points of vocabulary
676:Bust of Nero at the
4128:Race and appearance
4066:(traditional uncle)
3972:Jesus the Splendour
3614:Agony in the Garden
3529:Sermon on the Mount
2276:Vigilae Christianae
2068:81/1 (1962), p. 71.
1830:19, 1902, col. 780f
1480:(general editors),
1360:Bithynia and Pontus
1300:Other early sources
1258:Ascension of Isaiah
929:which called him a
850:, the first usage (
664:, Plut. 68.2, f. 38
561:book 15, chapter 44
553:in his final work,
124:Sermon on the Mount
4113:Rejection of Jesus
3790:Christ myth theory
3607:Farewell Discourse
3032:Carrington, Philip
2703:. Baker Academic.
2051:Eerdsmans page 354
1393:expelled from Rome
1349:Book 18, Chapter 5
1341:Book 20, Chapter 9
1337:Book 18, Chapter 3
1254:Book of Revelation
1240:The Twelve Caesars
1223:Harvard University
1176:
1112:Great Fire of Rome
1077:
1032:(a proconsul) and
919:
902:The rank of Pilate
812:
763:Laurentian Library
696:Great Fire of Rome
682:
670:
662:Laurentian Library
568:Great Fire of Rome
36:
4324:2nd-century texts
4296:
4295:
4242:Tacitus on Christ
4159:
4158:
4081:Language of Jesus
4028:Brothers of Jesus
3900:Session of Christ
3776:Mara bar Serapion
3577:Great Commandment
3472:Flight into Egypt
3348:978-0-19-814327-7
3214:Dunn, James D. G.
2987:Feldman, Louis H.
2939:978-1-4516-6884-1
2710:978-1-4934-1980-7
2603:978-0-340-38172-4
2563:978-0-8006-3122-2
2477:978-0-8054-4365-3
2427:978-0-7425-6833-4
2008:978-0-19-814476-2
1814:68.2)", p. 96-97.
1796:Newton, Francis,
1510:978-0-306-81890-5
1439:Josephus on Jesus
1389:Jewish Christians
1356:Pliny the Younger
1306:Josephus on Jesus
1256:, the apocryphal
1123:Pliny the Younger
874:Adolf von Harnack
729:
728:
634:Pliny the Younger
580:canonical gospels
524:
523:
339:Jesus myth theory
4331:
4286:
4285:
4260:Tacitean studies
4186:
4179:
4172:
4163:
4149:
4148:
4024:(alleged father)
3878:Person of Christ
3751:Historical Jesus
3582:Olivet Discourse
3510:Great Commission
3406:
3399:
3392:
3383:
3352:
3322:
3298:
3277:
3256:
3239:Boyd, Gregory A.
3231:
3207:
3183:
3157:
3133:
3102:
3101:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3005:
3004:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2795:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2694:
2685:
2684:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2499:
2498:, p. 39-53.
2493:
2482:
2481:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2413:
2404:
2403:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2250:
2249:, p. 42-43.
2244:
2238:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2180:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2129:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2101:
2095:
2088:
2082:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2011:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1932:, p. 33-35.
1927:
1916:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1875:
1874:, p. 44-48.
1869:
1860:
1840:
1831:
1821:
1815:
1794:
1785:
1771:
1765:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1716:
1710:
1709:, p. 32-34.
1704:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1660:
1651:
1645:
1636:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1608:
1602:
1587:
1578:
1563:
1554:
1548:
1537:
1536:, p. 39–53.
1531:
1525:
1524:, p. 32–34.
1519:
1513:
1498:
1492:
1474:P. E. Easterling
1471:
1409:Annals (Tacitus)
1377:, who wrote the
1345:John the Baptist
1294:Barry S. Strauss
1231:Paul the Apostle
1202:Raymond E. Brown
1198:early Christians
1194:James D. G. Dunn
1166:Historical value
1042:, Josephus uses
1028:(a prefect), of
1023:
1017:
1016:
952:
946:
945:
897:
896:
856:Codex Sinaiticus
709:
700:reads as follows
678:Musei Capitolini
630:Flavius Josephus
608:
602:
516:
509:
502:
488:Islam portal
486:
485:
484:
474:
473:
434:Jesus in culture
305:Historical Jesus
293:Jesus in history
216:Names and titles
171:Heavenly Session
79:Names and titles
54:
38:
24:The Fire of Rome
4339:
4338:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4274:
4248:
4195:
4190:
4160:
4155:
4137:
4069:
3988:
3920:In other faiths
3914:
3837:
3833:Transfiguration
3794:
3737:
3667:
3567:Transfiguration
3441:
3433:
3415:
3410:
3369:Tacitus' Annals
3349:
3333:
3330:
3328:Further reading
3325:
3319:
3303:
3295:
3282:
3274:
3261:
3253:
3237:Eddy, Paul R.;
3236:
3228:
3212:
3204:
3188:
3180:
3162:
3154:
3138:
3130:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3098:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3017:
3008:
3001:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2940:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2843:
2841:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2793:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2711:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2536:
2532:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2509:
2502:
2496:Van Voorst 2000
2494:
2485:
2478:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2415:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2367:. p. 381.
2362:
2361:
2357:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2313:Van Voorst 2000
2311:
2307:
2300:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2260:
2253:
2247:Van Voorst 2000
2245:
2241:
2224:
2220:
2204:
2200:
2192:
2183:
2167:
2163:
2157:Van Voorst 2000
2155:
2151:
2144:
2131:
2130:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2102:
2098:
2089:
2085:
2076:
2072:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2039:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2014:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1968:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1930:Van Voorst 2000
1928:
1919:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1878:
1872:Van Voorst 2000
1870:
1863:
1841:
1834:
1822:
1818:
1795:
1788:
1772:
1768:
1759:
1755:
1747:
1738:
1731:
1727:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1705:
1694:
1688:Van Voorst 2000
1686:
1682:
1675:
1662:
1661:
1654:
1646:
1639:
1631:
1624:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1588:
1581:
1564:
1557:
1549:
1540:
1534:Van Voorst 2000
1532:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1499:
1495:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1405:
1316:
1302:
1168:
1131:
1062:
967:Baruch Lifshitz
904:
858:in Greek reads
796:
791:
725:
717:
646:
590:in 1st-century
528:Roman historian
520:
482:
480:
468:
461:
460:
436:
426:
425:
369:
359:
358:
295:
285:
284:
256:
246:
245:
201:
191:
190:
64:
28:Karl von Piloty
17:
12:
11:
5:
4337:
4335:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4319:Pontius Pilate
4316:
4311:
4301:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4211:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4166:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4091:Mary Magdalene
4083:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4061:
4056:
4053:
4047:
4041:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4019:
4014:
4013:(legal father)
4008:
4002:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3964:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3935:
3930:
3924:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3847:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3804:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3758:
3747:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3711:Gospel harmony
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3677:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3454:
3448:
3446:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3429:List of topics
3426:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3366:
3353:
3347:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3318:978-0802843685
3317:
3300:
3299:
3294:978-0809134670
3293:
3279:
3278:
3273:978-0391041189
3272:
3258:
3257:
3252:978-0801031144
3251:
3233:
3232:
3227:978-0802839329
3226:
3209:
3208:
3203:978-0567086686
3202:
3185:
3184:
3179:978-0802837851
3178:
3159:
3158:
3153:978-0567031754
3152:
3135:
3134:
3129:978-0830826995
3128:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3097:978-3110080162
3096:
3076:
3070:978-0253203854
3069:
3051:
3045:978-0521166416
3044:
3023:
3006:
3000:978-9004085541
2999:
2973:
2967:978-0825429637
2966:
2954:Maier, Paul L.
2945:
2938:
2918:
2895:(3): 237–264.
2873:
2850:
2825:
2781:
2746:
2739:
2719:
2709:
2686:
2680:978-0195124743
2679:
2659:
2652:
2634:
2628:978-9004163720
2627:
2609:
2602:
2581:
2569:
2562:
2542:
2530:
2515:
2513:, p. 263.
2500:
2483:
2476:
2458:
2451:
2433:
2426:
2405:
2398:
2380:
2373:
2355:
2336:
2317:
2305:
2298:
2280:
2266:
2251:
2239:
2218:
2214:978-1563383427
2198:
2196:, p. 818.
2181:
2161:
2149:
2142:
2121:
2109:
2096:
2083:
2070:
2053:
2033:
2031:, p. 979.
2021:
2012:
1983:
1974:
1972:, p. 181.
1955:
1943:
1934:
1917:
1897:
1895:, p. 657.
1876:
1861:
1850:2013-01-04 at
1832:
1824:Georg Andresen
1816:
1786:
1766:
1753:
1736:
1725:
1711:
1692:
1680:
1673:
1652:
1637:
1635:, p. 127.
1622:
1603:
1579:
1555:
1538:
1526:
1514:
1493:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1404:
1401:
1301:
1298:
1266:Gospel of John
1184:Bart D. Ehrman
1167:
1164:
1145:rather than a
1130:
1127:
1119:Emperor Trajan
1061:
1058:
1039:The Jewish War
903:
900:
795:
792:
790:
787:
727:
726:
718:
645:
642:
547:Pontius Pilate
522:
521:
519:
518:
511:
504:
496:
493:
492:
491:
490:
478:
463:
462:
459:
458:
453:
448:
443:
437:
432:
431:
428:
427:
424:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
397:
396:
386:
381:
376:
370:
365:
364:
361:
360:
357:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
330:
329:
324:
314:
313:
312:
302:
296:
291:
290:
287:
286:
283:
282:
277:
268:
263:
257:
252:
251:
248:
247:
244:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
202:
199:Jesus in Islam
197:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
127:
126:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
94:Gospel harmony
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
65:
60:
59:
56:
55:
47:
46:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4336:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4289:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4187:
4182:
4180:
4175:
4173:
4168:
4167:
4164:
4152:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4123:Mental health
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3944:
3943:In the Talmud
3941:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3917:
3911:
3910:Cosmic Christ
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3895:Second Coming
3893:
3891:
3888:
3884:
3883:Pre-existence
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3791:
3788:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3673:New Testament
3670:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3550:Lord's Prayer
3548:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3485:Unknown years
3483:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3467:Date of birth
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3402:
3400:
3395:
3393:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3378:
3377:0-19-515192-5
3374:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3364:0-520-04427-4
3361:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3116:Barnett, Paul
3113:
3112:
3107:
3099:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3080:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3052:
3047:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2941:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2922:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2877:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2851:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2792:
2785:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2747:
2742:
2740:9781563382802
2736:
2732:
2731:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2663:
2660:
2655:
2653:0-06-061662-8
2649:
2645:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2610:
2605:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2590:France, R. T.
2585:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2546:
2543:
2540:, p. 83.
2539:
2534:
2531:
2526:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2452:0-521-00720-8
2448:
2444:
2437:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2399:0-664-25703-8
2395:
2391:
2384:
2381:
2376:
2374:90-04-08931-4
2370:
2366:
2359:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2340:
2337:
2332:
2326:
2325:Furneaux 1907
2321:
2318:
2315:, p. 42.
2314:
2309:
2306:
2301:
2299:9780567683151
2295:
2291:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2240:
2235:
2225:Werner Eck, "
2222:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2162:
2159:, p. 48.
2158:
2153:
2150:
2145:
2143:90-04-11142-5
2139:
2135:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2105:History Today
2100:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2029:Bromiley 1995
2025:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
2000:0-19-814476-8
1997:
1993:
1990:P. A. Brunt,
1987:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1913:0-8264-8102-7
1910:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1893:Bromiley 1995
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1852:archive.today
1849:
1846:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1808:0-521-58395-0
1805:
1801:
1800:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1782:1-108-01239-6
1779:
1775:
1770:
1767:
1764:, Oxford 1991
1763:
1757:
1754:
1751:, p. 30.
1750:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1681:
1676:
1674:0-8091-2532-3
1670:
1666:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1650:, p. 56.
1649:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1599:0-521-61620-4
1596:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1575:0-86554-373-9
1572:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1553:, p. 42.
1552:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1490:0-521-21043-7
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1245:Larry Hurtado
1242:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1206:John P. Meier
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1138:Gerd Theissen
1135:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1096:Roman senator
1092:
1090:
1086:
1085:John P. Meier
1081:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1054:Cuspius Fadus
1051:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1002:Louis Feldman
999:
996:
995:Warren Carter
992:
988:
984:
983:Bruce Chilton
980:
976:
972:
968:
962:
960:
959:Herod Agrippa
956:
951:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
917:
916:Israel Museum
914:, now at the
913:
908:
901:
899:
891:
887:
882:
879:
875:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
848:New Testament
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
819:
815:
809:
806:) containing
805:
800:
793:
788:
786:
784:
780:
779:Monte Cassino
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
758:
753:
752:
746:
743:
737:
732:
724:
719:
716:
711:
710:
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
688:
679:
674:
667:
663:
659:
655:
650:
643:
641:
639:
635:
631:
626:
624:
620:
614:
610:
607:
601:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
564:
562:
558:
557:
552:
548:
544:
543:his execution
540:
536:
533:
529:
517:
512:
510:
505:
503:
498:
497:
495:
494:
489:
479:
477:
472:
467:
466:
465:
464:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
438:
435:
430:
429:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
395:
392:
391:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
371:
368:
363:
362:
355:
352:
350:
349:Unknown years
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
328:
325:
323:
320:
319:
318:
315:
311:
308:
307:
306:
303:
301:
298:
297:
294:
289:
288:
281:
278:
276:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
258:
255:
250:
249:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
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209:
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194:
187:
186:Second Coming
184:
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87:
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84:Life of Jesus
82:
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72:
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67:
66:
63:
58:
57:
53:
49:
48:
44:
40:
39:
33:
29:
25:
21:
4270:Tacitus Trap
4234:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4206:
4033:Holy Kinship
3984:Master Jesus
3962:Baháʼí Faith
3856:Christianity
3843:Christianity
3813:Christ Child
3808:Bibliography
3770:
3658:Resurrection
3572:Homelessness
3481:(apocryphal)
3462:Virgin birth
3452:Annunciation
3444:Jesus's life
3368:
3355:
3338:
3335:Syme, Ronald
3308:
3284:
3263:
3242:
3217:
3193:
3168:
3143:
3140:Brent, Allen
3119:
3086:
3079:
3060:
3054:
3035:
3026:
3021:, p. 3.
3019:Crossan 1999
2990:
2982:
2976:
2957:
2948:
2928:
2921:
2911:– via
2892:
2886:
2876:
2867:
2863:
2853:
2842:. Retrieved
2840:. 2015-12-14
2837:
2828:
2803:
2797:
2784:
2759:
2755:
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2729:
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2593:
2584:
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2572:
2552:
2545:
2533:
2524:
2518:
2511:Portier 1994
2467:
2461:
2442:
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2418:Ancient Rome
2417:
2389:
2383:
2364:
2358:
2347:
2345:
2339:
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2242:
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2194:Feldman 1997
2168:
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2152:
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2119:, p. 9.
2117:Crossan 1999
2112:
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2099:
2091:
2086:
2078:
2073:
2065:
2056:
2040:
2036:
2024:
2015:
1991:
1986:
1977:
1950:
1946:
1937:
1904:
1900:
1843:
1827:
1819:
1811:
1797:
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1749:Barnett 2002
1728:
1714:
1683:
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1616:
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1566:
1529:
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1501:
1496:
1481:
1478:E. J. Kenney
1469:
1378:
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1353:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1292:in the 60s.
1289:
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1177:
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1060:Authenticity
1047:
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1037:
1000:
990:
963:
927:Pilate Stone
920:
912:Pilate Stone
889:
883:
877:
872:
867:
859:
835:
831:
823:
821:
817:
813:
807:
803:
782:
770:
755:
749:
747:
742:Emperor Nero
739:
734:
730:
721:
713:
704:A. J. Church
685:
683:
665:
653:
627:
623:Roman Judaea
615:
611:
596:
565:
554:
537:referred to
525:
421:Bar-Serapion
415:
273: /
176:Intercession
156:Resurrection
104:Virgin birth
23:
4059:Descendants
4017:Holy Family
4000:Genealogies
3967:Manichaeism
3873:Incarnation
3868:Christology
3861:1st century
3743:Historicity
3634:Crucifixion
3602:Last Supper
3108:Works cited
2806:: 146–152.
1812:Flor. Laur.
1089:Craig Evans
987:Craig Evans
860:Chrestianoi
840:Middle Ages
775:Benedictine
759:manuscripts
600:Chrestianos
584:persecution
441:Life in art
317:Historicity
271:Jesus' race
141:Humiliation
74:Christology
4303:Categories
3905:Son of God
3800:Depictions
3538:Beatitudes
3495:Temptation
3439:Chronology
2844:2021-09-14
2177:0814651135
2049:1842270273
1842:J. Boman,
1707:Brent 2009
1551:Evans 2001
1522:Brent 2009
1512:. pp. 1–4.
1462:References
1304:See also:
1290:Chrestiani
1286:Χριστιανός
1278:Χριστιανός
1215:Brent Shaw
1147:procurator
1004:says that
991:procurator
935:procurator
895:christiani
852:Acts 11:26
658:xv. 44.3–8
588:Christians
401:Manichaean
300:Chronology
254:Background
32:Christians
4229:Histories
4133:Sexuality
4118:Criticism
4103:Christmas
3979:Mandaeism
3955:Ahmadiyya
3663:Ascension
3587:Anointing
3522:Disciples
3505:Selecting
2909:242371092
2820:164718138
2776:162564651
2262:Shaw 2015
1648:Dunn 2009
1577:. p. 343.
1235:Suetonius
1100:Eucharist
1044:epitropos
1021:epítropos
1015:ἐπίτροπος
890:Nero 16.2
886:Suetonius
777:abbey of
690:passage (
638:Suetonius
451:Depiction
374:Christian
344:Criticism
334:Mythology
275:genealogy
241:End times
226:Disciples
166:Obedience
161:Ascension
146:Execution
4288:Category
4215:Agricola
4208:Germania
4151:Category
4022:Panthera
4007:(mother)
3766:Josephus
3619:Betrayal
3562:Miracles
3557:Parables
3517:Ministry
3500:Apostles
3457:Nativity
3337:(1958).
3307:(2000).
3241:(2007).
3216:(2009).
3166:(1995).
3142:(2009).
3118:(2002).
2956:(1995).
2592:(1986).
2010:. p.167.
1848:Archived
1601:. p. xi.
1403:See also
1333:Domitian
1268:and the
1010:Josephus
979:Claudius
955:Claudius
939:Josephus
878:Christus
834:into an
828:Florence
767:Florence
757:Medicean
606:Christus
411:Josephus
406:Mandaean
136:Parables
131:Miracles
119:Ministry
109:Nativity
43:a series
41:Part of
4309:Tacitus
4253:Related
4193:Tacitus
4074:Related
4044:Joachim
3938:Judaism
3928:Jesuism
3828:Statues
3781:Gospels
3771:Tacitus
3761:Sources
3686:Matthew
3681:Gospels
3592:Passion
3545:Prayers
3490:Baptism
3479:Infancy
3424:Outline
3339:Tacitus
2216:p. 215.
2179:page 44
2079:Latomus
1915:page 12
1784:page iv
1414:Tacitus
1385:Hadrian
1143:prefect
950:hēgemṓn
931:prefect
864:Phrygia
808:Annales
771:Annales
654:Annales
535:Tacitus
532:senator
456:Jesuism
416:Tacitus
389:Islamic
114:Baptism
89:Gospels
4236:Annals
4108:Easter
4064:Clopas
4011:Joseph
3993:Family
3890:Relics
3851:Christ
3646:Burial
3624:Arrest
3375:
3362:
3345:
3315:
3291:
3270:
3249:
3224:
3200:
3176:
3150:
3126:
3094:
3067:
3042:
2997:
2964:
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2818:
2774:
2762:: 86.
2737:
2707:
2677:
2650:
2625:
2600:
2560:
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2449:
2424:
2396:
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2296:
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2175:
2140:
2047:
2006:
1998:
1911:
1806:
1780:
1671:
1597:
1573:
1508:
1488:
1364:Trajan
1312:, and
1284:, and
1276:, and
1264:, the
1260:, the
1252:, the
1070:Empoli
944:ἡγεμών
923:Judaea
824:Annals
751:Annals
687:Annals
680:, Rome
636:, and
619:pagans
556:Annals
394:Ahmadi
384:Talmud
379:Jewish
354:Relics
211:Gospel
151:Burial
99:Places
69:Christ
4200:Works
3950:Islam
3629:Trial
3533:Plain
3413:Jesus
2913:Brill
2905:S2CID
2816:S2CID
2794:(PDF)
2772:S2CID
2577:Jesus
2231:" in
1391:were
1074:Italy
1034:Syria
1026:Egypt
1006:Philo
862:. In
692:15.44
539:Jesus
236:Mahdi
231:Death
206:Masih
26:, by
4050:Heli
4038:Anne
4005:Mary
3701:John
3696:Luke
3691:Mark
3651:Tomb
3373:ISBN
3360:ISBN
3343:ISBN
3313:ISBN
3289:ISBN
3268:ISBN
3247:ISBN
3222:ISBN
3198:ISBN
3174:ISBN
3148:ISBN
3124:ISBN
3092:ISBN
3065:ISBN
3040:ISBN
2995:ISBN
2962:ISBN
2934:ISBN
2735:ISBN
2705:ISBN
2675:ISBN
2648:ISBN
2623:ISBN
2598:ISBN
2558:ISBN
2472:ISBN
2447:ISBN
2422:ISBN
2394:ISBN
2369:ISBN
2331:help
2294:ISBN
2210:ISBN
2173:ISBN
2138:ISBN
2045:ISBN
2004:ISBN
1996:ISBN
1909:ISBN
1804:ISBN
1778:ISBN
1669:ISBN
1595:ISBN
1571:ISBN
1506:ISBN
1486:ISBN
1347:(in
1339:and
1204:and
1052:was
1030:Asia
985:and
910:The
684:The
592:Rome
572:Nero
530:and
526:The
221:Mary
3442:of
2897:doi
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