464:
246:
608:, the successive Vicars General of the Society in Russia. On their behalf he corresponded with the many ex-jesuits abroad who wished to rejoin the Society. At the Regional Congregation of 1802 he was made Assistant of the newly elected Superior of the Jesuits of the Russian Province, Gabriel Gruber. He had an especial devotion to the Jesuit martyr,
657:. By then a steady stream of young men was coming to Russia to join the Society. Between 1803 and 1805, 103 candidates entered the novitiate of Polotsk, 23 of them already ordained priests. The total number of Jesuits grew to 333, mostly engaged in educational activities, in 7 high schools in Russia, but also moving into pastoral work in
785:
and taking over their high school on the grounds that they were converting
Russian nobles to Catholicism. Despite his ailing health and protests, Brzozowski was detained and forbidden to return to Rome. Sensing that the days of the Society in Russia were numbered, Brzozowski sent several Jesuits to
648:
Following the death of Gruber, in 1805, the
Regional (Polish) Fourth Congregation met at Polotsk, again part of Lithuania and elected Tadeusz Brzozowski as Superior General of the Society which was still functioning in the territory of Russia. The newly elected General immediately sent a message to
794:
Brzozowski died on
February 5, 1820, and was buried in Polotsk. He had taken the precaution to nominate an Italian, Mariano Petrucci, as his Vicar General, to ensure that the Congregation to elect his successor would meet in Rome. On 13 March 1820 the Society of Jesus was expelled from the Russian
769:. However, Tsar Alexander prohibited Brzozowski from leaving Russia. Brzozowski therefore appointed Luigi Fortis, as his representative in Rome from 1814 until his death in 1820. Brzozowski had managed to secure the continuity of the Society from his exile in Russia.
735:
Internal tensions grew in the
Society as non-Russian or Polish Jesuits, not being conversant with the political situation of the Russian empire, criticized Brzozowski for certain decisions he took which, in their estimation, were too liberal, such as allowing the
752:
SJ. On his return from
Napoleonic exile to Rome, Pope Pius VII lifted the suppression of the Society on August 7, 1814. Forty-one years after Clement XIV suppressed the Society, Pius VII celebrated mass in the
952:
Worcester SJ, T. (Ed.), (2017). Brzozowski, Tadeusz, SJ (1749–1820) in The
Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Jesuits (p. 124). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139032780.002
781:. The Jesuits were seen as an obstacle to those developments. Opposed to the expansion and influence of the Society, Alexander published an edict on December 20, 1815, expelling the Jesuits from
596:(The Imitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary) by A. de Rouville, Połock 1800. He was also a successful and well known preacher. In 1797 he was named Secretary of the Society and worked closely with
584:, in order to be able to rejoin the Society, which was allowed to continue there. A gifted linguist (fluent in Latin, French, German, Russian) he translated theological works into his native
1069:
492:
672:
into a university academy, thus allowing affiliation of all the Jesuit schools and affording them protection from undue local political interference.
1016:
989:
766:
517:
301:
46:
349:
879:
442:
564:
progressed over the next 20 years, paradoxically the range of the
Jesuits expanded temporarily along with the borders of the Russian Empire.
1079:
1064:
908:
846:
821:
1074:
1059:
933:
748:
Brzozowski worked tirelessly to obtain the general restoration of the
Society, both personally and through his delegate in Rome, Father
513:
280:
765:. The newly reconstituted Society of Jesus deemed a general congregation unnecessary: Brzozowski retained his role and became formally
1054:
873:
55:
887:
668:
It became clear that the suppression of the
Society would eventually be lifted. in 1812 the college in Polotsk was upgraded by
485:
864:
267:
721:
452:
17:
560:, where he was ordained priest in 1775. In effect he was no longer formally a member of the Society. However, as the
447:
737:
478:
229:
508:, SJ (October 21, 1749 – February 5, 1820) was a Polish scholar, teacher, administrator and a
839:
Jesuit
Survival and Restoration: A Global History, 1773-1900. Studies in the History of Christian Traditions
778:
556:, patron of "her" Jesuits, it did not apply in the Russian Empire), he continued his theological studies in
274:
134:
325:
777:
The Society's restoration coincided with Russia becoming more nationalistic and strengthening its native
698:
691:
669:
754:
1049:
1044:
561:
296:
553:
427:
412:
392:
318:
597:
552:(1770–73). After the Suppression of the Order in the rest of the world on 21 July 1773 (owing to
533:
468:
367:
217:
207:
138:
929:
904:
883:
842:
817:
397:
782:
601:
541:
422:
417:
37:
729:
714:
585:
358:
187:
982:
728:. Brzozowski sent four men as requested, two from Russia and two from England, but the
605:
581:
407:
402:
387:
372:
159:
1038:
710:
706:
684:
680:
650:
609:
537:
529:
177:
1026:
964:
La Compagnie de Jésus en Russie; un collège jésuite à Saint Petersbourg (1800–1816)
749:
725:
437:
382:
92:
717:
432:
377:
250:
463:
758:
194:
616:
and brought them for reburial in Polotsk. He expanded missionary activity in
687:
662:
869:
702:
592:(a Philosophical Dictionary of Religion) by C. F. Nonnotte, Wilno 1782 and
901:
The Jesuit Suppression in Global Context: Causes, Events, and Consequences
54:
676:
621:
544:
in 1765, and studied Rhetoric, Greek, French and classical literature in
203:
625:
577:
573:
557:
549:
237:
155:
695:
658:
654:
637:
617:
545:
509:
199:
245:
732:
in Europe and the dangers of travel made their mission impossible.
683:
were fully incorporated into the Society and Brzozowski allowed an
633:
629:
613:
332:
868:. Brożek Jan – Chwalczewski Franciszek (in Polish). Vol. 3.
814:
Pre-suppression Jesuit Activity in the British Isles and Ireland
548:(Belarus) (1767–70), followed by Philosophy and Mathematics in
786:
Western Europe to speed up the reestablishment of the order.
876:– Skład Główny w Księgarniach Gebethner i Wolff. p. 68.
990:
Superior General of the Society of Jesus In Exile (Russia)
636:. In 1806-1810 he despatched eight Belarusian Jesuits to
837:
Robert Aleksander Maryks; Jonathan Wright, eds. (2014).
709:
and to Brzozowski, begging for Jesuits to be sent from
899:Burson, Jeffrey D.; Wright, Jonathan, eds. (2015).
862:Bednarski, Stanisław (1937). "Brzozowski Tadeusz".
213:
193:
183:
173:
165:
145:
116:
111:
103:
98:
88:
80:
72:
64:
27:
957:La Compagnia di Gesù nell'impero Russo (1772–1820)
512:priest. Having secured its continuity during the
903:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 205–238.
841:(revised reprint ed.). Brill. p. 393.
653:thanking him for having restored the Society in
632:(1814). He also planned to send missionaries to
516:until its restoration, he was elected twentieth
486:
8:
640:to help foster the Society's revival there.
976:
493:
479:
244:
224:
24:
1070:Superiors General of the Society of Jesus
1017:Superior General of the Society of Jesus
767:Superior General of the Society of Jesus
612:and in 1808 he exhumed his remains from
518:Superior General of the Society of Jesus
47:Superior General of the Society of Jesus
804:
594:O naśladowaniu Najświętszej Maryi Panny
357:
350:List of Jesuit educational institutions
341:
309:
288:
258:
236:
520:and was its first world-wide general.
675:In October 1806, the "ex-Jesuits" of
7:
928:. Simon and Schuster. p. 217.
14:
971:Les Jésuites de la Russie blanche
690:to be opened with ten novices at
880:Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich
740:to be taught in Jesuit schools.
462:
53:
757:, and formally promulgated the
590:Dykcjonarz filozoficzny religii
568:Return to the Society in Russia
71:
63:
763:Sollicitudo omnium ecclesiarum
562:partitions of Poland-Lithuania
536:, on October 21, 1749, into a
1:
812:Thomas M. McCoog, SJ (2019).
68:1805, Papal confirmation 1814
1080:19th-century Polish nobility
1065:18th-century Polish nobility
874:Polska Akademia Umiejętności
572:In 1782 Brzozowski left for
59:Very Rev. Tadeusz Brzozowski
18:Tadeusz Brzozowski (painter)
16:For the Polish painter, see
1075:19th-century Polish Jesuits
1060:18th-century Polish Jesuits
865:Polski Słownik Biograficzny
720:and also to work among the
1096:
744:Restoration of the Society
514:suppression of the Society
15:
1023:
1014:
1006:
996:
987:
979:
962:Rouet de Journel, M.-J.,
52:
44:
924:Malachi Martin (2013).
779:Eastern Orthodox Church
773:Political complications
540:family. He entered the
528:Brzozowski was born in
275:Congregatio de Auxiliis
1055:Clergy from Königsberg
973:(2 vol.), Paris, 1886.
469:Catholicism portal
326:Ad maiorem Dei gloriam
816:. Brill. p. 93.
699:Joseph-Octave Plessis
670:Alexander I of Russia
297:General Congregation
694:. Later that year,
554:Catherine the Great
453:Jesuit philosophers
428:Frederick Copleston
413:Pierre-Jean De Smet
319:Spiritual Exercises
268:Regimini militantis
755:Church of the Gesú
598:Gabriel Lenkiewicz
534:Kingdom of Prussia
506:Tadeusz Brzozowski
448:Jesuit theologians
368:Ignatius of Loyola
208:Vilnius University
139:Kingdom of Prussia
121:Tadeusz Brzozowski
33:Tadeusz Brzozowski
1033:
1032:
1024:Succeeded by
997:Succeeded by
910:978-1-1070-3058-9
848:978-9-0042-8387-9
823:978-9-0043-9529-9
722:aboriginal people
503:
502:
398:Robert Bellarmine
223:
222:
29:The Very Reverend
1087:
1007:Preceded by
980:Preceded by
977:
940:
939:
935:978-1476-75188-7
921:
915:
914:
896:
890:
877:
859:
853:
852:
834:
828:
827:
809:
783:Saint Petersburg
761:of restoration,
705:wrote to exiled
644:Superior General
602:Franciszek Kareu
542:Society of Jesus
495:
488:
481:
467:
466:
423:Aloysius Gonzaga
418:Augustin Barruel
393:Francisco Suárez
302:Superior General
248:
238:Society of Jesus
225:
169:Polotsk, Belarus
152:
130:
128:
112:Personal details
57:
25:
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898:
897:
893:
882:, Kraków 1989,
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811:
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792:
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746:
730:Napoleonic Wars
646:
570:
526:
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359:Notable Jesuits
254:
154:
150:
149:5 February 1820
141:
132:
131:21 October 1749
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76:5 February 1820
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998:
995:
986:
983:Gabriel Gruber
981:
975:
974:
969:Zalenski, S.,
967:
966:, Paris, 1922.
960:
953:
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945:
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909:
891:
854:
847:
829:
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738:Orthodox faith
645:
642:
628:(1810) and in
606:Gabriel Gruber
582:Russian Empire
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408:Edmund Campion
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403:Peter Canisius
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388:John Berchmans
385:
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373:Francis Xavier
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253:of the Jesuits
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188:Roman Catholic
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160:Russian Empire
153:(aged 70)
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978:
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961:
959:, Rome, 1997.
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711:Great Britain
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707:Pope Pius VII
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671:
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664:
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656:
652:
651:Pope Pius VII
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635:
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627:
623:
619:
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611:
610:Andrew Bobola
607:
603:
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583:
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484:
482:
477:
476:
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460:
459:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
443:Jesuit saints
441:
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91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
67:
56:
51:
48:
43:
39:
26:
23:
19:
1027:Luigi Fortis
1015:
1009:
999:
988:
970:
963:
956:
955:Inglot, M.,
947:Bibliography
925:
919:
900:
894:
863:
857:
838:
832:
813:
807:
793:
776:
762:
750:Luigi Fortis
747:
734:
726:Upper Canada
674:
667:
647:
593:
589:
588:, such as,
571:
527:
505:
504:
438:Pope Francis
383:Pedro Arrupe
331:
324:
317:
310:Spirituality
273:
266:
214:Coat of arms
184:Denomination
151:(1820-02-05)
93:Luigi Fortis
22:
1050:1820 deaths
1045:1749 births
1010:suppression
1000:restoration
718:Nova Scotia
433:Karl Rahner
378:Peter Faber
281:Suppression
251:Christogram
174:Nationality
135:Koenigsberg
81:Predecessor
1039:Categories
1021:1814–1820
994:1805–1814
799:References
759:Papal bull
692:Georgetown
530:Königsberg
524:Background
195:Alma mater
127:1749-10-21
104:Ordination
73:Term ended
45:twentieth
878:Reprint:
688:novitiate
663:Lithuania
620:, in the
289:Hierarchy
89:Successor
65:Installed
795:Empire.
713:both to
685:American
677:Maryland
624:(1806),
622:Caucasus
550:Nieśwież
230:a series
228:Part of
204:Nieswiez
926:Jesuits
715:Halifax
681:America
626:Irkutsk
580:in the
578:Belarus
574:Polotsk
558:Vilnius
259:History
156:Polotsk
932:
907:
886:
870:Kraków
845:
820:
703:Québec
696:Bishop
659:Latvia
655:Sicily
638:Boston
618:Mozdok
586:Polish
546:Slutsk
538:Polish
510:Jesuit
232:on the
200:Slutsk
178:Polish
166:Buried
99:Orders
790:Death
634:China
630:Tomsk
614:Pinsk
342:Works
333:Magis
218:Korab
84:vacat
930:ISBN
905:ISBN
884:ISBN
843:ISBN
818:ISBN
661:and
604:and
146:Died
117:Born
107:1775
724:in
701:of
679:in
1041::
872::
665:.
600:,
576:,
532:,
206:,
202:,
158:,
137:,
38:SJ
938:.
913:.
851:.
826:.
494:e
487:t
480:v
129:)
125:(
20:.
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