1848:
1757:
20:
2121:
6180:
2170:
2036:
2151:
expelling "all members of the
Society of Jesus" from Charles's Spanish domains and confiscating all their goods. The other instructed local officials to surround the Jesuit colleges and residences on the night of April 2, arrest the Jesuits, and arrange their passage to ships awaiting them at various ports. King Carlos' closing sentence read: "If a single Jesuit, even though sick or dying, is still to be found in the area under your command after the embarkation, prepare yourself to face
2218:
315:
1967:, condemning the Society to extinction. Still, the king's intervention brought eight months delay, and in the meantime, a compromise was suggested by the Court. If the French Jesuits separated from the Society headed by the Jesuit General directly under the pope's authority and came under a French vicar, with French customs, as with the Gallican Church, the Crown would still protect them. The French Jesuits, rejecting
4903:
2286:
2047:, was the last of the expulsions, with Portugal (1759) and France (1764) having already set the pattern. The Spanish crown had already begun a series of administrative and other changes in their overseas empire, such as reorganizing the viceroyalties, rethinking economic policies, and establishing a military, so the expulsion of the Jesuits is seen as part of this general trend known generally as the
4063:
2198:(American-born Spanish) men, many of whom themselves became Jesuits. Of the 678 Jesuits expelled from Mexico, 75% were Mexican-born. In late June 1767, Spanish soldiers removed the Jesuits from their 16 missions and 32 stations in Mexico. No Jesuit could be excepted from the king's decree, no matter how old or ill. Many died on the trek along the cactus-studded trail to the Gulf Coast port of
1911:. This turned out to be an imprudent step for their interests. Not only did the Parlement support the lower court on 8 May 1761, but having once gotten the case into its hands, the Jesuits' opponents in that assembly determined to strike a blow at the order. Under fire for currency speculation and accused of torturing and killing four slaves, Lavalette resigned from the Jesuit order in 1762.
6192:
4917:
1500:
269:
2070:
2536:
certain knowledge, and the fullness of our apostolical power, suppress and abolish the said company: we deprive it of all activity whatever... And to this end a member of the regular clergy, recommendable for his prudence and sound morals, shall be chosen to preside over and govern the said houses; so that the name of the
Company shall be, and is, for ever extinguished and suppressed.
2406:
4247:
2010:, where Jesuit missionaries in the seventeenth century had been active among indigenous peoples. British rule had implications for Jesuits in New France, but their numbers and sites were already in decline. As early as 1700, the Jesuits had adopted a policy of merely maintaining their existing posts instead of trying to establish new ones beyond Quebec,
51:
3156:
2099:, attorney for the Council of Castile, the body overseeing central Spain, articulated this view in a report the king read. Carlos ordered convening a special royal commission to draw up a master plan to expel the Jesuits. The commission first met in January 1767. It modeled its plan on the tactics deployed by France's
2726:(Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790 and ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 to 1790) issued on 12 January 1782 for Austria and Hungary banned several monastic orders not involved in teaching or healing. It liquidated 140 monasteries (home to 1484 monks and 190 nuns). The banned monastic orders included Jesuits,
2206:
elites – the properties became a source of wealth for the crown. The crown auctioned them off, benefiting the treasury, and their criollo purchasers gained productive well-run properties. Many criollo families felt outraged at the crown's actions, regarding it as a "despotic act." One well-known
Mexican Jesuit,
1824:
Saldanha, having received the papal brief only a fortnight before, declared that the
Jesuits were guilty of having exercised "illicit, public, and scandalous commerce" in Portugal and its colonies. He had not visited Jesuit houses as ordered and pronounced on the issues the pope had reserved for himself.
2107:
in 1307 – emphasizing the element of surprise. Carlos' adviser
Campomanes had written a treatise on the Templars in 1747, which may have informed the implementation of the Jesuit suppression. One historian states, " never would have dared to expel the Jesuits had he not been assured of the support of
1699:
Various states took advantage of different events to take action. The series of political struggles between various monarchs, particularly France and
Portugal, began with disputes over territory in 1750 and culminated in the suspension of diplomatic relations and the dissolution of the Society by the
2316:
Several historians have estimated the number of
Jesuits deported at 6,000. But it is unclear whether this figure encompasses Spain alone or extends to Spain's overseas colonies (notably Mexico and the Philippines). Jesuit historian Hubert Becher claims that about 600 Jesuits died during their voyage
2021:
Once New France was under
British control, the British barred the immigration of any further Jesuits. By 1763, only twenty-one Jesuits were still stationed in what was now the British colony of Quebec. By 1773, only eleven Jesuits remained. The British crown claimed Jesuit property in Canada in the
1827:
Pombal implicated the
Jesuits in the Távora affair, an attempted assassination of the king on 3 September 1758, on the grounds of their friendship with some of the supposed conspirators. On 19 January 1759, he issued a decree sequestering the property of the Society in the Portuguese dominions. The
1592:
Historians identify multiple factors causing the suppression. The
Jesuits, who were not above getting involved in politics, were distrusted for their closeness to the pope and his power in independent nations' religious and political affairs. In France, it was a combination of many influences, from
1899:
were captured, and Lavalette was unable to pay his very large debts and went bankrupt. His creditors turned to the Jesuit procurator in Paris to demand payment. Still, he refused responsibility for the debts of an independent mission – though he offered to negotiate for a settlement. The creditors
1811:
ensued. It was a disaster for the Guaraní. In Portugal, a battle escalated, with inflammatory pamphlets denouncing or defending the Jesuits, who, for over a century, had protected the Guarani from enslavement by way of the Reductions. The Portuguese colonizers secured the expulsion of the Jesuits.
2535:
Having further considered that the said Company of Jesus can no longer produce those abundant fruits...in the present case, we are determining upon the fate of a society classed among the mendicant orders, both by its institute and by its privileges; after a mature deliberation, we do, out of our
2091:
King Carlos fled to the countryside when an angry crowd of those resisters converged on the royal palace. The crowd shouted, "Long Live Spain! Death to Esquilache!" His Flemish palace guard fired warning shots over the people's heads. An account says that a group of Jesuit priests appeared on the
1883:
in 1908 said that the practice of the missionaries occupying themselves personally in selling off the goods produced (an anomaly for a religious order) "was allowed partly to provide for the current expenses of the mission, partly to protect the simple, childlike natives from the common plague of
26:; as a carrack sets sail from Portuguese shores in the background, a bolt of lightning strikes a Jesuit priest as he attempts to set a terrestrial globe, a mitre, and a royal crown on fire; a bag of gold coins and a closed book (symbols of wealth and control of education) lie at the priest's feet.
2335:
calls the Spanish crown's expulsion of the Jesuits a "sudden and devastating move" to assert royal control. However, the Jesuits became a vulnerable target for the crown's moves to assert more control over the church; also, some religious and diocesan clergy and civil authorities were hostile to
2205:
There were protests in Mexico at the exile of so many Jesuit members of elite families. But the Jesuits themselves obeyed the order. Since the Jesuits had owned extensive landed estates in Mexico – which supported their evangelization of indigenous peoples and their education mission to criollo
2150:
The commission's meeting on 29 January 1767 planned the expulsion of the Jesuits. Secret orders, to be opened at sunrise on April 2, were sent to all provincial viceroys and district military commanders in Spain. Each sealed envelope contained two documents. One was a copy of the original order
1823:
to investigate allegations against the Jesuits. Benedict was skeptical about the gravity of the alleged abuses. He ordered a "minute inquiry", but to safeguard the Society's reputation, all serious matters were to be referred back to him. Benedict died the following month, on May 3. On May 15,
1691:
By the mid-18th century, the Society had acquired a European reputation for political maneuvering and economic success. Monarchs in many European states grew increasingly wary of what they saw as undue interference from a foreign entity. The expulsion of Jesuits from their states had the added
3335:
Dissertaciones históricas del orden, y Cavallería de los templarios, o resumen historial de sus principios, fundación, instituto, progressos, y extinción en el Concilio de Viena. Y un apéndice, o suplemento, en que se pone la regla de esta orden, y diferentes Privilegios de ella, con muchas
2161:, presented with a similar ultimatum by the Spanish ambassador to the Vatican a few days before the decree would take effect, asked King Carlos, "by what authority?" and threatened him with eternal damnation. Pope Clement could not enforce his protest, and the expulsion occurred as planned.
2051:. The reforms aimed to curb American-born Spaniards' increasing autonomy and self-confidence, reassert crown control, and increase revenues. Some historians doubt that the Jesuits were guilty of intrigues against the Spanish crown that were used as the immediate cause for the expulsion.
1877:, where the Society of Jesus had a commercial stake in sugar plantations worked by black slaves and free labor. Their large mission plantations included large local populations that worked under the usual conditions of tropical colonial agriculture of the 18th century. The
2240:, whence they sailed to the Mexican mainland and thence to Europe. Showing sympathy for the Jesuits, Portolá treated them kindly, even as he ended their 70 years of mission-building in Baja, California. The Jesuit missions in Baja California were turned over to the
1863:
in 1762 and used as evidence in a trial of the order. The prosecution claimed it was blasphemous and showed a lack of respect for the papacy and monarchy because it is an allegory of salvation with the pope and King of France depicted in less prominence than the
1847:
2255:
The change in the Spanish colonies in the New World was particularly great, as missions often dominated the far-flung settlements. Almost overnight, in the mission towns of Sonora and Arizona, the "black robes" (Jesuits) disappeared, and the "gray robes"
3336:
Dissertaciones, y Notas, tocantes no solo à esta Orden, sino à las de S. Juan, Teutonicos, Santiago, Calatrava, Alcantara, Avis, Montesa, Christo, Monfrac, y otras Iglesias, y Monasterios de España, con varios Cathalogos de Maestres
2820:
The modern view is that the order's suppression resulted from political and economic conflicts rather than a theological controversy and the assertion of nation-state independence against the Catholic Church. The expulsion of the
2697:
Alexander I withdrew his patronage of the Jesuits in 1812, but with the restoration of the Society in 1814, that only temporarily affected the order. Alexander eventually expelled all Jesuits from Imperial Russia in March 1820.
1528:
2268:
The Jesuits were soon dislodged from the Philippines which they had converted from Animism, Hinduism, and Islam, to Christianity. The royal decree expelling the Society of Jesus from Spain and its dominions reached
2308:
refused to allow the ships to unload their prisoners onto papal territory. Fired upon by batteries of artillery from the shore of Civitavecchia, the Spanish warships had to look for an anchorage off the island of
2593:
refused to allow the papal document of suppression to be distributed in his country. The order continued in Prussia for several years after the suppression, although it had dissolved before the 1814 restoration.
4073:
2843:. The suppression was also seen as an attempt by monarchs to gain control of revenues and trade that the Society of Jesus previously dominated. Catholic historians often point to a personal conflict between
1756:
1948:, to whom the Jesuits had refused absolution since she was living in sin with the King of France, was a determined opponent. The determination of the Parlement of Paris in time bore down all opposition.
5968:
1773:
1761:
19:
2095:
The monarch and his advisers were alarmed by the uprising, which challenged royal authority. The Jesuits were accused of inciting the mob and publicly accusing the monarch of religious crimes.
2131:
King Carlos' ministers kept their deliberations to themselves, as did the king, who acted upon "urgent, just, and necessary reasons, which I reserve in my royal mind." The correspondence of
1807:, who lived in the mission territories, were ordered to quit their country and move to Uruguay. The Guaraní rose in arms against the transfer due to the harsh conditions, and the so-called
5857:
3964:
Schlafly, Daniel L. Jr. (2015). "General Repression, Russian Survival, American Success: The 'Russian' Society of Jesus and the Jesuits in the United States". In Burson, Jeffrey D. (ed.).
1521:
625:
1837:
4954:
460:
2066:
was enacted. The law, which placed restrictions on men's wearing of voluminous capes and limiting the breadth of sombreros men could wear, was seen as an "insult to Castilian pride."
6164:
6159:
2224:, Mexican Jesuit exiled to Italy. His history of ancient Mexico was a significant text for pride for contemporaries in New Spain. He is revered in modern Mexico as a creole patriot.
1791:
Portugal's quarrel with the Jesuits began over an exchange of South American colonial territory with Spain. By a secret treaty of 1750, Portugal relinquished to Spain the contested
2328:
pursued a similar policy: On November 3, the Jesuits, with no accusation or trial, were marched across the border into the Papal States and threatened with death if they returned.
1994:, he concluded: "If I adopt the advice of others for the peace of my realm, you must make the changes I propose, or I will do nothing. I say no more, lest I should say too much."
6307:
1739:(a court, not a legislature) ruled against the Society in a huge bankruptcy case under pressure from a host of groups – from within the Church but also secular notables such as
1731:
and deported Jesuits from South America after relocating them with their native workers and then fighting a brief conflict, formally suppressing the order in 1759. In 1762 the
1514:
1991:
1840:, for "crimes against the faith". After Malagrida's execution in 1759, the Portuguese crown suppressed the Society. The Portuguese ambassador was recalled from Rome, and the
1260:
5508:
4988:
807:
5883:
2140:
980:
5958:
4835:
1978:
At the end of November 1764, the king signed an edict dissolving the Society throughout his dominions, though some provincial parlements still protected them, such as
1165:
1140:
355:
2714:), the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1803, and the United States in 1805. "Russian" chapters were also formed in Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands, and Switzerland.
365:
2296:
Spanish soldiers rounded up the Jesuits in Mexico, marched them to the coasts, and placed them below the decks of Spanish warships headed for the Italian port of
2483:
addressed a public warning against it on 30 January 1768, threatening the Duchy with ecclesiastical censures. At this, all the Bourbon courts turned against the
5268:
4995:
390:
2092:
scene, soothed the protesters with speeches, and sent them home. Carlos decided to rescind the tax hike and hat-trimming edict and fire his finance minister.
1959:, assembled from passages from Jesuit theologians and canonists, alleging then to have taught every sort of immorality and error. On 6 August 1762, the final
1788:, the Jesuits' "independence, power, wealth, control of education, and ties to Rome made the Jesuits obvious targets for Pombal's brand of extreme regalism."
4947:
6277:
5541:
5034:
2707:
560:
370:
2236:, arrived on November 30. By 3 February 1768, Portolá's soldiers had removed the peninsula's 16 Jesuit missionaries from their posts and gathered them in
6222:
5923:
5222:
297:
6287:
6267:
2978:
2797:. With the political climate of Europe changed, and with the powerful monarchs who had called for the suppression of the Society no longer in power,
6302:
6282:
6272:
6242:
6237:
5676:
4786:
106:
4940:
4828:
2630:
refused to allow the papal document of suppression to be distributed and even openly defended the Jesuits from dissolution. The Jesuit chapter in
2438:, himself a Portuguese, followed suit, expelling the Jesuits from the island and seizing their assets. These assets were used in establishing the
154:
1955:, who denounced the Constitution of the Society of Jesus, which was publicly examined and discussed in a hostile press. The Parlement issued its
1941:
2120:
5370:
5312:
4255:
3473:
Robert Michael Van Handel, "The Jesuit and Franciscan Missions in Baja California." M.A. thesis. University of California, Santa Barbara, 1991.
2812:, the Catholic Church again began to play a more welcome role in European political life. Nation by nation, the Jesuits became re-established.
1723:
The conflicts began with trade disputes in 1750 in Portugal, 1755 in France, and the late 1750s in the Two Sicilies. In 1758 the government of
1255:
1195:
247:
2793:
after years of fighting and revolution, during which the Church had been persecuted as an agent of the old order and abused under the rule of
3125:
3054:
2313:, then a dependency of Genoa. But since a rebellion had erupted on Corsica, it took five months for some of the Jesuits to set foot on land.
2214:, the famous German scientist who spent a year in Mexico in 1803–04, praised Clavijero's work on the history of Mexico's indigenous peoples.
1298:
2801:
issued an order restoring the Society of Jesus in the Catholic countries of Europe. For its part, the Society of Jesus decided at the first
5180:
5076:
2755:
1481:
1135:
6042:
3540:
2351:
The suppression of the order had longstanding economic effects in the Americas, particularly those areas where they had their missions or
1800:
5940:
4108:
771:
2496:
1680:
Before the eighteenth-century suppression of the Jesuits in many countries, there had been earlier bans, such as in territories of the
1586:
6080:
5382:
5133:
4003:
3975:
3954:
3933:
2988:
2922:
1265:
1486:
6292:
6247:
6232:
6217:
5212:
4136:
2487:, demanding the entire dissolution of the Jesuits. Parma expelled the Jesuits from its territories, confiscating their possessions.
4432:
2393:
were auctioned, but new owners did not have the same expertise as the Jesuits, contributing to a decline in production of wine and
1672:, acted to restore the Society of Jesus to its previous provinces, and the Jesuits began to resume their work in those countries.
5983:
5463:
5353:
4821:
2512:
2096:
714:
960:
6257:
5478:
5402:
5022:
5000:
4793:
2443:
1776:(later the Marquis of Pombal) became the monarch's minister of state, culminating in the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1759. The
1322:
1285:
2805:
held after the restoration to keep the organization of the Society as it had been before the suppression was ordered in 1773.
2192:, the Jesuits had actively evangelized the Indians on the northern frontier. But their main activity involved educating elite
6262:
6252:
5717:
5336:
4983:
4975:
4963:
2731:
1557:
in 1773; the papacy acceded to said anti-Jesuit demands without much resistance. The Jesuits were serially expelled from the
1411:
1275:
990:
415:
290:
955:
6312:
6297:
6012:
5591:
5566:
5175:
4842:
4807:
4800:
4202:
4102:
3208:
2860:
2723:
1820:
1451:
1213:
746:
72:
1780:
in 1758 could be considered a pretext for the expulsion and crown confiscation of Jesuit assets. According to historians
684:
6052:
5571:
5561:
5017:
4418:
1764:, Portugal's prime-minister at the time, oversaw the suppression of the Jesuits in Portugal and its empire. Painting by
1684:
between 1606 and 1656–1657, begun and ended as part of disputes between the Republic and the papacy, beginning with the
1657:
1328:
950:
500:
257:
6017:
5160:
4523:
4397:
2237:
1952:
1566:
1476:
1336:
1000:
5387:
4635:
3758:
3695:
6026:
5051:
4878:
4745:
4710:
4666:
3070:
2893:
2829:
nations of Europe and their colonial empires is also seen as one of the early manifestations of the new secularist
2789:
were approaching their end in 1814, the old political order of Europe was to a considerable extent restored at the
2332:
2221:
2207:
1990:. In the draft of the edict, he canceled numerous clauses that implied that the Society was guilty, and writing to
1964:
1781:
1693:
1431:
751:
689:
679:
252:
6322:
6317:
6227:
6085:
5787:
5098:
4907:
4607:
4355:
2938:
Roehner, Bertrand M. (April 1997). "Jesuits and the State: A Comparative Study of their Expulsions (1590–1990)".
2504:
2339:
In addition to 1767, the Jesuits were suppressed and banned twice more in Spain, in 1834 and 1932. Spanish ruler
2229:
2139:, contains the ideas that, from time to time, guided Spanish policy. Carlos conducted his government through the
1923:
1891:, superior of the Martinique missions, became one of the largest land and slave owners on the island. But on the
593:
350:
323:
283:
34:
2442:
by a decree signed by Pinto on 22 November 1769, with a lasting effect on Malta's social and cultural life. The
1692:
benefit of allowing governments to impound the Society's accumulated wealth and possessions. However, historian
1180:
5918:
5493:
5010:
4814:
3922:
Casalini, Cristiano (2017). "Rise, Character, and Development of Jesuit Education". In Županov, Ines G. (ed.).
3484:
1005:
904:
640:
395:
360:
1900:
went to the courts and received a favorable decision in 1760, obliging the Society to pay and giving leave to
3115:
5536:
5392:
5119:
4771:
4376:
4098:
3204:
2747:
2435:
1621:, too strongly allied to the papacy, and too autonomous from the monarchs in whose territory they operated.
945:
884:
635:
79:
4011:
3943:
Maryks, Robert A.; Wright, Jonathan (2015). "Introduction". In Maryks, Robert A.; Wright, Jonathan (eds.).
2210:, during his Italian exile, wrote an important history of Mexico, with emphasis on the indigenous peoples.
2180:
in New Spain (1765–71), was instrumental in the Jesuit expulsion in 1767 in Mexico, considered part of the
6007:
5893:
5606:
4558:
4530:
4390:
4271:
4184:
4086:
3785:
2877:
2711:
2511:
dismissed the papal decree. In the Commonwealth, many of the Society's possessions were taken over by the
2211:
2169:
2035:
1792:
1341:
1315:
1270:
874:
540:
435:
130:
4600:
1772:
There were long-standing tensions between the Portuguese crown and the Jesuits, which increased when the
5903:
5888:
5601:
5458:
5365:
5165:
5148:
5061:
5005:
4129:
4078:
2881:
2663:
2372:
1879:
1645:
1011:
910:
520:
5953:
5513:
4860:
2360:
3662:"La vid y el vino en América del Sur: el desplazamiento de los polos vitivinícolas (siglos XVI al XX)"
3591:. Translated and adapted from German by Mark Howson. William Morrow & Co., 1984, p. 225, footnote.
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6062:
5989:
5832:
5792:
5611:
5488:
5427:
5232:
5207:
5143:
4868:
4779:
4724:
4551:
2836:
2809:
2802:
2706:
Under the patronage of the "Russian Society", Jesuit provinces were effectively reconstituted in the
2379:
2233:
2173:
2059:
1765:
1724:
1630:
1582:
1170:
1100:
1051:
1031:
834:
813:
666:
630:
600:
101:
6184:
5908:
5898:
5847:
5705:
5691:
5551:
5293:
5056:
4689:
4614:
4593:
4481:
4453:
4439:
4175:
4167:
3699:
2627:
2586:
2508:
2439:
2420:
2411:
2274:
2100:
1945:
1919:
1892:
1740:
1661:
1618:
1471:
1280:
995:
879:
766:
761:
756:
741:
232:
217:
197:
123:
24:
The Society of Jesus expelled from the Kingdom of Portugal by the Royal Decree of 3 September 1759
6196:
5973:
5742:
5666:
5634:
5453:
5422:
5259:
5247:
5108:
5046:
4921:
4586:
4579:
4474:
4264:
3364:. Translated and adapted from German by Mark Howson. William Morrow & Co., 1984, pp. 224–226.
3351:. Translated and adapted from German by Mark Howson. William Morrow & Co., 1984, pp. 223–224.
3292:. Translated and adapted from German by Mark Howson. William Morrow & Co., 1984, pp. 222–223.
2790:
2759:
2659:
2590:
2367:, in modern-day Argentina, their suppression led to the scattering and enslavement of indigenous
1937:
1908:
1785:
1685:
1653:
1504:
1145:
940:
736:
725:
719:
273:
172:
5762:
4320:
2773:
to visit Joseph II in March 1782. He received the Pope politely and presented himself as a good
4023:
Schroth, Raymond A. "Death and Resurrection: The Suppression of the Jesuits in North America."
3563:
3510:
3250:, edited by Michael Meyer and William Beezley, New York: Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 278.
2694:. Many former Jesuits throughout Europe traveled to Russia to join the sanctioned order there.
6142:
6047:
5822:
5808:
5782:
5767:
5671:
5656:
5586:
5576:
5445:
5377:
5278:
5242:
5138:
4885:
4565:
4502:
4285:
4278:
3999:
3993:
3971:
3950:
3929:
3666:
3121:
3050:
2984:
2918:
2844:
2840:
2500:
2480:
2476:
2431:
2368:
2352:
2321:
2305:
2217:
2158:
2152:
2077:
2044:
1888:
1833:
1829:
1828:
following September, he deported the Portuguese fathers, about one thousand in number, to the
1816:
1804:
1728:
1701:
1681:
1606:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1081:
1018:
985:
890:
839:
553:
470:
465:
202:
1975:
of March 9, 1764, the Jesuits were required to renounce their vows under pain of banishment.
1832:, keeping the foreigners in prison. Among those arrested and executed was the then denounced
1553:
and their respective colonies beginning in 1759 along with the abolition of the order by the
6032:
5837:
5817:
5737:
5722:
5621:
5523:
5397:
5237:
5195:
5190:
5170:
5153:
5066:
4738:
4696:
4572:
4516:
4425:
4362:
4327:
4299:
4211:
4122:
3675:
3530:
3522:
3324:. Translated and adapted from German by Mark Howson. William Morrow & Co., 1984, p. 223.
2947:
2822:
2651:
2643:
2524:
2523:
After the suppression of the Jesuits in many European countries and their overseas empires,
2472:
2447:
2340:
2325:
2289:
2132:
2055:
1979:
1852:
1777:
1743:, the king's mistress. Austria and the Two Sicilies suppressed the order by decree in 1767.
1635:
1602:
1061:
1056:
1025:
897:
731:
580:
480:
428:
331:
227:
222:
4467:
4039:
Reform Catholicism and the international suppression of the Jesuits in Enlightenment Europe
1940:
was weak; his wife and children were in favor of the Jesuits; his able first minister, the
1803:. These autonomous Jesuit missions had been nominal Spanish colonial territory. The native
6090:
6057:
6001:
5995:
5852:
5757:
5661:
5473:
4967:
4731:
4509:
4460:
4235:
4220:
3798:
3433:
The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, 1492–1867
3277:
The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, 1492–1867
2826:
2786:
2623:
2249:
2245:
2199:
2181:
2104:
2048:
1796:
1366:
1115:
1087:
1076:
849:
455:
408:
336:
163:
2650:
in 1801 for formal approval of the Jesuit operation in Russia. The Jesuits, led first by
2127:, adviser to Carlos III, who brought together an alliance of those opposed to the Jesuits
1933:
1844:
was expelled. Diplomatic relations between Portugal and Rome were broken off until 1770.
1190:
3375:
Junípero Serra: The Illustrated Story of the Franciscan Founder of California's Missions
314:
6153:
5978:
5772:
5747:
5711:
5651:
5644:
5639:
5629:
5483:
5468:
5407:
5283:
5273:
5029:
4717:
4682:
4628:
4446:
4383:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4313:
4292:
2871:
2848:
2683:
2655:
2468:
2193:
2124:
1808:
1649:
1614:
1610:
1578:
1574:
1550:
1391:
1231:
1185:
1175:
1044:
789:
475:
212:
207:
192:
177:
3893:
2634:
received her patronage. It ordained priests, operated schools, and opened housing for
6211:
6037:
5963:
5929:
5913:
5873:
5556:
5531:
5307:
5217:
5202:
5124:
4621:
4411:
4306:
4092:
4067:
3842:
La Compagnie de Jésus en Russie: un collège de Jésuites à Saint Pétersbourg (1800–16)
3444:
3428:
3304:
3272:
3198:
3160:
2865:
2798:
2766:
2611:
2607:
2575:
2390:
2297:
2112:
and mendicant orders had long opposed the Jesuits and sought to curtail their power.
2063:
1669:
1640:
1244:
1105:
1071:
3680:
3661:
3030:
2515:, the world's first Ministry of Education. Lithuania complied with the suppression.
1696:(1966) cautions, "ow far this served as a motive for the expulsion we do not know."
6147:
6022:
5878:
5842:
5581:
5503:
5347:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5071:
4675:
4655:
4488:
4369:
3642:
2770:
2301:
2285:
1951:
The attack on the Jesuits was opened on 17 April 1762 by the Jansenist sympathizer
1841:
1709:
1598:
1361:
1310:
1110:
920:
844:
829:
673:
660:
493:
448:
383:
242:
187:
2039:
Charles III of Spain, who ordered the expulsion of the Jesuits from Spanish realms
1971:, refused to consent. On 1 April 1763, the colleges were closed, and by a further
4932:
3965:
3944:
3923:
5948:
5777:
5752:
5727:
5700:
5687:
5596:
5498:
5185:
4703:
4544:
4495:
4404:
4246:
4160:
3419:, volume 1. Michael S. Werner, ed., Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 153–154.
2751:
2743:
2739:
2727:
2639:
2292:, adviser to Charles III, instrumental in the expulsion of the Jesuits in Naples
2241:
1968:
1928:
1625:
1404:
1354:
1305:
1158:
1066:
854:
824:
819:
784:
605:
237:
182:
55:
6191:
4916:
2273:, on 17 May 1768. Between 1769 and 1771, the Jesuits were transported from the
2069:
1644:. However, the order did not disappear. It continued underground operations in
1499:
268:
5732:
5317:
4763:
4042:
3526:
2887:
2735:
2567:
2555:
2405:
2257:
2022:
same year and declared that the Society of Jesus in New France was dissolved.
2007:
1874:
1873:
The suppression of the Jesuits in France began in the French island colony of
1094:
915:
694:
3175:
3147:
3004:
2043:
The Suppression in Spain and the Spanish colonies, and in its dependency the
4537:
3246:
Virginia Guedea, "The Old Colonialism Ends, the New Colonialism Begins", in
2831:
2667:
2635:
2189:
2109:
1915:
1901:
1734:
1665:
1594:
1224:
4049:
The Jesuit Suppression in Global Context: Causes, Events, and Consequences.
2951:
2475:
was the Parmesan reaction to the news of the expulsion of the Jesuits from
3967:
The Jesuit Suppression in Global Context: Causes, Events, and Consequences
5546:
5300:
5288:
3703:
3462:
The Life and Times of Fray Junípero Serra: The Man Who Never Turned Back.
3047:
The Culture Wars of the Late Renaissance: Skeptics, libertines, and opera
3033:
The Culture Wars of the Late Renaissance: Skeptics, libertines, and opera
2794:
2774:
2687:
2647:
2563:
2484:
2456:
2416:
2383:
2364:
2356:
2144:
2054:
Contemporaries in Spain attributed the suppression of the Jesuits to the
2011:
1554:
1371:
3535:
2389:
With the suppression of the Society of Jesus in Spanish America, Jesuit
5803:
5417:
5039:
4145:
2691:
2679:
2631:
2571:
2559:
2310:
1856:
1546:
1248:
1208:
933:
800:
42:
5412:
5322:
5227:
3148:
Pollen, John Hungerford. "The Suppression of the Jesuits (1750-1773)"
2671:
2603:
2270:
2136:
2015:
2003:
1987:
1983:
1860:
1705:
1464:
1444:
1424:
1384:
973:
653:
618:
2610:
signed a document offering their submission to Rome in 1774. In the
2232:, the expulsion decree did not arrive there until the new governor,
50:
4066: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
3728:
2614:, schools and colleges continued to be run and founded by Jesuits.
4193:
4020:(Dec 1973), Vol. 23 Issue 12, pp 839–848, online; popular account.
3649:(in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Editorial Nascimiento. p. 128.
3564:"Jesuits in the Philippines: From Mission to Province (1581–1768)"
3464:
Academy of American Franciscan History, 1959, vol. 1, pp. 182–183.
2427:
2404:
2394:
2284:
2216:
2168:
2119:
2068:
2034:
1846:
1755:
1717:
1713:
1128:
867:
707:
573:
533:
513:
137:
3181:. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 26 March 2014
3159:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3153:. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 26 March 2014
1944:, played into the hands of the Parlement and the royal mistress,
4646:
2675:
5969:
Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary
4936:
4118:
3511:"Missionaries and Commanders: The Jesuits in Mindanao, 1718–68"
2606:, although the last one died in 1800. The 21 Jesuits living in
2202:, where ships awaited them to transport them to Italian exile.
3894:"Order Restored: Remembering turbulent times for the Jesuits"
2915:
Jesuit Survival and Restoration: A Global History (1773–1900)
3946:
Jesuit Survival and Restoration: A Global History, 1773–1900
2702:
Russian patronage of restoration in Europe and North America
2375:
industry, from which it only recovered in the 20th century.
1907:
On the advice of their lawyers, the Jesuits appealed to the
4032:
The Jansenists and the Expulsion of the Jesuits from France
3300:
3298:
2602:
Many individual Jesuits continued their work as Jesuits in
1918:
were numerous among the enemies of the orthodox party. The
1752:
First national suppression: Portugal and its empire in 1759
4114:
4109:
The Death of a Weak and Regretful Pope: September 22, 1774
3852:
3850:
3812:
3810:
3435:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1991, pp. 453–458.
2566:, where they continued their work in the monastery of the
1895:, ships carrying goods of an estimated value of 2,000,000
5858:
Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution
4087:
Charles III of Spain's royal decree expelling the Jesuits
3631:(in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Compañia Impresora Argentina.
3385:
3383:
2847:(1758–1769) and his supporters within the church and the
2762:, and their wealth was taken over by the Religious Fund.
2355:– outlying areas dominated by indigenous peoples such as
2002:
Following the British 1759 victory against the French in
626:
Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution
3788:. Boston College, Institute for Advanced Jesuit Studies.
2570:; in 1788, the Bollandist Society was suppressed by the
1700:
pope over most of Europe, and even some executions. The
461:
Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques
3589:
The Jesuits: History and Legend of the Society of Jesus
3362:
The Jesuits: History and Legend of the Society of Jesus
3349:
The Jesuits: History and Legend of the Society of Jesus
3322:
The Jesuits: History and Legend of the Society of Jesus
3290:
The Jesuits: History and Legend of the Society of Jesus
3077:. New York: Harper and Row. p. 83, footnote .
2654:, a Polish Welshman, followed by the Austrian Slovene,
4016:
Cummins, J. S. "The Suppression of the Jesuits, 1773"
2884:, penal laws in England repealed between 1778 and 1846
2868:– clause banning Jesuits from Norway from 1814 to 1956
2554:
After papal suppression in 1773, the scholarly Jesuit
1963:
was proposed to the Parlement by the Advocate General
5889:
Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary
3117:
The Guarani under Spanish Rule in the Rio de la Plata
3091:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1983, p. 391.
2754:, Dominican Order (Order of Preachers), Franciscans,
2499:
in 1773. However, in the territories occupied by the
2471:
was the smallest Bourbon court. So aggressive in its
3263:, New York: Cambridge University Press 1983, p. 350.
2890:- law banning Jesuits from Germany between 1872-1917
2527:
issued a papal brief on 21 July 1773 in Rome titled
2228:
Due to the isolation of the Spanish missions on the
6073:
5939:
5866:
5801:
5685:
5620:
5522:
5444:
5346:
5335:
5258:
5118:
5107:
4974:
4852:
4755:
4665:
4645:
4254:
4152:
2382:, Chile, folklore says Jesuits left behind a large
1261:
List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation
4094:The Suppression of the Society of Jesus, 1758–1773
3279:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1991, 499.
3200:The Suppression of the Society of Jesus, 1758–1773
2710:in 1803 (having been prohibited in England by the
2507:the Society was not disbanded, as Russian Empress
2058:, named after the Italian advisor to Bourbon king
808:Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany
3417:Encyclopedia of Mexico: History, Society, Culture
2108:an influential party within the Spanish Church."
981:Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland
5959:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII
4836:International Association of Jesuit Universities
2531:. That decree included the following statement.
2336:them, and they did not protest their expulsion.
1141:2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka
3602:Die Jesuiten: Gestalt und Geschichte des Ordens
2913:Maryks, Robert; Wright, Jonathan, eds. (2015).
2533:
1487:Eastern Catholic Victims of Soviet persecutions
2006:, France lost its North American territory of
1992:Étienne François de Choiseul, Duke of Choiseul
4948:
4130:
3237:(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1950), 53.
3224:(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1950), 49.
2839:. It peaked with the anti-clericalism of the
2450:
1601:, to the then-prevailing impatience with the
1522:
391:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire
291:
8:
6308:1763 disestablishments in the Spanish Empire
3880:
1732:
3761:[The Resurrection of the Jesuits].
3338:. Madrid: Oficina de Antonio Pérez de Soto.
3171:
3169:
2872:Swiss constitution after the Sonderbund War
2708:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
1914:The Jesuits had many who opposed them. The
1815:On 1 April 1758, Pombal persuaded the aged
561:Genocide of Christians by the Islamic State
371:Persecution of Christians in the modern era
5974:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary
5924:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart
5343:
5332:
5115:
4955:
4941:
4933:
4137:
4123:
4115:
4074:The Suppression of the Jesuits (1750–1773)
1529:
1515:
309:
298:
284:
49:
29:
4176:Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola
3679:
3534:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
2371:living in the reductions and a long-term
2031:Events leading to the Spanish suppression
361:Eradication of the Church under Stalinism
4787:Superior General of the Society of Jesus
3970:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
3868:
3856:
3828:
3816:
3617:, Oxford University Press, 1947, p. 206.
3509:Crailsheim, Eberhard (18 January 2022).
2343:rescinded the last suppression in 1938.
2165:Jesuits expelled from Mexico (New Spain)
991:Polish anti-religious campaign 1945–1990
18:
16:Persecution of Jesuits from 1759 to 1814
4829:List of Jesuit educational institutions
4047:Wright, Jonathan, and Jeffrey D Burson.
3803:, Volume 28, Issue 163, Oct 1878; p. 81
3087:James Lockhart and Stuart B. Schwartz,
3049:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
2983:. Denver: ABC-CLIO. 2017. p. 812.
2905:
2459:, retains this name up to the present.
1727:took advantage of the waning powers of
330:
162:
155:List of Jesuit educational institutions
146:
114:
93:
63:
41:
3752:
3750:
3415:Susan Deans-Smith, "Bourbon Reforms",
3393:, New York: Harper and Row, pp. 83–84.
2662:, continued to expand in Russia under
2495:The Jesuit order was disbanded in the
1617:political power viewed the Jesuits as
1545:was the removal of all members of the
1256:Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom
356:Catholic Church persecutions 1939–1958
4105:, 2011, retrieved: November 11, 2011.
3998:. Clarendon Press. pp. 346–391.
3928:. New York: Oxford University Press.
3723:
3721:
3211:, 2011, retrieved: November 11, 2011.
3193:
3191:
3189:
3187:
2347:Economic impact on the Spanish Empire
1720:were involved to a different extent.
7:
4082:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
3373:Don DeNevi and Noel Francis Moholy.
3259:James Lockhart and Stuart Schwartz,
3176:Prestage, Edgar. "Marquis de Pombal"
2135:, Carlos' anti-clerical minister in
1998:Decline of the Jesuits in New France
1482:Anti-Catholicism in the Soviet Union
1136:Violence against Christians in India
351:Historical persecution of Christians
5828:Suppression of the Society of Jesus
4229:Suppression of the Society of Jesus
3543:from the original on 5 January 2024
3404:The Early History of Greater Mexico
2966:The Early History of Greater Mexico
2718:Acquiescence in Austria and Hungary
2491:Dissolution in Poland and Lithuania
1922:, an educational rival, joined the
1819:to appoint the Portuguese cardinal
1543:suppression of the Society of Jesus
772:Burning of convents in Spain (1931)
6278:History of Catholicism in Portugal
5383:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
4072:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
3005:"The Restored Jesuits (1814–1912)"
2874:- ban on Jesuits from 1848 to 1973
2026:Spanish Empire suppression of 1767
1893:outbreak of war with Great Britain
1266:Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
885:Persecution of Christians in China
14:
6223:Catholicism-related controversies
4051:Cambridge University Press, 2015.
3995:The Popes and European Revolution
3799:"The Bollandist Acta Sanctorum",
2666:, adding missions and schools in
2618:Russian resistance to suppression
2463:Expulsion from the Duchy of Parma
2455:), one of the oldest churches in
2281:Exile of Spanish Jesuits to Italy
6288:History of Catholicism in Brazil
6268:History of Catholicism in France
6190:
6178:
5509:Fourth Council of Constantinople
5464:Second Council of Constantinople
4915:
4902:
4901:
4822:Jesuit missions in North America
4245:
4061:
3154:
2769:and liberal innovations induced
2582:Continued Jesuit work in Prussia
2513:Commission of National Education
2430:was at the time a vassal of the
2277:to Spain and deported to Italy.
1498:
715:Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War
313:
267:
6303:1763 disestablishments in Spain
6283:History of Catholicism in Italy
6273:History of Catholicism in Spain
6243:Jesuit history in North America
6238:Jesuit history in South America
5479:Third Council of Constantinople
5403:First Council of Constantinople
4794:Pontifical Gregorian University
3681:10.4067/S0718-23762004000200005
3377:. Harper & Row, 1985, p. 7.
3333:Pedro Rodríguez de Campomanes,
3235:Jesuit and Savage in New France
3222:Jesuit and Savage in New France
3029:Gerbino, Giuseppe (June 2008).
2598:Continued work in North America
1323:Oregon Compulsory Education Act
1286:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
5718:Dissolution of the monasteries
4984:History of the Catholic Church
3925:The Oxford Handbook of Jesuits
3759:"Wskrzeszenie zakonu jezuitów"
2777:but refused to be influenced.
2732:Order of Friars Minor Capuchin
2497:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
2264:Expulsion from the Philippines
1668:. In 1814, a subsequent pope,
1664:allowed the founding of a new
1412:Catholic Church in North Korea
1276:Dissolution of the Monasteries
416:Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem
1:
5592:Fourth Council of the Lateran
5567:Second Council of the Lateran
5176:Apostles in the New Testament
4843:Ignatian Pedagogical Paradigm
4808:Pontifical Oriental Institute
4801:Pontifical Biblical Institute
4203:Regimini militantis Ecclesiae
4111:at Catholic Text Book Project
4103:Institute of European History
3786:"Dominus ac Redemptor (1773)"
3731:[Abolishment Order].
3615:The Spanish Empire in America
3562:de la Costa, Horacio (2014).
3209:Institute of European History
3120:. Stanford University Press.
3041:(book review). H-Net Reviews;
2861:Society of the Faith of Jesus
2722:The Secularization Decree of
2386:following their suppression.
2252:were founded by Franciscans.
2248:, and the future missions in
2097:Pedro Rodríguez de Campomanes
2081:
1869:Suppression in France in 1764
1821:Francisco de Saldanha da Gama
1452:2021 Canadian church burnings
1214:Religious violence in Nigeria
747:Innocencio of Mary Immaculate
366:Eastern Catholic persecutions
5706:Catholic Counter-Reformation
5572:Third Council of the Lateran
5562:First Council of the Lateran
5018:Catholic ecumenical councils
4433:Roque González de Santa Cruz
3629:El problema de la yerba mate
3483:Pourade, Richard F. (2014).
3406:, Pearson 2003, pp. 310–311.
3248:The Oxford History of Mexico
1904:in the case of non-payment.
1801:Seven Reductions of Paraguay
1638:suppressed the Society as a
1329:Pierce v. Society of Sisters
501:Christianity in Saudi Arabia
3696:"History of the University"
2543:Dominus ac Redemptor Noster
2529:Dominus ac Redemptor Noster
1884:dishonest intermediaries."
1477:Conversion of Chelm Eparchy
1337:Philadelphia nativist riots
6339:
5052:History of the Roman Curia
4879:Saint-Pierre de Montmartre
4746:List of Jesuit theologians
4711:Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
3844:, Paris, 1922. (in French)
3733:Society of Jesus in Poland
2894:Expulsion of congregations
2781:Restoration of the Jesuits
2646:, successfully asked Pope
2222:Francisco Javier Clavijero
2208:Francisco Javier Clavijero
1836:, the Jesuit confessor of
1432:Anti-Catholicism in Norway
1001:108 Blessed Polish Martyrs
690:Anti-clericalism in Mexico
6173:
5788:European wars of religion
5099:Eastern Catholic Churches
4895:
4243:
4025:American Catholic Studies
3757:Grzebień, Ludwik (2014).
3527:10.1163/22141332-09020003
3515:Journal of Jesuit Studies
3179:The Catholic Encyclopedia
3151:The Catholic Encyclopedia
2642:. Catherine's successor,
2519:Papal suppression of 1773
2505:First Partition of Poland
2373:decline in the yerba mate
2230:Baja California peninsula
1733:
1676:Background to suppression
594:European wars of religion
6293:Persecution of Catholics
6248:18th century in Portugal
6233:Jesuit history in Europe
6218:18th-century Catholicism
5919:Mary of the Divine Heart
5542:Clash against the empire
5494:Second Council of Nicaea
5388:Old St. Peter's Basilica
4636:Alfonso Rodríguez Olmedo
3881:Maryks & Wright 2015
3840:Rouet de Journel, M.J.,
3627:Daumas, Ernesto (1930).
3489:The History of San Diego
3485:"6: Padres Lead the Way"
3114:Ganson, Barbara (2003).
3031:"Review of Muir, Edward
2980:Great Events in Religion
2968:, Pearson, 2003, p. 310.
2324:, king Carlos' minister
2244:and subsequently to the
2116:Secret plan of expulsion
2076:, Madrid, attributed to
1392:Murder of Andrea Santoro
905:Ad Apostolorum principis
641:Massacre in the Rue Haxo
396:Diocletianic Persecution
6185:Vatican City portal
5537:Investiture Controversy
5393:First Council of Nicaea
4377:Claude de la Colombière
4099:European History Online
3992:Chadwick, Owen (1981).
3660:Lacoste, Pablo (2004).
3451:, pp. 523–524, 526–527.
3205:European History Online
3100:Lockhart and Schwartz,
2748:Order of Saint Benedict
2658:and after his death by
2436:Manuel Pinto da Fonseca
2062:, that erupted after a
1957:Extraits des assertions
1196:1989 murders of Jesuits
80:Congregatio de Auxiliis
6258:18th century in France
6197:Catholicism portal
6008:Second Vatican Council
5894:Our Lady of La Salette
5701:Protestant Reformation
5688:Protestant Reformation
5607:Second Council of Lyon
4996:Ecclesiastical history
4922:Catholicism portal
4185:Ad maiorem Dei gloriam
4161:Protestant Reformation
3702:. 2014. Archived from
3551:– via brill.com.
2952:10.1006/reli.1996.0048
2878:Jesuits, etc. Act 1584
2712:Jesuits, etc. Act 1584
2556:Society of Bollandists
2547:
2451:
2424:
2423:after the suppression.
2293:
2225:
2212:Alexander von Humboldt
2185:
2147:, and other liberals.
2128:
2088:
2040:
1865:
1793:Colonia del Sacramento
1769:
1747:Lead-up to suppression
1505:Catholicism portal
1342:Ursuline Convent riots
1271:Irish Catholic Martyrs
1166:Four U.S. missionaries
875:Martyr Saints of China
541:Maspero demonstrations
436:Massacre of the Latins
274:Catholicism portal
131:Ad maiorem Dei gloriam
27:
6263:18th century in Italy
6253:18th century in Spain
5904:First Vatican Council
5602:First Council of Lyon
5366:Constantine the Great
5062:Christian monasticism
4815:Jesuit China missions
4079:Catholic Encyclopedia
3045:Muir, Edward (2007).
3043:the reviewed book is
3009:Catholic Encyclopedia
2882:Jesuits etc. Act 1603
2808:After 1815, with the
2550:Resistance in Belgium
2444:Church of the Jesuits
2408:
2304:. When they arrived,
2288:
2220:
2172:
2123:
2072:
2038:
1880:Catholic Encyclopedia
1850:
1759:
1012:In Poloniae annalibus
961:Marcel Nguyễn Tân Văn
911:Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei
521:Christianity in Sudan
22:
6313:Political repression
6298:History of New Spain
6081:Sexual abuse scandal
5990:Mit brennender Sorge
5833:Age of Enlightenment
5612:Bernard of Clairvaux
5489:Byzantine Iconoclasm
5428:Council of Chalcedon
5208:Council of Jerusalem
5077:Role in civilization
5057:Religious institutes
4989:By country or region
4869:Madonna Della Strada
4780:General Congregation
4772:La Civiltà Cattolica
4725:John Courtney Murray
4027:128.1 (2017): 51–66.
2964:Ida Altman, et al.,
2803:General Congregation
2401:Suppression in Malta
2317:and waiting ordeal.
1953:Abbé Henri Chauvelin
1855:was seized from the
1799:in exchange for the
1795:at the mouth of the
1766:Louis-Michel van Loo
1725:Joseph I of Portugal
1631:Dominus ac Redemptor
835:Bernhard Lichtenberg
814:Mit brennender Sorge
752:José María of Manila
685:José Sánchez del Río
667:Iniquis afflictisque
636:Martyrs of Compiègne
102:General Congregation
5909:Papal infallibility
5899:Our Lady of Lourdes
5848:Shimabara Rebellion
5692:Counter-Reformation
4594:Alphonsus Rodriguez
4531:Lèon-Ignance Mangin
4482:Francis de Geronimo
4454:Melchior Grodziecki
4168:Counter-Reformation
3871:, pp. 202–203.
3700:University of Malta
3600:Hubert Becher, SJ.
3402:Ida Altman et al.,
3261:Early Latin America
3102:Early Latin America
3089:Early Latin America
2686:and throughout the
2628:Catherine the Great
2587:Frederick the Great
2509:Catherine the Great
2440:University of Malta
2421:University of Malta
2419:, which became the
2412:Collegium Melitense
2275:Spanish East Indies
2271:Manila, Philippines
2074:Motín de Esquilache
1946:Madame de Pompadour
1741:Madame de Pompadour
1662:Catherine the Great
1472:Martyrs of Pratulin
1181:Ignacio Martín-Baró
880:Auguste Chapdelaine
767:522 Spanish Martyrs
762:498 Spanish Martyrs
757:233 Spanish Martyrs
258:Jesuit philosophers
233:Frederick Copleston
218:Pierre-Jean De Smet
124:Spiritual Exercises
73:Regimini militantis
5954:Our Lady of Fátima
5743:Ignatius of Loyola
5667:Catherine of Siena
5635:Pope Boniface VIII
5454:Benedict of Nursia
5423:Council of Ephesus
5260:Ante-Nicene period
5213:Split with Judaism
5047:Crusading movement
4861:Church of the Gesù
4587:John Francis Regis
4580:Bernardino Realino
4475:Ignatius of Loyola
4091:Vogel, Christine:
4037:Van Kley, Dale K.
3784:Pope Clement XIV.
3568:Philippine Jesuits
3197:Vogel, Christine:
2851:backed by France.
2791:Congress of Vienna
2760:Premonstratensians
2660:Tadeusz Brzozowski
2574:government of the
2541:Pope Clement XIV,
2452:Knisja tal-Ġiżwiti
2434:, and Grandmaster
2425:
2409:The former Jesuit
2361:Chiloé Archipelago
2294:
2226:
2186:
2129:
2089:
2041:
1909:Parlement of Paris
1866:
1786:Stuart B. Schwartz
1770:
1735:Parlement Français
1686:Venetian Interdict
1146:Devasahayam Pillai
941:Vietnamese Martyrs
737:Martyrs of Daimiel
726:Dilectissima Nobis
409:Neo-Persian Empire
253:Jesuit theologians
173:Ignatius of Loyola
28:
6205:
6204:
6165:COVID-19 pandemic
6143:Pope Benedict XVI
6048:Pope John Paul II
5823:Pope Benedict XIV
5809:French Revolution
5793:Thirty Years' War
5783:Robert Bellarmine
5768:John of the Cross
5672:Pope Alexander VI
5657:Council of Vienne
5587:Francis of Assisi
5577:Pope Innocent III
5446:Early Middle Ages
5440:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5378:Arian controversy
5331:
5330:
5279:Apostolic Fathers
4930:
4929:
4886:Claudio Acquaviva
4566:Joseph Pignatelli
4503:Stanislaus Kostka
4440:John Soan de Goto
4356:Juan del Castillo
4286:Robert Bellarmine
4279:Edmund Arrowsmith
4041:(Yale UP, 2018);
3949:. Boston: Brill.
3735:(in Polish). 2014
3613:Clarence Haring,
3587:Manfred Barthel.
3449:The First America
3360:Manfred Barthel.
3347:Manfred Barthel.
3320:Manfred Barthel.
3309:The First America
3288:Manfred Barthel.
3127:978-0-8047-5495-8
3056:978-0-674-02481-6
2845:Pope Clement XIII
2841:French Revolution
2481:Pope Clement XIII
2432:Kingdom of Sicily
2391:vineyards in Peru
2380:Valparaíso Region
2306:Pope Clement XIII
2260:) replaced them.
2234:Gaspar de Portolá
2178:Visitador generál
2159:Pope Clement XIII
2153:summary execution
2078:Francisco de Goya
2045:Kingdom of Naples
1889:Antoine Lavalette
1834:Gabriel Malagrida
1830:Pontifical States
1817:Pope Benedict XIV
1762:Marquis of Pombal
1729:Pope Benedict XIV
1702:Portuguese Empire
1682:Venetian Republic
1559:Portuguese Empire
1539:
1538:
1171:Ignacio Ellacuría
1082:Aloysius Stepinac
1052:József Mindszenty
1032:Jerzy Popiełuszko
1019:Gloriosam Reginam
986:Maksymilian Kolbe
946:Andrew of Phú Yên
891:Ad Sinarum gentem
840:Max Josef Metzger
631:War in the Vendée
601:Thirty Years' War
554:Islamic terrorism
471:Assyrian genocide
466:Armenian genocide
308:
307:
203:Robert Bellarmine
6330:
6323:Society of Jesus
6318:Anti-clericalism
6228:Catholic studies
6195:
6194:
6183:
6182:
6181:
6160:Patriarch Kirill
6033:Pope John Paul I
5838:Anti-clericalism
5818:Pope Innocent XI
5738:Society of Jesus
5723:Council of Trent
5677:Age of Discovery
5622:Late Middle Ages
5524:High Middle Ages
5514:East–West Schism
5398:Pope Sylvester I
5344:
5333:
5243:General epistles
5238:Pauline epistles
5171:John the Baptist
5154:Great Commission
5116:
5067:Catholic culture
4957:
4950:
4943:
4934:
4920:
4919:
4911:
4905:
4904:
4888:
4881:
4872:
4863:
4845:
4838:
4831:
4824:
4817:
4810:
4803:
4796:
4789:
4782:
4775:
4766:
4748:
4741:
4739:Alonso Rodriguez
4734:
4727:
4720:
4713:
4706:
4699:
4692:
4690:Francisco Suárez
4685:
4678:
4658:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4617:
4615:André de Soveral
4610:
4608:Robert Southwell
4603:
4601:José María Rubio
4596:
4589:
4582:
4575:
4573:Stephen Pongracz
4568:
4561:
4554:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4519:
4517:Gabriel Lalemant
4512:
4505:
4498:
4491:
4484:
4477:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4428:
4426:Aloysius Gonzaga
4421:
4414:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4372:
4365:
4358:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4330:
4328:Alexander Briant
4323:
4316:
4309:
4302:
4300:Jacques Berthieu
4295:
4288:
4281:
4274:
4272:Modeste Andlauer
4267:
4265:José de Anchieta
4249:
4238:
4231:
4224:
4215:
4212:Exposcit debitum
4206:
4197:
4188:
4179:
4170:
4163:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4116:
4083:
4065:
4064:
4034:(Yale UP, 1975).
4030:Van Kley, Dale.
4009:
3981:
3960:
3939:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3898:America Magazine
3890:
3884:
3878:
3872:
3866:
3860:
3854:
3845:
3838:
3832:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3805:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3754:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3725:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3647:Folklore chileno
3639:
3633:
3632:
3624:
3618:
3611:
3605:
3598:
3592:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3538:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3465:
3460:Maynard Geiger.
3458:
3452:
3442:
3436:
3426:
3420:
3413:
3407:
3400:
3394:
3391:Spain in America
3389:Charles Gibson,
3387:
3378:
3371:
3365:
3358:
3352:
3345:
3339:
3331:
3325:
3318:
3312:
3302:
3293:
3286:
3280:
3270:
3264:
3257:
3251:
3244:
3238:
3231:
3225:
3218:
3212:
3195:
3182:
3173:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3145:
3132:
3131:
3111:
3105:
3098:
3092:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3075:Spain in America
3067:
3061:
3060:
3042:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2975:
2969:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2910:
2823:Society of Jesus
2652:Franciszek Kareu
2545:
2525:Pope Clement XIV
2473:anti-clericalism
2467:The independent
2454:
2341:Francisco Franco
2326:Bernardo Tanucci
2290:Bernardo Tanucci
2133:Bernardo Tanucci
2086:
2083:
2056:Esquilache Riots
1853:Typus Religionis
1838:Leonor of Távora
1738:
1737:
1636:Pope Clement XIV
1634:(21 July 1773),
1531:
1524:
1517:
1503:
1502:
1062:Severian Baranyk
1057:Eugene Bossilkov
1026:Invicti athletae
996:Stefan Wyszyński
951:Nguyễn Văn Thuận
898:Cupimus Imprimis
742:Bartolomé Blanco
732:Martyrs of Turon
581:Martyrs of Japan
481:Kosheh massacres
456:Muslim conquests
429:Byzantine Empire
317:
310:
300:
293:
286:
272:
271:
228:Aloysius Gonzaga
223:Augustin Barruel
198:Francisco Suárez
107:Superior General
53:
43:Society of Jesus
30:
6338:
6337:
6333:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6328:
6327:
6208:
6207:
6206:
6201:
6189:
6179:
6177:
6169:
6091:World Youth Day
6069:
6058:World Youth Day
6002:Pacem in terris
5996:Pope John XXIII
5935:
5862:
5853:Edict of Nantes
5811:
5807:
5797:
5763:Teresa of Ávila
5758:Tridentine Mass
5694:
5690:
5681:
5662:Knights Templar
5616:
5518:
5474:Gregorian chant
5432:
5358:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5339:
5327:
5254:
5123:
5111:
5103:
4970:
4968:Catholic Church
4961:
4931:
4926:
4914:
4899:
4891:
4884:
4877:
4866:
4859:
4848:
4841:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4806:
4799:
4792:
4785:
4778:
4769:
4762:
4751:
4744:
4737:
4732:Joseph Fitzmyer
4730:
4723:
4716:
4709:
4702:
4695:
4688:
4681:
4674:
4661:
4654:
4641:
4634:
4627:
4620:
4613:
4606:
4599:
4592:
4585:
4578:
4571:
4564:
4557:
4550:
4543:
4536:
4529:
4522:
4515:
4510:Jean de Lalande
4508:
4501:
4494:
4487:
4480:
4473:
4466:
4461:Alberto Hurtado
4459:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4424:
4419:Charles Garnier
4417:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4375:
4368:
4361:
4354:
4347:
4340:
4333:
4326:
4321:Jean de Brébeuf
4319:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4270:
4263:
4250:
4241:
4236:List of Jesuits
4234:
4227:
4221:Ratio Studiorum
4218:
4209:
4200:
4191:
4182:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4148:
4143:
4071:
4062:
4058:
4006:
3991:
3988:
3986:Further reading
3978:
3963:
3957:
3942:
3936:
3921:
3918:
3913:
3912:
3903:
3901:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3879:
3875:
3867:
3863:
3855:
3848:
3839:
3835:
3827:
3823:
3815:
3808:
3797:
3793:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3768:
3766:
3756:
3755:
3748:
3738:
3736:
3729:"Kasata Zakonu"
3727:
3726:
3719:
3709:
3707:
3706:on 30 June 2011
3694:
3693:
3689:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3612:
3608:
3604:. Munich, 1951.
3599:
3595:
3586:
3582:
3572:
3570:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3546:
3544:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3493:
3491:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3459:
3455:
3443:
3439:
3427:
3423:
3414:
3410:
3401:
3397:
3388:
3381:
3372:
3368:
3359:
3355:
3346:
3342:
3332:
3328:
3319:
3315:
3303:
3296:
3287:
3283:
3271:
3267:
3258:
3254:
3245:
3241:
3232:
3228:
3219:
3215:
3196:
3185:
3174:
3167:
3155:
3146:
3135:
3128:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3099:
3095:
3086:
3082:
3071:Gibson, Charles
3069:
3068:
3064:
3057:
3044:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3014:
3012:
3011:. newadvent.org
3003:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2963:
2959:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2857:
2849:crown cardinals
2818:
2787:Napoleonic Wars
2783:
2756:Pauline Fathers
2720:
2704:
2624:Imperial Russia
2620:
2600:
2584:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2521:
2493:
2465:
2403:
2349:
2283:
2266:
2250:Alta California
2182:Bourbon Reforms
2167:
2141:Count of Aranda
2118:
2105:Knights Templar
2084:
2049:Bourbon Reforms
2033:
2028:
2000:
1942:Duc de Choiseul
1934:Encyclopédistes
1871:
1797:Rio de la Plata
1774:Count of Oeiras
1754:
1749:
1678:
1535:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1467:
1457:
1456:
1447:
1437:
1436:
1427:
1417:
1416:
1407:
1397:
1396:
1387:
1377:
1376:
1367:Pedro Calungsod
1357:
1347:
1346:
1301:
1291:
1290:
1251:
1237:
1236:
1227:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1201:
1200:
1161:
1151:
1150:
1131:
1121:
1120:
1116:Theodore Romzha
1088:Meminisse iuvat
1077:Zynoviy Kovalyk
1047:
1037:
1036:
976:
966:
965:
956:Trương Bửu Diệp
936:
926:
925:
870:
860:
859:
850:Erich Klausener
803:
793:
792:
787:
777:
776:
710:
700:
699:
656:
646:
645:
621:
611:
610:
596:
586:
585:
576:
566:
565:
556:
546:
545:
536:
526:
525:
516:
506:
505:
496:
486:
485:
451:
441:
440:
431:
421:
420:
411:
401:
400:
386:
376:
375:
346:
337:Catholic Church
334:
304:
266:
164:Notable Jesuits
59:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6336:
6334:
6326:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6210:
6209:
6203:
6202:
6200:
6199:
6187:
6174:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6139:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6088:
6083:
6077:
6075:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6067:
6066:
6065:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
5998:
5993:
5986:
5981:
5979:Lateran Treaty
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5945:
5943:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5933:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5870:
5868:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5814:
5812:
5804:Baroque period
5802:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5773:Peter Canisius
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5748:Francis Xavier
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5712:Exsurge Domine
5708:
5703:
5697:
5695:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5652:Pope Clement V
5649:
5648:
5647:
5645:Avignon Papacy
5640:Western Schism
5637:
5632:
5630:Thomas Aquinas
5626:
5624:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5528:
5526:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5484:Saint Boniface
5481:
5476:
5471:
5469:Pope Gregory I
5466:
5461:
5456:
5450:
5448:
5442:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5408:Biblical canon
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5362:
5360:
5341:
5337:Late antiquity
5329:
5328:
5326:
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5315:
5310:
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5284:Pope Clement I
5274:Church Fathers
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5035:Biblical canon
5030:Catholic Bible
5027:
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5025:
5015:
5014:
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5003:
4998:
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4742:
4735:
4728:
4721:
4718:Henri de Lubac
4714:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4683:Luis de Molina
4679:
4671:
4669:
4663:
4662:
4660:
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4629:Francis Xavier
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4457:
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4422:
4415:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4384:Antoine Daniel
4380:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4352:
4349:Peter Canisius
4345:
4342:Edmund Campion
4338:
4335:John de Britto
4331:
4324:
4317:
4314:Francis Borgia
4310:
4303:
4296:
4293:John Berchmans
4289:
4282:
4275:
4268:
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4056:External links
4054:
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4014:
4005:978-0198269199
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3859:, p. 202.
3846:
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3821:
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3521:(2): 207–228.
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5914:Pope Leo XIII
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5884:United States
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5557:Scholasticism
5555:
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5532:Pope Urban II
5530:
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5345:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5324:
5321:
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5314:
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5309:
5308:Justin Martyr
5306:
5302:
5299:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
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5280:
5277:
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5226:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5218:New Testament
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5197:
5194:
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5187:
5184:
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5181:Commissioning
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5125:Apostolic Age
5121:
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5019:
5016:
5012:
5011:Papal primacy
5009:
5008:
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5002:
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4994:
4990:
4987:
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4708:
4705:
4701:
4698:
4697:Jean Daniélou
4694:
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4680:
4677:
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4657:
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4622:Henry Walpole
4619:
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4609:
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4559:Nicholas Owen
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4412:Thomas Garnet
4409:
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4402:
4399:
4395:
4392:
4388:
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4381:
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4371:
4367:
4364:
4363:Noël Chabanel
4360:
4357:
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4346:
4343:
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4336:
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4322:
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4308:
4307:Andrew Bobola
4304:
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4110:
4107:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4069:
4068:public domain
4060:
4059:
4055:
4050:
4046:
4044:
4043:online review
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4018:History Today
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3857:Schlafly 2015
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3829:Schlafly 2015
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3817:Casalini 2017
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3162:
3161:public domain
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2866:Jesuit clause
2864:
2862:
2859:
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2852:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2837:Enlightenment
2834:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2799:Pope Pius VII
2796:
2792:
2788:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2767:anti-clerical
2763:
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2612:United States
2609:
2608:North America
2605:
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2588:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2576:Low Countries
2573:
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2299:
2298:Civitavecchia
2291:
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2259:
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2102:
2098:
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2079:
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2065:
2064:sumptuary law
2061:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2037:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1980:Franche-Comté
1976:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1925:
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1898:
1894:
1890:
1885:
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1881:
1876:
1868:
1862:
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1854:
1851:The painting
1849:
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1825:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
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1778:Távora affair
1775:
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1758:
1751:
1746:
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1683:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1660:. In Russia,
1659:
1658:United States
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1641:fait accompli
1637:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1619:supranational
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1603:Ancien Régime
1600:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1549:from most of
1548:
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1299:United States
1295:
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1245:Great Britain
1241:
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1220:
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1197:
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1125:
1124:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1106:Walter Ciszek
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1072:Drina Martyrs
1070:
1068:
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869:
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823:
821:
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797:
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404:
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389:
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372:
369:
367:
364:
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359:
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348:
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333:
329:
325:
321:
320:
316:
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301:
296:
294:
289:
287:
282:
281:
279:
278:
275:
270:
265:
264:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
248:Jesuit saints
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
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176:
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170:
169:
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161:
156:
153:
152:
151:
150:
145:
140:
139:
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133:
132:
128:
126:
125:
121:
120:
119:
118:
113:
108:
105:
103:
100:
99:
98:
97:
92:
87:
84:
82:
81:
77:
75:
74:
70:
69:
68:
67:
62:
57:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
31:
25:
21:
6152:
6148:Pope Francis
6074:21st century
6023:Pope Paul VI
6000:
5988:
5941:20th century
5928:
5879:Pope Pius IX
5867:19th century
5843:Pope Pius VI
5827:
5710:
5582:Latin Empire
5552:Universities
5504:Pope Leo III
5371:Christianity
5356:state church
5348:Great Church
5149:Resurrection
5112:(30–325/476)
5109:Early Church
5094:Latin Church
5089:Papal States
5084:Vatican City
4906:
4867:
4770:
4676:Diego Laynez
4552:John Ogilvie
4489:Isaac Jogues
4398:Philip Evans
4370:Peter Claver
4228:
4219:
4210:
4201:
4192:
4183:
4174:
4093:
4077:
4048:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4017:
3994:
3966:
3945:
3924:
3916:Bibliography
3902:. Retrieved
3900:. 2014-07-22
3897:
3888:
3883:, p. 3.
3876:
3864:
3841:
3836:
3824:
3800:
3794:
3779:
3767:. Retrieved
3762:
3737:. Retrieved
3732:
3708:. Retrieved
3704:the original
3690:
3671:
3665:
3655:
3646:
3637:
3628:
3622:
3614:
3609:
3601:
3596:
3588:
3583:
3571:. Retrieved
3567:
3557:
3545:. Retrieved
3536:10261/273146
3518:
3514:
3504:
3492:. Retrieved
3488:
3478:
3469:
3461:
3456:
3448:
3445:D.A. Brading
3440:
3432:
3429:D.A. Brading
3424:
3416:
3411:
3403:
3398:
3390:
3374:
3369:
3361:
3356:
3348:
3343:
3334:
3329:
3321:
3316:
3308:
3305:D.A. Brading
3289:
3284:
3276:
3273:D.A. Brading
3268:
3260:
3255:
3247:
3242:
3234:
3229:
3221:
3216:
3199:
3178:
3150:
3116:
3109:
3101:
3096:
3088:
3083:
3074:
3065:
3046:
3038:
3032:
3024:
3013:. Retrieved
3008:
2999:
2979:
2973:
2965:
2960:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2914:
2908:
2830:
2819:
2807:
2784:
2771:Pope Pius VI
2764:
2721:
2705:
2696:
2640:tertianships
2621:
2601:
2585:
2553:
2542:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2494:
2466:
2426:
2410:
2388:
2377:
2350:
2338:
2330:
2319:
2315:
2302:Papal States
2295:
2267:
2254:
2227:
2204:
2194:
2187:
2177:
2157:
2149:
2130:
2103:against the
2094:
2090:
2073:
2053:
2042:
2020:
2001:
1977:
1972:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1927:
1913:
1906:
1896:
1886:
1878:
1872:
1842:papal nuncio
1826:
1814:
1790:
1771:
1722:
1710:Two Sicilies
1698:
1690:
1679:
1639:
1629:
1623:
1599:free-thought
1591:
1567:Two Sicilies
1565:(1764), the
1542:
1540:
1362:Lorenzo Ruiz
1327:
1316:
1311:Know Nothing
1191:Óscar Romero
1111:Pietro Leoni
1093:
1086:
1024:
1017:
1010:
921:Dominic Tang
903:
896:
889:
845:Karl Leisner
830:Rupert Mayer
812:
724:
674:Acerba animi
672:
665:
661:Cristero War
494:Saudi Arabia
449:Muslim world
384:Roman Empire
332:Persecutions
243:Pope Francis
188:Pedro Arrupe
136:
129:
122:
115:Spirituality
85:
78:
71:
23:
6154:Laudato si'
5949:Pope Pius X
5778:Philip Neri
5753:Pope Pius V
5728:Thomas More
5597:Inquisition
5499:Charlemagne
5459:Monasticism
5269:Persecution
5161:Holy Spirit
5144:Crucifixion
5023:First seven
4704:Karl Rahner
4545:Henry Morse
4524:David Lewis
4496:James Kisai
4447:René Goupil
4405:Peter Faber
3769:20 February
3765:(in Polish)
3739:20 February
3710:20 February
3573:20 February
3494:20 February
2810:Restoration
2752:Cistercians
2744:Poor Clares
2740:Carthusians
2728:Camaldolese
2664:Alexander I
2558:moved from
2258:Franciscans
2242:Franciscans
2085: 1766
1969:Gallicanism
1929:Philosophes
1859:College in
1809:Guaraní War
1626:papal brief
1581:(1767) and
1405:North Korea
1355:Philippines
1306:James Coyle
1159:El Salvador
1067:Josef Beran
855:Kulturkampf
825:Alois Grimm
820:Alfred Delp
785:Netherlands
606:Reformation
238:Karl Rahner
183:Peter Faber
86:Suppression
56:Christogram
6212:Categories
6027:coronation
5733:Pope Leo X
5318:Tertullian
5248:Revelation
5223:Background
4764:Bollandist
4468:Rémy Isoré
3904:2017-03-21
3763:mateusz.pl
3015:2017-03-21
2900:References
2888:Jesuit Law
2816:Assessment
2736:Carmelites
2636:novitiates
2568:Coudenberg
2353:reductions
2331:Historian
2246:Dominicans
2110:Jansenists
2060:Carlos III
2008:New France
1932:, and the
1916:Jansenists
1875:Martinique
1716:, and the
1656:, and the
1615:secularise
1611:centralise
1607:Monarchies
1317:The Menace
1281:Penal Laws
1095:Anni sacri
916:Beda Chang
720:Red Terror
695:Miguel Pro
6043:Communism
6013:Ecumenism
5359:(380–451)
5351:(180–451)
5340:(313–476)
5262:(100–325)
4538:Paul Miki
4391:Paul Denn
4101:, Mainz:
3667:Universum
3547:5 January
3311:, p. 499.
3207:, Mainz:
3104:, p. 391.
2917:. Brill.
2832:zeitgeist
2825:from the
2724:Joseph II
2668:Astrakhan
2378:In Ocoa,
2190:New Spain
2101:Philip IV
1924:Gallicans
1666:novitiate
1624:With his
1595:Jansenism
1225:Guatemala
94:Hierarchy
6053:HIV/AIDS
5547:Crusades
5301:Irenaeus
5294:Ignatius
5289:Polycarp
5139:Ministry
5127:(30–100)
5001:Timeline
4908:Category
4667:Theology
3645:(1979).
3541:Archived
3073:(1966).
2940:Religion
2855:See also
2827:Catholic
2795:Napoleon
2775:Catholic
2688:Caucasus
2648:Pius VII
2572:Austrian
2564:Brussels
2539:—
2485:Holy See
2457:Valletta
2417:Valletta
2384:entierro
2369:Guaranís
2365:Misiones
2357:Paraguay
2200:Veracruz
2145:Voltaire
2012:Montreal
1938:Louis XV
1920:Sorbonne
1902:distrain
1670:Pius VII
1589:(1782).
1561:(1759),
1555:Holy See
1372:Gomburza
1006:Policies
345:Overview
324:a series
322:Part of
35:a series
33:Part of
6018:Judaism
5418:Vulgate
5228:Gospels
5203:Stephen
5120:Origins
5040:Vulgate
4976:General
4966:of the
4964:History
4853:Related
4756:General
4656:Francis
4153:History
4146:Jesuits
4070::
3039:H-Italy
2835:of the
2785:As the
2692:Siberia
2680:Saratov
2632:Belarus
2591:Prussia
2560:Antwerp
2503:in the
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1887:Father
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1805:Guaraní
1768:, 1766.
1654:Prussia
1587:Hungary
1583:Austria
1547:Jesuits
1249:Ireland
1209:Nigeria
934:Vietnam
801:Germany
335:of the
64:History
5984:Nazism
5806:to the
5413:Jerome
5323:Origen
5006:Papacy
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2322:Naples
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2137:Naples
2016:Ottawa
2014:, and
2004:Quebec
1988:Artois
1986:, and
1984:Alsace
1926:, the
1897:livres
1861:Billom
1857:Jesuit
1708:, the
1706:France
1694:Gibson
1650:Russia
1585:, and
1577:, the
1563:France
1465:Russia
1445:Canada
1425:Norway
1385:Turkey
974:Poland
680:Saints
654:Mexico
619:France
37:on the
6086:Islam
5354:Roman
5313:Canon
5186:Peter
5134:Jesus
4647:Popes
4194:Magis
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1973:arrêt
1961:arrêt
1714:Parma
1646:China
1575:Parma
1571:Malta
1129:India
868:China
708:Spain
574:Japan
534:Egypt
514:Sudan
147:Works
138:Magis
6136:2023
6131:2019
6126:2016
6121:2013
6116:2011
6111:2008
6106:2005
6101:2002
6096:2000
6063:1995
5233:Acts
5196:Paul
5191:John
5166:Mary
4000:ISBN
3972:ISBN
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3771:2014
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