872:
138:. The first publication was in the year 1831. Mahmud II's reign was at the beginning of the Tanzimat period of reform in the Ottoman Empire. Many of the reforms of this time period were heavily influenced by relations with Europe and new European ideas being taught in schools in the Ottoman Empire. Before Mahmud II,
406:
During the First
Constitutional period of the Ottoman Empire the Chamber of Deputies according to Article 78 of the new constitution mandated that all sittings be public or recorded for the public. Many times the Chamber of Deputies met in secret and did not disclose their sessions. The sessions that
305:
movement was based on young men taught in the Office of
Translation. They received a western education where they were taught European liberalism but believed in Ottoman patriotism and creating a constitutional government based on Islamic traditions. They thought that Mahmud II's rule was based too
402:
the newspaper served as a source to make official legislation. The Decree of July 1872 defined the roles the
Council of State and Council of Ministers had in the legislative process. After this point once laws were made they were printed in the newspaper. Fifteen days from the laws publication it
196:
The statesmen at the beginning of the
Tanzimat reform era needed a way to centralize the empire and in a completely different way than former leaders had done. Many historians think the economic reforms of this period were a failure but the communication reforms were a success. To centralize they
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fluctuated in circulation depending on the time period. In the beginning stages only civil servants, elites, and business men read the paper. It was also mostly read near the capital, not in faraway provinces. Circulation only grew during the
Hamidian Era due to increase in literacy.
110:
produced versions in multiple language editions. It ceased publication in 1878, resuming in 1891–2, before being closed again. It resumed in 1908 until around 1922. In the 1831-1878 period it published a total of 2119 issues - an average of slightly less than one a week.
390:
In the 1830s Mahmud II reorganized the military in the hopes of having an auxiliary force throughout the empire. They would help with provincial security and work agricultural jobs during times of peace. To gain support for this army he published his plan in the
61:
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and through the office of the
Directorate of Legal Compilation published official legal mandates. This was done in conjunction with the printing of copies of legal certificates for government officials to have and spread throughout the empire.
355:
Namık Kemal created newspapers and pamphlets as a way to explain to his views. For example, he wrote about how he believed that
European liberal ideas about fraternity and nationalism were comparable to the Islamic teachings about
275:
s publication occurred due to what many historians think was a typesetter's error when publishing a legal act in the büstur part of the newspaper. Other publications were allowed to be run during this time but the
142:
was one of the first
Sultans to establish relations with European powers. Between the years 1793-1796 he established the first embassies in London, Vienna, Berlin, and Paris. In 1807 he was overthrown by the
287:
Even with the censorship Abdul Hamid II's other reforms regarding education caused the circulation of the newspaper to grow between 12,000 and 15,000 people, much larger than during the
Tanzimat period.
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were able to publicize government activity and notices in one place. Other forms of new media such as year books and volumes of legal texts were published to help centralize the government.
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921:
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went into effect. If the newspaper was not frequently circulated in an area, the law would be publicly announced in that province for fifteen days and then go into effect.
421:
The announcement of Cemal Jamal Efendi to the
Council in August 1870 was published in the newspaper. Someone attaining a political position was frequently announced.
253:
Under Abdul Hamid II's rule censorship of the press was carried out by a considerably large group of people. The Domestic Press Directorate by 1908 contained twelve
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as an official document of the government, used just for record keeping. It inspired them however, to publish their ideals in their own privately owned newspapers.
622:
574:
951:
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in response to his disagreements with the Young Ottoman's lack of tradition and the Tanzimat's destruction of the check and balance system he thought the
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did not want any notions of liberalism, nationalism, and constitutionalism in the press. Current affairs were no longer published during his rule. The
931:
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was the first editor. The newspaper was mainly circulated near the capital and read by the elite but it was still very beneficial for government use.
936:
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heavily on European influences. They wanted to use westernized advancements in academics but implement them in an Islamic context. They saw the
280:
was shut down until the end of his reign in 1909. His censorship blocked revolutionary news spreading. The events in Macedonia during the
114:
In addition to the Ottoman Turkish, it had versions in French, Armenian, and Greek. The Greek version had a title derived from the French
891:
851:
811:
118:, Othōmanikos Minytōr (Οθωμανικός Μηνύτωρ). Johann Strauss, author of "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the
431:
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was then just filled with government legal notices and encyclopedia like articles about science, math, and other academic topics.
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and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages," stated that "some writers" stated that versions in Arabic and Persian existed.
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170:. To strengthen a centralized hold on the provinces he created a postal system, more infrastructure like roads, and the
775:
Imperial Lineages and Legacies in the Eastern Mediterranean: Recording the Imprint of Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Rule
158:, scribal service, and army to supporters of his beliefs. He wanted a centralized government with more control for the
447:
411:. The minutes of these sessions started off as short but grew in length and detail in the newspaper as they continued.
321:. This spurred the creation of more newspapers to help the Young Ottoman's cause. They include some of the following:
265:(assistants), and five examining clerks. They censored the newspaper, other printing establishments, and the theatre.
876:
686:
History of the Ottoman empire and modern Turkey (the years of the ottoman empire and the reign of Sultan Mehmed 1st
632:
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77:
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was the first official Ottoman Empire news. At the start of its publication a French version was printed too.
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needed to consolidate the government's forms and records. They limited redundant forms and by publishing the
773:
Strauss, Johann. "Language and power in the late Ottoman Empire" (Chapter 7). In: Murphey, Rhoads (editor).
434:
decided to end the Sultanate and the Ottoman Empire ended. After 4,891 issues between 1831 and 1922, the
317:(Chronicle of Events) published in 1840 that included more news and international developments than the
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Next Mahmud II came to power and immediately laid a foundation of power by giving positions in the
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and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages". In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.).
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and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages". In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.).
502:
715:
The genesis of young Ottoman thought a study in the modernization of Turkish political ideas
94:
85:
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The First Ottoman Constitutional Period, a study of the Midhat Constitution and Parliament
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were public or closed to the public but not secret were documented and published in the
597:
Strauss, Johann (2010). "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the
549:
Strauss, Johann (2010). "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the
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344:
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99:
915:
719:(1st Syracuse University Press ed.). Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press.
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777:(Volume 18 of Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Studies). Routledge, 7 July 2016.
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Bureaucratic reform in the Ottoman empire : the Sublime Porte, 1789-1922
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395:. By 1836 the newspaper stated that 33 new battalions had been established.
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traveled slowly throughout the empire due to the censorship of the press.
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908:. 1st Eng. Edition. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Print.
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and Janissaries who did not like the French influence he was allowing.
185:) since 1824 but they were only read by foreigners in the empire. The
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166:. He reorganized the military and abolished the janissaries during
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177:
The Ottoman Empire had a French newspaper since 1796 and one from
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376:. When they rose to power they restarted the publication of the
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Sayyid Jamāl ad-Dīn "al-Afghānī" : a political biography
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At one point complex programs of study were published in the
690:(Reprint. ed.). Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press.
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for students at the Office of Translation to study from.
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The first privately owned Ottoman Turkish newspaper was
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August 1964 10: 250-258, doi:10.1177/001654926401000304
532:
Kemal Salih Sel (1964), "Press Advertising in Turkey",
806:(Nachdr ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.
334:(Illustration of Opinion) published by Ibrahim Sinasi
84:, meaning "Calendar of Events") was the first fully
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32:
24:
927:Defunct newspapers published in the Ottoman Empire
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683:
328:(Interpreter of Situation) published in the 1860s
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372:also saw the importance of the media and of the
901:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Print.
343:Multiple newspapers was published in France by
268:During Abdul Hamid II's reign one shut down of
221:was made into the title for the Greek version,
438:published its last issue on November 4, 1922.
88:newspaper. It was launched in 1831 by Sultan
8:
962:1922 disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire
882:Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce Alan (2008).
469:provides the date of "1 Jumada al-Ula 1247".
340:(Voice of the People) published in the 1870s
19:
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675:
673:
899:A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire
804:Ottoman wars 1700-1870: an empire besieged
621:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
573:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
18:
922:1831 establishments in the Ottoman Empire
846:. New York: ACLS History E-Book Project.
604:The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy
556:The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy
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44:Turkish, Armenian, Greek, Arabic, French
28:Official newspaper of the Ottoman Empire
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16:First fully Turkish-language newspaper
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952:Defunct Turkish-language newspapers
942:Publications disestablished in 1922
534:International Communication Gazette
516:FORSNeT (1999), osmanli700.gen.tr,
493:; Abel Pavet de Courteille (1876).
884:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
753:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton U.P.
239:Censorship during the Hamidian Era
217:The title of the French precursor
14:
932:Newspapers published in Istanbul
870:
495:État présent de l'empire ottoman
467:État présent de l'empire ottoman
292:Influence on political movements
98:as the Official Gazette of the
67:, 1831, Ottoman Turkish edition
937:Newspapers established in 1831
656:(3 ed.). London: Tauris.
654:Turkey : a modern history
507:- At the Bavaria State Library
1:
518:The First TURKISH NEWSPAPER (
906:Spies, Scandals, and Sultans
897:Hanioglu, M. Sukru. (2008).
635:) - Cited: p. 26 (PDF p. 28)
587:) - Cited: p. 22 (PDF p. 24)
261:
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102:. With the beginning of the
904:Muwaylihi, Ibrahim. (2008)
802:Aksan, Virginia H. (2007).
749:Findley, Carter V. (1980).
448:Media of the Ottoman Empire
978:
682:Shaw, Stanford J. (1978).
134:was first published under
126:Early years of publication
842:Keddie, Nikki R. (2010).
827:Devereux, Robert (1963).
652:Zürcher, Erik J. (2004).
430:On November 1, 1922, the
232:
633:Martin Luther University
585:Martin Luther University
886:. Infobase Publishing.
432:Grand National Assembly
92:, taking over from the
831:. Johns Hopkins Press.
711:Mardin, Şerif (2000).
68:
400:Sultan Abdul Hamid II
63:
879:at Wikimedia Commons
168:The Auspicious Event
151:followed after him.
957:Government gazettes
491:Ubicini, Abdolonyme
259:(inspectors), five
224:Othōmanikos Mēnytōr
209:Circulation of the
21:
426:End of publication
398:Under the rule of
297:The Young Ottomans
282:Young Turks revolt
233:Οθωμανικός Μηνύτωρ
69:
50:Ceased publication
875:Media related to
785:, 9781317118442.
629:info page on book
611:. pp. 21–51.
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563:. pp. 21–51.
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501:. p.
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