573:
would then be co-ordinate branches. Ostapirat (2013) continues to maintain that Kra–Dai and
Austronesian are sister language families, based on certain phonological correspondences. On the other hand, Laurent Sagart (2008) proposes that Kra–Dai is a later form of what he calls "FATK" (Formosan Ancestor of Tai–Kadai) a branch of Austronesian belonging to the subgroup "Puluqic", developed in Taiwan, whose speakers migrated back to the mainland, to Guangdong, Hainan, and north Vietnam, around the second half of the 3rd millennium BCE. Upon their arrival in this region, they underwent linguistic contact with an unknown population, resulting in a partial relexification of FATK vocabulary. Erica Brindley (2015) supports Sagart's hypothesis, arguing that the radically different Kra-Dai history of migration to the mainland (as opposed to the Philippines for Proto-Austronesian) and extended contact with Austro-Asiatic and Sinitic speakers would make the relationship appear more distant. She also suggests that the presence of only the most basic Austronesian vocabulary in Kra-Dai makes this scenario of relexification more plausible.
1266:
686:
669:
534:
518:-like numerals. However, this classification is now universally rejected as obsolete after Ostapirat (2000) demonstrated the coherence of the Kra branch, which does not subgroup with the Hlai branch as Benedict (1942) had proposed. "Kadai" is sometimes used to refer to the entire Kra–Dai family, including by Solnit (1988). Adding to the confusion, some other references restrict the usage of "Kadai" to only the Kra branch of the family.
1316:, partly because they contain large numbers of words that are similar to Sino-Tibetan languages. However, Western scholars generally consider them to be Sinitic loanwords and note that basic vocabulary words in Kra–Dai languages often have cognates with Austronesian instead. Outside China, the Kra–Dai languages are now classified as an independent family. In China, they are called
167:
1362:(linguistic homeland) is in southern China. He argues for typological evidence that Proto-Japanese may have been a monosyllabic, SVO syntax and isolating language, which is also characteristic of Kra–Dai languages. According to him, these common features are however not due to a genetic relationship but rather the result of intense contact.
598:
2810:
2814:
2805:
2801:
2796:
1340:. Based on proposed lexical cognates, he proposes a genetic relation between Hmong–Mien and Kra–Dai languages. He further suggests that similarities between Kra–Dai and Austronesian are due to later areal contact in the coastal areas of eastern and southeastern China or an older ancestral relation (Proto-
1681:
Edmondson, Jerold A. and David B. Solnit, editors. 1988. Comparative Kadai: Linguistic studies beyond Tai. Summer
Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics, 86. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. vii,
572:
Although the position of Kra–Dai in relation to
Austronesian is still contested, some propose that Kra–Dai and Austronesian are genetically connected. Weera Ostapirat (2005) sets out a series of regular sound correspondences between them, assuming a model of a primary split between the two; they
2043:
Edmondson, Jerold A. and David B. Solnit, editors. 1997. Comparative Kadai: the Tai branch. Summer
Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics, 124. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. vi, 382
645:(1991) followed Wei's proposal but used Thai script for comparison, since this orthography dates from the 13th century and preserves archaisms not found in modern pronunciation. Zhengzhang notes that 'evening, night, dark' bears the C tone in Wuming Zhuang
486:, but Ostapirat (2000) and others suggest that it is problematic and confusing, preferring the name "Kra–Dai" instead. "Tai–Kadai" comes from an obsolete bifurcation of the family into two branches, Tai and Kadai, which had first been proposed by
1285:. There are a number of possible cognates in the core vocabulary, displaying regular sound correspondences. Among proponents, there is yet no agreement as to whether they are a sister group to Austronesian in a family called
2697:
1669:, Jerold A. Edmondson and David B. Solnit (eds.). pages 219–238. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics 86. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
2082:
Ostapirat, Weera. (2005). "Kra–Dai and
Austronesian: Notes on phonological correspondences and vocabulary distribution", pp. 107–131 in Sagart, Laurent, Blench, Roger & Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia (eds.),
6455:
2527:
595:
Wolfgang Behr (2002, 2006, 2009, 2017) points out that most non-Sinitic words found in Chu inscriptional materials are of Kra–Dai origin. For example, the Chu graph for 'one, once' written as
661:
criticizes
Zhengzhang's interpretation as anachronistic, because however archaic the Thai script is, the Thai language was only written 2,000 years after the song had been recorded; even if
1755:
Srithawong, Suparat; Srikummool, Metawee; Pittayaporn, Pittayawat; Ghirotto, Silvia; Chantawannakul, Panuwan; Sun, Jie; Eisenberg, Arthur; Chakraborty, Ranajit; Kutanan, Wibhu (July 2015).
2587:
Plenary
Session 2: Going Beyond History: Reassessing Genetic Grouping in SEA the 23rd Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, May 29–31, 2013, Chulalongkorn University
2691:
1013:. Norquest notes that Lakkia shares some similarities with Kam–Sui, while Be shares some similarities with Tai. Norquest (2007:15) notes that Be shares various similarities with
2831:
2413:
Paper for the
Symposium "Human migrations in continental East Asia and Taiwan: genetic, linguistic and archaeological evidence". Geneva 10–13 June 2004. Université de Genève.
459:
branches, respectively. "Kra–Dai" has since been used by the majority of specialists working on
Southeast Asian linguistics, including Norquest (2007), Pittayaporn (2009),
576:
Besides various concrete pieces of evidence for a Kra–Dai existence in present-day
Guangdong, remnants of Kra–Dai languages spoken further north can be found in unearthed
2777:
2209:
The volume of cognates between Austronesian and Daic, notably in fundamental vocabulary, is such that they must be related. Borrowing can be excluded as an explanation
2863:
5653:
1696:
5788:
1705:
6505:
3755:
2487:
Studies in Southeast Asian Languages and Linguistics, Jimmy G. Harris, Somsonge Burusphat and James E. Harris, ed. Bangkok, Thailand: Ek Phim Thai Co. LTD.
1017:
in particular. Following Ostapirat, Norquest adopts the name Kra–Dai for the family as a whole. The following tree of Kra–Dai is from Norquest (2007:16):
1001:
Weera Ostapirat (2005:128) suggests the possibility of Kra and Kam–Sui being grouped together as Northern Kra–Dai and Hlai with Tai as Southern Kra–Dai.
6445:
2418:
545:
James R. Chamberlain (2016) proposes that the Tai–Kadai (Kra–Dai) language family was formed as early as the 12th century BCE in the middle of the
2600:
Past Human Migrations in East Asia: Matching Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics (Routledge Studies in the Early History of Asia) 1st Edition
1265:
2607:
2537:
2454:
2433:
2356:
2275:
2122:
1587:
1464:
5278:
6660:
5168:
4749:
565:, points to that being an origin of the Kra–Dai language family, founding the nations that later became Thailand and Laos in what had been
2856:
4250:
2786:
805:, which may or may not subgroup with each other, are difficult to classify due to aberrant vocabulary but are sometimes classified as
5435:
2765:
2725:
2685:
2661:
2472:
2290:
Luo, Yongxian. 2008. Sino-Tai and Tai-Kadai: Another look. In Anthony V. N. Diller and Jerold A. Edmondson and Yongxian Luo (eds.),
2177:
1998:
385:
342:
293:
6528:
5411:
2792:
2225:
5781:
4650:
1565:
6370:
6358:
2821:
4569:
4505:
3748:
6650:
5182:
4933:
4424:
2849:
1738:
6435:
5295:
4430:
1392:
2556:
Proceedings for Conference of Minority Cultures in Hainan and Taiwan, Haikou: Research Society for Chinese National History
2323:
Out Of Southern China? --some linguistic and philological musings on the possible Urheimat of the Japonic language family--
6585:
6575:
6570:
6263:
6047:
6042:
5648:
4255:
4041:
4035:
3959:
2398:
16e Journées de Linguistique d'Asie Orientale, Centre de Recherches Linguistiques Sur l'Asie Orientale (E.H.E.S.S.), Paris
2143:. 38th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics. Vancouver: Department of Linguistics, University of British Columbia.
790:
Kra–Dai languages that are not securely classified and may constitute independent Kra–Dai branches include the following:
693:
Kra–Dai consists of at least five well-established branches, namely Kra, Kam–Sui, Tai, Be, and Hlai (Ostapirat 2005:109).
514:, a form of a Hlai autonym. Benedict's (1942) "Kadai" group was based on his observation that Kra and Hlai languages have
6415:
5342:
4630:
48:
6590:
6560:
5658:
5643:
4643:
4401:
4362:
1693:
1407:
6440:
5417:
4275:
2680:. Summer Institute of Linguistics publications in linguistics, no. 86. Arlington, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
6538:
5879:
5774:
5638:
5632:
4690:
4608:
4581:
4285:
2479:
1417:
612:鄂君啟筯 bronze tally and in Warring States bamboo inscriptions, which represents a Kra–Dai areal word; compare Proto-Tai
577:
5204:
4662:
4320:
4280:
4270:
3701:
3680:
2548:
1397:
1371:
93:
1171:
Based on shared lexical innovations, Norquest (2021) significantly revised his classification of Kra–Dai. Together,
6655:
6207:
4865:
4460:
4290:
3976:
3741:
3326:
641:
for the characters and discovered that the resulting vocabulary showed strong resemblance to modern Zhuang. Later,
239:
5423:
5399:
5374:
5347:
5330:
4238:
3809:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6463:
6385:
6380:
6036:
6022:
5797:
5616:
4340:
4295:
4265:
3764:
6146:
5095:
4927:
3982:
3798:
2480:"The power of language over the past: Tai settlement and Tai linguistics in southern China and northern Vietnam"
2408:
1325:
1179:
form the most divergent subgroup of Kra–Dai. Be–Tai and Hlai are placed together as part of a "Hlai–Tai" group.
6430:
6375:
5976:
5865:
5663:
5470:
5107:
3989:
3232:
2760:. Salaya Nakhon Pathom, Thailand: Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University.
3316:
2835:
2410:
Stratification in the peopling of China: how far does the linguistic evidence match genetics and archaeology?
569:
territory. Genetic and linguistic analyses show great homogeneity among Kra–Dai-speaking people in Thailand.
6244:
6139:
6089:
6068:
6059:
5941:
5858:
5818:
4668:
4593:
3996:
3946:
905:
634:
566:
398:
6400:
6395:
6160:
6132:
6123:
6082:
5682:
5530:
5325:
5320:
5101:
5054:
4684:
4601:
4260:
4244:
4052:
3953:
3816:
3792:
3563:
3537:
3486:
3466:
3306:
3204:
1719:
1313:
1282:
1270:
1014:
886:
870:
855:
515:
221:
3661:
2970:
2204:
Tai-Kadai and Austronesian are Related at Multiple Levels and their Archaeological Interpretation (draft)
1203:
1198:
1126:
1120:
1043:
960:
942:
810:
776:
772:
727:
665:
had emerged by the 6th century BCE, its pronunciation would have been substantially different from Thai.
662:
192:
110:
6552:
6425:
6405:
5948:
5886:
5728:
5626:
5315:
5118:
4908:
4897:
4859:
4466:
4440:
4345:
4335:
3934:
3785:
3628:
3301:
3296:
3268:
3222:
2825:
890:
850:
673:
657:
normally means 'we (inclusive)' but in some places, e.g., Tai Lue and White Tai, it means 'I'. However,
581:
230:
5429:
5154:
1337:
1293:
to the mainland or a later migration from the Philippines to Hainan during the Austronesian expansion.
6533:
6523:
6513:
6363:
6217:
6030:
5914:
5703:
5588:
5460:
5268:
5241:
5224:
5192:
5090:
4804:
4729:
4656:
4435:
4412:
4384:
4315:
4226:
4007:
3578:
3363:
3291:
3276:
2941:
1341:
1286:
1260:
642:
685:
668:
533:
6580:
6353:
6338:
6273:
6075:
5997:
5907:
5900:
5851:
5809:
5480:
5384:
5284:
5273:
5235:
5214:
5112:
5071:
4846:
4828:
4822:
4797:
4790:
4783:
4696:
4679:
4418:
4084:
4071:
3965:
3915:
3772:
3708:
3521:
3481:
3286:
3281:
3227:
3119:
2666:
1387:
1304:
in the late 20th century, is not supported by the current proponents of the Austro-Tai hypothesis.
918:
2304:
1281:
Several scholars have presented evidence that Kra–Dai may be related to, or even a branch of, the
6314:
6268:
6183:
6178:
6173:
5394:
5389:
5379:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5336:
5305:
5300:
5253:
5247:
5198:
5143:
5066:
4950:
4914:
4875:
4817:
4624:
4619:
4330:
4089:
4058:
4024:
4012:
3971:
3846:
3694:
3687:
3573:
3568:
3516:
3476:
3471:
3373:
2731:
2248:
2183:
1794:
1645:
1412:
1402:
1290:
448:
406:
5491:
5454:
1727:. The 14th International Symposium on Chinese Languages and Linguistics (IsCLL-14). p. 158.
447:
The name "Kra–Dai" was proposed by Weera Ostapirat (2000), as Kra and Dai are the reconstructed
6518:
6495:
6490:
6468:
6410:
6188:
6111:
6004:
5496:
5485:
5465:
5405:
5310:
5290:
5229:
5209:
4920:
4881:
4852:
4840:
4777:
4723:
4701:
4674:
4614:
4587:
4406:
4367:
4357:
4325:
4198:
4124:
4106:
4100:
4002:
3920:
3834:
3803:
3423:
3388:
3358:
3353:
2989:
2761:
2721:
2681:
2657:
2603:
2598:. In Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia; Blench, Roger; Ross, Malcolm D.; Peiros, Ilia; Lin, Marie (eds.).
2533:
2468:
2450:
2429:
2352:
2271:
2173:
2118:
1994:
1786:
1778:
1583:
1568:. Oxford Bibliographies in "Linguistics", Ed. Mark Aranoff. New York: Oxford University Press.
1460:
1382:
1356:
1297:
1002:
460:
2444:
2368:"Dialects, diachrony, diglossia or all three? Tomb text glimpses into the language(s) of Chǔ"
6480:
6473:
6420:
6348:
6343:
6300:
6293:
6223:
6167:
6105:
6011:
5983:
5969:
5955:
5872:
5844:
5832:
5825:
5713:
5573:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5512:
5506:
5501:
5475:
5368:
5263:
5187:
5125:
5077:
5012:
5005:
4998:
4991:
4984:
4973:
4957:
4892:
4887:
4870:
4811:
4705:
4637:
4548:
4515:
4493:
4483:
4379:
4351:
4300:
4221:
4205:
4191:
4173:
4166:
4152:
4112:
4094:
4078:
4064:
3886:
3869:
3638:
3602:
3506:
3501:
3491:
3444:
3439:
3258:
3194:
3134:
3104:
3094:
3025:
3010:
2936:
2713:
2626:
2240:
2165:
2144:
2110:
2102:
1768:
1635:
1619:
1301:
993:, though by 2009 Lakkia was made a third branch of Kam–Tai and Biao was moved into Kam–Sui.
837:, China, is currently unclassified within Kra–Dai but appears to be most closely related to
630:
487:
359:
307:
264:
2743:
1555:
Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. 2009. The phonology of Proto-Tai. Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell University
1518:
429:, respectively. Around 93 million people speak Kra–Dai languages; 60% of those speak Thai.
6307:
6258:
6212:
6095:
5990:
5962:
5921:
5838:
5708:
5583:
5568:
5537:
5258:
5219:
5084:
5030:
4902:
4764:
4530:
4525:
4390:
4305:
4186:
4179:
4159:
4141:
4046:
4029:
3828:
3643:
3433:
3401:
3368:
3348:
3247:
3217:
3212:
3179:
3166:
3152:
3144:
3129:
3124:
3099:
3089:
3079:
3061:
3053:
3005:
2923:
2913:
2903:
2701:
1700:
1352:
1193:
1176:
1115:
1038:
1006:
951:
896:
881:
829:
817:
795:
751:
626:
495:
491:
394:
142:
128:
119:
83:
77:
70:
3311:
2579:
2321:
1501:
1081:
Additionally, Norquest (2007) also proposes a reconstruction for Proto-Southern Kra–Dai.
989:
This classification is also used by Liang and Zhang (1996), Chamberlain (2016: 38), and
821:
of southern Hainan, China, is an aberrant Kra–Dai language traditionally classified as a
2645:
Chamberlain, James R. (2016). Kra-Dai and the Proto-History of South China and Vietnam.
2529:
Mapping the Old Zhuang Character Script: A Vernacular Writing System from Southern China
6485:
6253:
5718:
5578:
5547:
5518:
5149:
5035:
5018:
4968:
4963:
4834:
4771:
4541:
4535:
4455:
4450:
4396:
4373:
4118:
3940:
3897:
3880:
3874:
3852:
3840:
3724:
3671:
3618:
3593:
3558:
3511:
3383:
3378:
3114:
3084:
3071:
2994:
2978:
2951:
2946:
2931:
2893:
2221:
1219:
1134:
1055:
937:
901:
822:
760:
658:
503:
499:
468:
464:
410:
402:
210:
138:
2617:
Zhengzhang, Shangfang (1991). "Decipherment of Yue-Ren-Ge (Song of the Yue boatman)".
2066:
Chamberlain, James R. 2016. Kra–Dai and the proto-history of South China and Vietnam.
157:
6644:
5602:
5542:
5524:
5040:
5024:
4978:
4735:
4555:
4520:
4510:
4488:
4445:
4310:
3891:
3823:
3553:
3496:
3460:
3428:
3394:
3343:
3242:
3189:
3043:
3035:
3000:
2898:
2888:
2880:
2735:
2510:
2187:
1232:
1211:
1189:
1172:
1147:
1107:
1099:
1063:
1030:
976:
955:
931:
859:
801:
780:
705:
697:
546:
456:
452:
436:
414:
183:
133:
115:
105:
61:
2693:
Linguistic clusters of Mainland Southeast Asia: an overview of the language families
2467:. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
2252:
1798:
6390:
6198:
5932:
4499:
3418:
3253:
3109:
3020:
3015:
2983:
2956:
2404:
1476:
1274:
1227:
1142:
1068:
1010:
971:
838:
806:
784:
742:
554:
522:
418:
201:
124:
2085:
The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics.
1640:
1623:
689:
Example of the divergence among the Kra-Dai languages, using the word for "tooth".
2778:
Word lists of Tai–Kadai languages from the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database
917:
An early but influential classification, with the traditional Kam–Tai clade, was
3174:
3162:
2908:
638:
602:
585:
550:
5766:
1757:"Genetic and linguistic correlation of the Kra-Dai-speaking groups in Thailand"
6565:
6284:
6234:
6100:
4146:
3633:
3237:
2782:
2717:
2349:
Kinship: Studies of Recently Discovered Bronze Inscritpions from Ancient China
2169:
1541:
865:
716:
589:
476:
431:
1782:
1089:
A classification of Kra–Dai by Norquest (2015, 2020) is provided as follows:
3733:
834:
755:
482:
151:
66:
2708:
Norquest, Peter (2021). "Classification of (Tai-)Kadai/Kra-Dai languages".
2630:
2490:
2160:
Norquest, Peter (2021). "Classification of (Tai–)Kadai/Kra–Dai languages".
1790:
557:. The high diversity of Kra–Dai languages in southern China, especially in
2559:
2305:
On the affiliation of Miao-Yao and Kadai: Can we posit the Miao–Dai family
2106:
2244:
1359:
422:
17:
2114:
2027:
1773:
1756:
1546:. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona.
166:
5801:
2148:
874:
736:
732:
558:
1704:. Presented at the 12th EURASEAA meeting Leiden, 1–5 September 2008. (
1649:
5893:
5723:
5621:
765:
747:
562:
2841:
2226:"The higher phylogeny of Austronesian and the position of Tai–Kadai"
2202:
2017:. Beijing: Central Nationalities Research Institute Press 中央民族学院出版社.
2595:
2394:"Stray loanword gleanings from two Ancient Chinese fictional texts"
2393:
2380:
2367:
2344:
2139:
1624:"Thai, Kadai, and Indonesian: A New Alignment in Southeastern Asia"
2511:"A Layer of Old Chinese Readings in the Traditional Zhuang Script"
1264:
667:
637:
is in fact a language ancestral to Zhuang. Wei used reconstructed
2327:
XXVIIes Journées de Linguistique d'Asie Orientale 26–27 juin 2014
2140:
A Hypothesis on the Origin of Preglottalized Sonorants in Kra–Dai
1665:
Solnit, David B. 1988. "The position of Lakkia within Kadai." In
1312:
The Kra–Dai languages were formerly considered to be part of the
2758:
Kam–Tai oral literatures: collaborative research project between
597:
435:
lists 95 languages in the family, with 62 of these being in the
426:
5770:
5742:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
3737:
2845:
276:
2351:. The Chinese University Press of Hong Kong. pp. 9–32.
1822:
1820:
474:
The name "Tai–Kadai" is used in many references, as well as
174:
2652:
Diller, A., J. Edmondson, & Yongxian Luo, ed., (2005).
368:
334:
325:
316:
285:
1993:. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press 中国社会科学出版社.
1933:
1931:
1604:
Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia: The State of the Art
1324:(壮侗) languages and are generally included, along with the
1005:(2007) has further updated this classification to include
537:
Tai–Kadai migration route, according to Matthias Gerner's
1269:
Proposed genesis of Daic languages and their relation to
825:, although Jiamao contains many words of non-Hlai origin.
374:
2710:
The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia
2162:
The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia
1739:
Kra-Dai and the Proto-History of South China and Vietnam
1455:
Diller, Anthony, Jerry Edmondson, Yongxian Luo. (2008).
622:(Siamese nɯŋ, Dai nɯŋ, Longzhou nəəŋ etc.) 'one, once'.
2549:"Daic Background Vocabulary in Shanghai Maqiao Dialect"
2419:"Origins of Ethnolinguistic Identity in Southeast Asia"
1694:
The Prehistory of the Daic (Tai-Kadai) Speaking Peoples
490:(1942). In 1942, Benedict placed three Kra languages (
2676:
Edmondson, J. A., & Solnit, D. B. (eds.) (1988).
386:
377:
343:
328:
322:
294:
270:
365:
331:
313:
282:
273:
6551:
6504:
6454:
6327:
6282:
6242:
6233:
6197:
6122:
6058:
6021:
5931:
5808:
5696:
5673:
5601:
5445:
5167:
5135:
5053:
4942:
4748:
4715:
4568:
4476:
4220:
4134:
3911:
3862:
3771:
3670:
3652:
3615:
3591:
3546:
3530:
3453:
3411:
3336:
3325:
3267:
3203:
3188:
3161:
3143:
3070:
3052:
3034:
2969:
2922:
2879:
2424:. In Habu, Junko; Lape, Peter; Olsen, John (eds.).
549:, coinciding roughly with the establishment of the
362:
310:
267:
150:
99:
89:
76:
54:
44:
34:
2690:Mann, Noel, Wendy Smith and Eva Ujlakyova. 2009.
2515:Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities
2678:Comparative Kadai: linguistic studies beyond Tai
2671:Kam tone splits and the variation of breathiness
2426:Handbook of East and Southeast Asian Archaeology
2078:
2076:
1677:
1675:
1667:Comparative Kadai: Linguistic studies beyond Tai
2596:"The expansion of Setaria farmers in East Asia"
2057:. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press.
1614:
1612:
1513:
1511:
2756:Somsonge Burusphat, & Sinnott, M. (1998).
2381:"Some Chŭ 楚 words in early Chinese literature"
171:Distribution of the Tai–Kadai language family.
5782:
3749:
2857:
1721:Project Discussion: The Austro-Tai Hypothesis
1661:
1659:
1355:(2014) has proposed that the location of the
672:Map of the Chinese plain at the start of the
8:
6626:Families with more than 30 languages are in
5752:Families with more than 30 languages are in
2372:TTW-3, Zürich, 26.-29.VI.2009, "Genius Loci"
1578:Baxter, William H.; Sagart, Laurent (2014),
1336:Kosaka (2002) has argued specifically for a
2463:Edmondson, J.A. and D.B. Solnit eds. 1997.
2099:A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai
1543:A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai
1250:Hypotheses regarding external relationships
371:
319:
279:
6331:
6239:
5789:
5775:
5767:
5609:
5175:
5059:
4756:
4574:
4231:
3926:
3777:
3756:
3742:
3734:
3333:
3200:
2919:
2864:
2850:
2842:
1985:Liang Min 梁敏 & Zhang Junru 张均如. 1996.
1949:
1536:
1534:
510:, meaning "person" in Gelao and Laqua and
27:Language family of mainland Southeast Asia
2345:"The language of the bronze inscriptions"
2294:, 9–28. London & New York: Routledge.
1961:
1937:
1826:
1772:
1639:
1300:in the Austro-Tai family, as proposed by
710:southern China, northern Vietnam; called
625:In the early 1980s, Wei Qingwen (韦庆稳), a
2055:An introduction to the Kam–Tai languages
2015:An introduction to the Kam–Tai languages
1991:An introduction to the Kam–Tai languages
1862:
1602:N. J. Enfield and B. Comrie, Eds. 2015.
1564:Peter Jenks and Pittayawat Pittayaporn.
845:Kra–Dai languages of mixed origins are:
684:
532:
506:in a group that he called "Kadai", from
1448:
1429:
921:and Solnit's classification from 1988:
771:Chinese linguists have also proposed a
2619:Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale
1973:
1850:
1838:
1811:
31:
2748:Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area
2097:Norquest, Peter (29 September 2015).
1523:Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area
98:
7:
1922:
1910:
1898:
1886:
1874:
2802:StarLing: Zhuang–Tai 100-word lists
2783:Tai–Kadai word lists by Ilya Peiros
2347:. In Shaughnessy, Edward L. (ed.).
2053:Liang Min & Zhang Junru. 1996.
2793:StarLing: Tai–Kadai 100-word lists
2787:Intercontinental Dictionary Series
2087:London/New York: Routledge-Curzon.
2028:A Mainland Bê Language? / 大陆的Bê语言?
1502:"Ethnologue Tai–Kadai family tree"
409:. All languages in the family are
25:
2465:Comparative Kadai: the Tai branch
1580:Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction
997:Ostapirat (2005); Norquest (2007)
702:southern China and Southeast Asia
539:Northeast to Southwest Hypothesis
2811:StarLing: Kam–Sui 100-word lists
2712:. De Gruyter. pp. 225–246.
2647:Journal of the Siam Society, 104
2164:. De Gruyter. pp. 225–246.
596:
358:
306:
263:
165:
2602:. Routledge. pp. 133–157.
1737:Chamberlain, James R. (2016). "
1436:Formosan ancestor of Tai–Kadai.
2822:Appendix:Kra–Dai Swadesh lists
2526:——— (2013).
2449:. Cambridge University Press.
2392:——— (2002).
2379:——— (2006).
2366:——— (2009).
2032:Journal of Chinese Linguistics
1328:, in the Sino-Tibetan family.
1:
2704:Chiang Mai: Payap University.
2478:Edmondson, Jerold A. (2007).
1641:10.1525/aa.1942.44.4.02a00040
1606:. Berlin, Mouton de Gruyter.
1408:Proto-Tibeto-Burman language
1283:Austronesian language family
904:and other unknown elements (
629:linguist, proposed that the
421:, the national languages of
6661:Sino-Austronesian languages
2742:Ostapirat, Weera. (2000). "
2443:Brindley, Erica F. (2015).
2068:Journal of the Siam Society
1743:Journal of the Siam Society
1582:, Oxford University Press,
1517:Ostapirat, Weera. (2000). "
1418:Sino-Austronesian languages
913:Edmondson and Solnit (1988)
521:The name "Daic" is used by
82:One of the world's primary
6677:
6446:Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric
2266:Benedict, Paul K. (1990).
1369:
1258:
467:(2014), and Enfield &
6614:
6334:
5737:
5612:
5178:
5062:
4759:
4577:
4234:
3929:
3780:
3765:Primary language families
3718:
2836:Vocabulary lists appendix
2718:10.1515/9783110558142-013
2578:Ostapirat, Weera (2013).
2446:Ancient China and the Yue
2320:Vovin, Alexander (2014).
2170:10.1515/9783110558142-013
1761:Journal of Human Genetics
1718:Gerner, Matthias (2014).
1540:Norquest, Peter K. 2007.
1393:Proto-Hmong–Mien language
750:; possibly also includes
553:and the beginning of the
164:
78:Linguistic classification
39:
4582:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
2832:Kra–Dai vocabulary lists
2594:Sagart, Laurent (2008).
2303:Kosaka, Ryuichi. 2002. "
1289:, a back-migration from
676:, in the 5th century BC.
6623:have no living members.
6506:East and Southeast Asia
5749:have no living members.
2654:The Tai–Kadai languages
2558:: 15–26. Archived from
2417:Blench, Roger (2017) .
2343:Behr, Wolfgang (2017).
2292:The Tai-Kadai Languages
2137:Norquest, Peter. 2020.
1628:American Anthropologist
1481:www.languagesgulper.com
1457:The Tai–Kadai Languages
681:Internal classification
635:Song of the Yue Boatman
578:inscriptional materials
399:mainland Southeast Asia
5729:Unclassified languages
5683:list of sign languages
4651:Northeastern Tasmanian
2656:. London : Routledge.
2631:10.3406/clao.1991.1345
2580:"Austro-Tai revisited"
2489:: 1–25. Archived from
2201:Blench, Roger (2018).
2026:Ostapirat, W. (1998).
1459:. London : Routledge.
1398:Proto-Kam–Sui language
1372:Proto-Kra–Dai language
1278:
1271:Austronesian languages
1131:Western Kam–Tai
1015:Northern Tai languages
690:
677:
542:
5704:Constructed languages
2826:Swadesh list appendix
2700:24 March 2019 at the
2107:10.1163/9789004300521
1699:29 April 2019 at the
1691:Blench, Roger. 2008.
1268:
1085:Norquest (2015, 2020)
688:
674:Warring States Period
671:
536:
4251:Binanderean–Goilalan
2509:Holm, David (2014).
2245:10.1353/ol.2005.0012
2009:Ni Dabai 倪大白. 1990.
1326:Hmong–Mien languages
1261:Austro-Tai languages
775:group that includes
643:Zhengzhang Shangfang
6264:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
6048:Northwest Caucasian
6043:Northeast Caucasian
5533:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
5436:Tequiraca–Canichana
5279:Harákmbut–Katukinan
4042:Northwest Caucasian
4036:Northeast Caucasian
3960:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
2834:(from Wiktionary's
2824:(from Wiktionary's
2268:Japanese/Austro-Tai
2233:Oceanic Linguistics
1987:Dongtai yuzu gailun
1952:, pp. 159–168.
1841:, pp. 146–152.
1774:10.1038/jhg.2015.32
1388:Proto-Hlai language
1314:Sino-Tibetan family
1035:Northeastern
6529:Austronesian–Ongan
6328:Proposed groupings
5155:Tarascan/Purépecha
4644:Northern Tasmanian
4402:South Bougainville
4363:North Bougainville
3654:proposed groupings
2149:10.14288/1.0389866
1413:Proto-Tai language
1403:Proto-Kra language
1279:
691:
678:
653:'night'. The item
543:
407:northeastern India
6656:Language families
6651:Kra–Dai languages
6638:
6637:
6547:
6546:
6539:Sino-Austronesian
6323:
6322:
5798:Language families
5764:
5763:
5714:Language isolates
5692:
5691:
5597:
5596:
5163:
5162:
5049:
5048:
4744:
4743:
4691:Western Tasmanian
4609:Eastern Tasmanian
4564:
4563:
4286:East Geelvink Bay
4216:
4215:
3907:
3906:
3731:
3730:
3725:extinct languages
3611:
3610:
3587:
3586:
2965:
2964:
2873:Kra–Dai languages
2609:978-0-415-39923-4
2539:978-9-004-22369-1
2496:on 1 January 2014
2456:978-1-107-08478-0
2435:978-1-493-96521-2
2358:978-9-629-96639-3
2309:Mon–Khmer Studies
2277:978-0-89720-078-3
2124:978-90-04-30052-1
2011:Dongtai yu gailun
1745:, Vol. 104, 2016.
1741:", pp. 27–77. In
1620:Benedict, Paul K.
1589:978-0-19-994537-5
1566:Kra-Dai Languages
1465:978-0-7007-1457-5
1383:Austric languages
1296:The inclusion of
841:(Ostapirat 1998).
259:Kra–Dai languages
255:
254:
249:
248:
84:language families
16:(Redirected from
6668:
6606:Proto-Euphratean
6332:
6240:
6208:Great Andamanese
5791:
5784:
5777:
5768:
5610:
5564:Huaorani/Waorani
5448:(extant in 2000)
5412:Esmeralda–Yaruro
5183:Andoque–Urequena
5176:
5060:
4866:Plateau Penutian
4757:
4732:(Northern Daly?)
4575:
4461:Northwest Papuan
4425:Trans–New Guinea
4291:East New Britain
4266:Central Solomons
4232:
3977:Great Andamanese
3927:
3778:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3735:
3334:
3201:
2920:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2843:
2739:
2667:Edmondson, J. A.
2634:
2613:
2590:
2584:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2565:on 27 March 2018
2564:
2553:
2547:Li, Hui (2001).
2543:
2522:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2495:
2484:
2460:
2439:
2423:
2401:
2388:
2385:EACL-4, Budapest
2375:
2362:
2330:
2318:
2312:
2301:
2295:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2230:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2157:
2151:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2094:
2088:
2080:
2071:
2064:
2058:
2051:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2034:, 26(2), 338–344
2024:
2018:
2007:
2001:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1829:, pp. 1–10.
1824:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1776:
1752:
1746:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1715:
1709:
1689:
1683:
1679:
1670:
1663:
1654:
1653:
1643:
1616:
1607:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1575:
1569:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1547:
1538:
1529:
1515:
1506:
1505:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1473:
1467:
1453:
1437:
1434:
1302:Paul K. Benedict
1104:Eastern Kra–Dai
633:recorded in the
631:Old Yue language
600:
502:) together with
488:Paul K. Benedict
389:
384:
383:
380:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
350:
346:
341:
340:
337:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
301:, also known as
297:
292:
291:
288:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
240:Southwestern Tai
237:
228:
219:
208:
199:
190:
181:
175:
169:
160:
60:Southern China,
32:
21:
6676:
6675:
6671:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6666:
6665:
6641:
6640:
6639:
6634:
6633:
6610:
6601:Paleo-Laplandic
6596:Pre-Finno-Ugric
6543:
6500:
6464:Greater Siangic
6450:
6436:Uralic–Yukaghir
6386:Ibero-Caucasian
6381:Elamo-Dravidian
6319:
6278:
6229:
6193:
6118:
6054:
6037:North Caucasian
6017:
5927:
5866:Paleo-Sardinian
5804:
5795:
5765:
5760:
5759:
5733:
5719:Mixed languages
5688:
5669:
5604:
5593:
5447:
5441:
5296:Katembri–Taruma
5170:
5159:
5131:
5045:
4938:
4751:
4740:
4711:
4560:
4472:
4431:Turama–Kikorian
4341:Lower Mamberamo
4296:East Strickland
4224:
4212:
4130:
3918:
3913:
3903:
3858:
3767:
3762:
3732:
3727:
3714:
3672:Proto-languages
3666:
3648:
3607:
3583:
3542:
3526:
3449:
3407:
3329:
3321:
3263:
3233:Longsang Zhuang
3213:Standard Zhuang
3192:
3184:
3157:
3139:
3066:
3048:
3030:
2961:
2918:
2875:
2870:
2774:
2728:
2707:
2702:Wayback Machine
2642:
2640:Further reading
2637:
2616:
2610:
2593:
2582:
2577:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2551:
2546:
2540:
2525:
2508:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2482:
2477:
2457:
2442:
2436:
2421:
2416:
2391:
2378:
2365:
2359:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2319:
2315:
2302:
2298:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2228:
2222:Sagart, Laurent
2220:
2219:
2215:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2180:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2074:
2065:
2061:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2038:
2025:
2021:
2008:
2004:
1984:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1950:Zhengzhang 1991
1948:
1944:
1936:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1873:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1736:
1732:
1724:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1701:Wayback Machine
1690:
1686:
1680:
1673:
1664:
1657:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1539:
1532:
1516:
1509:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1379:
1374:
1368:
1350:
1338:Miao–Dai family
1334:
1310:
1263:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1169:
1167:Norquest (2021)
1164:
1112:Lakkja–Kam–Tai
1087:
1079:
999:
987:
915:
724:(仡央) in Chinese
683:
531:
445:
395:language family
387:
361:
357:
348:
344:
309:
305:
295:
266:
262:
251:
250:
242:
235:
233:
226:
224:
217:
213:
206:
204:
197:
195:
188:
186:
179:
172:
156:
71:Northeast India
65:
56:
40:Tai–Kadai, Daic
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6674:
6672:
6664:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6643:
6642:
6636:
6635:
6632:
6631:
6624:
6616:
6615:
6612:
6611:
6609:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6557:
6555:
6549:
6548:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6510:
6508:
6502:
6501:
6499:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6477:
6476:
6471:
6460:
6458:
6452:
6451:
6449:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6431:Uralo-Siberian
6428:
6423:
6418:
6416:Serbi–Mongolic
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6376:Dravido-Korean
6373:
6371:Dené–Yeniseian
6368:
6367:
6366:
6361:
6359:Dené–Caucasian
6356:
6346:
6341:
6335:
6329:
6325:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6317:
6312:
6304:
6297:
6289:
6287:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6250:
6248:
6237:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6227:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6204:
6202:
6195:
6194:
6192:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6164:
6157:
6150:
6143:
6136:
6128:
6126:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6116:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6086:
6079:
6072:
6064:
6062:
6056:
6055:
6053:
6052:
6051:
6050:
6045:
6033:
6027:
6025:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6015:
6008:
6001:
5994:
5987:
5980:
5977:Hurro-Urartian
5973:
5966:
5959:
5952:
5945:
5937:
5935:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5925:
5918:
5911:
5904:
5897:
5890:
5883:
5876:
5869:
5862:
5859:Paleo-Corsican
5855:
5848:
5841:
5836:
5829:
5822:
5814:
5812:
5806:
5805:
5796:
5794:
5793:
5786:
5779:
5771:
5762:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5750:
5743:
5739:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5700:
5698:
5694:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5686:
5677:
5675:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5667:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5644:Indo-Pakistani
5641:
5636:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5613:
5607:
5599:
5598:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5527:
5522:
5515:
5510:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5451:
5449:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5433:
5427:
5421:
5415:
5409:
5403:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5343:Piaroa–Saliban
5340:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5244:
5239:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5179:
5173:
5165:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5122:
5115:
5110:
5108:Tequistlatecan
5105:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5081:
5074:
5069:
5063:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5021:
5016:
5009:
5002:
4995:
4988:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4954:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4924:
4917:
4912:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4856:
4849:
4844:
4837:
4832:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4808:
4801:
4794:
4787:
4780:
4775:
4768:
4760:
4754:
4746:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4727:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4699:
4694:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4666:
4659:
4654:
4647:
4640:
4635:
4631:Marrku–Wurrugu
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4605:
4598:
4590:
4585:
4578:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4545:
4539:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4497:
4491:
4486:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4464:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4421:
4416:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4241:
4235:
4229:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4202:
4195:
4189:
4184:
4176:
4171:
4163:
4156:
4149:
4144:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4122:
4116:
4110:
4104:
4098:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4056:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3993:
3990:Hurro-Urartian
3986:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3962:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3938:
3930:
3924:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3895:
3889:
3884:
3877:
3872:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3832:
3826:
3821:
3813:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3789:
3781:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3738:
3729:
3728:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3676:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3658:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3625:
3623:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3599:
3597:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3331:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3209:
3207:
3198:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3171:
3169:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3149:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3076:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2829:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2808:
2790:
2780:
2773:
2772:External links
2770:
2769:
2768:
2754:
2740:
2726:
2705:
2688:
2674:
2664:
2650:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2625:(2): 159–168.
2614:
2608:
2591:
2575:
2544:
2538:
2523:
2506:
2475:
2461:
2455:
2440:
2434:
2414:
2402:
2389:
2376:
2363:
2357:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2313:
2296:
2283:
2276:
2258:
2239:(2): 411–440.
2213:
2193:
2178:
2152:
2130:
2123:
2089:
2072:
2059:
2046:
2036:
2019:
2002:
1978:
1976:, p. 143.
1966:
1962:Edmondson 2007
1954:
1942:
1938:Edmondson 2007
1927:
1925:, p. 785.
1915:
1903:
1891:
1879:
1867:
1855:
1853:, p. 151.
1843:
1831:
1827:Ostapirat 2013
1816:
1804:
1767:(7): 371–380.
1747:
1730:
1710:
1684:
1671:
1655:
1634:(4): 576–601.
1608:
1595:
1588:
1570:
1557:
1548:
1530:
1507:
1493:
1468:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1370:Main article:
1367:
1366:Reconstruction
1364:
1349:
1346:
1333:
1330:
1309:
1306:
1259:Main article:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1222:
1214:
1206:
1196:
1181:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1137:
1129:
1118:
1110:
1102:
1091:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1058:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1033:
1019:
998:
995:
986:
985:
984:
983:
982:
981:
980:
979:
974:
967:
965:
964:
963:
958:
947:
940:
935:
923:
914:
911:
910:
909:
893:
878:
862:
843:
842:
826:
814:
813:(Solnit 1988).
769:
768:
763:
758:
745:
740:
730:
725:
708:
703:
700:
682:
679:
659:Laurent Sagart
530:
527:
444:
441:
403:southern China
253:
252:
247:
246:
234:
225:
216:
214:
205:
196:
187:
178:
173:
170:
162:
161:
154:
148:
147:
146:
145:
136:
131:
122:
113:
108:
101:
97:
96:
91:
90:Proto-language
87:
86:
80:
74:
73:
58:
52:
51:
46:
42:
41:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6673:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6648:
6646:
6629:
6625:
6622:
6618:
6617:
6613:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6558:
6556:
6554:
6550:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6507:
6503:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6466:
6465:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6457:
6453:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6441:Eskimo–Uralic
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6333:
6330:
6326:
6316:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6305:
6303:
6302:
6298:
6296:
6295:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6286:
6281:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6245:Paleosiberian
6241:
6238:
6236:
6232:
6226:
6225:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6196:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6169:
6165:
6163:
6162:
6158:
6156:
6155:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6144:
6142:
6141:
6140:Austroasiatic
6137:
6135:
6134:
6130:
6129:
6127:
6125:
6121:
6114:
6113:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6091:
6090:Austroasiatic
6087:
6085:
6084:
6080:
6078:
6077:
6073:
6071:
6070:
6069:Indo-European
6066:
6065:
6063:
6061:
6057:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6039:
6038:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6014:
6013:
6009:
6007:
6006:
6002:
6000:
5999:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5988:
5986:
5985:
5981:
5979:
5978:
5974:
5972:
5971:
5967:
5965:
5964:
5960:
5958:
5957:
5953:
5951:
5950:
5946:
5944:
5943:
5942:Indo-European
5939:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5930:
5924:
5923:
5919:
5917:
5916:
5912:
5910:
5909:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5898:
5896:
5895:
5891:
5889:
5888:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5877:
5875:
5874:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5863:
5861:
5860:
5856:
5854:
5853:
5849:
5847:
5846:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5834:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5823:
5821:
5820:
5819:Indo-European
5816:
5815:
5813:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5792:
5787:
5785:
5780:
5778:
5773:
5772:
5769:
5755:
5751:
5748:
5744:
5741:
5740:
5736:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5695:
5685:
5684:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5672:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5654:Original Thai
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5600:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5532:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5520:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5444:
5437:
5434:
5431:
5428:
5425:
5422:
5419:
5418:Hibito–Cholón
5416:
5413:
5410:
5407:
5404:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5286:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5200:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5166:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5145:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5128:
5127:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5103:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5082:
5080:
5079:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5052:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5008:
5007:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4935:
4934:Yuman–Cochimí
4932:
4930:
4929:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4761:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4747:
4737:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4707:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4670:
4669:Southern Daly
4667:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4594:Darwin Region
4591:
4589:
4586:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4276:Demta–Sentani
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4223:
4219:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3997:Indo-European
3994:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3947:Austroasiatic
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3917:
3910:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3759:
3754:
3752:
3747:
3745:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3726:
3722:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3702:Proto-Kam–Sui
3699:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3681:Proto-Kra–Dai
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3619:mixed origins
3614:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3590:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3564:Tai Muong Vat
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3538:Southern Thai
3536:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3487:Tai Hang Tong
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3467:Northern Thai
3465:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2862:
2860:
2855:
2853:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2766:974-661-450-9
2763:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2727:9783110558142
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2686:0-88312-066-6
2683:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2662:0-7007-1457-X
2659:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2576:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2473:0-88312-066-6
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2405:Blench, Roger
2403:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2197:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2179:9783110558142
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1999:9787500416814
1996:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1967:
1964:, p. 17.
1963:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1940:, p. 16.
1939:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1916:
1913:, p. 12.
1912:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1868:
1865:, p. 51.
1864:
1863:Brindley 2015
1859:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1814:, p. 11.
1813:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1723:
1722:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1688:
1685:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1443:
1433:
1430:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1254:
1249:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1166:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1084:
1082:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
996:
994:
992:
978:
975:
973:
970:
969:
968:
966:
962:
959:
957:
953:
950:
949:
948:
946:
945:
944:
941:
939:
936:
933:
930:
929:
928:
925:
924:
922:
920:
912:
907:
906:Austroasiatic
903:
899:
898:
894:
892:
888:
884:
883:
879:
876:
872:
868:
867:
863:
861:
857:
853:
852:
848:
847:
846:
840:
836:
832:
831:
827:
824:
823:Hlai language
820:
819:
815:
812:
808:
804:
803:
798:
797:
793:
792:
791:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
753:
749:
746:
744:
741:
738:
734:
731:
729:
726:
723:
719:
718:
713:
709:
707:
704:
701:
699:
696:
695:
694:
687:
680:
675:
670:
666:
664:
663:Proto-Kam–Tai
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
621:
618:
615:
611:
607:
604:
599:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
574:
570:
568:
567:Austroasiatic
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
547:Yangtze basin
540:
535:
528:
526:
524:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
484:
479:
478:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
442:
440:
438:
434:
433:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
391:
382:
356:
352:
351:
339:
304:
300:
299:
290:
260:
245:
241:
232:
223:
215:
212:
203:
194:
185:
177:
176:
168:
163:
159:
155:
153:
149:
144:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
126:
123:
121:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
103:
102:
95:
94:Proto-Kra–Dai
92:
88:
85:
81:
79:
75:
72:
68:
63:
62:Hainan Island
59:
53:
50:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
6627:
6620:
6619:Families in
6576:Pre-Goidelic
6571:Pre-Germanic
6401:Indo-Semitic
6396:Indo-Pacific
6391:Indo-Hittite
6306:
6299:
6292:
6222:
6199:Indian Ocean
6166:
6161:Austronesian
6159:
6153:
6152:
6145:
6138:
6133:Sino-Tibetan
6131:
6110:
6088:
6083:Sino-Tibetan
6081:
6074:
6067:
6035:
6010:
6003:
5996:
5989:
5982:
5975:
5968:
5961:
5954:
5947:
5940:
5920:
5913:
5906:
5899:
5892:
5887:North Picene
5885:
5878:
5871:
5864:
5857:
5850:
5843:
5831:
5824:
5817:
5753:
5746:
5745:Families in
5680:
5631:
5529:
5517:
5367:
5335:
5326:Pano-Tacanan
5283:
5246:
5234:
5205:Arutani–Sape
5197:
5142:
5124:
5117:
5102:Oto-Manguean
5100:
5083:
5076:
5023:
5011:
5004:
4997:
4990:
4983:
4956:
4949:
4926:
4919:
4907:
4880:
4858:
4851:
4839:
4827:
4810:
4803:
4796:
4789:
4782:
4770:
4763:
4722:
4689:
4685:Western Daly
4663:Pama–Nyungan
4661:
4649:
4642:
4629:
4607:
4602:Eastern Daly
4600:
4592:
4547:
4423:
4411:
4389:
4372:
4350:
4321:Kaure–Kosare
4281:Doso–Turumsa
4271:Chimbu–Wahgi
4261:Bulaka River
4245:Austronesian
4243:
4204:
4197:
4178:
4165:
4158:
4151:
4077:
4070:
4063:
4053:Sino-Tibetan
4051:
4034:
4018:
4017:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3964:
3954:Austronesian
3952:
3945:
3933:
3879:
3817:Nilo-Saharan
3815:
3808:
3793:Austronesian
3791:
3784:
3720:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3653:
3629:Hezhang Buyi
3617:
3400:
3393:
3337:Northwestern
3327:Southwestern
3302:Myang Zhuang
3297:Pyang Zhuang
3223:Hezhang Buyi
2872:
2757:
2750:
2747:
2709:
2692:
2677:
2670:
2653:
2646:
2622:
2618:
2599:
2586:
2567:. Retrieved
2560:the original
2555:
2528:
2518:
2514:
2498:. Retrieved
2491:the original
2486:
2464:
2445:
2428:. Springer.
2425:
2409:
2397:
2384:
2371:
2348:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2308:
2299:
2291:
2286:
2267:
2261:
2236:
2232:
2216:
2208:
2203:
2196:
2161:
2155:
2138:
2133:
2115:10150/194203
2098:
2092:
2084:
2067:
2062:
2054:
2049:
2039:
2031:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2005:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1969:
1957:
1945:
1918:
1906:
1894:
1882:
1870:
1858:
1846:
1834:
1807:
1764:
1760:
1750:
1742:
1733:
1720:
1713:
1692:
1687:
1666:
1631:
1627:
1603:
1598:
1579:
1573:
1560:
1551:
1542:
1525:
1522:
1496:
1484:. Retrieved
1480:
1471:
1456:
1451:
1432:
1351:
1335:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1295:
1280:
1184:
1170:
1094:
1088:
1080:
1022:
1000:
990:
988:
926:
916:
895:
887:Northern Tai
880:
871:Northern Tai
864:
856:Northern Tai
851:Hezhang Buyi
849:
844:
828:
816:
800:
794:
789:
770:
721:
715:
711:
692:
654:
650:
646:
624:
619:
616:
613:
609:
605:
594:
580:and non-Han
575:
571:
555:Zhou dynasty
544:
538:
523:Roger Blench
520:
516:Austronesian
511:
507:
481:
475:
473:
446:
430:
413:, including
354:
302:
258:
256:
243:
222:Northern Tai
100:Subdivisions
57:distribution
29:
6426:Ural-Altaic
6406:Indo-Uralic
6218:Sentinelese
5949:Afroasiatic
5915:Eteocypriot
5639:Germanosign
5543:Mura-Pirahã
5424:Lule–Vilela
5400:Bora-Witoto
5375:Uru–Chipaya
5348:Ticuna–Yuri
5331:Peba–Yaguan
5316:Nambikwaran
5119:Uto-Aztecan
5055:Mesoamerica
4909:Uto-Aztecan
4898:Tsimshianic
4860:Palaihnihan
4730:Malak-Malak
4467:Papuan Gulf
4441:West Papuan
4346:Lower Sepik
4336:Lakes Plain
4239:Arai–Samaia
4227:the Pacific
3935:Afroasiatic
3810:Niger–Congo
3786:Afroasiatic
3454:Chiang Saen
3364:Tai Hongjin
3292:Yang Zhuang
3277:Nong Zhuang
2753:(1): 1-251.
2070:104. 27–77.
1974:Sagart 2008
1851:Sagart 2008
1839:Sagart 2008
1812:Blench 2017
1528:(1): 1–251.
1322:Zhuang–Dong
891:Central Tai
639:Old Chinese
610:E jun qijie
551:Chu fiefdom
231:Central Tai
49:Daic people
6645:Categories
6566:Pre-Celtic
6534:East Asian
6524:Austro-Tai
6514:Andamanese
6364:Eurasiatic
6285:North Asia
6235:North Asia
6147:Hmong–Mien
6101:Burushaski
6060:South Asia
6031:Kartvelian
5998:Philistine
5908:Eteocretan
5852:Tartessian
5633:Francosign
5481:Chiquitano
5461:Alacalufan
5269:Guaicuruan
5242:Chapacuran
5225:Cahuapanan
5193:Araucanian
5096:Mixe–Zoque
5091:Misumalpan
4805:Comecrudan
4657:Nyulnyulan
4436:Upper Yuat
4413:Torricelli
4385:Senu River
4316:Foja Range
4222:New Guinea
4147:Burushaski
4008:Kartvelian
3983:Hmong–Mien
3799:Khoe–Kwadi
3709:Proto-Hlai
3412:Lao–Phutai
3287:Min Zhuang
3282:Dai Zhuang
3228:Yei Zhuang
3120:Changjiang
2997:(Naxi Yao)
2311:32:71–100.
2270:. Karoma.
1706:PPT slides
1486:15 October
1477:"Taikadai"
1444:References
1342:East Asian
1332:Hmong–Mien
1287:Austro-Tai
1255:Austro-Tai
991:Ethnologue
717:Ethnologue
590:Wu Chinese
477:Ethnologue
437:Tai branch
432:Ethnologue
55:Geographic
6591:Pre-Vedic
6581:Pre-Greek
6553:Substrata
6456:Arunachal
6354:Nostratic
6339:Alarodian
6274:Yeniseian
6124:East Asia
6076:Dravidian
5933:West Asia
5901:Tyrsenian
5664:Tanzanian
5605:languages
5502:Hodï/Joti
5446:Isolates
5385:Yanomaman
5321:Otomákoan
5285:Jirajaran
5274:Guajiboan
5236:Catacaoan
5215:Barbacoan
5144:Cuitlatec
5113:Totonacan
5072:Jicaquean
4951:Chimariko
4847:Muskogean
4829:Kalapuyan
4823:Iroquoian
4798:Chumashan
4791:Chinookan
4784:Chimakuan
4702:Yangmanic
4697:Worrorran
4680:Wagaydyic
4570:Australia
4419:Trans-Fly
4085:Yeniseian
4072:Tyrsenian
3966:Dravidian
3723:indicate
3695:Proto-Tai
3688:Proto-Kra
3574:Tai Khang
3569:Tai Thanh
3517:Thai Song
3477:Tai Meuay
3472:Tai Daeng
3463:(Siamese)
3374:Tai Laing
3317:Tsʻün-Lao
2815:etymology
2806:etymology
2797:etymology
2744:Proto-Kra
2736:238672319
2532:. BRILL.
2188:238672319
2101:. Brill.
1989:侗台语族概论 /
1923:Holm 2013
1911:Behr 2017
1899:Behr 2009
1887:Behr 2006
1875:Behr 2002
1783:1435-232X
1519:Proto-Kra
1216:Hlai–Tai
1052:Southern
1027:Northern
919:Edmondson
835:Guangdong
756:Guangdong
608:) in the
582:substrata
494:, Laqua (
483:Glottolog
393:), are a
303:Tai–Kadai
152:Glottolog
67:Indochina
45:Ethnicity
18:Tai–Kadai
6586:Vasconic
6561:Atlantic
6315:Eskaleut
6269:Yukaghir
6184:Koreanic
6179:Tungusic
6174:Mongolic
6112:Harappan
6023:Caucasus
6005:Sumerian
5880:Ligurian
5697:See also
5674:Isolates
5649:Japanese
5589:Yuracaré
5471:Candoshi
5430:Macro-Jê
5395:Zaparoan
5390:Zamucoan
5380:Witotoan
5363:Tucanoan
5358:Tiniguan
5353:Timotean
5337:Quechuan
5306:Matacoan
5301:Mascoian
5291:Jivaroan
5254:Chibchan
5248:Charruan
5199:Arawakan
5136:Isolates
5067:Chibchan
4943:Isolates
4915:Wakashan
4876:Salishan
4818:Eskaleut
4724:Giimbiyu
4716:Isolates
4625:Jarrakan
4620:Iwaidjan
4477:Isolates
4331:Kutubuan
4199:Sumerian
4135:Isolates
4090:Yukaghir
4059:Tungusic
4025:Mongolic
4013:Koreanic
3972:Eskaleut
3863:Isolates
3847:Ubangian
3531:Southern
3424:Phu Thai
3389:Khamyang
3359:Tai Long
3354:Tai Nuea
3205:Northern
2990:Cao Miao
2698:Archived
2669:(1986).
2649:, 27-76.
2407:. 2004.
2253:49547647
2224:(2004).
2013:侗台语概论 /
1799:21509343
1791:25833471
1697:Archived
1622:(1942).
1377:See also
1360:Urheimat
1320:(侗台) or
1318:Dong–Tai
1308:Sino-Tai
1298:Japanese
1208:Kra–Tai
1003:Norquest
934:(Geyang)
601:(? <
525:(2008).
471:(2015).
449:autonyms
423:Thailand
158:taik1256
6621:italics
6519:Austric
6496:Kho-Bwa
6491:Hrusish
6469:Siangic
6411:Karasuk
6311: ?
6224:Kenaboi
6189:Japonic
6154:Kra–Dai
6115: ?
6106:Kusunda
6012:Elamite
5984:Kassite
5970:Kaskian
5873:Camunic
5845:Iberian
5802:Eurasia
5747:italics
5724:Pidgins
5709:Creoles
5659:Swedish
5627:Chinese
5574:Urarina
5559:Puinave
5513:Itonama
5507:Irantxe
5476:Chimane
5406:Chimuan
5311:Nadahup
5230:Cariban
5210:Aymaran
5171:America
5013:Waikuri
5006:Tonkawa
4999:Timucua
4992:Takelma
4985:Siuslaw
4974:Kutenai
4958:Esselen
4921:Wintuan
4882:Shastan
4853:Na-Dene
4841:Maiduan
4778:Caddoan
4752:America
4706:Wagiman
4704:(incl.
4675:Tangkic
4615:Garawan
4588:Bunuban
4549:Tambora
4516:Maybrat
4484:Abinomn
4407:Teberan
4368:Pauwasi
4358:Mairasi
4326:Kiwaian
4206:Tambora
4192:Shompen
4174:Kusunda
4167:Kenaboi
4153:Elamite
4125:Siangic
4107:Kho-Bwa
4101:Hrusish
4019:Kra–Dai
4003:Japonic
3912:Eurasia
3887:Sandawe
3870:Bangime
3835:Songhay
3721:Italics
3662:Kam–Tai
3639:Cao Lan
3603:Cao Lan
3547:(other)
3522:Tày Tac
3502:Tai Dam
3492:Tai Lue
3482:Tai Dón
3445:Kaloeng
3440:Lao Nyo
3269:Central
3259:Tai Pao
3197:, etc.)
3135:Yuanmen
3105:Baoting
3095:Tongzha
3026:Ai-Cham
3011:Chadong
2971:Kam–Sui
2589:: 1–10.
2569:17 July
2521:: 1–45.
2500:17 July
2387:: 1–21.
2374:: 1–48.
2336:Sources
1357:Japonic
1348:Japonic
1277:, 2018)
1224:Be–Tai
1204:Kam–Sui
1199:Kam–Tai
1185:Kra–Dai
1139:Be–Tai
1127:Kam–Sui
1123:
1121:Kam–Tai
1095:Kra–Dai
1060:Be–Tai
1044:Kam–Sui
1023:Kra–Dai
961:Kam–Sui
943:Kam–Tai
927:Kra–Dai
877:Chinese
875:Pinghua
811:Kam–Sui
807:sisters
777:Kam–Sui
773:Kam–Tai
739:, China
737:Guangxi
733:Guizhou
728:Kam–Sui
559:Guizhou
498:), and
451:of the
193:Kam–Sui
111:Kam–Sui
35:Kra–Dai
6481:Mijiic
6474:Digaro
6421:Pontic
6349:Borean
6344:Altaic
6308:Rouran
6301:Turkic
6294:Uralic
6283:Other
6168:Turkic
6096:Nihali
5991:Gutian
5963:Hattic
5956:Turkic
5922:Minoan
5894:Sicani
5839:Basque
5833:Turkic
5826:Uralic
5810:Europe
5622:BANZSL
5584:Yamana
5569:Trumai
5538:Movima
5492:Fulniô
5455:Aikanã
5369:Tupian
5264:Chonan
5188:Arauan
5126:Xincan
5078:Lencan
5031:Yokuts
4928:Yukian
4893:Tanoan
4888:Siouan
4871:Pomoan
4812:Coosan
4638:Mirndi
4531:Porome
4526:Pawaia
4380:Senagi
4352:Madang
4301:Eleman
4256:Border
4187:Nihali
4180:Minoan
4160:Hattic
4142:Basque
4113:Mijiic
4095:Digaro
4079:Uralic
4065:Turkic
3916:Europe
3773:Africa
3644:Jiamao
3436:(Nyaw)
3434:Tai Yo
3402:Turung
3369:Khamti
3349:Tai Ya
3330:(Thai)
3250:(Nyaw)
3248:Tai Yo
3218:Bouyei
3195:Zhuang
3180:Jizhao
3167:Jizhao
3153:Jiamao
3145:Jiamao
3130:Baisha
3125:Moyfaw
3100:Zandui
3090:Lauhut
3080:Bouhin
3062:Lakkia
3054:Lakkia
3006:Maonan
2986:(Dong)
2914:Qabiao
2904:Buyang
2764:
2734:
2724:
2684:
2660:
2606:
2536:
2471:
2453:
2432:
2400:: 1–6.
2355:
2274:
2251:
2186:
2176:
2121:
1997:
1797:
1789:
1781:
1682:374 p.
1650:663309
1648:
1586:
1463:
1291:Taiwan
1275:Blench
1194:Lakkja
1177:Lakkja
1143:Ong-Be
1116:Lakkja
1039:Lakkia
1007:Lakkia
952:Lakkia
897:Jiamao
882:Caolan
830:Jizhao
818:Jiamao
796:Lakkia
783:, and
766:Hainan
752:Jizhao
748:Hainan
722:Geyang
627:Zhuang
563:Hainan
529:Origin
496:Qabiao
469:Comrie
465:Sagart
463:&
461:Baxter
405:, and
244:
238:
236:
229:
227:
220:
218:
209:
207:
200:
198:
191:
189:
182:
180:
143:Jiamao
129:Jizhao
120:Lakkia
69:, and
6259:Nivkh
6213:Ongan
5579:Warao
5548:Nukak
5519:Kunza
5497:Guató
5486:Cofán
5466:Camsá
5259:Choco
5220:Boran
5169:South
5150:Huave
5085:Mayan
5036:Yuchi
5019:Washo
4969:Karuk
4964:Haida
4903:Utian
4835:Keres
4772:Alsea
4765:Algic
4750:North
4542:Taiap
4536:Sulka
4391:Sepik
4306:Engan
4047:Ongan
4030:Nivkh
3898:Shabo
3881:Jalaa
3875:Hadza
3829:Mande
3594:mixed
3559:Pa Di
3512:Phuan
3384:Aiton
3379:Phake
3115:Nadou
3085:Ha Em
2995:Nuoxi
2979:Mulam
2952:Telue
2947:Hagei
2942:Mulao
2932:Vandu
2924:Gelao
2894:Lachi
2732:S2CID
2583:(PDF)
2563:(PDF)
2552:(PDF)
2494:(PDF)
2483:(PDF)
2422:(PDF)
2249:S2CID
2229:(PDF)
2184:S2CID
1795:S2CID
1725:(PDF)
1646:JSTOR
1424:Notes
1353:Vovin
712:Kadai
620:*hnɯŋ
614:*hnïŋ
606:*nnəŋ
500:Lachi
492:Gelao
443:Names
411:tonal
6628:bold
6486:Miju
6254:Ainu
5754:bold
5681:See
5617:Arab
5603:Sign
5554:Páez
5531:Maku
5525:Leco
5041:Zuni
5025:Yana
4979:Seri
4736:Tiwi
4556:Wiru
4521:Mpur
4511:Kuot
4494:Anêm
4489:Abun
4456:Yuat
4451:Yawa
4397:Skou
4374:Ramu
4225:and
4119:Miju
3941:Ainu
3921:Asia
3919:and
3892:Laal
3853:Kadu
3841:Ijaw
3804:Kx'a
3579:Kuan
3554:Sapa
3507:Khün
3497:Yong
3461:Thai
3429:Isan
3395:Ahom
3344:Shan
3307:Nùng
3243:Saek
3072:Hlai
3044:Biao
3036:Biao
3001:Then
2937:A'ou
2899:Paha
2889:Laha
2813:and
2804:and
2795:and
2762:ISBN
2722:ISBN
2682:ISBN
2658:ISBN
2604:ISBN
2571:2021
2534:ISBN
2502:2021
2469:ISBN
2451:ISBN
2430:ISBN
2353:ISBN
2272:ISBN
2174:ISBN
2119:ISBN
1995:ISBN
1787:PMID
1779:ISSN
1584:ISBN
1488:2017
1461:ISBN
1220:Hlai
1190:Biao
1175:and
1173:Biao
1135:Hlai
1108:Biao
1056:Hlai
1009:and
956:Biao
938:Hlai
902:Hlai
889:and
873:and
858:and
802:Biao
799:and
761:Hlai
735:and
720:and
649:and
588:and
561:and
504:Hlai
480:and
455:and
427:Laos
425:and
417:and
415:Thai
355:Daic
353:and
347:-kə-
296:KRAH
257:The
211:Hlai
139:Hlai
116:Biao
6201:rim
5800:of
4506:Kol
4500:Ata
4446:Yam
4311:Fas
3824:Tuu
3419:Lao
3312:Tày
3254:Yoy
3190:Tai
3110:Cun
3021:Mak
3016:Sui
2984:Kam
2957:Qau
2881:Kra
2746:."
2714:doi
2627:doi
2307:."
2241:doi
2166:doi
2145:doi
2111:hdl
2103:doi
1769:doi
1636:doi
1521:."
1344:).
1233:Tai
1212:Kra
1148:Tai
1100:Kra
1064:Tai
1031:Kra
977:Tai
932:Kra
860:Kra
833:of
809:of
781:Tai
754:of
714:in
706:Kra
698:Tai
655:raa
651:ɣam
647:xam
586:Min
584:in
512:dai
457:Tai
453:Kra
419:Lao
397:in
390:-ik
388:DYE
349:DYE
345:TIE
298:-dy
184:Kra
134:Tai
106:Kra
6647::
4708:)?
3175:Be
3163:Be
2909:En
2751:23
2730:.
2720:.
2623:20
2621:.
2585:.
2554:.
2519:79
2517:.
2513:.
2485:.
2396:.
2383:.
2370:.
2247:.
2237:43
2235:.
2231:.
2207:.
2182:.
2172:.
2117:.
2109:.
2075:^
2044:p.
2030:.
1930:^
1819:^
1793:.
1785:.
1777:.
1765:60
1763:.
1759:.
1674:^
1658:^
1644:.
1632:44
1630:.
1626:.
1611:^
1533:^
1526:23
1510:^
1479:.
1228:Be
1069:Be
1011:Be
972:Be
908:?)
900::
885::
869::
854::
839:Be
787:.
785:Be
779:,
743:Be
603:OC
592:.
508:ka
439:.
401:,
369:aɪ
335:aɪ
317:aɪ
286:aɪ
277:ɑː
202:Be
125:Be
6630:.
6247:"
6243:"
5790:e
5783:t
5776:v
5756:.
5666:?
5550:?
5509:?
5488:?
5457:?
5438:?
5432:?
5426:?
5420:?
5414:?
5408:?
5402:?
4671:?
4634:?
4597:?
4584:?
4551:?
4544:?
4538:?
4502:?
4496:?
4469:?
4463:?
4208:?
4194:?
4182:?
4169:?
4127:?
4121:?
4115:?
4109:?
4103:?
4097:?
3923:)
3914:(
3900:?
3894:?
3855:?
3849:?
3843:?
3837:?
3831:?
3820:?
3757:e
3750:t
3743:v
3634:E
3622:)
3616:(
3596:)
3592:(
3238:E
3193:(
3165:–
2865:e
2858:t
2851:v
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