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for a chronological division of sequence into at least five phases. The first phase, called
Nahuange 1, appears to start at around 200 BCE and ends at around 500 CE when there appears to be a peak in the population. A second phase spans from 500 AD to about 900 AD; it can be called Nehuange 2, and was called Buritaca after detailed excavations by Jack Wynn in the 1970s. From c. 900 CE began what is commonly called the Tairona period, characterized by an impressive increase in the variation, size and number of ceramic forms, many conserving the styles from the Nehuange or Buritaca phases. The Tairona 1 through 3 phases, from 900 to 1650, show significant local variations. This was shown by numerous works done in the 1980s by Colombian archaeologists Augusto Oyuela, Carl Langebaek, Luisa Fernanda Herrera and Ana Maria Groot, and others. During the Tairona period, the evidence for exchange increases as does the population of the entire region. The causes for this population increase are not fully known but what is evident is the robust local exchange networks that emerge at this time.
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called
Tumbaga into intricate moulds using clay, sand, charcoal and lost wax. Depletion gilding, using controlled corrosion to remove copper from the surface, gave the appearance of solid gold. Cast Tairona figure pendants (known as "caciques") in particular stand out among the goldworks of pre-Columbian America because of their richness in detail. The figurines depict human subjects - probably the shamanic elite that ruled them - in ornate dresses and with a large animal mask over the face. Many elements of their body posture (e.g., hands on their hips) and dress signal an aggressive stance, and hence are interpreted by some as evidence for the power of the wearer and the bellicose nature of Tairona society at that time. Not only that, but recent revelations have shown that this was the first step of a process known as 'transformation', which involved members of the shaman elite putting on sub-labial ornaments, nose rings etc. to resemble certain bat species and extract powers from the animal, opening their eyes to a greater truth.
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the villages of Concha and
Chengue. Secondary targets were the churches and houses of known bureaucrats of the colonial administration. However, these data are from Spanish testimonies from the trial against the Tairona chiefs in 1602. The Chiefs of Chengue and Bonda were sentenced to death, their bodies dismembered, their villages burned, and much of the population was relocated and incorporated into the
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In 1599, the
Tairona revolted against the Spanish, apparently because economic and religious pressure from the Spanish had become intolerable. The main aggression was the killing of priests and travellers along the roads connecting the Spanish city of Santa Marta and the Tairona centers of Bonda and
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Period (from about 300 to 800 AD). Its use in the
Tairona society appears to have extended beyond the elite, although little proof of this exists. The gold artifacts consist of pendants, lip-plugs, nose ornaments, necklaces, and earrings. The Tairona cast a meltable mixture of gold, silver and copper
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The
Tairona ceramic chronologies range from 200 BCE to 1650 CE, and the Caribbean coast of Colombia has evidence of ceramics from at least 2500 BCE. Recent investigations in Chengue, Parque Tairona by the Colombian archaeologist Alejandro Dever show significant variations in the ceramic that allow
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in 1975 but is now under the care of the
Colombian Institute of Anthropology and History. Recent studies suggest that it was inhabited by approximately 1,600 to 2,400 people that lived in at least 11,700 square meters (124,000 square feet) of roofed space, in about 184 round houses built on top of
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may be an inaccurate name for the people who inhabited the region during the contact with the
Spanish Empire, it has become the most common name for a hierarchical network of villages that developed around 900. Initially it was used to refer to the inhabitants of a valley and probably a chiefdom
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conquerors. The
Tairona religion, and to some extent modern Kogui religion, separate much of the domestic life between genders. Modern scholars have determined that the descriptions of Tairona homosexuality were an attempt by the Catholic establishment to abolish the Tairona male meeting house,
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Ethnohistorical data shows that initial contact with the
Spanish was tolerated by the Tairona; but by 1600 AD confrontations grew, and a small part of the Tairona population moved to the higher stretches of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. This movement allowed them to evade the worst of the
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373:, are evidence of a robust Tairona political economy based on specialized staple production. Chengue contains at least 100 terraces and was inhabited by about 800 to 1,000 people in 15 hectares by 1400. The Tairona are known to have built stone terraced platforms, house
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in the first contacts. It appears that as a result, the first contacts with the Tairona were very violent and the Spanish suffered great losses, which resulted in a more diplomatic strategy from the first governor of Santa Marta, Rodrigo de Bastidas.
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At the time of the conquest, the Tairona had different traditional cultural practices than modern Native American populations. Ethnographic sources highlight freedom to divorce and acceptance of homosexuality, which differed significantly from their
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and the use of cultigens such as yuca and maize since possibly 1200 BC. However, occupation of the Colombian Caribbean coast by sedentary or semi-sedentary populations has been documented to have occurred by c. 4000 BC.
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Knowledge sources about the pre-Columbian Tairona civilization are limited to archaeological findings and a few written references from the Spanish colonial era. One of the first descriptions of the region was written by
354:'s research, it contains at least 254 terraces and had a population of about 3,000 people. Archaeological studies in the area show that even larger nucleated villages existed towards the western slope of the
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and was published in 1530. The area also was described by other explorers who visited the region between 1505 and 1524. Anghiera portrays the Tairona valleys as densely populated, with extensive fields
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Smaller villages and hamlets were part of a very robust exchange network of specialized communities, connected with stone-paved paths. Villages that specialized in salt production and fishing, like
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and traded their marine goods for the rest of their needs with those living inland. Anghiera describes how they aggressively repelled the Spanish when they attempted to take women and children as
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2007 Dever, Alejandro Social and Economic Development of a Specialized Community in Chengue, Parque Tairona, Colombia. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Pittsburgh
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Etymological similarities of the word Tairona survive in the four main linguistic groups of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta: in Sanca Language it is pronounced
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The archaeological sequence of the region spans from approximately 200 BC to the 17th century , when the Tairona were forcibly integrated into the Spanish
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Pensamiento Arhuaco - Herrera de Turbay, Luisa Fernanda 1985 Agricultura aborigen y cambios de vegetaciĂłn en la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
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The Tairona civilization is most renowned for its distinctive goldwork. The earliest known Tairona gold work has been described for the
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which was the site of intense and permanent religious activity. These rituals are believed to be very similar to those of the
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system. By the mid-17th century, many Tairona populations were completely abandoned and the region was engulfed by forest.
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show that the coastal sites were occupied from perhaps as early as 200 BC, much earlier than those at higher
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One of the best-known Tairona nucleated villages and archaeological sites is known as
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terraces paved with stone. There are many other sites of similar or greater size.
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who live in the area today are believed to be direct descendants of the Tairona.
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The Tairona people formed one of the two principal linguistic groups of the
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colonial system during the 17th and 18th centuries. The indigenous
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A larger site, Pueblito, is located near the coast. According to
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30:"Tayrona" redirects here. For the Colombian national park, see
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Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
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The Art of Precolumbian Gold: The Jan Mitchell Collection
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National Geographic Article on the Sierra Nevada Indians
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Painting in the Americas before European colonization
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577:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1985.
342:(32 acres) in the "core". It was discovered by
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27:Former family of ethnic and linguistic groups
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2052:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
555:"Bank of the Republic, Colombia- Tairona"
466:Tairona revolt and modern-day descendants
226:named Tairo on the northern slope of the
87:Learn how and when to remove this message
656:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures
416:Tairona necklace and earrings. 1000 CE.
50:This article includes a list of general
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621:- Banco de la República (FIAN), Bogotá
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1080:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela
317:. Many villages were dedicated to
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2072:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas
1051:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia
242:Monument in Santa Marta depicting
214:, meaning "Males" or "sons of the
107:cultures in northern South America
56:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1063:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador
1034:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia
120:Pre-Columbian culture of Colombia
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1056:Archaeological sites in Colombia
1029:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil
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478:Their descendants today are the
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1039:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile
2135:Indigenous peoples in Colombia
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1983:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala
1044:Archaeological sites in Chile
280:on the Caribbean coast, like
32:Tayrona National Natural Park
2155:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
2077:Mesoamerican writing systems
1073:Archaeological sites in Peru
356:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
313:in the same way as those in
228:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
153:family, the other being the
128:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
1973:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán
405:Tairona figure pendants in
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1999:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
1902:Uaxaclajuun UbĘĽaah KĘĽawiil
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418:San Antonio Museum of Art
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851:Mesoamerican chronology
198:, in Kankuamo language
71:more precise citations.
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2011:List of Conquistadors
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234:Geographical location
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2102:
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1885:Moctezuma II
1842:Inca history
1767:Andean Music
1711:Architecture
1706:Architecture
1701:Architecture
1696:Architecture
1692:Architecture
1686:Gender Roles
1431:Tenochtitlan
1354:Timoto–Cuica
1349:Tierradentro
1343:
1134:Casma–Sechin
866:Chalcatzingo
573:
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2150:Santa Marta
1948:TĂşpac Amaru
1932:Manco Cápac
1881:Moctezuma I
1792:Agriculture
1787:Agriculture
1782:Agriculture
1773:Agriculture
1716:Road System
1605:Mathematics
1470:Muysc Cubun
1324:San AgustĂn
1274:Monte Verde
951:Teotihuacan
843:Mesoamerica
738:Coles Creek
723:Anishinaabe
680:Archaeology
375:foundations
77:August 2024
69:introducing
2129:Categories
1919:Tisquesusa
1893:Cuauhtémoc
1889:Cuitláhuac
1219:Lauricocha
1189:Gran Chaco
1179:Cupisnique
1164:Chinchorro
1139:Chachapoya
1129:Caral–Supe
971:Tlaxcaltec
961:Teuchitlán
876:ChupĂcuaro
803:Plum Bayou
798:Plaquemine
768:Marksville
733:Chichimeca
541:References
473:Encomienda
429:greenstone
360:Posiguieca
270:elevations
262:Encomienda
140:La Guajira
52:references
1940:Atahualpa
1936:Pachacuti
1911:Nemequene
1777:Chinampas
1599:Astronomy
1588:Astronomy
1568:Mythology
1563:Mythology
1558:Mythology
1553:Mythology
1549:Mythology
1379:Wankarani
1369:Tuncahuán
1259:Marajoara
1214:Las Vegas
1100:Atacameño
996:Xochipala
936:Purépecha
896:Epi-Olmec
886:Cuicuilco
828:Troyville
818:St. Johns
535:El Dorado
311:irrigated
221:Although
206:, and in
136:Magdalena
124:chiefdoms
2036:See also
1954:Conquest
1927:Zoratama
1594:Calendar
1583:Calendar
1578:Calendar
1574:Calendar
1543:Religion
1538:Religion
1527:Religion
1516:Religion
1512:Religion
1501:Numerals
1495:Numerals
1456:Language
1436:Multiple
1374:Valdivia
1359:Tiwanaku
1319:Saladoid
1314:Quimbaya
1204:Kuhikugu
1184:Diaguita
1174:Chorrera
991:Veraguas
986:Veracruz
966:Tlatilco
778:Mogollon
685:Cultures
663:Americas
498:See also
494:people.
492:Kankuamo
455:Catholic
441:Neguanje
427:Tairona
340:hectares
298:Buritaca
286:Neguanje
180:Arhuacos
151:Chibchan
144:Colombia
1923:Tundama
1852:Peoples
1837:History
1832:History
1827:History
1823:History
1817:Cuisine
1812:Cuisine
1807:Cuisine
1802:Cuisine
1798:Cuisine
1656:Warfare
1651:Warfare
1646:Warfare
1642:Warfare
1636:Society
1631:Economy
1620:Society
1615:Society
1611:Society
1481:Writing
1475:Quechua
1460:Nahuatl
1427:Capital
1364:Toyopán
1344:Tairona
1254:Mapuche
1169:Chiripa
1144:Chancay
1115:Cañaris
1090:Amotape
1085:El Abra
1001:Zapotec
981:Totonac
956:Tepanec
941:Quelepa
911:Mezcala
901:Huastec
871:Cholula
861:Capacha
856:Acolhua
813:Sinagua
788:Patayan
758:Hohokam
748:Fremont
484:Arhuaco
391:bridges
369:in the
367:Chengue
358:, like
344:looters
319:fishing
315:Tuscany
290:Gayraca
282:Chengue
256:pendant
254:Tairona
244:Tairona
223:Tairona
204:Tairuna
196:Teiruna
168:Spanish
116:Tayrona
112:Tairona
65:improve
1866:Muisca
1861:Mayans
1856:Aztecs
1490:Script
1485:Script
1445:Bacatá
1416:Muisca
1299:Pucará
1294:Piaroa
1289:Paiján
1284:Omagua
1239:Lupaca
1234:Lokono
1199:Kalina
1194:Huetar
1154:ChavĂn
1149:Chango
1124:Nariño
1120:CapulĂ
1110:Calima
1105:Aymara
1095:Arawak
976:Toltec
926:Olmecs
921:Nicoya
916:Mixtec
891:Diquis
793:Picosa
783:Oshara
753:Glades
743:Dorset
581:
525:Muisca
490:, and
389:, and
383:sewers
379:stairs
330:Cities
323:slaves
278:inlets
216:Jaguar
212:Teruna
200:Teijua
155:Muisca
118:was a
54:, but
1871:Incas
1762:Music
1757:Music
1752:Music
1748:Music
1681:Women
1676:Women
1671:Women
1667:Women
1625:Trade
1506:Quipu
1450:Cusco
1441:Hunza
1406:Aztec
1339:TaĂno
1334:Sican
1329:Shuar
1279:Nazca
1269:Mollo
1264:Moche
1244:Luzia
1159:ChimĂş
931:Pipil
906:Izapa
881:Coclé
823:Thule
713:Adena
460:Kogui
387:tombs
294:Cinto
274:coves
132:Cesar
1661:Army
1443:and
1421:Inca
1411:Maya
1389:ZenĂş
1384:Wari
1229:Lima
579:ISBN
520:Kogi
488:Wiwa
480:Kogi
407:gold
296:and
276:and
208:Ijka
176:Wiwa
172:Kogi
138:and
1742:Art
1737:Art
1732:Art
1727:Art
1723:Art
218:."
202:or
114:or
2131::
1980:)
486:,
482:,
385:,
381:,
377:,
292:,
288:,
284:,
210:,
178:,
174:,
134:,
2024:)
2020:(
2013:)
2009:(
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2003:(
2001:)
1997:(
1990:)
1986:(
1976:(
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1961:(
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1597:(
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1493:(
1122:/
648:e
641:t
634:v
587:.
557:.
90:)
84:(
79:)
75:(
61:.
34:.
20:)
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