Talk:Causes of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight

2807:

leading Israeli New Historians—particularly Morris, Shlaim, Pappé, and Flapan—extensively examined the issue and revealed the facts. Other accounts have reached the same conclusions. For example, see Ben-Ami, "A War to Start All Wars"; Rashid Khalidi, "The Palestinians and 1948"; Walid Khalidi, "Why Did the Palestinians Leave, Revisited"; Masalha, Expulsion of the Palestinians; Raz, Bride and the Dowry. Reviewing the evidence marshaled by Morris and others, Tom Segev concluded that "most of the Arabs in the country, approximately 400,000, were chased out and expelled during the first stage of the war. In other words, before the Arab armies invaded the country" (Haaretz, July 18, 2010). Other estimates have varied concerning the number of Palestinians who fled or were expelled before the May 1948 Arab state attack; Morris estimated the number to be 250,000–300,000 (The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited, 262); Tessler puts it at 300,000 (A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 279); Pappé's estimate is 380,000 (The Making of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 96). In another recent review of the evidence, the Israeli historian Daniel Blatman estimates the number to be about 500,000 (Blatman, "Netanyahu, This Is What Ethnic Cleansing Really Looks Like"). Whatever the exact number, even Israeli "Old Historians" now admit that during the 1948 war, the Israeli armed forces drove out many of the Palestinians, though they emphasized the action as a military "necessity." For example, see Anita Shapira, Israel: A History, 167–68. In July 2019, the Israeli government sought to cover up the extensive documentary evidence in its state archives that revealed detailed evidence about the extent of the Nakba—even the evidence that had already been published by newspapers and Israeli historians. A Haaretz investigation of the attempted cover-up concluded: "Since early last decade, Defense Ministry teams have scoured local archives and removed troves of historic documents to conceal proof of the Nakba, including Israeli eyewitness reports at the time" (Shezaf, "Burying the Nakba: How Israel Systematically Hides Evidence of 1948 Expulsion of Arabs").”

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conclusions. For example, see Ben-Ami, “A War to Start All Wars”; Rashid Khalidi, “The Palestinians and 1948”; Walid Khalidi, “Why Did the Palestinians Leave, Revisited”; Masalha, Expulsion of the Palestinians; Raz, Bride and the Dowry. Reviewing the evidence marshaled by Morris and others, Tom Segev concluded that “most of the Arabs in the country, approximately 400,000, were chased out and expelled during the first stage of the war. In other words, before the Arab armies invaded the country” (Haaretz, July 18, 2010). Other estimates have varied concerning the number of Palestinians who fled or were expelled before the May 1948 Arab state attack; Morris estimated the number to be 250,000–300,000 (The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited, 262); Tessler puts it at 300,000 (A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 279); Pappé’s estimate is 380,000 (The Making of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 96). In another recent review of the evidence, the Israeli historian Daniel Blatman estimates the number to be about 500,000 (Blatman, “Netanyahu, This Is What Ethnic Cleansing Really Looks Like”). Whatever the exact number, even Israeli “Old Historians” now admit that during the 1948 war, the Israeli armed forces drove out many of the Palestinians, though they emphasized the action as a military “necessity.” For example, see Anita Shapira, Israel: A History, 167–68.

4287:

lands and property. At least 720,000 of the 1.3 million Palestinians were made refugees. Thanks to this violent transformation, Israel controlled 78 percent of the territory of former Mandatory Palestine, and now ruled over the 160,000 Palestinian Arabs who had been able to remain, barely one-fifth of the prewar Arab population. This seismic upheaval—the Nakba, or the Catastrophe, as Palestinians call it—grounded in the defeat of the Great Revolt in 1939 and willed by the Zionist state-in-waiting, was also caused by factors that were on vivid display in the story my father told me: foreign interference and fierce inter-Arab rivalries. These problems were compounded by intractable Palestinian internal differences that endured after the defeat of the revolt, and by the absence of modern Palestinian state institutions. The Nakba was only finally made possible, however, by massive global shifts during World War II.

4204:

home. In the event, some three quarters of a million Palestinians were driven into exile, their homes being either destroyed or expropriated by Jewish immigrants. By the 1949 Armistice, the Jewish population – which two years earlier had constituted 26% of the population of Mandate Palestine and had owned around 7% of the total land – had seized 77% of the land and come to constitute 80% of the population. As settler takeovers go, this lightning dispossession dwarfs even the late-1830s seizure of Australia’s Port Phillip grasslands or the postbellum invasion of the US Plains. Whether in Palestinian memory, as the ‘Great Catastrophe’, or in Zionist memory, as the ‘War of Independence’, these events truly constitute a watershed. On this at least, there is no disagreement.

2820:, Vol. 93, Issue 3, p. 511: "Palestinians have long known what happened to them in 1948 and its very human costs. However, the work of the ‘new’ (or revisionist) Israeli historians from the late 1970s also challenged the official state narrative of a miraculous wartime victory through access to material in the Israeli archives. This has established what Ilan Pappé has summarised as the ‘ethnic cleansing of Palestine’, a process involving massacres and expulsions at gunpoint. In light of the ever-growing historiography, serious scholarship has left little debate about what happened in 1948. However, Nakba denial remains a political issue of the highest order. 2648:, Vol. 93, Issue 3, p. 511: "Palestinians have long known what happened to them in 1948 and its very human costs. However, the work of the ‘new’ (or revisionist) Israeli historians from the late 1970s also challenged the official state narrative of a miraculous wartime victory through access to material in the Israeli archives. This has established what Ilan Pappé has summarised as the ‘ethnic cleansing of Palestine’, a process involving massacres and expulsions at gunpoint. In light of the ever-growing historiography, serious scholarship has left little debate about what happened in 1948. However, Nakba denial remains a political issue of the highest order. 2763:

officials, judges, pharmacists, land-owners - perhaps 75,000 souls in all-moved to the safer climes of Beirut, Nablus, Hebron, Cairo, Amman, to be out of harm's way. Did this flight of the privileged weaken Palestinian society economically, politically, and militarily? Did it undermine the staying power and self-confidence of those left behind, especially the increasingly unemployed masses in the towns and cities? Did it provide a model of escape for those who were to take to their heels in April-June? The evidence all points to the affirmative, and not too much imagination is required to understand the dynamics of the situation.

4836:

Morris in The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–1949 (1987). These nuanced facts became solid ones through the works of other historians, mainly Pappé’s master work, The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine (2006), in which he proves that there was a master plan of expulsion, takes us to the Red House, and reveals the details of Plan Dalet. No one will argue about names like Operation Dani or Operations Hiram and Dekel. Many stories of massacres, rape, and expulsion are known, and many other stories are still to be revealed: Tantura, Safsaf, Ein al-Zeitun, Sa’sa’, Sha’ab, Kabri, Abou Shousha, Ai’laboun, and so on.

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neighboring where migrants lived (here – particularly – the fall of large neighboring communities). 3. Actions taken by the Dissidents . 4. Orders and directives issued by Arab institutions and gangs. 5. Jewish Whispering operations intended to drive Arabs to flee. 6. Evacuation ultimatums. 7. Fear of Jewish retaliation upon a major Arab attack on Jews. 8. The appearance of gangs and foreign fighters near the village. 9. Fear of an Arab invasion and its consequences (mostly near the borders). 10. Arab villages isolated within purely Jewish areas. 11. Various local factors and general fear of what was to come.

3973:(which also discusses fringe views, but with accurate representation of their support). In the case of the Nakba, I imagine sources might say, for example, that long-term causes might include antisemitism in Europe, positive views on population transfer etc. I think the article focuses too much on the immediate cause, which it seems is not/no longer significantly disputed so there is less to say about it without going into fringe viewpoints. If sourcing on long term and root causes does not exist, then I would support re-scoping and/or merging the article as Levivich proposes. ( 1251: 4249:

This has established what Ilan Pappé has summarised as the ‘ethnic cleansing of Palestine’, a process involving massacres and expulsions at gunpoint. In light of the ever-growing historiography, serious scholarship has left little debate about what happened in 1948. In fact, scholars are currently fruitfully addressing issues such as the intersection of the Holocaust with its roots in European racism, and the Nakba with its roots in European colonisation. However, Nakba denial remains a political issue of the highest order, as a key element of racial gaslighting.

3855:

think this page needs a pretty thorough restructuring. We should be focused on what the best, and most recent is a factor in best, scholarship says, and only include what has been disproven as mythology as disproven mythology. This article, for much of it at least, contrasts different views from different eras as though they are all of equal weight, and they are not. So I’m not wed to any name or placement for this material, but I am of the view that stuff that has been basically accepted by everyone be given more weight than disproven propaganda.

3496:(The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited, 262); Tessler puts it at 300,000 (A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 279); Pappé's estimate is 380,000 (The Making of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 96). In another recent review of the evidence, the Israeli historian Daniel Blatman estimates the number to be about 500,000 (Blatman, "Netanyahu, This Is What Ethnic Cleansing Really Looks Like"). Whatever the exact number, even Israeli "Old Historians" now admit that during the 1948 war, the 2834:

good article about the causes. By that I mean most of the material in this article is from pre-1980s and is wildly out of date and inaccurate. It would require a massive overhaul with massive removals of content to improve this article, or if we make it about the historiography almost all of the current content can remain. I think it would be better to change the article to focus on the historiography and to make this page inclusive of all views and historians' opinions/analyses.

5008:

place. In the second stage, following the Arab invasion, there were numerous instances in which the IDF expelled the Arab population and destroyed its villages to prevent its return ... The conclusion was that the State of Israel could not allow the Arabs to return to their homes. Their flight had become refugeeism ... From the summer of 1948 on, the army's orders were to prevent the Arabs from returning to their villages, either by force of arms or by destroying the villages.

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Conflict, 96). In another recent review of the evidence, the Israeli historian Daniel Blatman estimates the number to be about 500,000 (Blatman, "Netanyahu, This Is What Ethnic Cleansing Really Looks Like"). Whatever the exact number, even Israeli "Old Historians" now admit that during the 1948 war, the Israeli armed forces drove out many of the Palestinians, though they emphasized the action as a military "necessity." For example, see Anita Shapira, Israel: A History, 167–68.

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suggesting that they aren't important since they're all broadly attributable to Zionist actions. That may be so, but the point of the article is to break down and examine these different causes. If you don't believe this is a useful exercise, then it seems you disagree with the fundamental premise of the article, and AfD would be the place to register your objections.

5026:

to destroy villages and expel the inhabitants if they resisted, it also instructed commanders to leave them where they were if they did not resist, while ensuring Jewish control of the village. There is a great difference between an order for total expulsion nd a selective order, which assumes the Arab villages will be able to live in peace in the Jewish state.

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conclusions. For example, see Ben-Ami, "A War to Start All Wars"; Rashid Khalidi, "The Palestinians and 1948"; Walid Khalidi, "Why Did the Palestinians Leave, Revisited"; Masalha, Expulsion of the Palestinians; Raz, Bride and the Dowry. Reviewing the evidence marshaled by Morris and others, Tom Segev concluded that "most of the Arabs in the country,

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Arab states told them to leave" or "they decided to leave because they didn't want to live there," those are both debunked myths. To the extent they "fled" instead of being "expelled," they fled because somebody was coming to kill or expel them. Not like, "Oh, I'd rather go live in a refugee camp in Jordan" as an actual voluntary choice.

2723:"Reviewing the evidence marshaled by Morris and others, Tom Segev concluded that "most of the Arabs in the country, approximately 400,000, were chased out and expelled during the first stage of the war." & "Even Israeli "Old Historians" now admit that during the 1948 war, the Israeli armed forces drove out many of the Palestinians". 4507:, we give more space to the minority viewpoint of Morris than to the mainstream view; also, this isn't about causes, this is about history -- the four waves aren't four causes, they're four time periods -- the whole thing should be in the article about the expulsion/flight, or an article about the book (which is certainly notable) 1192: 1148: 3488:

4752:. Out of all the sources cited above, only Khalidi says it in his 1988 article. We cannot say this is wikivoice based on this (rather dated) source alone. I can see how this can follow from Tom Segev's conclusion but it's still original research. Also, not all sources have equal weight. An article called 4828:

The realities of the nakba as an ethnic cleansing can no more be neglected or negated after the works of the Palestinian historian Walid Al Khalidy and the works of the Israeli New Historians. The ethnic cleansing as incarnated by Plan Dalet is no longer a matter of debate among historians, even when

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3835:

It would be possible to have a more balanced "Present scholarship" section, without implying that Morris is radical or what not. But most of the article is about recent-enough scholarship (i.e. post-archival works whose authors' views haven't changed much since publication), so I don't think it would

2870:

There seem to be several very large single-sourced sections here – notably the sections expounding single works by Morris and Gelber. If this are lone works on a certain framework without secondary substance then they do not, by definition, establish much weight for themselves – and they therefore do

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stating that "Present day scholarship generally considers that violence and direct expulsions perpetrated by Zionist forces throughout both phases of the 1947-1949 Palestine war (both during the civil war phase and during the 1948-1949 Arab-Israeli war) as the primary cause of the displacement of the

1932:

Thanks for clarifying, but this view that flight had one clear (uncontroversial) primary cause seems to fly in the face of a lot of reliably sourced content in the body. If you think other views are fringe and should be removed or given far less weight, then it seems you're proposing a drastic change

5025:

It was now possible to implement Plan Dalet (Plan D) in preparation for the expected invasion by the Arab states ... Pro-Palestinian researchers present Plan D as the draft of a preplanned, total population transfer of the Arabs of Palestine. But as the plan text shows, while it did order commanders

4707:

Petersen-Overton, Kristofer J.; Schmidt, Johannes D.; Hersh, Jacques (27 September 2010). "3. Retooling Peace Philosophy: A Critical Look at Israel's Separation Strategy". In Carter, Candice C.; Kumar, Ravindra (eds.). Peace Philosophy in Action. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 49. doi:10.1057/9780230112995.

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Palestinians have long known what happened to them in 1948 and its very human costs. However, the work of the ‘new’ (or revisionist) Israeli historians from the late 1970s also challenged the official state narrative of a miraculous wartime victory through access to material in the Israeli archives.

3813:

No, he does not really discuss Morris's four waves, but I dont even understand why that matters here. Morris himself has the large majority of Palestinian Arabs who somehow left as leaving as a result of expulsions and attacks on villages, and says, for that second wave, the orders for those attacks

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A. that is going back to 1991, b. the rest of that sentence includes "perhaps 75,000 souls in all". But again, Im not opposed to adding additional viewpoints, but here we have Slater saying this is what modern scholarship says about the matter. If there are other source reviews on modern scholarship

1958:

As I said above, this article should be rewritten as the "Historiography of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion", so yes I do believe it requires drastic change. But that change can be made incrementally. It's not sensible to retain the previous inaccurate statement of the lead that "there is significant

4692:

Slater 2020, p. 350, "It is no longer a matter of serious dispute that in the 1947–48 period—beginning well before the Arab invasion in May 1948—some 700,000 to 750,000 Palestinians were expelled from or fled their villages and homes in Israel in fear of their lives—an entirely justifiable fear, in

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doesn't seem to be backed by sources in a sufficiently clear or explicit way. Even if we could find one or two sources clearly asserting that, it seems very questionable to characterize this as a view that is mainstream or has a consensus behind it, given all the modern historians who examine other

2564:

Both sources support that expulsions occurred, which I would say is an established fact. But that doesn't tell us that flight didn't also occur, or that they were largely in anticipation of expulsions, and didn't have other nontrivial causes. It seems like we would need other sources that make that

2366:

These drastic changes were proposed less than 24 hours ago, and so far have been supported by three editors (one who was pinged) and opposed by two editors. There isn't much evidence yet that the broader consensus has actually changed; we should await such evidence before initiating drastic changes

2169:

I agree, the lead should summarize the main debates and talking points, the various causes suggested throughout the history of the research of the topic, and the opposing view on each. That is, I am afraid, our only option to build a much needed, encyclopedic and balanced coverage of this extremely

2001:

There were no causes that were not the result of force. The causes were, in sum: physical violence (i.e., direct physical expulsion), and flight away from the threat of physical violence (i.e., indirect expulsion via threat of violence). That's the "expulsion and flight." If you're thinking of "the

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The flights were in response to and in anticipation of violence and expulsions. It's probably not necessary for either article to be titled "expulsion and flight", and this has likely been insisted on by those who promote the discredited (but still widely believed) idea that a significant number of

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Another explanation circulated among the Jews, which in time became part of the Israeli narrative: that the Palestinians were ordered to leave Palestine by their leaders in order to facilitate Arab military operations against the Jews. This explanation, based on isolated Arab sources, is baseless.

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Put it together and this article is presenting "transfer" and "Plan Dalet"--which are undisputed--as just one theory amongst several, and it gives too much prominence to minority views like Morris's and Gelber's (why no sections on Pappe, Masalha, Shlaim, Flapan, Khalidi, and many others?). All of

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is broadly considered inaccurate today, and there's a consensus that significant expulsions occurred, but that's about all that most scholars agree on. The quantity of expulsions, the motivations behind expulsions, and the significance of causes other than expulsions are very much still a topic of

3223:, you keep repeating your argument that the sources provided don't support the content. I've already refuted that in the above discussions and your claim simply doesn't make sense — the content is well sourced with inline citations including quotations that show how the source supports the content. 2833:

This was discussed above with multiple users expressing support for the idea. So I propose it here: This article should be changed to focus on the historiography rather than on the causes. As the article stands now it would require less changes to make it about the historiography than to make it a

2762:

No one, including Finkelstein and Masalha, disputes the fact that much of the Arab middle and upper classes fled Palestine - as they had done during 1936-39 - between December 1947 and early April 1948. Local leaders, bankers, doctors, lawyers, teachers, shop-keepers and factory-owners, government

2726:

Another quotation from Slater is "While a number of studies have found no evidence to support the Israeli claim of an Arab propaganda campaign to induce the Palestinians to flee, well before the Arab invasion some 300,000 to 400,000 Palestinians (out of a population of about 900,000 at the time of

2719:

To repeat: "The work of the ‘new’ (or revisionist) Israeli historians from the late 1970s also challenged the official state narrative of a miraculous wartime victory through access to material in the Israeli archives. This has established what Ilan Pappé has summarised as the ‘ethnic cleansing of

2576:

Overall it feels like you (plural) are taking the article in an expected direction relative to the scope implied by the title, as well as the previous content. If you disagree with the fundamental premise of the article (that the exodus had nontrivial causes worth examining), maybe an AfD would be

2533:

Note especially that these two sources are recent (2020 and 2022) and that they both say "There is no serious dispute among Israeli, Palestinian, or other historians about the central facts of the Nakba."(Slater) and "In light of the ever-growing historiography, serious scholarship has left little

2101:

I restored the last good version, nothing is "entirely debunked", it only depends of what you read. There are LOTS of causes debated throughout the years. Even if a few scholars say that X is right and Y is wrong, they may be wrong, and Y may be right. The debate was never settled, especially with

5007:

By the war's end about 700,000 Palestinians had been exiled from their homeland. In the first stage of the war, the Palestinian exodus from the areas assigned to the Jewish state was a consequence of the collapse of governmental systems in Palestinian society and the anarchy that reigned in their

4769:

Even at this stage of the war, both the Palestinian leadership and the leaders of the Arab states tried to persuade the population to stay put and not flee the country. But the collapse of Palestinian society and its governance led to mass flight, which according to accepted estimates had reached

4367:

Yes, it also reminds me of that discussion, e.g. when you say that Slater 2020 ("It is no longer a matter of serious dispute that in the 1947–48 period—beginning well before the Arab invasion in May 1948—some 700,000 to 750,000 Palestinians were expelled from or fled ...") "indicates disagreement

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What happened is, of course, now well known. By the summer of 1949, the Palestinian polity had been devastated and most of its society uprooted. Some 80 percent of the Arab population of the territory that at war’s end became the new state of Israel had been forced from their homes and lost their

3854:

I mean much of the understanding on what occurred to begin the Nakba comes from Morris so I don’t know why somebody would call him a denialist. Possible an apologist as his position was that this was a necessary thing to do, but not a denialist. I can add some more of morris there. But honestly I

2016:

That is simply untrue, there are more than enough sources, including that of Benny Morris, that mention evacuation orders issued by Arab authorities. If we stick to just point of view, we create nothing but systemic bias. We should acknowledge the complexity of the topic, and making such sweeping

4835:

We don’t need to prove what is now considered a historical fact. What two generations of Palestinian historians and their chronicles tried to prove became an accepted reality after the emergence of the Israeli new historians. There is no longer any point in negating the nuanced facts revealed by

4203:

The bare statistics of the Nakba are well enough established. Between late 1947 and early 1949, Jewish militias, subsequently regularised as the Israeli Defence Forces, forcibly expelled many thousands of Palestinians from their homes and prevented others who had fled the fighting from returning

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4112:

It is no longer a matter of serious dispute that in the 1947–48 period—beginning well before the Arab invasion in May 1948—some 700,000 to 750,000 Palestinians were expelled from or fled their villages and homes in Israel in fear of their lives—an entirely justifiable fear, in light of massacres

3327:

While this is more relevant than the other sources, it's not claiming that there's some kind of consensus on the matter. It's also a 1988 article and it's summarizing a 1985 book, so while it could have a place somewhere in the article, it doesn't belong in "Present scholarship" and doesn't help

4964:

Did the source say that, or is that your explanation? And no, it's not OR to point out where a source stops short of an explanation. If a source is being presented as a contrasting narrative, that narrative has to lead somewhere. Shapira didn't say it "spontaneously collapsed"; she introduced a

4077:

That the 1948 war that led to the creation of the State of Israel resulted in the devastation of Palestinian society and the expulsion of at least 80 per cent of the Palestinians who lived in the parts of Palestine upon which Israel was established is by now a recognised fact by all but diehard

3561:

may have been motivated by demographic objectives rather than military ones. This isn't that relevant, since the content in question isn't about what motivated expulsions, but more about the significance (or insignificance) of other causes. Segev's book review doesn't focus on this - it doesn't

2748:

There's a difference between leaving because of a direct expulsion (in the narrow sense Morris uses - an order to leave within a specific time period), fear of violence, psychological warfare, economic pressures, and yes, Arab influences. It seems like you're hand waving away these differences,

2061:

Except those who are internal refugees; they were kicked out of elsewhere. And those who survived the massacres and other violence and stayed. And those who successfully returned. Of course there were some Arabs who were not killed or expelled, but I don't think there was any place in Mandatory

1760:

I agree, particularly since expulsion was the cause of the expulsion as DMH points out, and expulsion was also the cause of the flight. I think this article suggests there is some kind of debate or something about the causes, which there isn't. Another option is to recast this as "causes of the

4627:

There is no serious dispute among Israeli, Palestinian, or other historians about the central facts of the Nakba. All of the leading Israeli New Historians—particularly Morris, Shlaim, Pappé, and Flapan—extensively examined the issue and revealed the facts. Other accounts have reached the same

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2806:

Slater, Jerome (2020). Mythologies Without End: The US, Israel, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1917-2020. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-19-045908-6. “There is no serious dispute among Israeli, Palestinian, or other historians about the central facts of the Nakba. All of the

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2424:

If you're thinking of the excerpts Levivich compiled, I'm not sure they're very applicable here. Are any of them concretely taking the view that flight was uncomplicated, that Arab leaders didn't play a real role, that analysis like that of Morris are without merit, etc? I haven't seen that. —

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Abu-Laban, Yasmeen; Bakan, Abigail B. (July 2022). "Anti-Palestinian Racism and Racial Gaslighting". The Political Quarterly, Vol. 93, Issue 3, p. 511: "The work of the ‘new’ (or revisionist) Israeli historians from the late 1970s has established what Ilan Pappé has summarised as the ‘ethnic

1471:

population migration. Other factors, localized and smaller scale, are listed in the special reviews of migration movement in each district. The factors, in order of importance, are: 1. Direct Jewish hostile actions against Arab communities. 2. Impact of our hostile actions against communities

4636:

before the May 1948 Arab state attack; Morris estimated the number to be 250,000–300,000 (The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited, 262); Tessler puts it at 300,000 (A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 279); Pappé's estimate is 380,000 (The Making of the Arab-Israeli

4037:... the hard facts regarding the developments during 1947–48 that led to the Nakba are well known and documented ... Today, there is little or no academic controversy about the basic course of events that led to the Zionist victory and the almost complete destruction of Palestinian society. 3646:

The idea of elevating certain select viewpoints, by placing them near the top and asserting that there is a consensus behind them, seems unusual and misguided IMO. A sort of rough consensus about expulsions occurring emerged in the 80s and 90s, but claims of a consensus beyond that seem very

3407:

Re "the sourcing issues raised on talk page haven't been addressed, and there was never a consensus for adding this" — I did address your concerns with sourcing issues and this content was added a month and a half ago after much discussion and revision. Please stop deleting sourced content.

2568:

It's also not obvious to me why Nakba denial would be topical here; is the idea that the analyses of Morris etc. are downplaying the expulsions of the Nakba by focusing on other aspects of the exodus? I think we'd need an RS to make the connection, and putting it in the lede might still be a

3744:

The inaccuracy of that historical Zionist view is well-established, but if we cover a broader "meta" debate about how much the overall literature supports certain facts or viewpoints, there will be various claims about this in relation to various viewpoints, such as this claim from Morris:

4449:

Causes of the exodus include direct expulsions by Israeli forces, destruction of Arab villages, psychological warfare including terrorism, massacres ... crop burning, typhoid epidemics in some areas caused by Israeli well-poisoning, and the collapse of Palestinian leadership including the

1554:

regarding the statement that "the causes of the 1948 Palestinian exodus are also a subject of fundamental disagreement among historians." This article says in its lead similarly that "The causes for this mass displacement is a matter of great controversy among historians, journalists, and

2556:

These three authors have clear anti-Israeli stances, but setting aside any concerns of bias and taking the excepts (which do seem reasonable enough at first glance) at face value, I don't quite follow your interpretation of them. I don't see anything in the excerpts that seems similar to

2727:

the UN partition) were either forcibly expelled—sometimes by forced marches with only the clothes on their backs—or fled as a result of Israeli psychological warfare, economic pressures, and violence, designed to empty the area that would become Israel of most of its Arab inhabitants.”

4467:

Modern scholarship generally considers that violence and direct expulsions perpetrated by Zionist forces throughout both phases of the 1947-1949 Palestine war (both during the civil war phase and during the 1948-1949 Arab-Israeli war) were the primary cause of the displacement of the

4116:

While Israeli historians still argue about whether the Nakba was the intended or explicit “policy” of the Israeli government, no one doubts that the indisputable desire of Ben-Gurion and other Zionist leaders to ensure a large Jewish majority in Israel had a great deal to do with it.

4708:

ISBN 978-0-230-11299-5. "As scores of historical documentation has since revealed, the Yishuv encouraged the flight or directly forced 750000 Palestinians (more than 80 percent of the population at the time) from their homeland in 1948 and destroyed 531 Palestinian villages."

2849:

Make a new article about the historiography. Then start setting it up using newer material as well as material from here. At some point, the new article can be summarized in this one and then we will see whether this one should be deleted or kept. This will save arguments.

4513:- Gelber is an even more obscure minority than Morris; this is even more out of line with NPOV; anyway, the two stages, like Morris's four waves, aren't about causality, they're time periods; it's about how it happened, not why; this should be in an article about Gelber 3007:(one of the sources) aren't useful without more context. If we look at the context and read between the lines, the message of these sources seems to be that there is a consensus among modern historians that expulsions occurred (in significant numbers, at least ~250k). 2923:

We normally refer to sources as primary or secondary in relation to the topic of the article, not in relation to themselves. I can see how it gets a bit blurred though, since the topic is rather inseparable from a few particularly well-known works devoted to it, like

4649:

So what part of this quote supports the statement "violence and direct expulsions perpetrated by Zionist forces were the primary cause of the displacement of the Palestinians"? Only Segev's quote kinda sorta supports it but that one out of 6 sources mentioned here.

3831:

It seemed like the original intention behind the "Present scholarship" section at the top was to undermine a broader swath of views, including those of Morris, which some editors seem to perceive as radical (e.g. one editor in the parent's talk called his work Nakba

2205:. All I'm saying is we all should try to be more critical of the sources and accept the simple fact that this subject is (a) controversial (b) hugely debated in RS, regardless of trends. When dealing with it, we have to be the best version of ourselves as editors. 4472:

That's it, that's basically the whole topic. What are the causes of the expulsion and flight? Zionist forces. We don't really need an entire article to say that, that can be said in articles about the expulsion and flight (and the Nakba, the war, the conflict,

1765:

etc., that this article should be a stand-alone as its currently titled/scoped. To use an analogy, "causes of the Holocaust" makes sense as an article, but "causes of the deaths in the gas chambers" does not make sense, because it's obvious what caused that.

4896:

It also doesn't say much about motives for expulsions. The master plan view does get at motives, but it still doesn't really say anything about flight, and in any case I don't think this source or any other is claiming a consensus around the master plan

1681:

The heavy use of the word Zionist or Zionism is unnecessary. Jewish and Israeli forces clashed with Arab and Palestinian forces, By using the word Zionist you are skewing the article because of the strong opinions right or wrong of Zionists and Zionism.

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Non-extended-confirmed editors may not create new articles, but administrators may exercise discretion when deciding how to enforce this remedy on article creations. Deletion of new articles created by non-extended-confirmed editors is permitted but not

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Ignoring the issues caused by the title (likely due to the change from exodus to expulsion and flight, but I could be wrong), I think we need to figure out a clearer structure of the article, which may address the issues brought up by both sides?

3635:

I appreciate the effort to improve this, but don't feel expanding a "Present scholarship" section is the right direction. IOHANNVSVERVS' original section was an attempt to establish that there's a consensus among modern scholars around a certain

4421:, mostly in order to remove a lot of unsatisfactory material. There was years worth of argument over the standard set of Zionist "quotations", almost all of them fake or misleading. All very 2000s. It isn't clear that the article is needed now. 2730:

That the Palestinians were violently expelled or else fled from violence is what Slater is referring to when he speaks of the "the central facts of the Nakba", of which he says "There is no serious dispute among Israeli, Palestinian, or other

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Slater is reviewing the work of modern scholars and coming to these conclusions on what the consensus is. And why wouldnt we be expanding such a section? If you feel there are some perspectives missing then add them. Thats how we include

3869:

What kind of restructuring do you have in mind? We can brainstorm other organizations, but as long as there's a "historical debate" section containing the historical Israeli view, wouldn't the content you added be most fitting there? —

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I'm a bit confused about your and DMH223344's position here. I understand "flight" to mean departures that are not directly forced. That seems consistent with how it's used in this article and the parent article. Do you agree with that

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I think that this is way too vague. If there are good sources that can be used please propose them one-by-one. If we can find more relevant information in books by Morris or Khalidi, that's also fine, there are no rules against that.

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I have addressed the issues you've raised. The content is well sourced. If you think the paragraph needs improvement then improve it. I don't see how there is any justifying the wholesale removal of all this content and its sources.

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If the lede and the body don't match, is that always the fault of the lede? This article needs a lot of work, but the lead should say that "Most historians today agree that forceful expulsion was the primary driver of flight."

1830:, I think the previous lede text was a better summary of the body. I think "flight" here means departure that was not directly forced, and much of the article is about different views on the main drivers of that flight. — 3902:

Also while I cited Segev directly, Slater is citing that bit in the overview of modern scholarship and the dismantling of the Zionist-Israeli mythology that held the Palestinian Arabs responsible for their dispossession.

4949:

Anyway, you may think that she's wrong or that she doesn't get to the root cause but it's WP:OR. I can also criticise pretty much any sourced mentioned above and it would also be WP:OR, so we need to follow what RS say.

3747:

No one disputes the fact that much of the Arab middle and upper classes fled Palestine - as they had done during 1936-39 - between December 1947 and early April 1948. Local leaders, bankers, doctors, lawyers, teachers,

1504:

Apparently there were plans to use biological/chemical warfare against the native Palestinians, in part to make Palestinian villages unlivable. They, (Haganah I assume) called it operation "Cast thy Bread" apparently.

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Nakba" and include the debate about whether it was pre-planned or not and to what extent. But that, itself, could just be covered in a broader "historiography of the Nakba." But bottom line, I don't really think, per

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They are not secondary sources for their own exposition. A secondary source in the context would be sources other than Morris or Gelber discussing their perspectives. Sections should generally not be single sourced.

2271:, which I started, although I'm thinking it could be renamed "Origins of the Armenian genocide". It might be possible to have Causes of the Nakba but I think historiography is likely to result in a better article. ( 2062:

Palestine where someone wasn't coming to kill or expel Arabs during the Nakba. I believe sources cover expulsions and deadly violence in literally every part of Israel and the occupied territories, even the desert.

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of the many other articles on the topic (the conflict, the wars, the Nakba, the expulsion and flight, etc.). Anybody else think this should either be merged (probably to multiple articles), or else re-scoped as

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Yes, the traditionalist Israeli history is now considered fringe. This article cites traditionalist historians on issues where their work has been widely discredited, especially by the opening of the archives.

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Note: this one isn't just saying it's a historical fact that Zionists were the primary cause, this is saying "master plan" theory is a historical fact, which goes much further than Knowledge (XXG) does.

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section you've added is one-sided with only authors espousing a certain opinion are deemed worthy of inclusion, with a partial exception of Morris. One article does not establish a scholarly consensus.

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The content you added uses modern sources, but doesn't seem like an attempt to establish a consensus. It seems like normal viewpoints of individual scholars, which would fit in the usual sections like

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cleansing of Palestine’, a process involving massacres and expulsions at gunpoint. In light of the ever-growing historiography, serious scholarship has left little debate about what happened in 1948."

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Knowledge (XXG) articles should convey the scholarly agreement reported in reliable sources. I agree with Buidhe's suggestion about expanding the scope from immediate causes to long-term/root causes.

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The Morris and Gelber sections are a bit long and I wouldn't be opposed to some moderate trimming, though they are particularly well-known works at the center of the controversy, especially Morris'.

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debate about what happened in 1948."(Abu-Laban & Bakan) It is simply not accurate to say that the debate about the cause(s) of the Palestinian expulsion is ongoing, as there is consensus among

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Indeed there is no doubt that the Israeli armed forces drove out many of the Palestinians, but how does it follow from this that "violence and direct expulsions perpetrated by Zionist forces the

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The discussion on inaccurate historiography should not be the first section since it is not core to the topic. Also, the discussion gives the traditionalist Israeli mythology way too much credit.

5227: 4349:. Slater for example indicates disagreement about quantity, while Segev's book review in particular indicates disagreement about motives. Some of these were discussed in the previous section. — 2385:

I would set about editing the article body with best and most recent sources and that will determine the lead in the end (and maybe the title too, but if it changes here, why not at the main?).

2447:. "Expulsion and flight" is the operative phrase. If you are uncomfortable with the use of the word "expulsion" here then you are uncomfortable with the scholarship, including that of Morris. 4569:

are all causes, as well as the obvious fear of being the in the proximity of fighting, and various lesser causes. Expulsions also have causes or motives, which is a large part of this topic.

3244:

Having four sources doesn't mean the content is well-sourced, when none of them actually say what the content says. You didn't really address these discrepancies in previous discussions; in

2886:

The situation is a bit unusual in that viewpoints like "Four Waves" are strongly tied to specific works which are secondary sources, so it seems we need to look to tertiary sources to gauge

4386:, which gives four different estimates ranging from 250k to 500k. He also seems to conflate some different things, but in any case, it's not evidence of a scholarly consensus about causes. 4893:. The statements about ethnic cleansing and Plan Dalet both establish that expulsions occurred, which I think we all agree is uncontroversial (today), but don't say anything about flight. 639: 4592:

Arab evacuation orders is a gray area, since there is evidence they did exist, but the narrative that they were a central part of the exodus is outdated and belongs in historiography. —

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from the article? How is your heavy handed reverting -which has removed sourced content- in line with the requirement to edit "carefully and cautiously" in this contentious topic area?

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of the displacement of the Palestinians"? Slater uses the same formula (fled or were expelled) that we use in the article. u:xDanielx wrote about the problems with the second source.

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I've long felt that this article exists to make it seem like the causes of the Nakba are in dispute, when they really aren't. I've also long felt that as written, this article is a

1611:"10 March 1948, a group of eleven men, veteran Zionist leaders together with young military Jewish officers, put the final touches to a plan for the ethnic cleansing of Palestine." 3494:

Other estimates have varied concerning the number of Palestinians who fled or were expelled before the May 1948 Arab state attack; Morris estimated the number to be 250,000–300,000

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Do you doubt that "violence and direct expulsions perpetrated by Zionist forces were the primary cause of the displacement of the Palestinians"? Are there RS that say otherwise?

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I'd be open to initiating a requested move. Would "Historigraphy of the Nakba" or "Historiography of the 1947-1949 Palestinian expulsion" be a better title? (or an alternative?)

2509:

This has been discussed above but here I propose again (with further sourcing; see the Slater citation which itself contains numerous references) that the lead be changed from:

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That's the one I discussed above? It would be good to know why you disagree with those points; we won't get anywhere if you merely express disagreement and leave it at that. —

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Clear vandalism of whatever origin may be reverted without restriction. Also, reverts made solely to enforce the extended confirmed restriction are not considered edit warring.

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the new Zionist historians in Israel justify it as indispensable ... The facts about 1948 are no longer contested, but the meaning of what happened is still a big question.

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the new Zionist historians in Israel justify it as indispensable ... The facts about 1948 are no longer contested, but the meaning of what happened is still a big question.

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Even at this stage of the war, both the Palestinian leadership and the leaders of the Arab states tried to persuade the population to stay put and not flee the country ...

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The previous stability of this article, and of the closely related parent article, suggests a broad and long-standing consensus that the article was reasonably balanced.

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https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2022-10-14/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/documents-confirm-israelis-poisoned-arab-wells-in-1948/00000183-d2b2-d8cc-afc7-fefed64d0000

1458:

If you're going to document the expulsion of the Arabs from Mandatory Palestine, you really should consider including information from the Israeli Intelligence Service:

3313:— " mass expulsions of the Palestinians by the Zionist forces, before May 15, 1948, and in succeeding months by the Israeli army, were the main cause of their flight." 732: 4685:— " mass expulsions of the Palestinians by the Zionist forces, before May 15, 1948, and in succeeding months by the Israeli army, were the main cause of their flight." 2219:

A very weak argument. If you read the page you linked, you'll quickly realize that it is very unlikely to apply here, other than in the *opposite* of what you claim.

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these sections would be better in other articles or as their own articles. I agree with Buidhe about a long-term causes article, but I'd think that would be called

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This is correct. The disagreement is primarily about whether there was a policy of comprehensive expulsions. Of course, most relevant records are still classified.

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And the whole "master plan" section is based on Khalidi (Glazer doesn't say anything about the existence of the plan). By this logic it should be trimmed as well.

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again please don't revert without addressing the issues raised. There are several unanswered threads above explaining in detail why the sources are deficient. —

2691:, and don't seem to discuss causes in general. My understanding is that you're viewing them as challenging the analyses of Morris, Pappe, etc, but those are the 795: 146: 2871:

not deserve such prodigious sections for themselves. Either some secondary analysis of these theories needs to be produced, or the sections should be trimmed.

407: 90: 4345:, where you provided 32 sources, but very few of them (explicitly) backed the content in question. Similarly here, I'm not seeing anything that actually says 2399:

Instead of head counting the editors in favour of each position, you might try counting the reliable sources which have been cited in favour of each position.

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Fact is, by the way, that many stayed behind - those we call in Arabic, "the 48-Arabs", because, in many cases, nobody was coming to kill them or expel them.

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I have Segev, and he is pretty explicit on the violent expulsions being carried out with the knowledge and sometimes direct order of the Yishuv leadership.

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supplied; while they're related they're mostly about those departures that were directly forced, not about analyzing the causes of those that weren't. —

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was 2004, Morris' views haven't changed much since, and they roughly align with the views of quite a few other mainstream historians, such as Shapira.)

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I do also think that rewriting a lede to summarize a "hypothetical" overhauled body isn't really a good practice, since it breaks the consistency that

1867:

If so, the sentence you mentioned and restored isn't really coherent - expulsion and flight are disjoint events, so one doesn't cause the other at all.

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Is the idea to change the article to be about expulsion only? That would be a drastic change that should be discussed a lot more before being enacted.

1558:

To the best of my knowledge there is only debate over the details of these expulsions and flights and not "fundamental disagreement". See for example

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I do think it's appropriate to point out that the historical Zionist view is outdated, I just think it should be somewhere in the historical section.

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I think the way to avoid this article being a POVFORK would be if the sources are covering both the long-term and immediate causes, like you see at

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Added another citation: Khalidi, R. R. (1988). Revisionist Views of the Modern History of Palestine: 1948. Arab Studies Quarterly, 10(4), 425–432.

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is usually the title + the opening sentence so atm, the second para is about the historiography and causes is not the same as historiography. (See

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calls for, at least until the overhaul is complete (which might not really happen, depending on consensus about specific body changes later). —

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Based on the above, Shapira doesn't really contradict the notion that violence was a cause so much as begs another question, i.e.: what caused

969: 749: 4667:– what are you questioning here? Is it the word violence? ... As if people can be "chased out" by anything other than violence during a war? 4632:. In other words, before the Arab armies invaded the country" (Haaretz, July 18, 2010). Other estimates have varied concerning the number of 4309: 4143: 4100: 4065: 3828:

If the Slater source mainly pertains to the historical Zionist view, wouldn't it be most logical to include it in that section (or after it)?

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makes it seem like everything else is obsolete. Generally speaking, if the scholarly consensus changes we should simply update the article.

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I just explained in some detail why the Laban & Bakan source doesn't match the text, at least not in the clear and explicit manner that

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is historiography; I'd be fine with trimming it since it's not exactly in the scope of the article (although it's related background).

3543:, and he is making a remark about how most of it happened in the first stage of the war. Not about how violent or non-violent it was. 2713:"The sources don't appear to use language similar to primary cause of the displacement, and don't seem to discuss causes in general." 2337: 804: 365: 348: 309: 110: 4017:

These seven sources, at least, say that there is not scholarly disagreement about the quantity, motivations, or (immediate) causes:

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I removed the subsection titled "Political and sociological influences on the historical debate" along with its content. See diff

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called for, "implicitly or explicitly", expulsion. Morris is part of the modern scholarship here, and Slater includes him in it.

3111:

You have not addressed the concern here at all. It's poor form to revert without engaging the discussion in any meaningful sense.

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Slater is a fine source but it doesn't mean that whatever he wrote embodies the scholarly consensus. We can use his conclusion (

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flight had one clear (uncontroversial) primary cause seems to fly in the face of a lot of reliably sourced content in the body.

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I rewrote this with quotes from Slater and Segev. If anybody would like further quotations here lmk, happy to provide them.

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violence and direct expulsions perpetrated by Zionist forces were the primary cause of the displacement of the Palestinians

4801:

At the risk of sounding like a broken record, can you point out where another source says this (directly and explicitly as

4750:

violence and direct expulsions perpetrated by Zionist forces were the primary cause of the displacement of the Palestinians

4681:

Khalidi, R. R. (1988). Revisionist Views of the Modern History of Palestine: 1948. Arab Studies Quarterly, 10(4), 425–432.

3704:, not by removing obviously reliable sources. If some other source is disputing this then present it. Arguing against what 4639: 3502: 3500:, though they emphasized the action as a military "necessity." For example, see Anita Shapira, Israel: A History, 167–68. 4761:

some 700,000 to 750,000 Palestinians were expelled from or fled their villages and homes in Israel in fear of their lives

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The 700-750k figure isn't a matter of much dispute, though that top-level number is irrelevant to the topic of causes. —

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If you don't have anything constructive to add, such as sources which support the content, there's no need to comment. —

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The existence of Plan Dalet does not imply anything about the motives for expulsions, or the existence of a master plan.

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violence and direct expulsions perpetrated by Zionist forces the primary cause of the displacement of the Palestinians.

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Consensus among a limited group of editors, at one place and time, cannot override community consensus on a wider scale.

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most of the Arabs in the country, approximately 400,000, were chased out and expelled during the first stage of the war

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I don’t think that this devolving into which organisation has bias against what group will have a productive outcome.

1746:

Great point. The title is ridiculous in my opinion; what could be the cause of expulsion other than...... expulsion?

616: 2598:"I don't see anything in the excerpts that seems similar to forceful expulsion was the primary driver of flight." - 1439:

If you are unsure if your edit is appropriate, discuss it here on this talk page first. When in doubt, don't revert!

2461:

I was never questioning whether expulsions occurred of anything of that sort, of course that's established fact. —

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For some additional sources on the fact that the Palestinian exodus was the result of intentional expulsion, see @

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The causes of this mass displacement are a matter of controversy among historians, journalists, and commentators.

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Also I should note that the article really does try to spin the entirely debunked "endorsement of flight" story.

3362:

you need to establish consensus for the content you're adding. In this case quite clearly there is no consensus.

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Those are not causes, those are methods, except the collapse of leadership, which is not a cause but an effect.

3230:, you state that the 'Present Scholarship' section is one-sided. What sources do you think have been excluded? 3202:

Talk:Causes of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight#Why is the first section on inaccurate historiography?

256: 4481:- This is historiography, belongs in a historiography article, or a historiography section of another article. 2535: 1687: 1250: 766: 290: 3955:

I don't agree with the first premise (that having an article about X means that there is a dispute about X).

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A source "directly supports" a given piece of material if the information is present explicitly in the source

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You've clearly not read the sources themselves and have either not read or misunderstood the quoted excerpts.

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Editors who violate this restriction may be blocked by any uninvolved administrator, even on a first offence.

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Just to echo my concern from the previous talk thread - the sources don't appear to use language similar to

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that the vast majority of the Palestinians were directly expelled or fled from fear of violence/expulsion.

2595:"These three authors have clear anti-Israeli stances" - You'll need reiable sources to support this claim. 17: 2890:. Do you think things like citation counts can be reasonable proxies for coverage in tertiary sources? — 2084:

is correct, this article reads like a discussion of historiography rather than an overview of the causes.

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may be blocked or restricted by an administrator. Editors are advised to familiarise themselves with the

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The war, the end of the mandate, the failed rebellion in the late 1930s all contributed to the collapse.

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Modern scholarship generally considers that violence and direct expulsions perpetrated by Zionist forces

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Considering the broader context of his book review, Segev is arguing that Zionist expulsions during the

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on Knowledge (XXG). If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join

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on Knowledge (XXG). If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join

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The passages seem to refer to the same meeting, and the context makes more sense if the year was 1948.

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If there is nowadays general agreement in sources as to the causes, then merge it to the main article.

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So even after digging into the broader context around the source and reading between the lines (which

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Aside from flight, I think it's also coherent to talk about causes of expulsion, as the discussion of

4904:, which is the sort of nuanced analysis of causes that the content in question tries to undermine. — 4497:, presenting it as if it's just one of several theories, when nobody disputes that Plan Dalet existed 4342: 4254:

Abu-Laban, Yasmeen; Bakan, Abigail B. (July 2022). "Anti-Palestinian Racism and Racial Gaslighting".

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Abu-Laban, Yasmeen; Bakan, Abigail B. (July 2022). "Anti-Palestinian Racism and Racial Gaslighting".

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Abu-Laban, Yasmeen; Bakan, Abigail B. (July 2022). "Anti-Palestinian Racism and Racial Gaslighting".

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In reviewing the factors that affected migration, we list the factors that had a definitive effect on

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So could also do with some further literature introducing it ... Now you're getting the hang of it.

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is a method, not a cause, and should probably be its own article (along with biological warfare)

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The Hundred Years' War on Palestine: A History of Settler Colonialism and Resistance, 1917–2017

1608:. What Google shows me of the cited source by Pappé lacks page numbers but includes this text: 5015:, but then Israel stopped them from returning. In addition, it expelled those who didn't flee. 4955: 4777: 4655: 4306: 4140: 4097: 4062: 4046: 3960: 3525: 3375: 2984: 2955: 689: 62: 4504: 3423: 3359: 2734:

I'm not sure how you can say the sources provided "don't seem to discuss causes in general".

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refugees were not driven out but that they fled for other reasons and of their own volition.

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is not a study of the 1948 war and should not have the same weight as Morris, Slater et al.

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Don't waste time arguing with the ONUS/noconsensus crowd, open an RFC and ask the question.

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This article should be rewritten as the "Historiography of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion".

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It is present in the "Opening of archives" section and now includes a link to the document.

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procedure can be used against any editor who repeatedly or seriously fails to adhere to the

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there is not scholarly disagreement about the quantity, motivations, or (immediate) causes

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You should include original documents from the Israeli Intelligence Service (Arab Section)

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mysterious "collapse" while in the same breath failing to explain what that means here.

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elaborate on the meaning of "chased out", and doesn't discuss other purported causes. —

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and treat them as sources for a more specific claim that isn't explicit in the source.

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You may not make more than 1 revert within 24 hours on any edits related to this topic

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approximately 400,000, were chased out and expelled during the first stage of the war

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I really don't understand your objections nor what exactly you are disagreeing with.

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don't get into the substance of the topic at hand and aren't really relevant here. —

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told us not to do), it's still not clear that this supports the text in question. —

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I've combed over the four references repeatedly, and can't find anything similar to

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debate over the causes...", the lead now reads that there "was" significant debate.

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Probably, and the development of those biological weapons by Zionist universities.

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the best course of action, or an RM to explicitly modify the scope in some way. —

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This needs to be discussed and obviously I strongly disagree with this reversion.

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Mythologies Without End: The US, Israel, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1917-2020

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is part of a rejection of several ideas, including plainly ahistorical ones like

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that seem more aligned with these sources, not their main target of criticism. —

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Talk:Causes of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight#Proposed change to lead

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Day to Mark the Departure and Expulsion of Jews from the Arab Countries and Iran

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This recently-added section feels rather lacking in substance. Statements like

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violence and direct expulsions ... were the primary cause of the displacement

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violence and direct expulsions ... were the primary cause of the displacement

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Talk:Causes of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight#Present scholarship

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related to articles within the topic area, provided they are not disruptive.

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requires)? If it's one of the ones discussed above, can you reply there? —

3201: 2482:"I haven't seen that." Have you read any of the sources Levivich presented? 604: 600: 3994:

I wouldn't agree that the causes are not in dispute. As I said above, the

4543:. It's kind of surprising that article doesn't exist, but this one does. 1464:

https://www.akevot.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/1948ISReport-Eng.pdf

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you copy/pasted some excerpts which still don't say what the texet says.

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Talk:Causes of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight#Changes to lead

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Co-memory and melancholia: Israelis memorialising the Palestinian Nakba

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Do have a go at rewriting settled history, I will watch with interest.

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So, Zionists caused the exile. Yeah, it started as a voluntary flight

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serious scholarship has left little debate about what happened in 1948

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Palestine’, a process involving massacres and expulsions at gunpoint."

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Taking Laban & Bakan as an example, their vague statement about

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You said you believe that the article requires drastic changes. Per

2116:"nothing is "entirely debunked", it only depends of what you read." 2017:

claims is unfortuantely not very helpful for improving the article.

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Regarding Arab influences in particular, I'm not talking about the

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Basic Law proposal: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People

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The Abu-Laban and Bakan source very clearly supports the content.

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Not done - this is too vague of an edit request to be actionable.

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https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00263206.2022.2122448

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procedure applies to this article. This article is related to the

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If your argument is based on that recently-warred-in sentence in

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has unilaterally removed all the content along with its sources.

3122:. Can you point out even a single source which clearly says that? 4665:"were chased out or expelled during the first stages of the war" 5018:

BTW, this explanation of Plan Dalet was, um, interesting, from

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but we shouldn't ignore other viewpoints, like Shapira's (from

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Talk:Causes of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight#Causes

3171:, a 1988 work which predates the analyses of Morris and Gelber. 2521:

There has been significant historiographical debate as well as

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Political and sociological influences on the historical debate

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the growing politicization of the topic in academic research.

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The body itself lists expulsions as the most important of the

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just up and left Palestine because their leaders told them to

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Non-extended-confirmed editors may use the "Talk:" namespace

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and I'm disappointed. Here's the full quote, from page 162:

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Editors may report violations of these restrictions to the

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I disagree that only one of the sources posted says this.

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are similarly outdated, which I don't think is accurate. (

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The discussion is ongoing just one thread above this one.

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The exceptions to the extended confirmed restriction are:

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Editors who repeatedly or seriously fail to adhere to the

5119:. Just making this talk page entry for visbility/review. 1645:

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 20 June 2024

4930:"the collapse of Palestinian society and its governance" 3708:

sourced to impeccable sources however is a non-starter.

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denialism regarding the causes of the Palestinian exodus

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Articles needing translation from Hebrew Knowledge (XXG)

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Israeli armed forces drove out many of the Palestinians

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requires. Can you point to just a single source where

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Why is the first section on inaccurate historiography?

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to edit or discuss this topic on any page (except for

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Start-Class Middle Eastern military history articles

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light of massacres carried out by Zionist forces.".

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the demoralizing impact of wealthier classes fleeing

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That's not the Slater excerpt I referred to; it was

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Are you saying the Slater statement goes beyond the

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This article has been checked against the following

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Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in 2005

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Middle Eastern military history task force articles

3422:And you have reverted again, in clear violation of 3257:

the information is present explicitly in the source

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forceful expulsion was the primary driver of flight

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Causes of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight

3938:Historiography of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict 2602:; see my response to this in the discussion below. 1500:Should this article include plans to poison wells? 4615:This is not supported by your own source (Slater) 4523:"Arab leaders' endorsement of flight" explanation 4450:demoralizing impact of wealthier classes fleeing. 2829:Change article to become about the historiography 2661:I added a section title "Present scholarship" in 2151:and other Zionist planning or decision making. — 4055:Nakba: Palestine, 1948, and the Claims of Memory 3683:you are past one revert and should self-revert. 2297:Recent changes to the lead have been undone by @ 1460:https://www.haaretz.co.il/st/inter/Heng/1948.pdf 44:for general discussion of the article's subject. 3722:I don't have easy access to Slater's book, but 3070:Wouldn't that apply to what you just said too? 826:Knowledge (XXG) requested photographs in Israel 5213:Start-Class European military history articles 4754:Anti-Palestinian Racism and Racial Gaslighting 3196:This content was added after much discussion ( 5218:European military history task force articles 5203:Start-Class British military history articles 5023: 5005: 4988: 4826: 4447: 4284: 4246: 4201: 4153: 4110: 4075: 4035: 1976: 8: 5208:British military history task force articles 3472:) is not supported by the provided sources. 3209: 3167:. They don't say much beyond that, but cite 3132:. We can't just take vague statements about 2926:The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem 1933:which should be discussed much more broadly. 1604:I suspect that the correct date is 10 March 1085:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Military history 811:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries 2525:, however today most historians agree that 4541:Causes of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict 4024: 3724:the conventional Zionist-Israeli mythology 1373: 1291:Middle Eastern military history task force 1213: 1127: 1015: 910: 741:Israel articles missing geocoordinate data 625:WikiProject Israel Palestine Collaboration 586:Unknown-importance Israel-related articles 566:Here are some tasks awaiting attention: 520: 419: 298: 18:Talk:Causes of the 1948 Palestinian exodus 5193:Start-Class biography (military) articles 5148:Mid-importance Palestine-related articles 4444:Look at the second paragraph of the lead: 4229: 3328:justify the existence of that section. — 2443:The operative parent of this page is the 4844:(January 2012). "Rethinking the Nakba". 4823:This is one of the seven I posted above: 4533:or its own article (it's a notable myth) 4171:(January 2012). "Rethinking the Nakba". 3245: 3213: 3092:is totally unjustified and disruptive. @ 1403:With respect to the WP:1RR restriction: 1065:This article is within the scope of the 796:Knowledge (XXG) requested maps in Israel 364:on Knowledge (XXG). Join us by visiting 3787:and applies to more nuanced views like 3769:then of course we should include that. 3155:. They also reject the idea that Arabs 3116:violent expulsions were the main factor 3012:violent expulsions were the main factor 2799: 2627: 2406:, why have you removed the citation to 1475:2600:1700:EB40:4530:F9E1:6072:E3A8:499A 1017: 912: 421: 300: 270: 5198:Military biography work group articles 5163:Low-importance Israel-related articles 5044:Please stop deleting sourced content @ 4997: 4929: 4890: 4889:I still don't see anything similar to 4768: 4760: 4749: 4664: 4634:Palestinians who fled or were expelled 4610: 4580: 4573: 4566: 4563:the collapse of Palestinian leadership 4562: 4558: 4466: 4417:This article was created as a fork of 4383: 4346: 3746: 3723: 3640: 3469: 3256: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3119: 3115: 3015: 3011: 3004: 2768: 2761: 2753: 2688: 2558: 2360: 1984: 1075:. To use this banner, please see the 5188:Start-Class military history articles 2669:Obviously this needs to be reviewed. 2445:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 1552:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 1088:Template:WikiProject Military history 382:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Palestine 368:, where you can add your name to the 7: 4900:He also references Mossis' original 4683:http://www.jstor.org/stable/41857981 3311:http://www.jstor.org/stable/41857981 3205: 1914:'s recent comment on another thread 1321:Warning: active arbitration remedies 1275:European military history task force 978:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Politics 958:This article is within the scope of 467:This article is within the scope of 346:This article is within the scope of 4996:Of course, the key words there are 2758:Response to Finkelstein and Masalha 1346:, provided they are not disruptive) 1259:British military history task force 655:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Israel 289:It is of interest to the following 34:for discussing improvements to the 5143:B-Class Palestine-related articles 4770:about 300,000 before May 15, 1948. 4765:The War of Independence, 1947–1949 4458:Look at the sections of the body: 2756:Slater mentions. See e.g. Morris' 2367:to an otherwise stable article. — 2031:Where does Benny Morris say that? 1597:In "Master Plan" explanation : --> 580:Unassessed Israel-related articles 487:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Israel 25: 5029:LOL is all I can say about that. 4384:Reviewing the evidence marshaled 2689:primary cause of the displacement 2529:was the primary driver of flight. 775:Israel articles needing attention 758:Israel articles needing infoboxes 61:New to Knowledge (XXG)? Welcome! 5178:Low-importance politics articles 4581:Outline of the historical debate 4487:- This should be its own article 4479:Outline of the historical debate 3389:just removed this content again 3089:This removal of sourced content 1652: 1313: 1190: 1179: 1168: 1157: 1146: 1058: 1019: 945: 935: 914: 601:Cleanup listing for this project 557: 454: 444: 423: 372:where you can contribute to the 333: 323: 302: 271: 240: 56:Click here to start a new topic. 5158:B-Class Israel-related articles 4113:carried out by Zionist forces. 3971:Causes of the Armenian genocide 2269:Causes of the Armenian genocide 1985:factors which caused the exodus 1105:This article has been rated as 998:This article has been rated as 791:Module:Location map/data/Israel 507:This article has been rated as 402:This article has been rated as 5153:WikiProject Palestine articles 4485:Concept of transfer in Zionism 4231:10.1080/2201473X.2012.10648830 3475:This is the quote from Slater 3134:the central facts of the Nakba 2769:the central facts of the Nakba 738:Add geographic coordinates to 652:Participate in discussions at 385:Template:WikiProject Palestine 1: 5183:WikiProject Politics articles 4748:The issue is with the phrase 2203:Knowledge (XXG):Systemic bias 1494:06:08, 11 November 2023 (UTC) 1483:04:25, 11 November 2023 (UTC) 1369:contentious topics procedures 1243:Military biography task force 981:Template:WikiProject Politics 972:and see a list of open tasks. 481:and see a list of open tasks. 53:Put new text under old text. 4501:Morris's Four Waves analysis 4493:- This section is a fork of 4341:This feels like a repeat of 1936:I did read all the excerpts 1068:Military history WikiProject 823:Add pictures to articles in 5168:WikiProject Israel articles 5129:01:49, 27 August 2024 (UTC) 5103:04:56, 27 August 2024 (UTC) 5088:04:50, 27 August 2024 (UTC) 5062:17:31, 26 August 2024 (UTC) 5039:19:12, 24 August 2024 (UTC) 4975:20:27, 24 August 2024 (UTC) 4960:18:50, 24 August 2024 (UTC) 4942:20:49, 23 August 2024 (UTC) 4918:22:27, 23 August 2024 (UTC) 4885:20:26, 23 August 2024 (UTC) 4819:19:48, 23 August 2024 (UTC) 4797:19:41, 23 August 2024 (UTC) 4782:19:29, 23 August 2024 (UTC) 4734:19:48, 20 August 2024 (UTC) 4718:20:01, 20 August 2024 (UTC) 4703:19:40, 20 August 2024 (UTC) 4677:19:38, 20 August 2024 (UTC) 4660:19:32, 20 August 2024 (UTC) 4606:17:15, 18 August 2024 (UTC) 4553:14:07, 17 August 2024 (UTC) 4511:Gelber's two-stage analysis 4440:13:08, 17 August 2024 (UTC) 4426:12:48, 17 August 2024 (UTC) 4403:22:21, 18 August 2024 (UTC) 4378:13:53, 17 August 2024 (UTC) 4363:06:32, 17 August 2024 (UTC) 4337:04:57, 17 August 2024 (UTC) 4094:Manchester University Press 4013:02:49, 17 August 2024 (UTC) 3990:02:02, 17 August 2024 (UTC) 3965:22:08, 16 August 2024 (UTC) 3950:19:01, 16 August 2024 (UTC) 3934:Historiography of the Nakba 3913:00:28, 16 August 2024 (UTC) 3884:21:20, 18 August 2024 (UTC) 3865:03:43, 16 August 2024 (UTC) 3850:02:41, 16 August 2024 (UTC) 3824:02:07, 16 August 2024 (UTC) 3809:01:59, 16 August 2024 (UTC) 3779:01:48, 16 August 2024 (UTC) 3764:01:12, 16 August 2024 (UTC) 3718:00:06, 16 August 2024 (UTC) 3693:00:07, 16 August 2024 (UTC) 3675:23:58, 15 August 2024 (UTC) 3661:23:54, 15 August 2024 (UTC) 3631:22:27, 15 August 2024 (UTC) 3616:21:37, 15 August 2024 (UTC) 3590:22:28, 15 August 2024 (UTC) 3576:22:26, 15 August 2024 (UTC) 3553:21:16, 15 August 2024 (UTC) 3530:20:55, 15 August 2024 (UTC) 3454:18:01, 15 August 2024 (UTC) 3440:17:46, 15 August 2024 (UTC) 3418:17:43, 15 August 2024 (UTC) 3402:17:38, 15 August 2024 (UTC) 3380:21:44, 13 August 2024 (UTC) 3342:21:18, 18 August 2024 (UTC) 3323:23:00, 15 August 2024 (UTC) 3305:03:42, 14 August 2024 (UTC) 3287:01:17, 14 August 2024 (UTC) 3273:00:10, 14 August 2024 (UTC) 3240:23:32, 13 August 2024 (UTC) 3197: 3192:20:58, 13 August 2024 (UTC) 3106:18:58, 13 August 2024 (UTC) 3080:21:52, 11 August 2024 (UTC) 3066:20:50, 11 August 2024 (UTC) 3048:16:52, 11 August 2024 (UTC) 3033:16:45, 11 August 2024 (UTC) 2989:20:33, 12 August 2024 (UTC) 2974:04:28, 12 August 2024 (UTC) 2960:20:08, 11 August 2024 (UTC) 2942:20:49, 11 August 2024 (UTC) 2919:17:35, 11 August 2024 (UTC) 2904:16:08, 11 August 2024 (UTC) 2881:09:32, 11 August 2024 (UTC) 1675:to reactivate your request. 1663:has been answered. Set the 1521:03:12, 5 January 2024 (UTC) 710:Trial of Benjamin Netanyahu 490:Template:WikiProject Israel 5244: 4343:Talk:Nakba/Archive_5#Nakba 3923:Merge, split, or re-scope? 3153:Palestinians did not exist 1560:this article by Ilan Pappé 1420:purpose of Knowledge (XXG) 1357:purpose of Knowledge (XXG) 1338:You must be logged-in and 1151:Referencing and citation: 1004:project's importance scale 793:. Add maps to articles in 674:Diamond industry in Israel 513:project's importance scale 408:project's importance scale 388:Palestine-related articles 5173:B-Class politics articles 4557:The lede needs work, but 4491:"Master Plan" explanation 4059:Columbia University Press 3641:"Master Plan" explanation 2551:23:29, 30 June 2024 (UTC) 2493:03:02, 26 June 2024 (UTC) 2475:17:12, 25 June 2024 (UTC) 2457:16:22, 25 June 2024 (UTC) 2439:16:12, 25 June 2024 (UTC) 2420:20:00, 24 June 2024 (UTC) 2395:17:57, 24 June 2024 (UTC) 2381:17:35, 24 June 2024 (UTC) 2349:17:20, 24 June 2024 (UTC) 2333:17:18, 24 June 2024 (UTC) 2318:17:12, 24 June 2024 (UTC) 2288:02:16, 28 June 2024 (UTC) 2247:17:44, 24 June 2024 (UTC) 2229:17:20, 24 June 2024 (UTC) 2215:17:17, 24 June 2024 (UTC) 2197:17:14, 24 June 2024 (UTC) 2180:17:11, 24 June 2024 (UTC) 2165:05:46, 24 June 2024 (UTC) 2129:17:15, 24 June 2024 (UTC) 2112:17:10, 24 June 2024 (UTC) 2097:15:52, 24 June 2024 (UTC) 2072:04:50, 26 June 2024 (UTC) 2057:17:15, 24 June 2024 (UTC) 2041:04:45, 26 June 2024 (UTC) 2027:17:13, 24 June 2024 (UTC) 2012:15:48, 24 June 2024 (UTC) 1997:15:45, 24 June 2024 (UTC) 1969:15:34, 24 June 2024 (UTC) 1954:15:17, 24 June 2024 (UTC) 1928:15:06, 24 June 2024 (UTC) 1906:14:51, 24 June 2024 (UTC) 1891:14:31, 24 June 2024 (UTC) 1859:06:02, 24 June 2024 (UTC) 1844:05:35, 24 June 2024 (UTC) 1816:16:09, 24 June 2024 (UTC) 1790:16:00, 24 June 2024 (UTC) 1776:15:51, 24 June 2024 (UTC) 1756:04:40, 24 June 2024 (UTC) 1742:04:25, 24 June 2024 (UTC) 1727:04:16, 24 June 2024 (UTC) 1707:00:40, 21 June 2024 (UTC) 1692:20:36, 20 June 2024 (UTC) 1639:02:26, 16 June 2024 (UTC) 1624:23:02, 15 June 2024 (UTC) 1587:04:08, 24 June 2024 (UTC) 1572:17:11, 4 April 2024 (UTC) 1536:04:09, 24 June 2024 (UTC) 1371:before editing this page. 1289: 1273: 1257: 1241: 1212: 1104: 1091:military history articles 1053: 997: 930: 519: 506: 439: 401: 318: 297: 91:Be welcoming to newcomers 4998:at this stage of the war 4218:Settler Colonial Studies 3461:Adding a section called 2860:18:25, 1 July 2024 (UTC) 2844:17:15, 1 July 2024 (UTC) 2785:05:43, 1 July 2024 (UTC) 2754:Arab propaganda campaign 2744:04:33, 1 July 2024 (UTC) 2709:03:31, 1 July 2024 (UTC) 2682:01:31, 1 July 2024 (UTC) 2615:04:36, 1 July 2024 (UTC) 2591:03:13, 1 July 2024 (UTC) 2338:WP:STATUSQUOSTONEWALLING 1598:Planning by Ben-Gurion: 1428:normal editorial process 1365:normal editorial process 733:Geographical coordinates 5048:as you have done again 5000:. Shapira continues on 4419:1948 Palestinian exodus 4270:10.1111/1467-923X.13166 4257:The Political Quarterly 4137:Oxford University Press 4129:Slater, Jerome (2020). 3996:historical Israeli view 3785:historical Israeli view 3728:historical Israeli view 2999:Present scholarship (2) 2866:Single-sourced sections 2818:The Political Quarterly 2767:Broad statements about 2646:The Political Quarterly 2565:more specific argument. 2505:Proposed change to lead 1434:Arbitration enforcement 1217:Associated task forces: 1162:Coverage and accuracy: 702:Public Defence (Israel) 603:is available. See also 493:Israel-related articles 5028: 5010: 4993: 4873: 4529:a cause; should be in 4452: 4318: 4283: 4245: 4200: 4152: 4109: 4074: 4049:. In Sa'di, Ahmad H.; 4041: 2531: 2515: 1980: 1424:standards of behaviour 1361:standards of behaviour 1286: 1270: 1254: 1238: 1195:Supporting materials: 1123: 279:This article is rated 86:avoid personal attacks 4517:Psychological warfare 3702:all significant views 3145:what happened in 1948 3138:what happened in 1948 2519: 2511: 2170:controversial topic. 1804:Historiography of WW1 1330:Arab–Israeli conflict 1285: 1269: 1253: 1237: 1122: 524:Project Israel To Do: 349:WikiProject Palestine 283:on Knowledge (XXG)'s 234:Auto-archiving period 111:Neutral point of view 4078:Zionist apologists. 3246:#Present scholarship 1414:After being warned, 1344:making edit requests 961:WikiProject Politics 609:the tool's wiki page 605:the list by category 116:No original research 5013:expecting to return 3463:Present Scholarship 3367:Present Scholarship 3169:Blaming the Victims 2928:(both versions). — 2657:Present scholarship 2080:In any case, what @ 1546:I started a thread 1378:Further information 1184:Grammar and style: 1137:for B-class status: 873:Translate to Hebrew 4985:that Shapira quote 4574:Modern scholarship 4462:Modern scholarship 4303:Metropolitan Books 3149:the land was empty 2527:forceful expulsion 1416:contentious topics 1394: 1392:make edit requests 1340:extended-confirmed 1326:contentious topics 1322: 1287: 1271: 1255: 1239: 1124: 1073:list of open tasks 789:See discussion at 470:WikiProject Israel 362:State of Palestine 358:Palestinian people 285:content assessment 97:dispute resolution 58: 4983:I just looked up 4644: 4643: 4559:direct expulsions 4368:about quantity." 4322: 4321: 4311:978-1-62779-854-9 4145:978-0-19-045908-6 4102:978-1-84779-768-1 4067:978-0-231-13579-5 3507: 3506: 2357:WP:LOCALCONSENSUS 2082:IOHANNVSVERVSsays 1679: 1678: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1389: 1320: 1308: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1208: 1207: 1197:criterion not met 1153:criterion not met 1109:on the project's 1077:full instructions 1014: 1013: 1010: 1009: 984:politics articles 909: 908: 905: 904: 901: 900: 897: 896: 755:Add infoboxes to 718:Pre-Modern Aliyah 690:Sephardic Haredim 418: 417: 414: 413: 265: 264: 77:Assume good faith 54: 16:(Redirected from 5235: 5078: 5073: 4908: 4871: 4870: 4847:Critical Inquiry 4809: 4621: 4596: 4393: 4353: 4316: 4315: 4281: 4280: 4243: 4242: 4233: 4212:(January 2012). 4198: 4197: 4174:Critical Inquiry 4150: 4149: 4107: 4106: 4072: 4071: 4051:Abu-Lughod, Lila 4025: 4003: 3986: 3908: 3874: 3860: 3840: 3819: 3799: 3774: 3754: 3726:sounds like the 3713: 3688: 3651: 3647:questionable. — 3626: 3585: 3566: 3548: 3481: 3468:The added text ( 3430: 3332: 3295: 3263: 3182: 3056: 3023: 2932: 2894: 2821: 2814: 2808: 2804: 2775: 2699: 2649: 2642: 2636: 2632: 2581: 2465: 2429: 2371: 2284: 2155: 1944: 1881: 1834: 1826:In keeping with 1670: 1666: 1656: 1655: 1649: 1374: 1317: 1310: 1224: 1214: 1198: 1194: 1193: 1187: 1183: 1182: 1176: 1172: 1171: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1154: 1150: 1149: 1128: 1093: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1082:Military history 1062: 1055: 1054: 1049: 1046: 1027:Military history 1023: 1016: 986: 985: 982: 979: 976: 955: 950: 949: 939: 932: 931: 926: 918: 911: 706:Prisoner of Zion 647:Deletion sorting 561: 554: 553: 521: 495: 494: 491: 488: 485: 464: 459: 458: 457: 448: 441: 440: 435: 427: 420: 390: 389: 386: 383: 380: 366:the project page 343: 341:Palestine portal 338: 337: 336: 327: 320: 319: 314: 306: 299: 282: 276: 275: 267: 259: 245: 244: 235: 190: 189: 175: 106:Article policies 27: 21: 5243: 5242: 5238: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5233: 5232: 5133: 5132: 5113: 5085: 5076: 5067: 4958: 4915: 4906: 4897:interpretation. 4840: 4838: 4816: 4807: 4780: 4746: 4744:Arbitrary break 4658: 4603: 4594: 4400: 4391: 4360: 4351: 4312: 4293:Khalidi, Rashid 4291: 4289: 4253: 4251: 4208: 4206: 4167: 4165: 4146: 4128: 4126: 4103: 4082: 4080: 4068: 4061:. pp. 285–314. 4043:Sa'di, Ahmad H. 4039: 4030: 4010: 4001: 3999:controversy. — 3984: 3963: 3925: 3906: 3881: 3872: 3858: 3847: 3838: 3817: 3806: 3797: 3772: 3761: 3752: 3711: 3686: 3658: 3649: 3624: 3583: 3573: 3564: 3559:civil war phase 3546: 3528: 3437: 3428: 3378: 3339: 3330: 3302: 3293: 3270: 3261: 3189: 3180: 3063: 3054: 3030: 3021: 3001: 2987: 2958: 2939: 2930: 2901: 2892: 2868: 2831: 2826: 2825: 2824: 2815: 2811: 2805: 2801: 2782: 2773: 2706: 2697: 2666:Palestinians." 2659: 2654: 2653: 2652: 2643: 2639: 2633: 2629: 2588: 2579: 2507: 2472: 2463: 2436: 2427: 2378: 2369: 2295: 2293:Changes to lead 2282: 2265: 2201:could also be, 2185:WP:FALSEBALANCE 2162: 2153: 1951: 1942: 1888: 1879: 1841: 1832: 1715: 1668: 1664: 1653: 1647: 1595: 1555:commentators." 1544: 1502: 1456: 1440: 1422:, any expected 1379: 1359:, any expected 1352: 1222: 1196: 1191: 1185: 1180: 1174: 1169: 1163: 1158: 1152: 1147: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1047: 1029: 983: 980: 977: 974: 973: 953:Politics portal 951: 944: 924: 893: 878:David Bar-Hayim 686:Rami Kleinstein 670:Ayala Procaccia 622:Participate in 552: 492: 489: 486: 483: 482: 460: 455: 453: 433: 387: 384: 381: 378: 377: 370:list of members 339: 334: 332: 312: 280: 261: 260: 255: 232: 132: 127: 126: 125: 102: 72: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5241: 5239: 5231: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5135: 5134: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5107: 5106: 5105: 5081: 5042: 5041: 5016: 4994: 4981: 4980: 4979: 4978: 4977: 4954: 4947: 4926: 4925: 4924: 4923: 4922: 4921: 4920: 4911: 4898: 4894: 4860:10.1086/662741 4854:(2): 250–266. 4837: 4824: 4812: 4776: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4740: 4739: 4738: 4737: 4736: 4722: 4721: 4720: 4690: 4686: 4679: 4654: 4642: 4641: 4638: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4617: 4616: 4613: 4608: 4599: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4577: 4570: 4536: 4535: 4534: 4520: 4514: 4508: 4498: 4488: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4474: 4470: 4456: 4453: 4445: 4442: 4428: 4414: 4413: 4412: 4411: 4410: 4409: 4408: 4407: 4406: 4405: 4396: 4387: 4356: 4320: 4319: 4310: 4288: 4264:(3): 508–516. 4250: 4224:(1): 133–171. 4210:Wolfe, Patrick 4205: 4187:10.1086/662741 4181:(2): 250–266. 4164: 4144: 4125: 4101: 4079: 4066: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4028: 4023: 4022: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4006: 3992: 3967: 3959: 3924: 3921: 3920: 3919: 3918: 3917: 3916: 3915: 3900: 3899: 3898: 3897: 3896: 3895: 3894: 3893: 3892: 3891: 3890: 3889: 3888: 3887: 3886: 3877: 3843: 3833: 3829: 3802: 3791:(particularly 3757: 3742: 3739: 3697: 3696: 3695: 3654: 3644: 3637: 3597: 3596: 3595: 3594: 3593: 3592: 3569: 3524: 3505: 3504: 3501: 3485: 3478: 3459: 3458: 3457: 3456: 3442: 3433: 3383: 3382: 3374: 3363: 3356: 3355: 3354: 3353: 3352: 3351: 3350: 3349: 3348: 3347: 3346: 3345: 3344: 3335: 3298: 3266: 3249: 3224: 3217: 3185: 3172: 3141: 3123: 3112: 3087: 3086: 3085: 3084: 3083: 3082: 3059: 3026: 3010:Language like 3000: 2997: 2996: 2995: 2994: 2993: 2992: 2991: 2983: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2946: 2945: 2944: 2935: 2897: 2867: 2864: 2863: 2862: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2822: 2809: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2792: 2791: 2790: 2789: 2788: 2787: 2778: 2765: 2750: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2721: 2717: 2714: 2702: 2693:New Historians 2658: 2655: 2651: 2650: 2637: 2626: 2625: 2621: 2620: 2619: 2618: 2617: 2603: 2596: 2584: 2574: 2566: 2562: 2536:WP:BESTSOURCES 2506: 2503: 2502: 2501: 2500: 2499: 2498: 2497: 2496: 2495: 2479: 2478: 2477: 2468: 2432: 2400: 2397: 2374: 2364: 2353: 2352: 2351: 2294: 2291: 2264: 2261: 2260: 2259: 2258: 2257: 2256: 2255: 2254: 2253: 2252: 2251: 2250: 2249: 2234: 2158: 2145: 2144: 2143: 2142: 2141: 2140: 2139: 2138: 2137: 2136: 2135: 2134: 2133: 2132: 2131: 2085: 2078: 2077: 2076: 2075: 2074: 2045: 2044: 2043: 1999: 1981: 1974: 1971: 1947: 1934: 1930: 1884: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1837: 1824: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1820: 1819: 1818: 1758: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1684:50.170.171.146 1677: 1676: 1657: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1629:Thanks, done. 1594: 1591: 1590: 1589: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1496: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1437: 1431: 1412: 1411: 1408: 1401: 1400: 1396: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1335: 1318: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1288: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1262: 1261: 1256: 1246: 1245: 1240: 1230: 1229: 1227: 1225: 1219: 1218: 1210: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1203: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1188: 1177: 1166: 1155: 1141: 1140: 1138: 1125: 1115: 1114: 1103: 1097: 1096: 1094: 1063: 1051: 1050: 1024: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1000:Low-importance 996: 990: 989: 987: 970:the discussion 957: 956: 940: 928: 927: 925:Low‑importance 919: 907: 906: 903: 902: 899: 898: 895: 894: 892: 891: 890: 889: 868: 860: 847: 830: 813: 800: 779: 762: 745: 728: 720: 659: 642: 629: 612: 590: 565: 563: 562: 551: 550: 545: 540: 535: 529: 526: 525: 517: 516: 509:Low-importance 505: 499: 498: 496: 479:the discussion 466: 465: 449: 437: 436: 434:Low‑importance 428: 416: 415: 412: 411: 404:Mid-importance 400: 394: 393: 391: 345: 344: 328: 316: 315: 313:Mid‑importance 307: 295: 294: 288: 277: 263: 262: 253: 251: 250: 247: 246: 192: 191: 129: 128: 124: 123: 118: 113: 104: 103: 101: 100: 93: 88: 79: 73: 71: 70: 59: 50: 49: 46: 45: 39: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5240: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5131: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5121:IOHANNVSVERVS 5118: 5110: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5095:IOHANNVSVERVS 5091: 5090: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5071: 5070:IOHANNVSVERVS 5066: 5065: 5064: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5054:IOHANNVSVERVS 5051: 5047: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5027: 5021: 5017: 5014: 5009: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4992: 4986: 4982: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4963: 4962: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4892: 4888: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4872: 4868: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4848: 4843: 4842:Khoury, Elias 4833: 4830: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4804: 4800: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4784: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4766: 4762: 4757: 4755: 4751: 4743: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4726:IOHANNVSVERVS 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4710:IOHANNVSVERVS 4706: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4695:IOHANNVSVERVS 4691: 4687: 4684: 4680: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4663: 4662: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4648: 4647: 4646: 4645: 4635: 4631: 4626: 4622: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4578: 4575: 4571: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4555: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4471: 4469: 4468:Palestinians. 4465: 4464: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4415: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4388: 4385: 4381: 4380: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4365: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4339: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4325: 4324: 4323: 4317: 4313: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4299: 4294: 4282: 4278: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4258: 4244: 4240: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4199: 4195: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4175: 4170: 4169:Khoury, Elias 4160: 4157: 4151: 4147: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4133: 4121: 4118: 4114: 4108: 4104: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4090: 4085: 4084:Lentin, Ronit 4073: 4069: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4034: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4019: 4016: 4015: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3997: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3987: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3953: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3930: 3922: 3914: 3910: 3909: 3901: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3868: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3861: 3853: 3852: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836:be useful. — 3834: 3830: 3827: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3820: 3812: 3811: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3781: 3780: 3776: 3775: 3767: 3766: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3714: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3689: 3682: 3681:IOHANNVSVERVS 3678: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3667:IOHANNVSVERVS 3664: 3663: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3627: 3620: 3619: 3618: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3608:IOHANNVSVERVS 3605: 3602: 3591: 3587: 3586: 3579: 3578: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3560: 3556: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3549: 3542: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3532: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3518:primary cause 3514: 3512: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3466: 3464: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3425: 3421: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3410:IOHANNVSVERVS 3406: 3405: 3404: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3394:IOHANNVSVERVS 3391: 3388: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3361: 3357: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3326: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3315:IOHANNVSVERVS 3312: 3308: 3307: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3279:IOHANNVSVERVS 3276: 3275: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3247: 3243: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3232:IOHANNVSVERVS 3229: 3225: 3222: 3218: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3194: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3177: 3173: 3170: 3166: 3165:primary cause 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3110: 3109: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3098:IOHANNVSVERVS 3095: 3091: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3068: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3036: 3035: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3006: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2976: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2927: 2922: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2906: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2889: 2885: 2884: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2847: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2836:IOHANNVSVERVS 2828: 2819: 2813: 2810: 2803: 2800: 2796: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2770: 2766: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2746: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2736:IOHANNVSVERVS 2733: 2729: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2711: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2685: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2674:IOHANNVSVERVS 2670: 2667: 2664: 2656: 2647: 2641: 2638: 2631: 2628: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2607:IOHANNVSVERVS 2604: 2601: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2575: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2560: 2555: 2554: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2543:IOHANNVSVERVS 2539: 2537: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2504: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2485:IOHANNVSVERVS 2483: 2480: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2441: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2423: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2412:IOHANNVSVERVS 2409: 2408:Abigail Bakan 2405: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2383: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2365: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2341:IOHANNVSVERVS 2339: 2336: 2335: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2321: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2310:IOHANNVSVERVS 2306: 2304: 2300: 2292: 2290: 2289: 2286: 2285: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2262: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2239:FortunateSons 2235: 2232: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2217: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2189:IOHANNVSVERVS 2186: 2183: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2167: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2150: 2146: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2121:IOHANNVSVERVS 2119: 2115: 2114: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2083: 2079: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2059: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2014: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1979: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1961:IOHANNVSVERVS 1957: 1956: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1939: 1938:User:Levivich 1935: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1920:IOHANNVSVERVS 1917: 1913: 1909: 1908: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1898:IOHANNVSVERVS 1894: 1893: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1876: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1862: 1861: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1851:IOHANNVSVERVS 1847: 1846: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1829: 1825: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1806:for example. 1805: 1801: 1800:Causes of WWI 1797: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1782:IOHANNVSVERVS 1779: 1778: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1744: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1734:IOHANNVSVERVS 1731: 1730: 1729: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1699:IOHANNVSVERVS 1696: 1695: 1694: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1674: 1671:parameter to 1662: 1658: 1651: 1650: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1631:IOHANNVSVERVS 1628: 1627: 1626: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1602: 1599: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1575: 1574: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1564:IOHANNVSVERVS 1561: 1556: 1553: 1549: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1524: 1523: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1499: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1470: 1466: 1465: 1461: 1453: 1451: 1438: 1435: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1397: 1393: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1319: 1316: 1312: 1311: 1292: 1284: 1280: 1279: 1276: 1268: 1264: 1263: 1260: 1252: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1236: 1232: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1204: 1202: 1189: 1186:criterion met 1178: 1175:criterion met 1167: 1164:criterion met 1156: 1145: 1144: 1143: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1129: 1126: 1121: 1117: 1116: 1112: 1111:quality scale 1108: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1069: 1064: 1061: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1018: 1005: 1001: 995: 992: 991: 988: 971: 967: 963: 962: 954: 948: 943: 941: 938: 934: 933: 929: 923: 920: 917: 913: 887: 883: 879: 876: 874: 870: 869: 867: 865: 861: 859: 856: 854: 853: 848: 845: 844: 839: 837: 836: 831: 828: 827: 822: 820: 819: 814: 812: 809: 807: 806: 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