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Talk:Boolean algebra

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6113: 5262: 6108:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\lambda {}ab.baa&\Leftrightarrow a\operatorname {p_{1}} b\\\lambda {}ab.abb&\Leftrightarrow a\operatorname {p_{2}} b\\\lambda {}ab.aab\Leftrightarrow \lambda {}ab.aKb&\Leftrightarrow {\begin{cases}a\lor b&{\text{if }}K=1\\a\land b&{\text{if }}K=0\end{cases}}\\\lambda {}ab.aba\Leftrightarrow \lambda {}ab.abKi&\Leftrightarrow {\begin{cases}a\land b&{\text{if }}Ki=0\\a\lor b&{\text{if }}Ki=1\end{cases}}\\\lambda {}ab.abK&\Leftrightarrow {\begin{cases}a\rightarrow b&{\text{if }}K=1\\a{\overline {\leftarrow }}b&{\text{if }}K=0\end{cases}}\\\lambda {}ab.baK&\Leftrightarrow {\begin{cases}a\leftarrow b&{\text{if }}K=1\\a{\overline {\rightarrow }}b&{\text{if }}K=0\end{cases}}\\\lambda {}ab.aKib&\Leftrightarrow {\begin{cases}a{\overline {\leftarrow }}b&{\text{if }}Ki=0\\a\rightarrow b&{\text{if }}Ki=1\end{cases}}\\\lambda {}ab.bKia&\Leftrightarrow {\begin{cases}a{\overline {\rightarrow }}b&{\text{if }}Ki=0\\a\leftarrow b&{\text{if }}Ki=1\end{cases}}\end{aligned}}} 6184:, since the template pushed the table downwards and created a big blank space. As to whether it's useless, I think the template is useful as soon as any logical notation is featured, since it shows different notational variants for each of the connectives, so readers who are used to, say, & instead of ∧, will not be confused by the discrepancy between what they're used to and the article. But if you don't want it in the lead, again, I don't actually care enough to undo your edits, I did it by accident because I thought I must have forgotten to do it. 440: 419: 345: 5253: 335: 314: 281: 4961: 855: 4970: 606: 529: 508: 4712: 241: 272: 5248:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\lambda {}a.aKiKi&\Leftrightarrow {\begin{cases}\bot &{\text{if }}Ki=0\\\top &{\text{if }}Ki=1\end{cases}}\\\lambda {}a.aKK&\Leftrightarrow {\begin{cases}\top &{\text{if }}K=1\\\bot &{\text{if }}K=0\end{cases}}\\\lambda {}a.aKKi&\Leftrightarrow a\\\lambda {}a.aKiK&\Leftrightarrow \neg {}a\end{aligned}}} 4956:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}aKia\Leftrightarrow aKiKi&\Leftrightarrow Ki\\aaK\Leftrightarrow aKK&\Leftrightarrow K\\aaa\Leftrightarrow aaKi\Leftrightarrow aKa\Leftrightarrow aKKi&\Leftrightarrow a\\aKiK&\Leftrightarrow {\begin{cases}Ki&{\text{when }}a=K\\K&{\text{when }}a=Ki\end{cases}}\end{aligned}}} 1248: 1690:
I scanned the rules here at this page, and my extremely formal and pedantic justification for doing this seems lacking. I'm not even sure this page has defined equality as an operator resolving to a truth value (as common in many computer languages). A better mathematician than I will spot whether
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The article suggests that Boolean algebra uses the same notation as propositional logic, but this is incorrect. Modern Boolean algebra uses the same notation as elementary algebra (i.e., the dot symbol, plus sign, etc.). Could an established editor research with mainstream sources and update the
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The word "countable" does not appear in this article. Nor is it mentioned that some boolean algebras are not power sets. Never mind that there are (40-year-old) classification theorems for countable boolean algebras. I would love it if this was remedied, either in this article, or in some other.
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are equivalent structures, one using logical connectives as operators, and the other using arithmetic operations. You are asserting that Boolean rings are more used in modern mathematics. This seems not true. If this were true, the
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This is Boolean algebra as filtered through how an ancient CS guy conceptualizes symbolic reasoning. Pedantic we can do. My problem is to make the rule set complete, I seemed to need to add a problematic rule:
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Hi, I remade the edit as an accident, I didn't notice it was reverted. The logical connectives sidebar really does fit better in the "Operations" section semantically speaking, but I was moving it to the lead
950:): "Contrary to popular belief Boole did not work with a two-element Boolean algebra, nor with the Boolean algebra of subsets of a given set. Boole was simply not doing Boolean algebra, nor Boolean rings." 1822:
To find the dual operator one has to negate the operands and find the operator that provides the opposite results with the negated operands. Here are the truth tables of all 8 dual operator pairs:
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Just to be clear, my strange rule reads to a CS guy as "rewrites as" at the level of whole equations. I'm well aware this is a frame jump, even if it also happens to be algebraically sound. —
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this is indeed an axiomatic gap at this page, or a merely an expository gap, or merely a gap of implied application, or even more merely the braino of an antique from across the aisle.
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Also, if you can standardize the pedagogy, fill your boots. I was trying to avoid the arithmetic metaphor for this slight application, though perhaps that was misguided.
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Note that I'm an extreme tumbleweed editor and I'm unlikely to return here; this is already far more time than I ordinarily expend in any one place. —
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Alas, I am not finding such an exposition in Knowledge. I do not have the wherewithal to be bold and write such content myself. Anyone?
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If we bind the variables with lambda expressions, we get all four possible Boolean unary operators - but not unambiguously.
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in the operator position merely select an argument. Almost half of the others are duplicates with renamed variables.
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follow from the definition above, the rules of negation, and the commutative constant identity for disjunction:
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This is problematic because it seems to hoist a level above the definition of rightarrow recently introduced.
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We get 8 of 16 Boolean binary operators but because of duality it is impossible to decide whether
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Suppose we try to figure out which combinator should be 0 and which one should be 1 by applying
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Lambda calculus is written in prefix-notation, so the leftmost symbol is the operator.
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Requested articles/Applied arts and sciences/Computer science, computing, and Internet
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Let's have a look at the ones with just one of the variables (either a or b) first.
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and two variables to form such a binary function application. The 32 triplets with
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be a function that takes two arguments and returns the first (selector-1) and let
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https://www.math.uwaterloo.ca/~snburris/htdocs/MYWORKS/PREPRINTS/aboole.pdf
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In lambda calculus for instance Boolean values can be represented by the
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begins to tackle this. Still, this article should mention this.
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and assorted other logics. Much of it is not straight-forward.
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See the current status of my new section on Boolean algebra at
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Now let's have a look at the expressions with both variables.
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Find pictures for the biographies of computer scientists (see
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This article is not about Boolean algebras — that's at
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be a function that returns the second (selector-2).
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For discussion, here's my addition just added: 652:Computer science articles needing expert attention 6182:because that section looked crowded in my monitor 33:for general discussion of the article's subject. 6276:Knowledge level-4 vital articles in Mathematics 3833:{\displaystyle {\overline {\leftrightarrow }}} 792:WikiProject Computer science/Unreferenced BLPs 923:This page has archives. Sections older than 192: 8: 709:Computer science articles without infoboxes 647:Computer science articles needing attention 2896:{\displaystyle {\overline {\rightarrow }}} 1035:{\textstyle x\rightarrow y=\neg {x}\vee y} 613:Here are some tasks awaiting attention: 587: 502: 413: 308: 6316:High-importance Computer science articles 6142: 6122: 6077: 6045: 6030: 6019: 5989: 5958: 5926: 5911: 5900: 5870: 5842: 5827: 5806: 5787: 5760: 5732: 5717: 5696: 5677: 5650: 5619: 5587: 5568: 5538: 5512: 5484: 5455: 5436: 5409: 5383: 5363: 5358: 5328: 5308: 5303: 5273: 5266: 5264: 5236: 5206: 5169: 5141: 5118: 5105: 5081: 5050: 5024: 5011: 4981: 4974: 4972: 4925: 4902: 4886: 4716: 4714: 4686: 4666: 4643: 4623: 4600: 4580: 4557: 4537: 4458: 4456: 4419: 4385: 4368: 4366: 4341: 4321: 4298: 4278: 4145: 4140: 4119: 4098: 4090: 4069: 4048: 4024: 4003: 3979: 3851: 3846: 3820: 3818: 3797: 3789: 3768: 3747: 3723: 3702: 3678: 3548: 3543: 3516: 3510: 3508: 3487: 3479: 3458: 3437: 3413: 3391: 3385: 3361: 3233: 3228: 3201: 3195: 3193: 3172: 3164: 3143: 3122: 3098: 3075: 3070: 3068: 3044: 2914: 2909: 2883: 2881: 2860: 2852: 2831: 2810: 2786: 2765: 2741: 2613: 2608: 2595:{\displaystyle {\overline {\leftarrow }}} 2582: 2580: 2559: 2551: 2530: 2509: 2485: 2464: 2440: 2310: 2305: 2279: 2277: 2256: 2248: 2227: 2206: 2182: 2156: 2154: 2130: 2002: 1997: 1976: 1955: 1947: 1926: 1905: 1881: 1860: 1836: 1666: 1637: 1629: 1609:{\textstyle \neg {1}=\neg (\neg {x})=x=0} 1586: 1569: 1564: 1543: 1526: 1491: 1462: 1436: 1428: 1371: 1336: 1304: 1270: 1262: 1182: 1149: 1120: 1113: 1091: 1069: 1062: 1060: 1021: 1004: 946:According to a paper by Stanley Burris ( 4618:. There are 64 ways to combine tree of 1792:. This is about "Boolean algebra" as a 983:The equivalent concept as formulated in 6266:Knowledge vital articles in Mathematics 504: 415: 310: 269: 6206:2600:1008:A111:42FB:3041:712:E13E:4B2F 3085:{\displaystyle \operatorname {p_{1}} } 933:when more than 5 sections are present. 554:Knowledge:WikiProject Computer science 6321:WikiProject Computer science articles 6281:C-Class vital articles in Mathematics 6160:is the Boolean 0 or 1, respectively. 557:Template:WikiProject Computer science 7: 2169:{\displaystyle {\overline {\land }}} 1772:Boolean algebras canonically defined 942:Boole did not invent Boolean Algebra 534:This article is within the scope of 445:This article is within the scope of 356:This article is within the scope of 3530:{\displaystyle {\overline {p_{2}}}} 2292:{\displaystyle {\overline {\lor }}} 1728:. 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Welcome! 6337: 6194:18:55, 23 March 2024 (UTC) 6170:22:43, 19 March 2024 (UTC) 1810:02:12, 28 April 2023 (UTC) 1784:02:05, 28 April 2023 (UTC) 1765:01:40, 28 April 2023 (UTC) 1742:01:48, 28 April 2023 (UTC) 1722:law of the excluded middle 580:project's importance scale 117: 6241:18:46, 21 July 2024 (UTC) 6214:17:36, 21 July 2024 (UTC) 4156:{\displaystyle \neg {}b)} 4106:{\displaystyle (\neg {}a} 3862:{\displaystyle \neg {}b)} 3805:{\displaystyle (\neg {}a} 3559:{\displaystyle \neg {}b)} 3495:{\displaystyle (\neg {}a} 3244:{\displaystyle \neg {}b)} 3180:{\displaystyle (\neg {}a} 2925:{\displaystyle \neg {}b)} 2868:{\displaystyle (\neg {}a} 2624:{\displaystyle \neg {}b)} 2567:{\displaystyle (\neg {}a} 2321:{\displaystyle \neg {}b)} 2264:{\displaystyle (\neg {}a} 2013:{\displaystyle \neg {}b)} 1963:{\displaystyle (\neg {}a} 810:Category:Computer science 586: 573: 560:Computer science articles 522: 484: 433: 395: 328: 307: 80:Be welcoming to newcomers 812:and sub-categories with 402:project's priority scale 359:WikiProject Mathematics 6256:C-Class vital articles 6154: 6131: 6109: 5249: 4957: 4698: 4675: 4655: 4632: 4612: 4589: 4569: 4546: 4524: 4441: 4353: 4330: 4310: 4287: 4157: 4128: 4107: 4078: 4057: 4036: 4012: 3991: 3863: 3834: 3806: 3777: 3756: 3735: 3711: 3690: 3560: 3531: 3496: 3467: 3446: 3425: 3401: 3373: 3245: 3216: 3181: 3152: 3131: 3110: 3086: 3056: 2926: 2897: 2869: 2840: 2819: 2798: 2774: 2753: 2625: 2596: 2568: 2539: 2518: 2497: 2473: 2452: 2322: 2293: 2265: 2236: 2215: 2194: 2170: 2142: 2014: 1985: 1964: 1935: 1914: 1893: 1869: 1868:{\displaystyle \land } 1848: 1798:propositional calculus 1678: 1618: 1610: 1552: 1477: 1451: 1410: 1322: 1285: 1244: 1036: 930:Lowercase sigmabot III 773:Computer science stubs 448:WikiProject Statistics 75:avoid personal attacks 6155: 6132: 6110: 5250: 4958: 4699: 4676: 4656: 4633: 4613: 4590: 4570: 4547: 4525: 4442: 4354: 4331: 4311: 4288: 4158: 4129: 4127:{\displaystyle \bot } 4108: 4079: 4077:{\displaystyle \neg } 4058: 4037: 4013: 4011:{\displaystyle \top } 3992: 3864: 3835: 3807: 3778: 3776:{\displaystyle \neg } 3757: 3736: 3712: 3691: 3561: 3532: 3497: 3468: 3466:{\displaystyle \neg } 3447: 3426: 3402: 3400:{\displaystyle p_{2}} 3374: 3246: 3217: 3182: 3153: 3151:{\displaystyle \neg } 3132: 3111: 3087: 3057: 2927: 2898: 2870: 2841: 2839:{\displaystyle \neg } 2820: 2799: 2775: 2754: 2626: 2597: 2569: 2540: 2538:{\displaystyle \neg } 2519: 2498: 2474: 2453: 2323: 2294: 2266: 2237: 2235:{\displaystyle \neg } 2216: 2195: 2171: 2143: 2015: 1986: 1984:{\displaystyle \lor } 1965: 1936: 1934:{\displaystyle \neg } 1915: 1894: 1870: 1849: 1679: 1611: 1553: 1478: 1452: 1411: 1323: 1286: 1245: 1037: 981: 286:level-4 vital article 233:Auto-archiving period 100:Neutral point of view 6204:article? Thanks.... 6141: 6121: 5263: 4971: 4713: 4685: 4665: 4642: 4622: 4599: 4579: 4556: 4536: 4455: 4365: 4340: 4320: 4297: 4277: 4139: 4118: 4089: 4068: 4047: 4023: 4002: 3978: 3845: 3817: 3788: 3767: 3746: 3722: 3701: 3677: 3542: 3507: 3478: 3457: 3436: 3412: 3384: 3360: 3227: 3192: 3163: 3142: 3121: 3097: 3067: 3043: 2908: 2880: 2851: 2830: 2809: 2785: 2764: 2740: 2607: 2579: 2550: 2529: 2508: 2484: 2463: 2439: 2304: 2276: 2247: 2226: 2205: 2181: 2153: 2129: 1996: 1975: 1946: 1925: 1904: 1880: 1859: 1835: 1726:intuitionistic logic 1628: 1563: 1490: 1461: 1427: 1335: 1321:{\displaystyle x=1,} 1303: 1261: 1059: 1003: 989:material conditional 591:Things you can help 382:mathematics articles 105:No original research 6199:Incorrect notation? 1476:{\displaystyle y=0} 471:Statistics articles 6153:{\displaystyle Ki} 6150: 6127: 6105: 6103: 6096: 5977: 5858: 5748: 5638: 5500: 5245: 5243: 5157: 5069: 4953: 4951: 4944: 4697:{\displaystyle Ki} 4694: 4671: 4654:{\displaystyle Ki} 4651: 4628: 4611:{\displaystyle Ki} 4608: 4585: 4568:{\displaystyle Ki} 4565: 4542: 4520: 4518: 4437: 4435: 4352:{\displaystyle Ki} 4349: 4326: 4309:{\displaystyle Ki} 4306: 4283: 4153: 4124: 4103: 4074: 4053: 4035:{\displaystyle b)} 4032: 4008: 3990:{\displaystyle (a} 3987: 3859: 3830: 3802: 3773: 3752: 3734:{\displaystyle b)} 3731: 3707: 3689:{\displaystyle (a} 3686: 3556: 3527: 3492: 3463: 3442: 3424:{\displaystyle b)} 3421: 3397: 3372:{\displaystyle (a} 3369: 3241: 3212: 3177: 3148: 3127: 3109:{\displaystyle b)} 3106: 3082: 3055:{\displaystyle (a} 3052: 2922: 2893: 2865: 2836: 2815: 2797:{\displaystyle b)} 2794: 2770: 2752:{\displaystyle (a} 2749: 2621: 2592: 2564: 2535: 2514: 2496:{\displaystyle b)} 2493: 2469: 2451:{\displaystyle (a} 2448: 2318: 2289: 2261: 2232: 2211: 2193:{\displaystyle b)} 2190: 2166: 2141:{\displaystyle (a} 2138: 2010: 1981: 1960: 1931: 1910: 1892:{\displaystyle b)} 1889: 1865: 1847:{\displaystyle (a} 1844: 1674: 1606: 1548: 1473: 1447: 1406: 1318: 1281: 1240: 1238: 1032: 971:with mixed results 351:Mathematics portal 295:content assessment 86:dispute resolution 47: 6130:{\displaystyle K} 6080: 6048: 6038: 5961: 5929: 5919: 5845: 5835: 5809: 5735: 5725: 5699: 5622: 5590: 5487: 5458: 5144: 5121: 5053: 5027: 4928: 4905: 4674:{\displaystyle K} 4631:{\displaystyle K} 4588:{\displaystyle K} 4545:{\displaystyle K} 4329:{\displaystyle K} 4316:combinators. Let 4286:{\displaystyle K} 4266: 4265: 4262: 4261: 3968: 3967: 3828: 3665: 3664: 3525: 3350: 3349: 3210: 3031: 3030: 2891: 2730: 2729: 2590: 2427: 2426: 2287: 2164: 2119: 2118: 1770:Oooh, seems that 1423:, again assuming 937: 936: 902: 901: 847: 846: 843: 842: 839: 838: 835: 834: 831: 830: 501: 500: 497: 496: 412: 411: 408: 407: 264: 263: 66:Assume good faith 43: 6328: 6220:Boolean algebras 6175:Not edit warring 6159: 6157: 6156: 6151: 6136: 6134: 6133: 6128: 6114: 6112: 6111: 6106: 6104: 6100: 6099: 6081: 6078: 6049: 6046: 6039: 6031: 5990: 5981: 5980: 5962: 5959: 5930: 5927: 5920: 5912: 5871: 5862: 5861: 5846: 5843: 5836: 5828: 5810: 5807: 5761: 5752: 5751: 5736: 5733: 5726: 5718: 5700: 5697: 5651: 5642: 5641: 5623: 5620: 5591: 5588: 5539: 5513: 5504: 5503: 5488: 5485: 5459: 5456: 5410: 5384: 5369: 5368: 5367: 5329: 5314: 5313: 5312: 5274: 5254: 5252: 5251: 5246: 5244: 5237: 5207: 5170: 5161: 5160: 5145: 5142: 5122: 5119: 5082: 5073: 5072: 5054: 5051: 5028: 5025: 4982: 4962: 4960: 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2415: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2401: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2377: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2353: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2329: 2328: 2317: 2314: 2309: 2299: 2286: 2283: 2271: 2260: 2255: 2252: 2242: 2231: 2221: 2210: 2200: 2189: 2186: 2176: 2163: 2160: 2148: 2137: 2134: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2069: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2021: 2020: 2009: 2006: 2001: 1991: 1980: 1970: 1959: 1954: 1951: 1941: 1930: 1920: 1909: 1899: 1888: 1885: 1875: 1864: 1854: 1843: 1840: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1814: 1813: 1812: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1715: 1714: 1685: 1684: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1633: 1617: 1616: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1558: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1446: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1432: 1417: 1416: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1251: 1250: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1116: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1031: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1008: 972: 965: 954:Tashiro~enwiki 943: 940: 935: 934: 922: 919: 918: 913: 909: 907: 904: 903: 900: 899: 894: 888: 887: 882: 877: 864: 863: 858: 852: 845: 844: 841: 840: 837: 836: 833: 832: 829: 828: 826: 825: 823: 822: 805: 797: 795: 794: 788: 778: 776: 775: 769: 759: 757: 756: 751: 743: 733: 731: 730: 724: 714: 712: 711: 705: 695: 693: 692: 686: 676: 674: 673: 667: 657: 655: 654: 649: 643: 633: 631: 630: 624: 612: 610: 609: 597: 596: 584: 583: 572: 566: 565: 563: 546:the discussion 532: 520: 519: 511: 499: 498: 495: 494: 487:Top-importance 483: 477: 476: 474: 457:the discussion 443: 431: 430: 428:Top‑importance 422: 410: 409: 406: 405: 394: 388: 387: 385: 368:the discussion 355: 354: 338: 326: 325: 317: 305: 304: 298: 276: 262: 261: 252: 250: 249: 246: 245: 199: 198: 136: 135: 130: 129: 123: 118: 116: 113: 112: 107: 102: 93: 92: 90: 89: 82: 77: 68: 62: 60: 59: 48: 39: 38: 35: 34: 28: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6333: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6225: 6224:Boolean rings 6221: 6218: 6217: 6216: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6198: 6196: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6174: 6172: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6147: 6144: 6124: 6115: 6091: 6088: 6085: 6082: 6072: 6066: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6050: 6040: 6027: 6021: 6014: 6009: 6006: 6003: 6000: 5997: 5994: 5991: 5986: 5972: 5969: 5966: 5963: 5953: 5947: 5940: 5937: 5934: 5931: 5921: 5908: 5902: 5895: 5890: 5887: 5884: 5881: 5878: 5875: 5872: 5867: 5853: 5850: 5847: 5837: 5824: 5817: 5814: 5811: 5801: 5795: 5789: 5782: 5777: 5774: 5771: 5768: 5765: 5762: 5757: 5743: 5740: 5737: 5727: 5714: 5707: 5704: 5701: 5691: 5685: 5679: 5672: 5667: 5664: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5652: 5647: 5633: 5630: 5627: 5624: 5614: 5611: 5608: 5601: 5598: 5595: 5592: 5582: 5579: 5576: 5570: 5563: 5558: 5555: 5552: 5549: 5546: 5543: 5540: 5535: 5529: 5526: 5523: 5520: 5517: 5514: 5509: 5495: 5492: 5489: 5479: 5476: 5473: 5466: 5463: 5460: 5450: 5447: 5444: 5438: 5431: 5426: 5423: 5420: 5417: 5414: 5411: 5406: 5400: 5397: 5394: 5391: 5388: 5385: 5380: 5373: 5370: 5364: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5325: 5318: 5315: 5309: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5287: 5284: 5281: 5278: 5275: 5270: 5258: 5255: 5238: 5228: 5223: 5220: 5217: 5214: 5211: 5208: 5203: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5183: 5180: 5177: 5174: 5171: 5166: 5152: 5149: 5146: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5107: 5100: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5083: 5078: 5064: 5061: 5058: 5055: 5038: 5035: 5032: 5029: 5013: 5006: 5001: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4978: 4966: 4963: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4920: 4913: 4910: 4907: 4897: 4894: 4888: 4881: 4876: 4873: 4870: 4867: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4760: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4720: 4708: 4705: 4691: 4688: 4668: 4648: 4645: 4625: 4605: 4602: 4582: 4562: 4559: 4539: 4530: 4513: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4450: 4447: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4406: 4403: 4396: 4393: 4390: 4387: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4372: 4360: 4346: 4343: 4323: 4303: 4300: 4280: 4271: 4270: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4237: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4213: 4209: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4165: 4147: 4135: 4114: 4100: 4085: 4064: 4043: 4026: 4019: 3998: 3984: 3974: 3973: 3970: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3943: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3871: 3853: 3841: 3813: 3799: 3784: 3763: 3742: 3725: 3718: 3697: 3683: 3673: 3672: 3669: 3668: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3640: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3568: 3550: 3538: 3517: 3513: 3503: 3489: 3474: 3453: 3432: 3415: 3408: 3392: 3388: 3380: 3366: 3356: 3355: 3352: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3235: 3223: 3202: 3188: 3174: 3159: 3138: 3117: 3100: 3093: 3076: 3063: 3049: 3039: 3038: 3035: 3034: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3006: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2934: 2916: 2904: 2876: 2862: 2847: 2826: 2805: 2788: 2781: 2760: 2746: 2736: 2735: 2732: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2681: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2633: 2615: 2603: 2575: 2561: 2546: 2525: 2504: 2487: 2480: 2459: 2445: 2435: 2434: 2431: 2430: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2402: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2378: 2374: 2371: 2368: 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1421:modus tollens 1403: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1372: 1365: 1362: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1331: 1330: 1329: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1299:is true) and 1298: 1294: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1264: 1256: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1183: 1176: 1173: 1165: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1121: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1092: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1070: 1055: 1054: 1053: 1051: 1050:modus tollens 1047: 1043: 1029: 1026: 1022: 1015: 1012: 1006: 998: 994: 991:, expressing 990: 986: 980: 978: 970: 966: 964: 963: 959: 955: 951: 949: 941: 939: 931: 926: 921: 920: 906: 905: 898: 895: 893: 890: 889: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 872: 869: 866: 865: 861: 856: 851: 850: 818: 811: 807: 806: 804: 802: 798: 793: 790: 789: 787: 785: 784: 779: 774: 771: 770: 768: 766: 765: 760: 755: 752: 749: 745: 744: 742: 740: 739: 734: 729: 726: 725: 723: 721: 720: 715: 710: 707: 706: 704: 702: 701: 696: 691: 688: 687: 685: 683: 682: 677: 672: 669: 668: 666: 664: 663: 658: 653: 650: 648: 645: 644: 642: 640: 639: 634: 629: 626: 625: 623: 621: 620: 615: 614: 611: 607: 603: 602: 599: 598: 594: 590: 589: 585: 581: 577: 571: 568: 567: 564: 547: 543: 539: 538: 533: 530: 526: 525: 521: 515: 512: 509: 505: 492: 488: 482: 479: 478: 475: 458: 454: 450: 449: 444: 441: 437: 436: 432: 426: 423: 420: 416: 403: 399: 393: 390: 389: 386: 369: 365: 361: 360: 352: 346: 341: 339: 336: 332: 331: 327: 321: 318: 315: 311: 306: 302: 296: 288: 287: 277: 273: 268: 267: 248: 247: 242: 238: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 207: 205: 201: 200: 195: 191: 188: 185: 181: 177: 173: 170: 167: 164: 161: 158: 155: 152: 149: 145: 142: 141:Find sources: 138: 137: 128: 125: 124: 121: 111: 110:Verifiability 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 97: 96: 87: 83: 81: 78: 76: 72: 69: 67: 64: 63: 57: 53: 52:Learn to edit 49: 46: 41: 40: 37: 36: 32: 26: 22: 18: 17: 6229:exclusive or 6202: 6178: 6162:41.66.98.160 6116: 5259: 5256: 4967: 4964: 4709: 4706: 4575:to pairs of 4531: 4451: 4448: 4361: 4272: 4268: 4267: 1821: 1776:67.198.37.16 1757:67.198.37.16 1753: 1734:67.198.37.16 1696: 1693: 1689: 1686: 1619: 1420: 1418: 1296: 1292: 1255:modus ponens 1254: 1252: 1049: 1046:Modus ponens 1045: 1044: 996: 992: 982: 977:modus ponens 974: 969:modus ponens 968: 952: 945: 938: 924: 859: 800: 799: 783:Unreferenced 781: 780: 762: 761: 736: 735: 717: 716: 698: 697: 679: 678: 660: 659: 636: 635: 617: 616: 575: 535: 486: 446: 398:Top-priority 397: 357: 323:Top‑priority 301:WikiProjects 284: 236: 202: 189: 183: 175: 168: 162: 156: 150: 140: 94: 19:This is the 4269:Motivation: 1483:, we have: 1257:, assuming 373:Mathematics 364:mathematics 320:Mathematics 166:free images 31:not a forum 6250:Categories 462:Statistics 453:statistics 425:Statistics 1802:Trovatore 1794:mass noun 1328:we have: 897:Archive 5 892:Archive 4 885:Archive 3 880:Archive 2 875:Archive 1 671:Computing 289:is rated 88:if needed 71:Be polite 21:talk page 6233:D.Lazard 1295:implies 995:implies 860:Archives 719:Maintain 662:Copyedit 204:Archives 120:Shortcut 56:get help 29:This is 27:article. 1818:Duality 925:90 days 700:Infobox 638:Cleanup 578:on the 489:on the 400:on the 291:C-class 237:90 days 172:WP refs 160:scholar 1709:MaxEnt 1699:MaxEnt 987:, the 681:Expand 297:scale. 144:Google 4927:when 4904:when 868:Index 764:Stubs 738:Photo 595:with: 278:This 209:Index 187:JSTOR 148:books 84:Seek 6237:talk 6222:and 6210:talk 6190:talk 6166:talk 4595:and 4552:and 4293:and 1806:talk 1800:. -- 1780:talk 1761:talk 1738:talk 1457:and 1419:For 1253:For 1048:and 958:talk 570:High 180:FENS 154:news 73:and 6137:or 6079:if 6047:if 5960:if 5928:if 5844:if 5808:if 5734:if 5698:if 5621:if 5589:if 5486:if 5457:if 5143:if 5120:if 5052:if 5026:if 4681:or 1042:. 481:Top 392:Top 194:TWL 6252:: 6239:) 6212:) 6192:) 6168:) 6070:← 6036:¯ 6033:→ 6017:⇔ 5987:λ 5951:→ 5917:¯ 5914:← 5898:⇔ 5868:λ 5833:¯ 5830:→ 5799:← 5785:⇔ 5758:λ 5723:¯ 5720:← 5689:→ 5675:⇔ 5648:λ 5612:∨ 5580:∧ 5566:⇔ 5536:λ 5533:⇔ 5510:λ 5477:∧ 5448:∨ 5434:⇔ 5407:λ 5404:⇔ 5381:λ 5371:⁡ 5353:⇔ 5326:λ 5316:⁡ 5298:⇔ 5271:λ 5234:¬ 5231:⇔ 5204:λ 5194:⇔ 5167:λ 5137:⊥ 5114:⊤ 5103:⇔ 5079:λ 5046:⊤ 5020:⊥ 5009:⇔ 4979:λ 4884:⇔ 4858:⇔ 4839:⇔ 4827:⇔ 4812:⇔ 4793:⇔ 4777:⇔ 4755:⇔ 4733:⇔ 4638:, 4508:⇔ 4479:⇔ 4417:λ 4414::= 4383:λ 4380::= 4143:¬ 4122:⊥ 4096:¬ 4072:¬ 4051:↔ 4006:⊤ 3849:¬ 3826:¯ 3823:↔ 3795:¬ 3771:¬ 3750:↔ 3705:↔ 3546:¬ 3523:¯ 3485:¬ 3461:¬ 3440:↔ 3231:¬ 3208:¯ 3170:¬ 3146:¬ 3125:↔ 2912:¬ 2889:¯ 2886:→ 2858:¬ 2834:¬ 2813:↔ 2768:← 2611:¬ 2588:¯ 2585:← 2557:¬ 2533:¬ 2512:↔ 2467:→ 2308:¬ 2285:¯ 2282:∨ 2254:¬ 2230:¬ 2209:↔ 2162:¯ 2159:∧ 2000:¬ 1979:∨ 1953:¬ 1929:¬ 1908:↔ 1863:∧ 1808:) 1782:) 1763:) 1740:) 1664:¬ 1652:→ 1635:¬ 1584:¬ 1578:¬ 1567:¬ 1541:¬ 1532:∨ 1524:¬ 1515:→ 1503:→ 1434:→ 1389:∨ 1377:∨ 1369:¬ 1360:→ 1348:→ 1268:→ 1221:∨ 1198:∨ 1180:¬ 1168:→ 1147:¬ 1118:¬ 1111:¬ 1089:¬ 1067:¬ 1027:∨ 1019:¬ 1010:→ 960:) 820:}} 814:{{ 235:: 227:, 223:, 219:, 215:, 211:, 174:) 54:; 6235:( 6208:( 6188:( 6164:( 6148:i 6145:K 6125:K 6092:1 6089:= 6086:i 6083:K 6073:b 6067:a 6060:0 6057:= 6054:i 6051:K 6041:b 6028:a 6022:{ 6010:a 6007:i 6004:K 6001:b 5998:. 5995:b 5992:a 5973:1 5970:= 5967:i 5964:K 5954:b 5948:a 5941:0 5938:= 5935:i 5932:K 5922:b 5909:a 5903:{ 5891:b 5888:i 5885:K 5882:a 5879:. 5876:b 5873:a 5854:0 5851:= 5848:K 5838:b 5825:a 5818:1 5815:= 5812:K 5802:b 5796:a 5790:{ 5778:K 5775:a 5772:b 5769:. 5766:b 5763:a 5744:0 5741:= 5738:K 5728:b 5715:a 5708:1 5705:= 5702:K 5692:b 5686:a 5680:{ 5668:K 5665:b 5662:a 5659:. 5656:b 5653:a 5634:1 5631:= 5628:i 5625:K 5615:b 5609:a 5602:0 5599:= 5596:i 5593:K 5583:b 5577:a 5571:{ 5559:i 5556:K 5553:b 5550:a 5547:. 5544:b 5541:a 5530:a 5527:b 5524:a 5521:. 5518:b 5515:a 5496:0 5493:= 5490:K 5480:b 5474:a 5467:1 5464:= 5461:K 5451:b 5445:a 5439:{ 5427:b 5424:K 5421:a 5418:. 5415:b 5412:a 5401:b 5398:a 5395:a 5392:. 5389:b 5386:a 5374:b 5365:2 5361:p 5356:a 5346:b 5343:b 5340:a 5337:. 5334:b 5331:a 5319:b 5310:1 5306:p 5301:a 5291:a 5288:a 5285:b 5282:. 5279:b 5276:a 5239:a 5224:K 5221:i 5218:K 5215:a 5212:. 5209:a 5197:a 5187:i 5184:K 5181:K 5178:a 5175:. 5172:a 5153:0 5150:= 5147:K 5130:1 5127:= 5124:K 5108:{ 5096:K 5093:K 5090:a 5087:. 5084:a 5065:1 5062:= 5059:i 5056:K 5039:0 5036:= 5033:i 5030:K 5014:{ 5002:i 4999:K 4996:i 4993:K 4990:a 4987:. 4984:a 4940:i 4937:K 4934:= 4931:a 4921:K 4914:K 4911:= 4908:a 4898:i 4895:K 4889:{ 4877:K 4874:i 4871:K 4868:a 4861:a 4851:i 4848:K 4845:K 4842:a 4836:a 4833:K 4830:a 4824:i 4821:K 4818:a 4815:a 4809:a 4806:a 4803:a 4796:K 4786:K 4783:K 4780:a 4774:K 4771:a 4768:a 4761:i 4758:K 4748:i 4745:K 4742:i 4739:K 4736:a 4730:a 4727:i 4724:K 4721:a 4692:i 4689:K 4669:K 4649:i 4646:K 4626:K 4606:i 4603:K 4583:K 4563:i 4560:K 4540:K 4514:i 4511:K 4501:i 4498:K 4495:K 4492:i 4489:K 4482:K 4472:i 4469:K 4466:K 4463:K 4431:b 4428:. 4425:b 4422:a 4407:i 4404:K 4397:a 4394:. 4391:b 4388:a 4373:K 4347:i 4344:K 4324:K 4304:i 4301:K 4281:K 4258:0 4255:0 4252:0 4245:1 4242:1 4239:1 4234:1 4231:0 4228:0 4221:0 4218:1 4215:1 4210:0 4207:0 4204:1 4197:1 4194:1 4191:0 4186:1 4183:0 4180:1 4173:0 4170:1 4167:0 4151:) 4148:b 4101:a 4093:( 4030:) 4027:b 3985:a 3982:( 3964:0 3961:0 3958:0 3951:1 3948:1 3945:1 3940:1 3937:1 3934:0 3927:0 3924:0 3921:1 3916:0 3913:1 3910:1 3903:1 3900:0 3897:0 3892:1 3889:0 3886:1 3879:0 3876:1 3873:0 3857:) 3854:b 3800:a 3792:( 3729:) 3726:b 3684:a 3681:( 3661:0 3658:0 3655:0 3648:1 3645:1 3642:1 3637:1 3634:1 3631:0 3624:0 3621:0 3618:1 3613:0 3610:0 3607:1 3600:1 3597:1 3594:0 3589:1 3586:1 3583:1 3576:0 3573:0 3570:0 3554:) 3551:b 3518:2 3514:p 3490:a 3482:( 3419:) 3416:b 3393:2 3389:p 3367:a 3364:( 3346:0 3343:0 3340:0 3333:1 3330:1 3327:1 3322:1 3319:0 3316:0 3309:0 3306:1 3303:1 3298:0 3295:1 3292:1 3285:1 3282:0 3279:0 3274:1 3271:1 3268:1 3261:0 3258:0 3255:0 3239:) 3236:b 3203:1 3199:p 3175:a 3167:( 3104:) 3101:b 3077:1 3073:p 3050:a 3047:( 3027:0 3024:0 3021:0 3014:1 3011:1 3008:1 3003:1 3000:0 2997:0 2990:0 2987:1 2984:1 2979:0 2976:1 2973:1 2966:1 2963:0 2960:0 2955:1 2952:0 2949:1 2942:0 2939:1 2936:0 2920:) 2917:b 2863:a 2855:( 2792:) 2789:b 2747:a 2744:( 2726:0 2723:0 2720:0 2713:1 2710:1 2707:1 2702:1 2699:1 2696:0 2689:0 2686:0 2683:1 2678:0 2675:0 2672:1 2665:1 2662:1 2659:0 2654:1 2651:0 2648:1 2641:0 2638:1 2635:0 2619:) 2616:b 2562:a 2554:( 2491:) 2488:b 2446:a 2443:( 2423:0 2420:1 2417:0 2410:1 2407:0 2404:1 2399:1 2396:0 2393:0 2386:0 2383:1 2380:1 2375:0 2372:0 2369:1 2362:1 2359:1 2356:0 2351:1 2348:0 2345:1 2338:0 2335:1 2332:0 2316:) 2313:b 2259:a 2251:( 2188:) 2185:b 2136:a 2133:( 2115:0 2112:0 2109:0 2102:1 2099:1 2096:1 2091:1 2088:1 2085:0 2078:0 2075:0 2072:1 2067:0 2064:1 2061:1 2054:1 2051:0 2048:0 2043:1 2040:1 2037:1 2030:0 2027:0 2024:0 2008:) 2005:b 1958:a 1950:( 1887:) 1884:b 1842:a 1839:( 1804:( 1778:( 1759:( 1736:( 1672:) 1668:y 1661:= 1658:x 1655:( 1649:) 1646:y 1643:= 1639:x 1632:( 1604:0 1601:= 1598:x 1595:= 1592:) 1588:x 1581:( 1575:= 1571:1 1545:x 1538:= 1535:0 1528:x 1521:= 1518:0 1512:x 1509:= 1506:y 1500:x 1497:= 1494:1 1471:0 1468:= 1465:y 1445:1 1442:= 1438:y 1431:x 1404:1 1401:= 1398:y 1395:= 1392:y 1386:0 1383:= 1380:y 1373:1 1366:= 1363:y 1357:1 1354:= 1351:y 1345:x 1342:= 1339:1 1316:, 1313:1 1310:= 1307:x 1297:y 1293:x 1291:( 1279:1 1276:= 1272:y 1265:x 1234:x 1231:= 1224:x 1218:0 1211:x 1208:= 1201:0 1195:x 1188:) 1184:y 1177:= 1174:x 1171:( 1161:) 1158:y 1155:= 1151:x 1144:( 1137:x 1134:= 1126:) 1122:x 1115:( 1104:0 1101:= 1093:1 1082:1 1079:= 1071:0 1030:y 1023:x 1016:= 1013:y 1007:x 997:y 993:x 956:( 803:: 786:: 767:: 750:) 741:: 722:: 703:: 684:: 665:: 641:: 622:: 582:. 493:. 404:. 303:: 229:5 225:4 221:3 217:2 213:1 206:: 190:· 184:· 176:· 169:· 163:· 157:· 151:· 146:( 58:.

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