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anything that I messed up. Any information that I didn't provide a ref for came from our own article on the relevant game; in each of those cases I have endeavoured to verify that the information being presented represents at least the mainstream view. In the case of extremely contentious information, such as the dating of the origins of
Xiangqi, I have defaulted to only noting the approximate ages of the earliest archaeological findings and dates of oldest undisputed literary references. I have deliberately left the Electronic Games section unfinished, in hopes that editors interested in that subject will be encouraged to expand the information already presented rather than simply dumping in redlinks to games that may or may not be of any great significance. Although, really, having eliminated the lists and pointed a link at
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Games. That seems pretty indiscriminate to me. Honestly, I really feel like this ought to be an article rather than a list at any rate; others on this page seem to agree with this. Would there be any objection to the list portion being rewritten as an article body? I get the impression from this page that this was its intended purpose in the first place.
347:
serious, you might want eventually break it into several articles ("History of board games", "History of card games", "History of electronic games", etc.). At the very least the article should clearly define what exactly it covers (indoor games?). Some specific points: "Ancient games" is, I suppose, intended to cover extinct games such as
1352:
publish. Yet in some cases where there is a premium for academics in other countries to publish in a respected journal in
English, we have been able to provide just such an opportunity. Many of the senior scholars we have solicited for contributions have politely refused to write for us, since they are already over-committed
415:, p.98, the game "Royal pass-tyme of Cupid or the Most Pleasant Game of the Snake" was invented by John Garrett in 1690. I would be reluctant to call even this the first board game with a known designer. I should add that Parlett attributes this information to Murray's History of Games Other than Chess (1952, 143).
184:
history of games. I don't think the content of all of the other pages needs to be duplicated here. Instead, this will help people visit the important pages that describe games in history. It may also motivate people to create new pages for the important games that have not yet been cataloged in
Knowledge.
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Having discovered this orphaned page and linking it I'm glad to see that it has had soem attention however this page should not become a place to regurgitate information from the other page because much of it is wrong surprisingly contraversial too. This for now is a list without references hopefully
851:
Below is the list which appeared in the article under the heading "Military games". Most of them are not. It is an indiscriminate list of various training exercises, training concepts, simulators, and vaguely-military-related vaguely-game-related odds and ends. I'm moving it here until its content
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Although I'm not aware of any controversial material in this particular Wiki article related to its Silk Road
Foundation reference, and I have no enmity for the Silk Road Foundation or its publisher, or its authors, this source does not meet Knowledge's standards for reliable sources, and should not
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You will never be able to fix a timeline for all the games I tried to track one dice game and there is no written information available you'd need to track word of mouth records. German style board games although tricky genre to describe to the 1900s at least. there is something called the boardgame
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Chess is using a dubious claim for chaturunga which is largely unsupported. Similarly xiangqi is complex as often Go gets confused with it, indeed at some point it appears that the name of go was simply the same word as game. Now go is the most continuous game with unchanged rules but also using the
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The Silk Road
Journal in question is based primarily around Asian archaeology and history. It typically publishes theoretical articles written by researchers who appear to mostly hail from Russia and China. The sole editor of the publication, an American man named Daniel Waugh, has candidly stated
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which is another early forerunner. Along with UR and 20 squares - which is not still played with the known rules today I suspect the BBC ref took this info. from wikipedia. This game then became ludo amongst others. Knowledge is lacking many key parts of game history. 5 lines, digrammismos pettoia
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Dice have then been attributed to around 4000 bc although some of the archaeological speculation is thinner than anyone would believe as in, there are a set of holes in the ground with no dice. The earliest dice were in fact knucklebones with two sides. Also specialist dice, cups and coins game in
442:
Okay, so I've started with the rewrite discussed above. To begin with, I am mostly concerning myself with reformatting the lists into paragraphs, but I'm trying to maintain historical accuracy at the same time, so quite a bit of double- and triple-checking has been required. Feel free to correct
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Awesome. I'll get to work on it over the next few days, and I'll be incorporating your suggestions, which are all very good. Fortunately, I have some experience and familiarity with the debate regarding the ages of ancient
Chinese games, and strongly agree with what you're saying regarding their
183:
This
Knowledge entry is beginning as a list of games through history. Where possible the items in the list are linked to more descriptive pages already in Knowledge. My intention is to begin the process of pulling together a single page that can help people who want to understnad the evolution and
363:
about the dates given in this article. For example, the earliest archaeological evidence for Go is circa 200 BC - 200 AD, and the earliest literary reference to a game that most scholars believe is the game of Go is 6th century BC, but nationalist sources push the date back to 2000~3000 BC on the
268:
This article seems very much to me to be an indiscriminate list. For instance, Go (dated here to 2300 BC) is listed under Board Games, rather than
Ancient Games, which includes both games newer than Go (Liubo, dated here to 1500 BC) and board games, such as Senet, which is not listed under Board
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The lack of formal peer review does have the unfortunate consequence that junior scholars hoping to advance in their profession may avoid us, since their promotion will depend in the first instance on peer reviewed publication, however excellent (and widely cited) a piece might be which we would
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It would be great if you could kick this article into shape. The list format is just laziness, and encourages people to add random games without giving any historical context. But I fear that the scope of the article ("games") is too broad to treat as in a single narrative article. If you are
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I have now migrated all of what appeared to be usable content from the indiscriminate collection of indiscriminate lists that this article was into what I hope resembles an article providing some sort of historical context for the games it is attempting to cover. Again, feel free to correct
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As above. What follows had been included in the article under the heading "Serious games", which I'm not sure is actually an alternative to, say, board games, tile games, table games, or card games. I am omitting the first four entries, which I already noted above on this page (as likely
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dates (there is debate, for instance, about whether certain ancient
Chinese words refer to games that they probably don't, which may have led to some of the more questionable dates presented here). And I'll especially agree that the list format tends to encourage listcruft.
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There are numerous errors amongst the ancient board games section. I.e. Go has 60million plus registered players but in fact this is a massive underestimate too. There are some translation issues from Asian records which means this is also likely a massive underestimate.
332:. Finally, the "References" section is a nightmarish mess, and is not close to being useful or even appropriate. This article could really use some serious work; I'd again like to inquire as to whether there would be any objections to a rewrite.
1360:". A lot of researchers don't want to be published by Silk Road Foundation, and those that do are disproportionately from non-English speaking countries, who struggle to get their theories published in standard English-language journals.
515:. If I can figure out what any of them were intended to support, I will move them back into the article as proper refs. Until then, here is there bulk of what had been the "References" section of the article prior to a few minutes ago:
410:
I caught what appears to be an error in this article. "The first board game for which the name of its designer is known is A Journey
Through Europe, a map-based game published in 1759 by John Jefferys." According to David Parlett's
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Backgammon is messy as is the phrase "current form" which would need to include the use of the doubling cube. It is actually much more complicated even when using a simpler form of the game. There is 58 holes or dogs and jackals
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This is more about the history of games in general not just video games; there is a difference. But yes ther is already an article on the history of video games. 17:47, 20 December 2010 (UTC)unknown17:47, 20 December 2010 (UTC)
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Smed, J., Kaukoranta, T., and Hakonen, H. (April 2002). A Review on networking and multiplayer computer games. Technical Paper TR454 from the Turku Centre for Computer Science, University of Turku, Finland. Online at
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Dominoes then evolve from dice although they existed Europe well before the eighteenth century I think they are in the complete gamester I think the earliest google has scanned is c. 1650. Dominoes then become cards
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The main issue comes in the use of references for this article you are not going to have a universal agreement in the literature but you must be careful not to try to use passing references in non-expert sources.
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A few further thoughts on the article that I'll add as an aside. Abstract concepts are lumped in with actual games in this list, sometimes with their names italicised as though they actually were games (e.g.,
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Still left to do: Rewrite the opening paragraph (what is presently there is just a distillation of what had previously been the two-paragraph opening, heavily edited down for tone and POV); add section on
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Castronova, E. (2001). Virtual worlds: A First-hand account of market and society on the cyberian frontier. In The Gruter institute working paper on law, economics, and evolutionary biology. Online at
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is not. Games of chance are essentially absent, but military training exercises simply referred to as "war games" are included, again somewhat at random, alongside non-games such as the
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Again, if I can figure out what concepts any of these "references" are supposed to go with, I'll move them back, but I'd hesitate to reinsert any that I haven't confirmed for myself.
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I hesitate to use the word "references", because none of these were being used directly to reference anything; they were simply presented, as here, as a bulleted list of references
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even if the stones are not mancala it is still most likely a game board. I ended up reading 300+ papers in 7 languages but gave up on the edit war as I decided to publish instead.
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Snakes and ladders can be traced to Victorian times as a specific creation of the theme however there are spiral boards which are a very similar design of around 2000 years old.
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1367:, with the exception that the Silk Road Foundation does not even provide the benefits of high-end predatory puboishers, like DOI. It's really more like an internet blog.
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So, the Silk Road Foundation is a speedy publishing mill for primary research that is not formally peer reviewed. The editor describes himself as someone who often sees "'
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We still solicit articles (a task which largely has devolved on me over the years), though we also receive (but have not been overwhelmed by) unsolicited submissions.
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vandalism). Again, if I can find a way to work any of these into the article, and they seem appropriate and within the article's scope, I will move them back.
368:(200 BC in this article) also does not accord with either the literary or archaeological evidence, which would suggest a date about thousand years later. As to
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This article contained a reference to the so-called "Silk Road Foundation", also known as "Silk Road". It's an online publisher. The website can be found here:
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Aoyama, Y. and Izushi, H. (2003). Hardware gimmick or cultural innovation? Technological, cultural, and social foundations of the Japanese video game industry.
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But the perils of rarely seeking outside opinions may mean things slip through without acknowledgement that a subject has been thoroughly treated elsewhere.
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Decisions on what to publish (as with any journal) ultimately rest with the editor, who in this case, for better or worse, has acted as the peer reviewer.
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The Silk Road Foundation is cited on various ethnical and archaeological articles on Knowledge, often advancing pet theories, which is out of touch with
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most conservative time line. The 200 BCE-200AD time line can be narrowed earlier than this. Of course there is the famous myth of its 4000 year old age.
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Venkatraman, N. and Lee, C. (Dec 2004). Preferential linkage and network evolution: A Conceptual model and empirical test in the U.S. video game sector.
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Rosen, L. and Weil, M. (June 1995). Adult and teenage use of consumer, business, and entertainment technology: Potholes on the information superhighway.
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Federation of American Scientists. (2006b). Summit on educational games: Harnessing the power of video games for learning. Washington D.C.: Author.
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Smith, R. (March-April 2007). The Disruptive Potential of Game Technologies: Lessons Learned from its Impact on the Military Simulation Industry.
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Winkler, T. and Buckner, K. (Fall 2006). Receptiveness of gamers to embedded brand messages in advergames: Attitudes toward product placement.
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anything I've messed up. I will add more significant games and types of games as soon as I have taken care of the lists and references.
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Don't bother me mom – I'm learning: How computer and video games are preparing your kids for 21st century success – and how you can help
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Squire, K. and Steinkuehler, C. (2007). Generating cyberculture/s: The Case of Star Wars Galaxies. In D. Gibbs and K.L. Krause (Eds.),
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When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.
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211:" article, which is sorely lacking a clear "history" section. Beyond the introduction of this article, we should not be encouraging
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Pausch, R. and Marinelli, D. (July 2007). Carnegie Mellon's Entertainment Technology Center: Combining the left and right brain.
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Learning Federation, The. (2006). Learning science and technology roadmap. Washington D.C.: Federation of American Scientists.
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Maier, F. and Grobler, A. (July 2000). What are we talking about? – A Taxonomy of computer simulations to support learning.
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Shankar, V. and Bayus, B. (2003). Network effects and competition: An Empirical analysis of the home video game industry.
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https://web.archive.org/web/20120402170948/http://www.gamblingstories.info/07/the-royal-baccarat-scandal-at-tranby-croft/
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1374:, which says that Knowledge should prioritize high-quality, peer reviewed secondary research over this kind of stuff.
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Finally I though the original list included a chinese game that appears to have gone with which I wasn't familiar.
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Mayo, M., Singer, M., and Kusumoto, K. (December 2005). Massively multiplayer environments for asymmetric warfare.
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I often see what I think is gold in material that could never find its way into a standard academic publication.
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to delete these "External links modified" talk page sections if they want to de-clutter talk pages, but see the
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Steinkuehler, C. (2005). The new third place: Massively multiplayer online gaming in American youth culture.
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Federation of American Scientists. (2006a). R&D challenges for games in learning. Washington D.C.: Author.
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The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion:
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Schilling, M. (Spring 2003). Technological leapfrogging: Lessons from the U.S. video game console industry.
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https://web.archive.org/web/20080918080211/http://www.gamesmuseum.uwaterloo.ca/Archives/Piccione/index.html
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Steinkuehler, C. (January 2007). Massively multilayer online video gaming as participation in a discourse.
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https://web.archive.org/web/20090408090534/http://www.gamesmuseum.uwaterloo.ca/Archives/Austin/index.html
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If you have discovered URLs which were erroneously considered dead by the bot, you can report them with
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there has been no formal process of peer review, such as one expects in the standard academic journals.
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https://web.archive.org/web/20100527090108/http://radoff.com/blog/2010/05/24/history-social-games/
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Postigo, H. (2003). From Pong to Planet Quake: Post-industrial transitions from leisure to work.
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before doing mass systematic removals. This message is updated dynamically through the template
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Edmonds, R. (2007). Virtual Worlds. SRI Consulting Business Intelligence. Abstract available at
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Scacchi, W. (Jan-Feb, 2004). Free and open source development practices in the game community.
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Proceedings of the 2005 Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation, and Education Conference
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Lenoir, T. (2003). Programming theatres of war: Gamemakers as soldiers. In Latham, R. (Ed.)
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Bombs and Bandwidth: The emerging relationship between information technology and security
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can be properly worked into the article, assuming that it all actually belongs there.
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If you found an error with any archives or the URLs themselves, you can fix them with
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should (hopefully) help with that more than any other single editorial decision could.
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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
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gold in material that would never find its way in to a standard academic publication'
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Kelleher, C. and Pausch, R. (July 2007). Using storytelling to motivate programming.
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Herz, J. and Macedonia, M. (April 2002). Computer games and the military: Two views.
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http://www.stanford.edu/dept/HPST/TimLenoir/Publications/Lenoir_TheatresOfWar.pdf
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Bushnell, N. (August 1996). Relationships between fun and the computer business.
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of games without an explanation of their particular context and significance. --
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This publication sometimes refers to itself as "Silk Road Journal", but should
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Mancala could be as old as 7000BC the information on the wikipage is wrong see
814:
Zyda, M. (September 2005). From visual simulation to virtual reality to games.
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1235:. No special action is required regarding these talk page notices, other than
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http://www.gamblingstories.info/07/the-royal-baccarat-scandal-at-tranby-croft/
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This seems more appropriate as a number of detailed prose paragraphs in the "
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1111:(may have this spelling wrong) are all part of a famous account of games.
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Lane, D. (May 1995). On a Resurgence of management simulations and games.
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Zyda, M. (June 2006). Educating the next generation of game developers.
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http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=294828#PaperDownload
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Mayo, M.J. (July 2007). Games for science and engineering education.
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The Worlds of Herman Kahn: The Intuitive science of thermonuclear war
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http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/newsletter/vol15/srjournal_v15.pdf
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Zyda, M., et al. (December 2003). This year in the MOVES institute.
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Hutchison, J. (Nov 1997). The Junior Red Cross goes to Healthland.
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Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Cyberworlds
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http://www.gamesmuseum.uwaterloo.ca/Archives/Piccione/index.html
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Got game: How the gamer generation is reshaping business forever
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http://www.gamesmuseum.uwaterloo.ca/Archives/Austin/index.html
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1319:, which has absolutely nothing to do with this discussion.
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Kelly, H., et al. (July 2007). How to build serious games.
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for additional information. I made the following changes:
126:, where you can join the project and/or contribute to the
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http://radoff.com/blog/2010/05/24/history-social-games/
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High Score: The Illustrated history of electronic games
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is either vandalism or, at the very best, inaccurate.
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way too much on darts games needs a separate article.
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Cyberlines 2.0 languages and cultures of the Internet
769:. Albert Park, Australia: James Nicholas Publishers.
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Serious games: Games that educate, train, and inform
1363:To my mind, this is very near to the definition of
1239:using the archive tool instructions below. Editors
800:Zyda, M. (July 2007). Creating a science of games.
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http://www.sric-bi.com/Explorer/VW.shtml#viewpoints
774:Tidskrift Journal of Research in Teacher Education
288:). The opening of the "Serious games" list with
754:http://staff.cs.utu.fi/~jounsmed/papers/TR454.pdf
355:(even though they are both board games), but not
561:Chatham, R.E. (July 2007). Games for training.
308:and its variants are completely absent, as are
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1470:High-importance board and table game articles
683:The Game makers: The Story of Parker Brothers
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847:"Military games" list moved from the article
626:Kushner, D. (Aug 2002). The wizardry of id.
601:http://www.ndu.edu/inss/DefHor/DH11/DH11.htm
537:. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
1455:Knowledge level-4 vital articles in History
985:"Serious games" list moved from the article
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1165:I have just modified 4 external links on
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685:. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
592:. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.
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359:as it is still played. You should be
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647:. New York: The New Press. Online at
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1070:Serious Games Showcase and Challenge
977:OneSAF (Semi-Automated Forces), 2001
1445:Knowledge vital articles in History
1324:that it has no formal peer review:
1118:that is significant in scandinavia
971:Air Defense Simulation System, 1986
950:Strategic Analysis Simulation, 1980
572:. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing.
568:Demaria, R. and Wilson, J. (2004).
507:"References" moved from the article
372:(3000 BC), that is just laughable.
49:It is of interest to the following
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795:Journal of Interactive Advertising
746:Game over: Press start to continue
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1460:B-Class vital articles in History
1169:. Please take a moment to review
1114:There is another family of games
607:American Journal of Public Health
473:and at least a link somewhere to
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110:WikiProject Board and table games
1440:Knowledge level-4 vital articles
678:. New York: Thompson Publishing.
674:Michael, D and Chen, S. (2005).
533:Beck, J.C. and Wade, M. (2004).
233:already exists as an article. --
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320:is included but its forerunner
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945:Simulations Publications, Inc.
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760:Research Technology Management
713:. St. Paul, MN: Paragon House.
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1088:I will come back to it later
1083:Timeline as a whole - Mancala
959:McClintic Theater Model, 1977
876:Military School Wargame, 1797
788:Academy of Management Journal
523:. New York: The Viking Press.
142:board and table game articles
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968:Naval Wargaming System, 1985
909:German Schlachtenspiel, 1920
739:Strategic Management Journal
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588:Ghamari-Tabrizi, S. (1995).
179:Discussion about the article
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718:Journal of Consumer Affairs
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1256:(last update: 5 June 2024)
1162:Hello fellow Wikipedians,
162:project's importance scale
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802:Communications of the ACM
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202:) 22:05, 11 February 2009
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106:This article is part of
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1158:External links modified
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1435:B-Class vital articles
681:Orbanes, P.E. (2004).
655:System Dynamics Review
544:. Charles River Media.
461:History of video games
231:History of video games
1063:Full Spectrum Warrior
540:Bergeron, B. (2006).
133:Board and table games
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1365:predatory publishing
1237:regular verification
1058:Tactical Iraqi, 2003
709:Prensky, M. (2006).
702:Prensky, M. (2001).
609:, 87(11), 1816–1823.
213:indiscriminate lists
1227:After February 2018
1413:Community Tech bot
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1232:InternetArchiveBot
1011:SGI Dogfight, 1985
953:RSAS (RAND), 1954?
928:Monte Carlo Method
790:, 47(6), 876–2005.
744:Sheff, D. (1999).
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326:Monte Carlo Method
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898:Lanchester's Laws
889:Naval War College
870:Koenigspiel, 1664
741:, 45(2), 387–398.
657:, 16(2), 135–148.
637:, 46(5), 604–625.
480:Nine Men's Morris
478:
422:comment added by
310:Nine Men's Morris
255:comment added by
190:comment added by
176:
175:
172:
171:
168:
167:
1482:
1298:Reliable sources
1291:
1282:
1255:
1254:
1233:
1167:History of games
1008:SGI Flight, 1983
699:, 6(4), 593–607.
599:, 11. Online at
597:Defense Horizons
519:Abt, C. (1970).
475:History of sport
434:
298:Russian roulette
264:
203:
144:
143:
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98:
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16:
1490:
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1425:
1424:
1409:nomination page
1395:
1300:
1285:
1280:
1248:
1241:have permission
1231:
1175:this simple FaQ
1160:
1133:study journal.
1085:
1038:Spearhead, 1998
987:
873:War Chess, 1780
849:
825:, 39(6), 25–32.
818:, 38(9), 30–34.
804:, 50(7), 27–29.
783:, 13(1), 38–52.
762:, 50(2), 57–64.
727:, 21(1), 59–66.
720:, 29(5), 55–83.
692:, 50(7), 51–57.
671:, 50(7), 31–35.
630:, 39(8), 42–47.
623:, 50(7), 45–49.
616:, 50(7), 59–64.
565:, 50(7), 37–43.
551:, 39(8), 31–37.
528:Research Policy
509:
440:
417:
250:
229:Note also that
185:
181:
158:High-importance
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
99:
92:
73:High‑importance
72:
43:on Knowledge's
40:
30:
12:
11:
5:
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1219:
1211:Added archive
1209:
1201:Added archive
1199:
1191:Added archive
1189:
1181:Added archive
1159:
1156:
1099:South America
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1073:
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1043:America's Army
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797:, 7(1), 37–46.
791:
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735:
734:, 45(3), 6–32.
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530:, 32, 423–444.
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120:tabletop games
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823:IEEE Computer
820:
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816:IEEE Computer
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725:IEEE Software
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521:Serious Games
518:
517:
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361:very cautious
358:
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38:
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27:
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1279:
1276:
1251:source check
1230:
1224:
1221:
1164:
1161:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:talk:Mancala
1090:
1086:
1061:
1049:
1041:
1030:
1022:
1014:
1003:
988:
980:
974:ModSAF, 1990
956:IDAHEX, 1976
865:
850:
842:
828:
822:
815:
808:
801:
794:
787:
780:
773:
766:
759:
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689:
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606:
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589:
569:
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541:
534:
527:
520:
512:
510:
441:
418:— Preceding
412:
409:
407:
360:
247:
182:
157:
124:project page
108:
107:
101:Games portal
51:WikiProjects
34:
1024:Marine Doom
962:Janus, 1978
943:Firefight (
938:Avalon Hill
922:Game Theory
904:Little Wars
891:Games, 1886
880:Kriegsspiel
424:74.78.55.13
330:Game Theory
322:Dou Shou Qi
257:68.70.14.63
251:—Preceding
192:Roger.smith
186:—Preceding
116:board games
1429:Categories
1378:be cited.
1288:Report bug
1032:Falcon 4.0
471:lawn games
374:BabelStone
128:discussion
1380:Hunan201p
1271:this tool
1264:this tool
811:. xxxii.
302:Knowledge
39:is rated
1277:Cheers.—
1145:Tetron76
513:en masse
489:Draughts
420:unsigned
318:Stratego
253:unsigned
235:McGeddon
217:McGeddon
200:contribs
188:unsigned
1171:my edit
1053:Ambush!
1051:DARWARS
1016:Harpoon
992:Heather
947:), 1974
940:), 1952
934:Tactics
854:Heather
831:Heather
493:Heather
484:Mancala
445:Heather
438:Rewrite
389:Heather
370:Wei Hai
366:Xiangqi
334:Heather
314:Mancala
294:Pokemon
271:Heather
160:on the
41:B-class
1116:daldos
1078:, 2009
1072:, 2006
1066:, 2004
1055:, 2003
1046:, 2002
1035:, 1998
1027:, 1996
1019:, 1989
930:, 1949
924:, 1943
906:, 1913
900:, 1912
882:, 1811
477:; add
300:, and
47:scale.
1372:WP:RS
353:Senet
349:Liubo
28:This
1417:talk
1384:talk
1149:talk
1076:VBS2
996:talk
858:talk
835:talk
497:talk
449:talk
428:talk
393:talk
378:talk
351:and
338:talk
328:and
312:and
306:Tafl
290:Pogs
275:talk
261:talk
239:talk
221:talk
209:game
196:talk
152:High
118:and
1411:. —
1313:NOT
1245:RfC
1215:to
1205:to
1195:to
1185:to
316:.
1431::
1419:)
1386:)
1258:.
1253:}}
1249:{{
1151:)
998:)
860:)
837:)
499:)
482:,
451:)
430:)
395:)
380:)
357:Go
340:)
296:,
292:,
277:)
263:)
241:)
223:)
198:•
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1382:(
1290:)
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495:(
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194:(
164:.
130:.
53::
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