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is not clear to me. One can say the force is reduced, but given a finite element analysis, will the result be the same? If one takes the case of static equilibrium, one still has to apply F/2 to neutralize one end for the static case, and if you apply less than F/2 the other end will not hold the block in place. Formally this seems different to me, and if the block is falling, the impulses needed to hold it in place will be more than F/2 (virtual work) aEnergy is conserved but the concept of a mechanical advantage is clear in case of the car jack/ self locking mechanism, not in this case. There is no "power advantage" if one considers that one has to apply a force to hold the block in position once lifted (i.e that force is not considered in the calculation of power used, only the lift and the loss/gain of displacement is, but no virtual work is considered for that case). However a horizontal beam on a hinge pushing a large block (overcoming friction) in a horizontal plane may be a better example in this case. -Alok 06:57, 17 August 2011 (UTC)
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not the case with the car jack. There is another thing which we assume in case of moments, by saying that in case of a lever the fulcrum is the "pivot" and moments balance around that point. However, consider the limiting case where "we are just overcoming the force", then moments should balance at any point on the lever and pivot mechanism. However if you try to do a "sum forces=0" and "sum moments=0" at one of the "tips" of the lever (considering there is no rotation), the equations are not always solve able. My suggestion as a former student is, that, if the idea is to illustrate the principle, then keep it simple and show locking devices. It is simply an oversight, in my opinion, if one does not consider the fact that there is a "force" needed to hold up the weight in the block and tackle case. A better example would be, say a wheel and ratchet like a fishing rod. Primarily, you are saying no work is done if you consider something "holding" a weight up (or holding torque in case of motors etc) -Alok 06:41, 18 August 2011 (UTC)
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slight movement of a system from its equilibrium position. One way to do this is to graphically compute the velocities in the device, and another way is to draw the device in a new configuration very close to the original configuration. Once this is done the principle of virtual work requires that the power, or infinitesimal work, generated by the input force during this movement equal the power, or infinitesimal work, generated by the output force. Because power is the product of force and velocity, equating input and output power yields the ratio of output force to input force, or mechanical advantage, as a ratio of velocities of components in the device. The fact that this speed ratio equals the mechanical advantage is an important result in machine theory.
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and therefore speed of the bicycle. This process changes forces to torque and torque back to forces, so the question of mechanical advantage depends on ratios of forces or torques that are important to the application. The main point of this article is the connection between the velocity ratio associated with the input and output movement of a machine and its mechanical advantage. Machines that do not absorb or dissipate power have a velocity ratio that equals the mechanical advantage. This sets a maximum for the mechanical advantage that can be easily determined from the dimensions and geometry of the machine. I hope this is helpful.
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advantage." Mechanical advantage is the gain in output force over the input force, independent of how this input force is generated. Mechanical advantage is a number that characterizes the properties of the device. The mechanical advantage of a lever, gear train or block and tackle remains the same whether an individual applies the input force or another mechanical component such as a winch with the ratchet and paw locking system applies the input force. In particular, the mechanical advantage of a block and tackle system is the same whether a person holds the rope to support the load, or that rope is tied down to a railing.
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all of these topics. This is the reason that I now take the time to try to make the various articles on machines match more closely to our current understanding, but in a way that works to preserve the structure of the original article. In the process of doing this, I have been surprised by the number of people who vandalize articles, probably not with malice but because it is easy. But also, I have been amazed at how quickly others are ready to identify the vandalism and correct it. As with many things, it is the community that supports an organization that is its true strength.
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347:. In such an assembly the use of 'pistons' seems irrelevant if the emphasis is on the external connections in the light of this article: anything outside the piston is mechanical and is covered in the article. If the increase in force (in other words 'advantage') is principally due to the internals and sizing of parts of the piston can one then still use the term 'mechanical advantage'? That depends on how you break down the working principle of the pistons, etc..
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with the hierarchy. In particular, I think this article should appear in both the introductory physics and mechanical engineering categories, but this forces either introductory physics to be under mechanical engineering or mechanical engineering to be under introductory physics. I have now done this both ways, and will switch it again if others prefer. However, I feel it is a small price to pay to ensure this article appears in both categories.
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teachers study the lever using work, which in some ways parallels the analysis by
Archimedes. The problem is that the correct analysis is based on virtual work, which introduces virtual displacements, which are best considered to be velocity that occurs over a virtual moment of time. The use of power is not familiar at the elementary level, but I believe it is important because it is critical to understanding the basic principles of machines.
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sustain the static equilibrium but this is not accounted a "work" done is unclear to me. (The lever example above is specific to the cantilever case, but then perhaps one would break it down to a pivot near one end and balance out everything.)It took me a while to digest it, and hence I suggested it is better we stick to simpler cases of self locking mechanisms to illustrate the MA cases.
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includes the friction of a rope wrapped around a shaft will have a similar self-locking feature. Static equilibrium requires an input force to balance the output force in levers, gear trains, and block and tackle systems. Mechanical advantage where the input force is less than the output force derives from the geometric design of these devices.
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input force to balance the output force, and none need have a ratchet and pawl to lock the system. While I am not sure I understand your concerns, one issue may be that if the system is static, such as when you "hold" the system so it does not move, there is no power flow or work done. The essential idea of the principle
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I have tried to collect some of the articles on machines into the hierarchy of categories
Mechanical engineering, Machines, Kinematics, Mechanisms, and Linkages. Some articles like this one on Mechanical advantage are important enough to appear in a number of broad categories, which causes problems
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I am new to
Knowledge (XXG), but I know that most of my students use Knowledge (XXG) to get a general introduction to new things, including machines and mechanisms. It is also clear that my students are not alone in this, because Knowledge (XXG) comes up as the first entry in a Google search on most
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If a block and tackle adds friction which can handle the "F/2" and is self locking, then most likely it will be no MA in that case, because that same friction has to be overcome when pulling the block. There is no MA if you consider that someone still has to apply an F/2 to hold up the block. This is
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Phvan, thank you for the note but we do not have to distinguish between the force and torque ratios. These can be calculated as needed. One of the main uses for machines is to amplify forces and movement. The slow rotation of the pedals on a bicycle transforms into fast rotation of the rear wheel
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Hi Prof McCarthy. You now have over 2000 edits so there is no need to say you are new to
Knowledge (XXG). You are one of the more experienced editors! I agree that vandalism, mischief and experimentation are a source of annoyance, and I do my fair share of reverting of such things. The strongest
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Hi all, I find this very interesting, I've read this quickly and I wonder if Alok could explain why self locking is relevant. I am new to
Knowledge (XXG) editing, (this is my second contribution). I am an engineer and take mechanical advantage for granted in a very practical sense. MA is force in vs
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I am sorry but I do not understand how a "small twist of a knob," "car accelerator," and "holding up a bag" combine to be "better illustrated there." This discussion is on the technical definition of mechanical advantage based on the principle of virtual work with examples provided by levers, gear
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If you are going with the assumption that "energy is conserved", or the del.(del(energy)) is zero equivalent, then obviously virtual work will give you the desired results. By your logic a electrically/mechanically controlled lever where you input a small twist of a knob giving a large output (say a
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The analysis of mechanical advantage of levers, gears and block and tackle systems is at the core of machine theory, and is attributed to
Archimedes, who is said to have used essentially the same ideas as the modern theory of virtual work. The principle of virtual work requires visualizing the very
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Thank you for taking the time to ask these questions. I believe I understand your view that a machine that locks itself in place has advantages over a machine that needs a person to apply the input force to hold it. Please understand that this advantage is not what is meant by the term "mechanical
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Take the case of a car jack, the car jack inherently has the ability to hold the vehicle up which is why mechanical advantage is in it's favor. However in case of the block and tackle/pulley, there is no inherent "holding" mechanism provided. In other words, how is this giving a mechanical advantage
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A recent revision to this article defines mechanical advantage as "how much easier work is." This is simply not correct. The best performing machine does not dissipate power, which means the power in equals the power out, so over time the work in and work out are the same. There is no reduction,
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With regard to my own opinion, I am not competent to discuss the content of the graphic, I am competent to say that its position prior to removal was incorrect. Assuming the contents to be technically correct, and only then, I have no objection to its placement in a less prominent, correct position
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Mechanical advantage calculations are based on the principle of virtual work which considers the flow of power through the device. A self-locking scissor jack has enough mechanical advantage to amplify the frictional forces in the drive screw and support the load. A block and tackle that includes
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I note that the image in question was removed and that removal subsequently reverted, though with a rather awkward edit summary. I have reverted the reversion and the article (as I post this) has the bicycle graphic not present. I suggest that the inclusion of, the content of, and the placement of
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am I changing the subject? Or are you trying to? I have simply stated that the article is biased because archimedes etc wrote a lever law and did not tie it to work done. The prof is caught up in the dictum of prior art on this subject and I have stated my reasons why he is wrong... You seem to be
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All I am asking is , does the fact that someone apply a force to hold a block up against gravity imply no work is done (the block is in static equilibrium). This bit is not clear to me in the block and tackle case, but is clear in "self locking" cases. The fact that an individual has to apply F to
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for example, is not and should not be part of the article on
Mechanical Advantage, even though a wrench is just a lever used to exert mechanical advantage on something. A device, and the theory which it operates on, deserve separate articles. I am removing the redirect for 'torque multiplier' to
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One guiding principle is, I think, what is common practice in education and industry. It is my experience that in those environments one does not speak in terms of 'mechanical advantage' when discussing hydraulic and pneumatic systems. But of course I may be wrong since I do not know all fields of
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Your arm is a third-class lever. It is this lever action that makes it possible for you to flex your arms so quickly. Your elbow is the fulcrum. Your biceps muscle, which ties onto your forearm about an inch below the elbow, applies the effort; your hand is the resistance, located about 18 inches
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There must be a better translation of the term "mechanical advantage" than "Übersetzung" or "Übersetzungsverhältnis" which I have given. But even as a German and mechanical engineer I don't know. The German page where I have linked to, talks only about gear ratio. The leo translation "Hebelarm"
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at the other end, is much less if the fulcrum is close to the heavy load and far from the input force. The ratio of the output force to the input force is the mechanical advantage. A similar relationship arises in the analysis of gearing and a block and tackle. All of these systems require an
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Suppose L is load, F is fulcrum and E is effort then LF must represent the distance from the point of application of the load to the fulcrum and EF is similarly the distance from the point of application of the effort to the fulcrum. However, this same statement is made with the figure and the
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Your concern seems to be the physical effort that one must expend to hold something, which is separate from the mechanical advantage of the device the person may be holding. It is for this reason that self-locking is not part of the definition of mechanical advantage, and self-locking does not
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Your edits were very helpful. I tried to include all of them in the actual article. If I missed any it was an error. Thank you very much. Regarding the use of moments rather than velocity to study the lever, I truly understand your point. However, many if not most elementary school science
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Someone might be able to add it into the article sympathetically (after correcting the direction of the output force if we reach consensus on that). I'm happy for anyone to try (hint: there is a bicycle example already). Just dumping it into the opening section as was done does not improve the
482:. In many cases a combination of approaches are used, so that a final burton is used to multiply the advantage of an additive tackle. A variation that uses slipping points of purchase to get a longer overall range of motion (called a Z hitch, I believe) is taught for some rescue situations.
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Consider the 18-speed bicycle with 7Â in (radius) cranks and 26Â in (diameter) wheels. If the sprockets at the crank and at the rear drive wheel are the same size, then the ratio of the output force on the tire to the input force on the pedal can be calculated from the law of the lever to be
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This is quite interesting, it is common to calculate gearing for bicycles simple in relation to the gears, while ignoring the crank length or the wheel size, not very correct, but common. This website has information that is relevant but perhaps best put in an area specifically about
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I have added a section on a block and tackle. This case really benefits from using virtual work because of the relationship between the velocity of the rope versus the velocity of the moving block is clearly seen to be the number of rope sections supporting the moving block.
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Sure. "Rigid body" is completely rigid so you don't have to clarify. My only worry is that someone who doesn't click on the link might be just assuming that its a finitely rigid body made out of something like steel. But its not too much misinformation to worry about.
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The third sentence took me a long time to get to after puzzling the second (i. e., because of the false scent), but finally it lights the way out: the second sentence is in apposition to (and apprehension of) this third one on how we measure friction belt drives.
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This rule—mechanical advantage equals resistance divided by effort —applies to all machines A second class lever's mechanical advantage islike a first class lever's in that the distances are measured from the fulcrum and the MA is greater than 1.
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Finally, why is the output force shown as acting on the road? The output from this machine is a force on the bicycle (leading to motion of the bicycle). The diagram shown would make sense if the rear tyre was being used to drive a connveyor belt.
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is that movement away from this static situation will result in power generated by the input and output forces that must cancel, and this principle provides a simple way to determine the mechanical advantage of the system. I hope this helps.
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affect the analysis of machines such as levers, gear trains and block and tackle systems. It is not appropriate to confine anything in this article to self locking cases, because self-locking is not relevant to the topic of this article.
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I was trying to understand this and was having a difficult time mentally picturing the various pulley systems described. I think some simple illustrations, in the form of diagrams, would be greatly beneficial for readers of this article.
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Not sure that matters at all :). Let's now reach a consensus over this item. Do I take it from your removal that you see no position for it anywhere in the article, or simply that you removed it pending thinking where it might be placed?
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car accelerator) is also giving a mechanical advantage, but that is not the case, right? If that be the case, typically someone holding a bag up, is not doing any work :). I am just saying that the concept is better illustrated there.
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It's easy to find sites with a mechanical advantage formula for 1st class levers, but it is not immediately obvious how to find mechanical advantage for 2nd and third class levers, other than 3rd class levers MA is less than one.
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does also not really fit to this page. Maybe German does not distinguish between "mechanical advantage" and "gear ratio", like english does not distinguish between "steuern" and "regeln" (it is both called "control" in
English).
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How about mentioning hydraulic and pneumatic systems? Just as with the lever, it is possible to assemble combinations of pistons and connecting rods that multiply force at the expense of having to move more fluid or gas.
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Jim, I agree with you. You are free to create a new sub-section and add some explanatory text about the burton configuration. You can use the
Wesleyan.edu website as an in-line citation to support your new sub-section.
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Also I find it a little perverse when the first example of mechanical advantage has a mechanical disadvantage. Of course I realise that you can talk about a mechanical advantage of 0.3, but for the first example??
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As far as explaining a rigid body, for those who are not familiar with the idealization we already explicitly say that it does not deflect. That's an absolute. It really, really, really does not deflect.
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is an idealized object in engineering or physics which does not (cannot) deform or deflect. Please stop adding the redundant "completely". There's no need to say a "completely" rigid body, it's simply a
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The more I look at the diagram the less I like it. If it's meant to be a free body diagram then the wheel and crank are about to disappear off the page downwards and to the left, which might surprise the
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force out or distance in vs distance out. since energy is the same on both sides (force x distance) both methods tell me what I need to know. I apologize if I am dragging up a heated debate.
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A 'torque multiplier' is a specific type of tool. It does use mechanical advantage to multiply the torque, however, it being merged with this article does not make sense. The article for
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The calculated value of 0.54 here is referring to the crank-wheel ratio and not to the MA value. In fact the MA value of the sprockets is one, since the sprockets are the same size.
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Hello Prof McCarthy. You are most welcome to make revisions to this article, and any other
Knowledge (XXG) article. No special approval or permission is required. Happy editing!
462:. The trade-off is that the pulleys meet after the load has moved only part of the way to the fixed block. This is not always a fatal disadvantage, because the load does not always
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between sentences from "toothed belt drive" to "friction belt drives", which is not ideal in apposition; "radius" should be "radii"; and "can be" and "must be" are not equivalent.
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Hi I do not know much about the term "mechanical advantage" but clearly two gears interlocked cannot change the force ratio. We need to distinguish between T1/T2 and F1/F2.
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Then why do you want to re-edit the article, it was fine in it's original form. Or do you think because he writes "Prof" there he is right? -Alok 08:57, 26 August 2011 (UTC)
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If you are merely stating what is already prior art, or relevant literature on the topic, edits do not make sense. I am stating that self locking is relevant to the topic.
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A torque multiplier is a specific type of mechanical advantage that is already discussed in this article. As such, it only makes sense for the two article to be merged.
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Can't this be simplified by appealing to a balance of torque argument rather than the current argument involving power and velocity? The Torques are balanced when F
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Should the diagram depict a stationary or dynamic situation? ie the difference between some work being done, versus a static balance. Does it matter? I don't know.
1070:. There are other tools, one for each particular problem. If you ever feel the need for a particular tool but can't find it, don't hesitate to ask me, or ask at
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But it is no use to say "the third sentence makes it clear." I stopped at the second, retraced and reread several times in case I had misunderstood something.
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Hmm, you are entitled to your opinion. But I think the Prof is right: "self-locking is not relevant to the topic of this article" as per its definition. --
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from the fulcrum. In the split second it takes your biceps muscle to contract an inch, your hand has moved through an 18-inch arc. MA = 1/18 (less than 1)
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Just to confirm it was me that removed it. Knowledge (XXG) logged me out whilst I was doing the edit. I'm always more than happy to discuss my edits :)
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It is possible to obtain much greater mechanical advantage with only single pulleys using this approach because the overall mechanical advantage is the
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I did not delete the discussion of IMA and AMA, and relabeled the section efficiency. While it is an awkward explanation, I do not think it is wrong.
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There seems to be a mistake in the example of the bicycle chain drive (or at least, the wording is strange in my opinion). It states the following:
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Your point is persuasive. I suspect it may simply be an incorrectly positioned picture. I'm not commenting on the technical aspects of the diagram.
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Following your argument, would you say that the diagram of the lever should reflect a dynamic situation rather than simply two weights in balance?
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drive, the number of teeth on the sprocket can be used. For friction belt drives the pitch radius of the input and output pulleys must be used."
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I would prefer to see a dagram showing a human effort lifting a weight, is that wp:POV though (I have a fetish for machines lifting weights)
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Why does it say "does not deflect" in the first overview or whatever its called section? I would think the ideal mechanism "does not
1059:. You probably have at least a few articles on your Watchlist, but if not, and you aren't familiar with how it works have a look at
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I have no interest in re-editing this article at this time. You are free to do that if you want. Why are you changing the subject? --
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This wouldn't matter in a more-technical article, but this one is (I presume) aimed at a general audience. I would normally just be
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or easing, in the amount of power or work. Furthermore, without any explanation it is impossible to make sense of the equation.
1980:, these subpages are now deprecated. The comments may be irrelevant or outdated; if so, please feel free to remove this section.
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to move all the way, and there are common uses of this approach to achieving mechanical advantage. See, for instance the
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There is a whole separate approach to using pulleys to obtain mechanical advantage that needs to be addressed here.
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I have reviewed your draft and made my suggested changes. I have left some remarks on the Discussion page - see
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What you are suggesting should be broken down into the elementary parts related to forces and change in forces.
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I will make the changes in a draft on my personal page for others to examine before I post them to this page.
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Another one I am thinking of is the use of explosives to create deformation in (large) sheets of metal. Or in
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No-one else have any comment? Ok. I will draw a force lifting a weight with forces Fa,Fb and distances a,b.
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If it is all right, I would like to make some revisions to this article to clarify the basic principles.
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on Knowledge (XXG). If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join
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on Knowledge (XXG). If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join
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does show a formula, but could do with more explanation. Also pictures are still missing. Articles on
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The language here confused me— particularly I think the sentence starting "For a toothed belt" lays
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that graphic now becomes a matter for talk page discussion and consensus prior to any reinsertion.
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I think the bicycle is a bit too complex. The lever would seem the perfect example to analyse.
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I am sorry that this is not clear. I will try again with a simpler example. The input force F
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should also be expanded with information on the force distribution and transfer. The article
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If you understand rigid bodies why did you suggest that we change "deflect" to "defect"?
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Last edited at 19:38, 18 May 2011 (UTC). Substituted at 23:35, 29 April 2016 (UTC)
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at least it has forces but it's not clear what is the input and what the output.
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My point is that the illustrations should be confined to self locking cases only.
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1842:{\displaystyle MA={\frac {F_{b}}{F_{a}}}={\frac {a}{b}}={\frac {7}{13}}=0.54}
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Rather than cut and past the entire article. I will move it in in sections.
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In the section "Chain and Belt Drives", under the second equation we have:
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trains and block and tackle systems. You seem to have other concerns.
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alas has no explanation in that area, while it should have. The article
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weapon in our fight against damage to articles we know and love is the
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Please see the revised version of this article that I have prepared at
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Appeal to "zero sum or torques" rather than the velocity argument
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b and from that we calculate the mechanical advantage as a/b. --
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I would suggest to replace MA with crank-wheel ratio and remove
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http://commons.wikimedia.org/File:Lever_mechanical_advantage.png
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trying to make it personal. -Alok 12:00, 26 August 2011 (UTC)
1708:{\displaystyle MA={\frac {F_{B}}{F_{A}}}={\frac {7}{13}}=0.54}
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Slightly confusing terminology in Example: bicycle chain drive
15:
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An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect
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Knowledge (XXG) level-5 vital articles in Physical sciences
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Talk:Leverage (disambiguation)#Requested move 19 March 2015
1618:, but I am a little wary that I may have missed something.
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If it is not correct then it should not be there, right? --
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Is a bicycle the best example to use to open the article?
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Thank you. This is very helpful. Great work by the way.
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http://www.wesleyan.edu/physics/demos/mechanic/1m2010.html
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For persistent vandals there are stronger tools, such as
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Yes, thanks. And there is already an article about it! --
1132:
Distinguish between torque advantage and force advantage
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required at one end of a lever to support a heavy load F
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2072:. I'll add the link to the article to clarify things.
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is the number of teeth on the output sprocket. For a
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Knowledge (XXG) vital articles in Physical sciences
2041:Talk page section saved about noon, aug 11, 2016.
1344:
http://es.wikipedia.org/Archivo:LeverPrincleple.svg
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http://en.wikipedia.org/File:Lever_Principle_3D.png
458:of the individual advantages instead of simply the
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1533:is the number of teeth on the input sprocket and
1902:I have proposed to move the disambiguation page
470:. A "Spanish Burton" is typically rigged in the
1976:, and are posted here for posterity. Following
1518:False scent in "Chain and Belt Drives" section
1891:Move request affecting a redirect to this page
1591:is the number of teeth on the output sprocket.
1569:May I suggest a simplification such as this?:
1336:The current lever diagram needs some forces!
371:could be expanded a lot to cover these areas.
1970:The comment(s) below were originally left at
8:
1767:Alternatively, change the equation to this:
1562:Less importantly, there is also a change of
2164:C-Class vital articles in Physical sciences
1034:Weaknesses and strengths of Knowledge (XXG)
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451:for an illustration of the two approaches.
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1757:{\displaystyle {\frac {F_{B}}{F_{A}}}}
1603:is the radius of the input pulley and
525:Jim, I believe you're talking about a
1951:if you have not already done so. --
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1472:{\displaystyle MA={\frac {LF}{EF}}.}
440:pulleys used in burton configuration
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789:-Alok 05:09, 23 August 2011 (UTC)
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2063:It's correct as written. A
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