830:
617:... and I say that as a Ph.D. who received good grades in her two graduate statistics courses. Is there anyone here who can decipher and "normalize" (sorry! :) the dense math-speak in this article to be a little more accessible? There's only so far it can be simplified, of course, being a mathematical concept, but surely it doesn't have to be this hard. As a guide, I clicked on this wikilink from an article that mentioned that the movie criticism site Metacritic is different from Rotten Tomatoes in that it uses normalized scores, so that may give you a clue as to how non-mathematical a person's motives might be in exploring this article.
144:
123:
591:
most natural phenomena, knowing the population parameters such as the population mean is practically impossible which is why sampling is done to try to estimate the population parameters by calculating sample statistics. If the sampling is done properly and the population has one of statistically correct types of distributions then the sample statistics can be used to approximate the population parameters. z score calculation requires that the population distribution be a normal curve.
1221:
71:
53:
22:
699:
1311:
Okay I'm gonna be upfront and say flat-out that I'm asking this because I can't find any information on this anywhere else: wouldn't a section on the history of z-scores and standardisation for this be prudent? I'm sure this technique is pretty old but I think it'd be an interesting addition to the
1078:
Sal from Khan
Academy produced a short video explaining exactly why the *sample* standard deviation is different which is well worth checking out as he does an infinitely better job than I can. If you want to work through some examples, Excel provides functions for both, STDDEV.S() and STDDEV.P().
724:
Hi there, I read this article with interest. However, what seems to be missing to my (non-mathematical) mind is a section on the actual use and usefulness of the standard score. My very limited understanding is that this score is useful because it tells you how meaningful your results are: the more
553:
Granted, but, as the site itself admits, this is not proprietary material. (edit: I fail to see how this is not a fair use, considering, but I will admit that wiki has far more stringent policies on fair use than is normal, and that I may be entirely incorrect due to a faulty interpretation of wiki
590:
The official definition of z involves the difference between a particular score and the population mean. So in order to calculate z you must know the population mean. Knowing the population mean is very easy with standardized testing because the population is all of the tests administered. For
472:
Hi. Could somebody explain to me why sometimes symbols (like the Greek letters named mu and sigma) appear in pages while other times there are what seem like LaTeX codes (like \mu and \sigma)? I wonder why the codes appear, instead of their compiled output or the appropriate symbols. Thank you.
636:
I think this article should mention that z-scores are applicable to ANY distribution where the population mean and standard deviations are known. All a z-score is, by definition, is the number of standard deviations away from the mean. It does not only apply to the normal distribution! This
594:
So basically your professor is sort of right and sort of wrong. He is right if the population of interest is normally distributed and the sample statistics are good approximations of the population parameters. In many cases people will make that the distribution is normal and that the sample
1074:
mean and standard deviation. This formula is simpler but you need to measure all of the ball bearings which could be a bit tedious! This isn't always as impractical it may seem. For example if you were standardising the results of this year's UK's
Chemistry GCSE exams you will already have
692:
Hi, can someone please change the first row of the little table with Z scores to be 0.68ish and 1? I stopped in because I'm reverse engineering Excel's NORMINV() function (this version of Excel doesn't have function help) and I'm too busy to figure out how to update a wiki page (I never have
757:
Here is a suggestion, an example from research within the medical field - is this suitable here? Please note: self-citation: In a study on dogs, plasma vasopressin concentration increased at removal of both ovaries, with a 15 minute pause between ovary removal. Blood pressure and vasopressin
595:
statistics do approximate the population parameters well enough. The nice thing about have the entire population such as the results of a standardized test is that the researcher can calculate the population parameters and can also check that the distribution is actually normal.
862:. The text may be fixed now, but it seems that a correction in the diagram itself is necessary as well. I know how to easily change the letters in the image in Inkscape, but before I do so, can we conclude exactly how it needs to be changed? Is it enough to remove that little
669:
I came to this article to check to see whether "Z-score" should have a capital "Z", or a lower case "z". Both are used in the article, away from full-stops/periods. Is there a correct notation? Does the capitalisation refer to population, rather than sample properties?
791:
Höglund OV, Hagman R, Olsson K, Olsson U, Lagerstedt AS (October 2014). "Intraoperative changes in blood pressure, heart rate, plasma vasopressin, and urinary noradrenalin during elective ovariohysterectomy in dogs: repeatability at removal of the 1st and 2nd ovary".
233:
3. 'Standard normal deviate' page was written ten years ago by someone who admits they don't know much about statistics and asked for help (which, sadly, never came). Shortly thereafter, it was nominated for deletion. But yet, it stays. It is not a very good page.
583:"A key point is that calculating z requires the population mean and the population standard deviation, not the sample mean or sample deviation. It requires knowing the population parameters, not the statistics of a sample drawn from the population of interest."
725:
they deviate from (expected) normal distribution, the more likely it is that your data has something special to tell you. Now I am sure this is somewhat reductive or just part of the story, but more on this would be important, I think. -- Cheers, --
441:
I also removed the "external link" section and moved it to main text, and changed "\overline" back to "\bar". Not only do I prefer the look of "/bar", but it makes a little more sense, since the symbol is usually read, "x-bar". -
637:
article intertwines z-scores and normal distributions which only leads to more confusion about z-scores. Z-scores make sense in uniform distributions, triangular distributions, and anything else you can think of.
1173:
498:
There should be a separate entry for ...maybe even a disambiguation page for , to separate s or s (same thing) from the s of van der
Waerden or Blom (altogether different from standard- or Z-scores...see
384:
254:
Just one quick addition/question. Standard score in statistics is not related only to (z) scores. "It should include (z), (t), deviation (IQS), stanine, sten scores, (others...)"(Drummond, 2004).
194:
693:
before). The other three Z scores look right (the 95%, 99%, etc), but it looks like someone typed 0.68 and 0.67 or something accidentally, rather than 1 (68%ish is 1 std dev from the mean).
1129:
1070:
mean and standard deviation, for example a couple dozen ball bearings taken randomly from a production line. The article here relates to calculating a standard score from the
1066:
I'm new to contributing to discussion pages so hope this helps and I am following correct etiquette ... You are referring to calculating a standard score from the
1251:
text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of
1340:
184:
829:
89:
837:
for the normal distribution with mean (”) of 0 and variance (Ï) of 1. The prediction interval for any standard score corresponds numerically to (1-(1-
554:
policy) Anyway, its not worth my time to comb google for a better one, so I'll leave it in the talk page and someone else can find something better.
1345:
1237:
78:
58:
1286:
from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. â
536:
I added a link to a z-score table. z-score tables, though archaic, are definitely a part of the curriculum and should be mentioned somewhere.
216:
I deleted this sentence, the subject of which is 'standard scores': "They are most frequently used to compare an observation to a theoretical
882:
160:
1335:
925:
906:
586:
My professor (Ph.D Electrical Eng.) says this is wrong, ether type can be use... Anyone care to offer up a third opinion or clarification?
1042:
543:
That link is a commercial link and does not belong in
Knowledge. Please find a non-commercial link with the same or similar content. --
523:
270:
1006:
1136:
890:
871:
834:
433:
in context. It is often used to compare test results within and between groups, and especially with reference to a norm group. -
425:
I removed the following sentence because it was rendered mostly redundant by my discussion of comparing 2 students' exam scores.
151:
128:
564:
Oh, it's fair to use, it's just that the website is a commercial entity, and linking to it may be seen as advertisement. See
769:
286:
762:
653:
33:
1023:
886:
867:
604:
1294:
1283:
1224:
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from:
1084:
1059:
765:
455:
565:
1099:
929:
910:
1263:
properly. The material may also be rewritten, provided it does not infringe on the copyright of the original
1046:
221:
1317:
1274:
for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Knowledge takes copyright violations
730:
622:
519:
266:
1182:
740:
459:
39:
558:
537:
515:
504:
262:
649:
143:
122:
1288:
1267:
1248:
1244:
1080:
1055:
763:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/File:Blood_pressure_and_Vasopressin_at_removal_of_ovaries,_Z-scores.jpg
641:
511:
500:
258:
217:
1178:
235:
21:
1233:
748:
239:
1007:
https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/statistics/univariate-inferential-tests/one-sample-z-test
410:" that I'm now trying to get rid of (merging, then REDIRECTing -- note that the only page history
159:
on
Knowledge. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join
88:
on
Knowledge. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join
1270:
from that source. Therefore, such paraphrased portions must provide their source. Please see our
1228:. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored,
674:
645:
474:
387:
1041:
Please either correct the error, or clarify why the formula in the
Knowledge article is correct.
809:
726:
618:
1313:
1029:
801:
678:
569:
544:
1011:
851:(1.96)=0.9750 corresponding to a prediction interval of (1-(1-0.9750)*2) = 0.9500 = 95%.
758:
concentrations changed in parallel at use of zâscores (standard scores) for comparison.
914:
859:
744:
710:
599:
555:
1329:
1271:
844:(standard score))*2). For example, a standard score numerically being x = 1.96 gives
805:
1259:, may copy sentences and phrases, provided they are included in quotation marks and
1017:
1260:
1024:
https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/265615/z-test-for-a-population-proportion
411:
230:
2. Deviate (statistics) redirects to Random
Variate, so, consider using that term?
1232:
it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see
1220:
443:
434:
156:
1035:
1088:
706:
430:
812:
1063:
1050:
739:
There is an obvious lack of reference to the use of standard score with a
1256:
1321:
1301:
1186:
933:
894:
875:
773:
752:
734:
714:
682:
657:
626:
607:
572:
547:
477:
462:
415:
243:
70:
52:
82:, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of articles that are
84:
505:
http://www.dnr.state.ak.us/ssd/whtest/sashtml/stat/chap47/sect17.htm
858:, I had mixed up variance and standard deviation in the diagram at
828:
501:
http://www.statsdirect.com/help/data_preparation/normal_scores.htm
419:
454:
How is normalising data different from standardising data? The
15:
1225:
1168:{\displaystyle {\frac {x-\mu }{\frac {\sigma }{\sqrt {n}}}}}
1038:
has BOTH formulas, but does NOT explain why both are used.
1175:
is the formula for a z-statistic, utilized for the Z-test
761:
The suggested image has been remade from the publication:
280:
Where can we add the value range standardization following
1236:
if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or
1030:
http://www.psych.utoronto.ca/courses/c1/chap7/chap7b.html
458:
pages doesn't give much (enough) information about this.
860:
Standard_score#Percentile_ranks_and_prediction_intervals
944:
856:
1204:
1012:
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat414/node/269
379:{\displaystyle y={\frac {x-minimum}{maximum-minimum}}}
1139:
1102:
289:
155:, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of
600:
http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/68384.html
556:
http://www.statsoft.com/textbook/sttable.html#index
1167:
1123:
1094:You're combining both a z-score and a z-statistic.
406:because a while back I created an article called "
378:
227:1. Wasn't appropriate for intro. Roll into body?
1018:http://sites.nicholas.duke.edu/statsreview/means/
961:x is the raw score (the sample mean being tested)
613:Totally incomprehensible jargon to this layperson
905:how dow you standardize when it's multivariate?
924:External link to z-score calculator is broken.
743:. There is no better use than I can think of.
632:z-scores are not just for normal distributions
994:then the correct formula might be rewritten:
967:Ï is the standard deviation of the population
8:
422:â I figured that wasn't important to keep).
414:had was the initial page creation by me on
1036:http://www.free-six-sigma.com/z-value.html
117:
47:
1140:
1138:
1124:{\displaystyle {\frac {x-\mu }{\sigma }}}
1103:
1101:
1000:if they don't like the definition of 's'
970:s is the standard deviation of the sample
296:
288:
1197:
783:
429:A standard score is a way of placing a
119:
49:
19:
98:Knowledge:WikiProject Spoken Knowledge
1234:"using copyrighted works from others"
883:Knowledge talk:WikiProject Statistics
101:Template:WikiProject Spoken Knowledge
7:
982:The actual formula is the following:
149:This article is within the scope of
76:This article is within the scope of
1341:High-importance Statistics articles
38:It is of interest to the following
14:
720:Usefulness of the standard score?
1238:"donating copyrighted materials"
1219:
835:cumulative distribution function
806:10.1111/j.1532-950X.2014.12264.x
697:
483:Suggestion: Separate entry for ?
169:Knowledge:WikiProject Statistics
142:
121:
69:
51:
20:
1346:WikiProject Statistics articles
1205:https://en.wikipedia.org/Z-test
964:Ό is the mean of the population
189:This article has been rated as
172:Template:WikiProject Statistics
1089:22:40, 25 September 2017 (UTC)
1064:22:40, 25 September 2017 (UTC)
1034:In all fairness, this website
825:Help in correcting the diagram
478:11:11, 29 September 2006 (UTC)
1:
1302:09:17, 19 December 2022 (UTC)
1075:âmeasuredâ the population.
1028:and also this Canadian site:
900:
895:05:38, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
876:11:51, 14 November 2011 (UTC)
855:As a perceptive user noticed
163:and see a list of open tasks.
92:and see a list of open tasks.
1131:is the formula for a z-score
1016:As well as Duke University!
774:20:24, 2 February 2019 (UTC)
627:05:17, 8 February 2009 (UTC)
573:21:37, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
548:20:53, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
79:WikiProject Spoken Knowledge
1336:C-Class Statistics articles
1322:10:17, 28 August 2023 (UTC)
1278:, and persistent violators
1003:Sources to prove my point:
901:and when it's multivariate?
456:Normalization (statistical)
1362:
1272:guideline on non-free text
1226:https://assess.com/z-score
976:But, isn't that incorrect?
943:The formula given for 'Z'
934:12:30, 9 August 2014 (UTC)
915:16:36, 19 March 2013 (UTC)
715:19:22, 21 March 2011 (UTC)
608:02:47, 22 April 2007 (UTC)
450:Question about normalising
1215:Copyright problem removed
939:Incorrect formula for 'Z'
735:11:16, 19 June 2011 (UTC)
658:16:35, 11 July 2009 (UTC)
463:21:51, 7 April 2006 (UTC)
244:23:47, 3 March 2020 (UTC)
188:
137:
104:Spoken Knowledge articles
64:
46:
1255:, and, if allowed under
1187:14:14, 8 July 2021 (UTC)
1051:06:49, 2 June 2017 (UTC)
866:above the Ï at the top?
745:Stephen Charles Thompson
579:Population versus Sample
566:Knowledge:External links
446:21:22, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
390:14:22, 3 Jan 2008 (UTC)
753:15:01, 7 May 2012 (UTC)
683:10:33, 6 May 2010 (UTC)
437:21:11, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
222:standard normal deviate
212:Standard Normal Deviate
1169:
1125:
881:I've made an entry at
852:
380:
152:WikiProject Statistics
28:This article is rated
1170:
1126:
832:
741:standard normal table
605:Richardelainechambers
507:for definitions.) --
381:
1137:
1100:
885:for this issue now.
833:Diagram showing the
398:I added stuff about
287:
1247:, we cannot accept
532:External Link Added
175:Statistics articles
1165:
1121:
853:
794:Veterinary Surgery
568:for more info. --
376:
34:content assessment
1312:page, at least.
1163:
1162:
1161:
1119:
766:Odd Höglund (SLU)
661:
644:comment added by
528:
514:comment added by
374:
275:
261:comment added by
209:
208:
205:
204:
201:
200:
116:
115:
112:
111:
1353:
1300:
1297:
1291:
1223:
1207:
1202:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1141:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1115:
1104:
938:
887:Mikael HÀggström
868:Mikael HÀggström
847:
840:
817:
816:
788:
705:
701:
700:
660:
638:
527:
508:
495:
494:
490:
468:Symbols question
394:Modified content
385:
383:
382:
377:
375:
373:
326:
297:
274:
255:
195:importance scale
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
146:
139:
138:
133:
125:
118:
106:
105:
102:
99:
96:
95:Spoken Knowledge
73:
66:
65:
59:Spoken Knowledge
55:
48:
31:
25:
24:
16:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1326:
1325:
1309:
1299:
1295:
1290:Red-tailed hawk
1289:
1287:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1203:
1199:
1142:
1135:
1134:
1105:
1098:
1097:
1081:Thehampshirehog
1056:Thehampshirehog
941:
922:
903:
850:
845:
843:
838:
827:
822:
821:
820:
790:
789:
785:
722:
698:
696:
690:
667:
639:
634:
615:
610:
581:
534:
509:
496:
492:
488:
486:
485:
470:
452:
400:standardization
396:
327:
298:
285:
284:
256:
251:
214:
191:High-importance
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
132:Highâimportance
131:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
32:on Knowledge's
29:
12:
11:
5:
1359:
1357:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1328:
1327:
1308:
1305:
1293:
1276:very seriously
1216:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1176:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1132:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1095:
972:
971:
968:
965:
962:
940:
937:
926:173.246.13.195
921:
918:
907:134.106.106.34
902:
899:
898:
897:
848:
841:
826:
823:
819:
818:
782:
781:
777:
721:
718:
689:
686:
666:
665:Capitalisation
663:
633:
630:
614:
611:
603:
588:
580:
577:
576:
575:
551:
550:
533:
530:
484:
481:
469:
466:
451:
448:
439:
438:
395:
392:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
295:
292:
282:
281:
277:
276:
250:
247:
213:
210:
207:
206:
203:
202:
199:
198:
187:
181:
180:
178:
161:the discussion
147:
135:
134:
126:
114:
113:
110:
109:
107:
90:the discussion
74:
62:
61:
56:
44:
43:
37:
26:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1358:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1292:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1245:legal reasons
1241:
1240:if you are.)
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1214:
1206:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1133:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1043:96.59.135.184
1039:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1001:
999:
995:
992:
989:
988:
984:
983:
979:
978:
977:
969:
966:
963:
960:
959:
958:
957:
953:
952:
948:
946:
936:
935:
931:
927:
919:
917:
916:
912:
908:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
879:
878:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
836:
831:
824:
814:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
787:
784:
780:
776:
775:
771:
767:
764:
759:
755:
754:
750:
746:
742:
737:
736:
732:
728:
719:
717:
716:
712:
708:
704:
694:
687:
685:
684:
680:
676:
671:
664:
662:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
631:
629:
628:
624:
620:
612:
609:
606:
602:
601:
596:
592:
587:
584:
578:
574:
571:
567:
563:
562:
561:
560:
557:
549:
546:
542:
541:
540:
539:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
506:
502:
491:
482:
480:
479:
476:
467:
465:
464:
461:
460:129.97.80.128
457:
449:
447:
445:
436:
432:
428:
427:
426:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
393:
391:
389:
388:herr_blaschke
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
323:
320:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
293:
290:
279:
278:
272:
268:
264:
260:
253:
252:
248:
246:
245:
241:
237:
231:
228:
225:
223:
219:
211:
196:
192:
186:
183:
182:
179:
162:
158:
154:
153:
148:
145:
141:
140:
136:
130:
127:
124:
120:
108:
91:
87:
86:
81:
80:
75:
72:
68:
67:
63:
60:
57:
54:
50:
45:
41:
35:
27:
23:
18:
17:
1310:
1279:
1275:
1264:
1252:
1242:
1229:
1218:
1200:
1192:
1077:
1072:*population*
1071:
1067:
1054:
1040:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1002:
997:
996:
993:
990:
986:
985:
981:
980:
975:
974:
973:
955:
954:
950:
949:
942:
923:
904:
863:
854:
800:(7): 852â9.
797:
793:
786:
778:
760:
756:
738:
727:PhilipWinter
723:
702:
695:
691:
688:Table change
672:
668:
635:
619:Lawikitejana
616:
597:
593:
589:
585:
582:
559:68.19.125.93
552:
538:68.19.125.93
535:
516:68.33.196.22
497:
471:
453:
440:
424:
412:Standardized
408:Standardized
407:
404:standardized
403:
399:
397:
283:
263:65.182.95.67
249:Other scores
232:
229:
226:
220:, such as a
215:
190:
150:
83:
77:
40:WikiProjects
1314:APenInSpace
1253:information
1249:copyrighted
991:Since s =
920:Broken Link
640:âPreceding
510:âPreceding
257:âPreceding
1330:Categories
1268:plagiarize
1261:referenced
1193:References
1022:and even:
779:References
570:Chris53516
545:Chris53516
166:Statistics
157:statistics
129:Statistics
1179:Jmbarbone
431:raw score
236:OmneBonum
1307:History?
1257:fair use
1068:*sample*
813:25130060
673:Cheers!
654:contribs
642:unsigned
524:contribs
512:unsigned
271:contribs
259:unsigned
1284:blocked
487:?": -->
416:March 9
218:deviate
193:on the
30:C-class
1296:(nest)
1230:unless
956:Where:
675:Buzwad
646:ChevyC
475:Xinelo
85:spoken
36:scale.
444:dcljr
435:dcljr
1318:talk
1280:will
1243:For
1183:talk
1085:talk
1060:talk
1047:talk
998:Z =
987:Z =
951:Z =
947:is:
945:here
930:talk
911:talk
891:talk
872:talk
810:PMID
770:talk
749:talk
731:talk
711:talk
707:Qwfp
703:Done
679:talk
650:talk
623:talk
598:see
520:talk
503:or
489:edit
420:2004
402:and
267:talk
240:talk
224:."
185:High
1282:be
849:”,Ï
842:”,Ï
802:doi
1332::
1320:)
1265:or
1185:)
1155:Ï
1150:Ό
1147:â
1117:Ï
1113:Ό
1110:â
1087:)
1062:)
1049:)
932:)
913:)
893:)
874:)
808:.
798:43
796:.
772:)
751:)
733:)
713:)
681:)
656:)
652:âą
625:)
526:)
522:âą
418:,
386:-
350:â
303:â
273:)
269:âą
242:)
1316:(
1181:(
1159:n
1144:x
1107:x
1083:(
1058:(
1045:(
928:(
909:(
889:(
870:(
864:2
846:Ί
839:Ί
815:.
804::
768:(
747:(
729:(
709:(
677:(
648:(
621:(
518:(
493:]
371:m
368:u
365:m
362:i
359:n
356:i
353:m
347:m
344:u
341:m
338:i
335:x
332:a
329:m
324:m
321:u
318:m
315:i
312:n
309:i
306:m
300:x
294:=
291:y
265:(
238:(
197:.
42::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
