461:
where some of the person's achievements are also covered in separate articles. In this case, the material regarding the voyage is already summarized (compare the 17k length covering the voyage in the Cabral article with the 41k+ of material covering the voyage in the Armada article). In addition, the material in the Cabral article relies on wider sources than used for the Armada article. The term "stone age" refers to societies with certain characteristics and includes those who do not possess metalworking technology. It is not a value judgement. The article does mention that the inhabitants did some farming. But again, identifying them with the requires a solid reference be cited. In many cases, first-contact peoples were devastated by introduced disease or subsequent warfare, and other peoples replaced them. Because of this, it cannot be assumed that later occupants of an area are the same as those who were there at the time of contact. If you can provide a publication by a reliable source which explicitly identifies the people as
Tupiniquim, then the change can be made.
111:. I mean, come on!!!!!!!!! Brazil has independence for about 200 years now and they´re still saying that its Cabral´s or the Portuguese fault??!! For God sake, do something with your country and stop blaming others! When Portugal achieved independency (and we did it by our hands, we didn´t need a king from other country to say it for us) did the Portuguese cry for 200 years saying that the Castilians or Moors had ruin their country? NO!!! We transformed it in the biggest discoverer of its times (maybe of all times!). You have a great sunny country, and you say you are a happy people, what more do you whant? Your country is huge (thanks to us). The spanish
579:"As in the first contact, the meeting was friendly and Cabral presented the locals with gifts. The inhabitants were stone age hunter-gatherers, to whom the Europeans would assign the generic label "Indians". The men collected food by stalking game, fishing and foraging, while the women engaged in small-scale farming. They were divided into countless rival tribes. Some of these groups were nomadic and others sedentary—having a knowledge of fire but not metalworking. A few tribes engaged in cannibalism."
704:
124:
gorvernment you have been having for the last two centuries (200 years it´s a long time!)? What Brasil needs is to organize themselves and work seriously. Stop the street crime and abductions. Stop hunger, lack of education, unemployment and death at birth. Create a just society and be productive. You can't carry on being the country of the three S: Sex, Samba and Soccer. It´s easy to blame the others while sitting and doing absolutely nothing to improve your quality of life.
31:
119:. Just ask to the Aztecs, Incas, Maias...ho wait, you can´t, they were dezimated. Too bad, now you can´t see how the spanish were much nicer than the portuguese, as some brazilians think. Now seriously, I really think its a shame what happent to those tribes, and i´m just using Spain has an exemple, I like Spain, great country.). So stop blaming us, and do something for your country. I´m sure that he deserves that you do something for him.
719:
362:
noted that "article has as goal to describe the cultural and technologic gap". I thought the goal of the article was a biographical sketch of Cabral? I don't mean to be facetious, but such details about cultural & techological development of the
Tupiniquim ought properly to be looked up in the article about the Tupiniquim, rather than in the biography of Cabral. (unfortunately, the
530:(and what they fed Cabral's crew continuously). They did a little hunting on the side to supplement, but this was not their mainstay. They had regular cleared fields for the cultivation of mandioc, maize, beans, etc. Indeed, so reliant on agriculture that Vespucci (who visited them again in 1502 & 1503) asserted they didn't know how to hunt at all!
606:
topic justice. But if you can't do it justly within that space, then refrain from trying to fit it in. Just link to the topic, where there is more space to deal with it properly. This is a Cabral bio article. Stick to Cabral's bio, and just link other articles if you feel it needs more material, comment or background or further points to discuss.
764:
Lemos's crew or spies. He probably only heard a rumor about it, and just drew in a conjectural island. Still, it is technically the first surviving map with a identification of Cabral's discovery. (can't think of any other
Portuguese discovery this might be referring to otherwise; Gama didn't come across any islands there, as far as anyone knows.)
405:..." (Boxer, p.99). I can not write something that the author did not say. The article reveals the voyage from Cabral's point of view. It says how and why he was chosen and how much he would be paid for. It gives information about him and not the others. If you want to see the other articles you've created improved, do it, then. --
747:
Thank you for letting us know about that, Hispalois. I already fixed the picture's caption. About adding the picture you suggested, that's a little more difficult. Since we had a very, very, very complicated FAC nomination, changing or adding pictures will need a serious discussion before anything is
613:
I could beef up the
Tupiniquim article. Indeed, I could write a whole series of articles about every tribe on the Brazilian littoral coast. But it is not very encouraging project to undertake if the writers of important articles - like this one, or the articles on Martim Afonso de Sousa or Mem de Sa,
529:
But my greater objection is to the term 'hunter-gatherer', which is just plain wrong, regardless of what Mr. Boxer says. Tupi were agriculturalists. And I don't mean they supplemented their diet with a little gardening. They were primarily agriculturalists - cultivated mandioc was their staple diet
373:
This is just one instance of what I believe is a general problem with this article: there's too much effort to insert too many things in one biographical article, which ought properly to be looked up elsewhere. It is not only the discussion of the
Tupiniquim. Many of the details of the discovery of
795:
Lecen, thanks for the minor correction. I read the FAC nomination page and understand your concern with adding images but I would like to stress that the La Cosa chart is not some 19th century work whose copyright may or may not have expired. It is a 510 year old map whose author died 500 years ago.
605:
I am not trying to be difficult or mischievous. I realize a lot of work went into this article and I commend the effort. But it tries to do too much. As a result, it ends up with several off-hand dubious statements and paragraphs like this which raise a few eyebrows. I don't expect you to do every
428:
For instance, Cabral's trip, all the events in Brazil, Calicut, etc. are already mentioned in great detail in the 2nd Armada article. They do not need to be repeated here in a similar degree of detail. The bio article can and should treat the expedition in a much more summarized fashion, and allow
361:
I made a small edit that was subsequently reversed. Rather than reverse it again, I'd like to discuss it here, and make a general point about this page. I replaced "stone age hunter-gatherers" with 'Tupiniquim', the proper name of the tribe Cabral encountered in Brazil. In the reversal, the editor
131:
All this is no more than a hilarious lie. There is no such evidence at all. Cabral and his crew didn't kill any native
Indians when they spent a week at Porto Seguro. It is true that Portuguese colonists later killed many Indians, but not Cabral. People who make such ignorant statements besmirch the
81:
TRUE: The
Discovery of Brazil - a week in the region Bahia(almost 10-11 days), Porto Seguro, Cabralia etc. (before the fleet set sail to the Cape and to India in Asia) was the most peacefull week of the history of European discoveries, without any dead, Native or Portuguese; Natives spend a night in
629:
You should have read the article carefuly. It does not says that the
Tupiniquim were stone age, food collectors, etc... It says that the inhabitants of what is now Brazil were like that. Tha would include the Tapajós, Guaranis, Tupinambás, etc... Nonetheless, none of the tribes in Brazil knew metal
432:
And the description of
Tupiniquim society - including Portuguese impressions of the Tupiniquim - should be in an article about the Tupiniquim. Alas, you decided to strip the Tupiniquim of their name and reduce them to faceless, nameless 'stone-age hunter gatherers' (which is inaccurate - they were
779:
Walrasiad, I think we agree. I would just like to point out that there is no unanimity about the dates of La Cosa's arrival and return to Spain. He may have arrived either in
November 1499 or in June 1500. He then left again for the Indies either "end of 1500" or "mid 1501". I can provide numerous
763:
Well, Cosas's depiction is largely conjectural. Cosas arrived in Spain in June (the same month Gaspar de Lemos returned to Lisbon) but left again for America in October. So Cosas only had a couple of months or so to do this entire map, probably not enough time to gather accurate information from
680:
But it isn't precise. It isn't clear. There's no qualification that it is referring to the continent as a whole (is it the whole continent now? I though you said it was modern Brazil as a whole? I'm confused.) Yes, it is very much suggesting the Tupiniquim were called 'indians' and all that.
460:
be cited to add a new fact such as this. Without such a reference, the article can only say what is supported by the existing references. That the article covers some of the information from the article regarding the voyage of the Second Armada is inevitable. This is usual in biographical articles
424:
statement by Boxer or any other author. This is a biographical article about Cabral, not a history of Portuguese discoveries, nor a history of Brazil. If you try to pack too much information into one article, you run the danger of clutter, meandering and hanging details out of context. It can be
436:
If you want to just convey Cabral's impression of them, fine. But make it clear you're talking about Cabral's impression and not making a general disquisition. Cabral was only there for a little over a week. The technology gap did not matter to their interaction - he did not fight them, did not
340:
Perhaps you might know that back then people were chosen based on birth not on skills or experience, but not everyone knows that. In the case of Cabral, the explanation is much more needed because it he was and still is a man who little is known about his past before the voyage. Any reader will
123:
The portuguese gave you the fifth biggest country in the world. Half of South America. What are you personally doing to improve the unjust society you are living on? The uncapacity shown in every leader you had until today? Are you going to blame the portuguese for the lack of proper and decent
536:
Of course, if it is Cabral's impression we're talking about, they certainly didn't see much of the local economy - they hardly left the beach. Caminha didn't think they cultivated ('else nem lavram nem criam'), but that was based on observing their unfamiliar reaction to European livestock -
324:
I fail to see the point of the depth of detail about whether or not Cabral was qualified or not. As I began reading, I thought it was building up to the point about him landing up in Brazil, while he was meant to go around Africa. But not. So, what is the point? Weren't ALL commissions in all
609:
Keep in mind this is Knowledge. And the power of an online encyclopedia is the hyperlink - that is, that with one click, you can look up info about something. I urge to exploit that. Link a lot. Link as much as you can. You don't need to put it all - or try to put it all - in one place.
385:
As the principal author of these latter articles, naturally, I am not unbiased in wishing to see them used. But I wrote up those articles principally in an attempt to liberate biographical articles from being overloaded with too much detail. Naturally, some repetition and recapitulation is
664:
Unless they believe that "Indian" is synonymous with Tupiniquim. The article is quite precise: It says that the inhabitants of the new continent was divided in several different and rival tribes and that the one Cabral met was the Tupiniquim. Simple like that.
583:
shouldn't be here. It is not only that the statements here are erroneous and misleading, but this is not the place for it. If you want to discuss division of labor in Tupi society or the historical usage of the term 'indian', link to those articles.
470:
I've seen other authors asserting that they were Tupiniquins. However, I used Boxer as source and all he says is that they were part of the larger Tupi-Guarani family language (which has several tribes). But that is not important for the article itself.
537:
chickens, sheep, etc. Caminha states clearly enough the Tupiniquim staple was mandioc ("nem comem se non dese inhame que aquy ha muito e desa semente e fruitos que a tera e as aruores de sy lancam"; inhame = yam, which is what mandioc looks like.)
128:"It's known that this guy killed around 3,000 indigenan in Litoral of Brazil when arrived. He is a killer and is a hero in Portugal. Since Cabral arrived here, we Brazilians have been killed by Portuguese culture of exploration and denegration."
74:
It's known that this guy killed around 3,000 indigenan in Litoral of Brazil when arrived. He is a killer and is a hero in Portugal. Since Cabral arrived here, we Brazilians have been killed by Portuguese culture of exploration and denegration.
645:
It is far from clear. The paragraph glides smoothly from the locals Cabral met to "the inhabitants", without qualifications about being for all of modern Brazil. A reader can easily presume you are referring to the ones Cabral met.
525:
The term 'stone age' is a bit controversial and not really used anymore - particularly not to describe societies post-3000 BC. Its got rather derogatory connotations and prompts pause and wincing. It is best to use some other term.
710:
This article claims that the Cantino chart of ca. 1502 is the "earliest surviving chart showing the explorations of Pedro Álvares Cabral to Brazil." Well, it is not. As you can see on the image at the right of this text, the
82:
the ships, they dance with Portuguese men, aid the portuguese made a huge Cross, watch the two Mass, the rituals. A unique moment of paradise in history. If don´t know nothing about history, please avoid stupid comments.
796:
It is public domain, like the Cantino map that you display in the same article. So, I think that adding to this article an image of La Cosa's chart is 100% compliant with the policies of both Knowledge and Commons. --
287:
Done with the article's main text. I will add another image soon and will work on the lead. Also, I'm going have to correct the map on Cabral's voyage. The book from which I got clearly made several awful mistakes.
540:
At any rate, we have more detailed documentation of Tupi agriculture after the colonists and missionaries began arriving. (A description of Tupi agriculture can be found many places, e.g. S. Schwartz (1985)
433:
agriculturalists, they cultivated manidioc). Their name really needs to be mentioned and a link made to a Wiki article about them, so a reader can find more info about them and their society.
575:
Exactly! Discussions about the cultural, economic and technological development of the Tupiniquim should be in an article about the Tupiniquim, not in an article about Cabral! This paragraph:
437:
build colonies, it doesn't seem he even ever visited one their villages. And, oh, Cabral was blissfully unaware of their cannibalism. That was first discovered by Lemos/Vespucci later. ;) -
386:
inevitable. But a lot of the smaller details here can be transferred to improve the 2nd Armada article or the article on the Tupiniquim, and leave this article focused on Cabral himself. -
378:
article, which also give details of the armada's mission and travails in India). The details of the noble status and pay structure of fleet commanders is already discussed in the article on
425:
made much briefer and more focused on Cabral the Man. A lot of these details are already found (or should be found) in other articles and thus don't need to be repeated here.
429:
the biography of Cabral the Man (early life, career, later life, temperament, likes/dislikes, family, reputation, death, memory) to be brought front-and-center into relief.
649:
If it is about Brazil as a whole, then what is the point of that paragraph in a discussion about Cabral's landing? Shouldn't it be about the inhabitants he actually met?
97:
On a more sober note, I feel we might tone down the repeated "discovery" talk of places where people had been living for thousands of years. Lets talk about sex. --
533:
Of course,there were hunter-gatherers in Brazil - Aimore on the coast, and many of the tribes in the interior. But these were not the ones Cabral encountered.
715:(1500) shows an "Ysla descubierta por portugal" (island discovered by Portugal), which all scholars agree to identify as the lands discovered by Cabral.
375:
180:
Hello to all! I will begin improving the article and focusing on nominating it to featured. Any help, comments or anything at all will be welcome. --
403:
Além disso, a comparação lijonjeira desses selvagens da Idade da Pedra com os habitantes inocentes de um paraíso terreno ou de uma idade do ouro
780:
references to support each of these contradictory dates but I do not know if this discussion page is the right place to do it. Regards. --
560:
That's wonderful! Now you can add all that to the article about the Tupiniquim. But this article has as focus Cabral and that's it. --
148:
86:
The typical Brazilian speech: "It's Cabral's fault". Come on, you achieved independence 200 years ago, stop blaming the Portuguese.
223:
There are only two sections missing. When I am done with both, I will write the lead and the article will be finished. At last. --
341:
wonder why the King would chose an obscure man to lead the most important and pwerful (and expensive) armada ever sent abroad. --
160:
Hi, I'm Brazilian and I agree with all that you said! So I ask for your apologies as a Brazilian and as a Portugal descendant.
725:
Furthermore, this same map contains a legend regarding the exploration of today-Brazilian coasts by the Castilian navigator
330:
726:
255:
The "Return to Europe" is a mess. It will make more sense once I finish it. The article is almost done. Any comments? --
47:
17:
195:
I've been editing the article so far. Since no one has said anything, I will presume that my work here is accepted. --
209:
At last I'm done with most of the article. Now I will begin working in the sections related to the voyage itself. --
38:
325:
countries at the time given out to favourites/ allies/ the nobles etc? So why should it be so odd in this case?
379:
326:
591:
did Cabral meet. Their social structure, economy, customs, fate, etc. can be looked up in an article about
512:
Indios Tupi-Guarani na Pre-Historia: Suas invasões do Brasil e do Paraguai, seu destino após o descobrimento
115:
didn´t dezimated your tribes (because we, not them, colonized you, and we were much nicer that the spanish
712:
505:
O Descobridor do Brazil, Pedro Alvares Cabral: memoria apresentada á Academia real das sciencias de Lisboa
595:, which will hopefully be more clear and accurate and detailed than this off-the-cuff dubious paragraph.
144:
703:
452:
The only problem with specifying that it was the Tupiniquim who made first contact with Cabral is that
374:
Brazil could profitably be moved to an article about the 'Discovery of Brazil' (more specifically, the
108:
87:
140:
165:
136:
805:
801:
789:
785:
773:
769:
757:
741:
737:
693:
689:
674:
658:
654:
639:
623:
619:
569:
554:
550:
480:
465:
446:
442:
414:
395:
391:
350:
334:
311:
297:
278:
274:
264:
250:
232:
218:
204:
189:
169:
152:
101:
90:
545:, Cambridge UP, p.30) To characterize the Tupiniquim as 'hunter-gatherers' is simply incorrect.
132:
reputation of Knowledge. The person who wrote that should be barred from further postings.
753:
670:
635:
565:
476:
410:
346:
307:
293:
260:
246:
228:
214:
200:
185:
797:
781:
765:
733:
685:
650:
615:
546:
438:
387:
270:
718:
462:
457:
453:
367:
98:
46:
If you wish to start a new discussion or revive an old one, please do so on the
241:
Only one section remains unfinished. When it is over, I will write the lead. --
749:
666:
631:
561:
472:
406:
363:
342:
303:
289:
256:
242:
224:
210:
196:
181:
161:
729:. I think it could be a good illustration for the "Forerunners" section.
543:
Sugar plantations in the formation of Brazilian society: Bahia, 1550-1835
630:
casting and their agricultural knowledge was very, very limited. --
489:
If its references you need for the Tupiniquim, that's easy to fix:
717:
702:
587:
The only point of interest for the purposes of this article is
25:
598:
Yet a reader can't even look it up since it doesn't even say
320:
Fleet Commander-in-Chief - What is the point of this section?
370:article contains some info, but is far too brief.)
8:
614:or the Capitanias - won't make use of them.
269:Looking good, but the lead needs an update.
521:, Austin: University of Texas Press. p.10.
376:2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)
366:article in Wiki is very poor; the larger
496:Quintella, Ignacio da Costa (1839–42)
44:Do not edit the contents of this page.
7:
519:Brazil Imagined: 1500 to the Present
503:Visconde de Sanches da Baena (1897)
420:But you are not obliged to repeat
24:
29:
312:15:11, 13 September 2010 (UTC)
298:15:23, 12 September 2010 (UTC)
279:22:33, 11 September 2010 (UTC)
265:19:48, 10 September 2010 (UTC)
251:02:48, 10 September 2010 (UTC)
1:
806:08:05, 14 November 2010 (UTC)
790:08:05, 14 November 2010 (UTC)
774:02:51, 14 November 2010 (UTC)
758:01:10, 14 November 2010 (UTC)
742:00:25, 14 November 2010 (UTC)
510:Moacyr Soares Pereira (2000)
351:18:45, 5 September 2010 (UTC)
335:17:10, 5 September 2010 (UTC)
233:11:24, 7 September 2010 (UTC)
219:04:17, 6 September 2010 (UTC)
498:Annaes da marinha portugueza
694:14:54, 8 October 2010 (UTC)
675:11:50, 8 October 2010 (UTC)
659:07:30, 8 October 2010 (UTC)
640:03:59, 8 October 2010 (UTC)
624:03:50, 8 October 2010 (UTC)
570:22:59, 7 October 2010 (UTC)
555:19:40, 7 October 2010 (UTC)
481:17:25, 7 October 2010 (UTC)
466:16:44, 7 October 2010 (UTC)
447:07:35, 7 October 2010 (UTC)
415:05:12, 7 October 2010 (UTC)
396:05:01, 7 October 2010 (UTC)
357:Too much info for one page?
205:23:01, 22 August 2010 (UTC)
190:02:20, 21 August 2010 (UTC)
821:
699:Brazil 1500 in cartography
153:18:07, 13 March 2007 (UTC)
102:01:25, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
91:09:42, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
170:18:20, 16 June 2009 (UTC)
18:Talk:Pedro Álvares Cabral
514:, Maceio: EDUFAL, p.134.
380:Portuguese India Armadas
493:Greenlee, op. cit. p.8.
327:Rui ''Gabriel'' Correia
722:
713:map of Juan de la Cosa
707:
176:Improving the article.
721:
706:
517:Sadlier, D.W. (2008)
500:. Lisboa., v.1 p.252.
42:of past discussions.
727:Vicente Yáñez Pinzón
723:
708:
748:done. Regards, --
156:
139:comment added by
107:I agree with you
67:
66:
54:
53:
48:current talk page
812:
507:. Lisbon , p.43.
456:requires that a
155:
133:
63:
56:
55:
33:
32:
26:
820:
819:
815:
814:
813:
811:
810:
809:
701:
359:
322:
178:
134:
78:This is a LIE.
72:
59:
30:
22:
21:
20:
12:
11:
5:
818:
816:
793:
792:
761:
760:
700:
697:
678:
677:
643:
642:
602:Cabral met!
581:
580:
573:
572:
523:
522:
515:
508:
501:
494:
488:
486:
485:
484:
483:
418:
417:
358:
355:
354:
353:
321:
318:
317:
316:
315:
314:
285:
284:
283:
282:
281:
239:
238:
237:
236:
235:
177:
174:
173:
172:
126:
125:
117:conquistadores
113:conquistadores
105:
104:
94:
93:
71:
68:
65:
64:
52:
51:
34:
23:
15:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
817:
808:
807:
803:
799:
791:
787:
783:
778:
777:
776:
775:
771:
767:
759:
755:
751:
746:
745:
744:
743:
739:
735:
730:
728:
720:
716:
714:
705:
698:
696:
695:
691:
687:
682:
676:
672:
668:
663:
662:
661:
660:
656:
652:
647:
641:
637:
633:
628:
627:
626:
625:
621:
617:
611:
607:
603:
601:
596:
594:
590:
585:
578:
577:
576:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:
557:
556:
552:
548:
544:
538:
534:
531:
527:
520:
516:
513:
509:
506:
502:
499:
495:
492:
491:
490:
482:
478:
474:
469:
468:
467:
464:
459:
455:
451:
450:
449:
448:
444:
440:
434:
430:
426:
423:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
399:
398:
397:
393:
389:
383:
381:
377:
371:
369:
365:
356:
352:
348:
344:
339:
338:
337:
336:
332:
328:
319:
313:
309:
305:
301:
300:
299:
295:
291:
286:
280:
276:
272:
268:
267:
266:
262:
258:
254:
253:
252:
248:
244:
240:
234:
230:
226:
222:
221:
220:
216:
212:
208:
207:
206:
202:
198:
194:
193:
192:
191:
187:
183:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
158:
157:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
129:
122:
121:
120:
118:
114:
110:
103:
100:
96:
95:
92:
89:
85:
84:
83:
79:
76:
69:
62:
58:
57:
49:
45:
41:
40:
35:
28:
27:
19:
794:
762:
731:
724:
709:
683:
679:
648:
644:
612:
608:
604:
599:
597:
592:
588:
586:
582:
574:
542:
539:
535:
532:
528:
524:
518:
511:
504:
497:
487:
435:
431:
427:
421:
419:
402:
384:
372:
360:
323:
302:All done! --
179:
135:— Preceding
130:
127:
116:
112:
109:Afonso Silva
106:
88:Afonso Silva
80:
77:
73:
60:
43:
37:
732:Regards. --
382:generally.
368:Tupi people
141:69.9.30.236
36:This is an
364:Tupiniquim
798:Hispalois
782:Hispalois
766:Walrasiad
734:Hispalois
686:Walrasiad
651:Walrasiad
616:Walrasiad
547:Walrasiad
463:• Astynax
439:Walrasiad
388:Walrasiad
271:Connormah
70:Mercenary
61:Archive 1
149:contribs
137:unsigned
39:archive
99:Wetman
750:Lecen
667:Lecen
632:Lecen
562:Lecen
473:Lecen
458:WP:RS
422:every
407:Lecen
343:Lecen
304:Lecen
290:Lecen
257:Lecen
243:Lecen
225:Lecen
211:Lecen
197:Lecen
182:Lecen
162:Betum
16:<
802:talk
786:talk
770:talk
754:talk
738:talk
690:talk
671:talk
655:talk
636:talk
620:talk
600:whom
593:them
589:whom
566:talk
551:talk
477:talk
454:WP:V
443:talk
411:talk
392:talk
347:talk
331:talk
308:talk
294:talk
275:talk
261:talk
247:talk
229:talk
215:talk
201:talk
186:talk
166:talk
145:talk
804:)
788:)
772:)
756:)
740:)
692:)
684:-
673:)
665:--
657:)
638:)
622:)
568:)
553:)
479:)
471:--
445:)
413:)
394:)
349:)
333:)
310:)
296:)
288:--
277:)
263:)
249:)
231:)
217:)
203:)
188:)
168:)
151:)
147:•
800:(
784:(
768:(
752:(
736:(
688:(
669:(
653:(
634:(
618:(
564:(
549:(
475:(
441:(
409:(
401:"
390:(
345:(
329:(
306:(
292:(
273:(
259:(
245:(
227:(
213:(
199:(
184:(
164:(
143:(
50:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.