2224:. Tamga are of immense interest to numismatists, and are discussed in many academic works relating to the medieval Islamic coins of Central Asia. However, numismatists and historians currently have limited options for representing tamga symbols in text, and cannot reliably interchange text including tamga symbols because they are either represented as images, or are handdrawn, or use an ad hoc font. Doctor Nyamaa identifies nearly a hundred tamga signs used on coins, although only about half of them can be assigned to a specific ruler, and some of them are variant forms or presentation forms of the same tamga.
2464:
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2607:
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1491:
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241:, and by cultures influenced by them. The tamga was used as a livestock branding for a particular tribe, clan or family. They were common among the Eurasian nomads throughout Classical Antiquity and the Middle Ages. As clan and family identifiers, the collection and systematic comparison of tamgas is regarded to provide insights into relations between families, individuals and ethnic groups in the steppe territory.
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and others to identify that the livestock belongs to a certain family, since livestock is allowed to roam during the day. Each family has their own tamga markings for easier identification. Tamga marks are not very elaborate, since they are made from curved pieces of iron by the individual families.
288:
Tamgas originate in pre-historic times, but their exact usage and development cannot be continuously traced over time. There are, however, symbols represented in rock art that are referred to as tamgas or tamga-like. If they serve to record the presence of individuals at a particular place, they may
3110:
Probably not only the strong steppe influence, but also the desire to subjugate the local population can both be seen as reasons for the use of the khagan title by some
Rurikids, along with tamga (trident), which had been a typical symbol of power in the steppes and in Middle Asia since ancient
2708:) is still used in two contexts. One is a tax or fee when dealing with the government. It is normally in the form of stamps that have to be purchased and affixed to government forms, such as a driver license or a registration deed for a contract. The term is derived from the Ottoman
2679:), which translates as "medal of services", is seventh highest honour given by the Government of Pakistan to both the military and civilians. It is admissible to non-commissioned officers and other ranks for long meritorious or distinguished services of a non-operational nature.
2215:
Over a hundred different
Mongolian tamga are known. Certain tamga were adopted by individual medieval Mongolic and Turkic rulers, and were consequently used on coins and seals issued by these rulers. Tamga are most widely found on Islamic coins issued by the descendants of
296:, the ruling dynasty applied personal tamgas, composed of a fragment representing the family and a fragment representing the individual king, apparently in continuation of steppe traditions and in an attempt to consolidate seditary and nomadic factions within the kingdom.
2499:. In East Slavic, the steppe term competes with forms assumed to originate from Germanic (Old Church Slavonic мꙑто toll, Russian (historical) мы́то "customs duty", Ukrainian мито "toll, customs duty", and Belarusian мытня, Ukrainian митниця "customs"; cf. German
365:
means "originally a `brand' or mark of ownership placed on horses, cattle, and other livestock; it became at a very early date something like a
European coat of arms or crest, and as such appears at the head of several Türkü and many O Kir funary monuments".
2200:
and designates emblematic symbols which were historically used by various
Mongolic tribes or clans in Central Asia. According to Clauson (1972, p.504), it was originally a Turkic word also "used for a Chinese 'seal' and passed into Mong in this meaning as
393:, it has remained what it originally was: a cattle brand and clan identifier. The Turks who remained pastoral nomad kings in eastern Anatolia and Iran, continued to use their clan tamgas and in fact, they became high-strung nationalistic imagery. The
305:
3068:"West, Andrew and Viacheslav Zaytsev 2019. Preliminary proposal to encode a set of 30 Tamga symbols. [Document No. JTC1/SC2/WG2 N5092 = L2/19-216], "The Unicode Consortium: [official site]". 90 pp"
2452:(Turkic) origin and have been adopted along with the expansion of the Rus into steppe territory. A similar process of acculturation of steppe elements can also be suspected for (or before) the
3052:
2929:(Buchhandelsausg. ed.). Darmstadt: Primus-Verl., LVR-LandesMuseum Bonn (Begleitbuch zur Ausstellung; LVR-LandesMuseum Bonn: 4. Juli 2013 - 19. Januar 2014).
3172:
3126:
The
Origins of the Old Rus' Weights and Monetary Systems: Two Studies in Western Eurasian Metrology and Numismatics in the Seventh to Eleventh Centuries
2897:
2363:
as part of the transition to a new president. In the presidential case, the tamag'a is a little more elaborate and is contained in a wooden box.
3262:
2669:), which translates as "medal of excellence", is fourth highest honour given by the Government of Pakistan to both the military and civilians.
256:. it is worth noting that branding of livestock was a common practice across most sedentary populations, as far back as the ancient Egyptians.
3134:
3103:
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2712:. Another is a stamp put on every piece of jewelry made from gold or silver to indicate it is genuine, and not made of baser metals.
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130:
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68:
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of the 6th–10th centuries, but since the mid-20th century, this hypothesis is widely rejected as being unverifiable.
111:
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57:
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401:, like many other royal dynasties in Eurasia, put their tamga on their flags and stamped their coinage with it.
2272:
2212:, a tamgha was a seal placed on taxed items and, by extension, a tax on commerce (see Eastern Europe below).
90:
3292:
2521:
2472:
2468:
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416:
ways of life became forgotten. That is most evident in the
Turkish clans that took over western and eastern
281:
2630:
was used for any kind of official stamp or seal. This usage persisted in the early modern
Islamic Empires (
2335:
Mongolian State Seal
Monument shows 168 tamga on the Monument to the State Seal of Mongolia in Ulaanbaatar.
2317:
2302:
2257:
2230:
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313:
64:
35:
24:
20:
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97:
690:
3151:
The Khazar qaghanate and its impact on the early Rus’ state: The translatio imperii from Itil to Kiev
3124:
594:
276:
2483:(Russian тамга) survived in state institution of border customs, with associated cluster of terms:
425:
421:
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152:
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79:
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184:
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1030:
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in the various khanates of
Central Asia during the 13th and 14th centuries, in particular the
2114:
707:
260:
2158:
1952:
1851:
1130:
626:
452:, which was so highly stylized that the bow was stylized down eventually to a crescent moon.
3272:
2773:
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176:
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2529:
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2136:
1831:
1434:
1074:
728:
433:
429:
234:
192:
2495:(Russian таможенник, customs officer), derived from the use of tamga as a certificate of
737:
683:
498:
2606:
2654:
2631:
2496:
2441:
2279:
808:
445:
428:
and became Roman-style aristocrats. Most of them adopted the then-Muslim symbol of the
370:
343:
319:
249:
244:
Similar tamga-like symbols were sometimes adopted by sedentary peoples adjacent to the
2954:
1490:
785:
651:
335:
3256:
2756:
2635:
2611:
2294:
2209:
610:
562:
546:
507:
482:
437:
386:
354:
226:
2661:. It is admissible to all ranks for gallantry and distinguished services in combat.
769:
667:
2726:
2623:
2371:
From Turkic, the term "tamga" has also been loaned into
Caucasian languages, e.g.,
2249:
2217:
721:
571:
530:
398:
309:
253:
104:
3236:
Tamga-signs of Iranic-speaking peoples of antiquity and the early medieval period
2772:
Shnanov, U. R.; Artykbaev, Z. O.; Kazhenova, G. T.; & Abdykulova, G. (2020).
587:
2709:
2545:
2406:
619:
456:
339:
46:
2774:"Historical significance of tribal Tamgas and its relation to the runic script"
801:
555:
2721:
2182:
2166:
2150:
2144:
2128:
2122:
2094:
2080:
2074:
2060:
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2007:
2001:
1995:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1935:
1929:
1923:
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1894:
1880:
1874:
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753:
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635:
603:
539:
475:
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409:
405:
394:
304:
259:
It has been speculated that Turkic tamgas represent one of the sources of the
2900:, PhD thesis, University of California, Los Angeles for a literature overview
2885:
Notes on Ethnic Composition of Turkic Tribes and People and Population Record
284:, crowned by two winged victories. The relief dates to the second century CE.
2615:
2422:
1404:
776:
523:
491:
390:
2658:
2356:
2344:
1482:
1388:
417:
413:
374:
2460:
closely resemble the Rurikid symbols in taking the shape of a trident.
2449:
2437:
2428:
1264:
874:
792:
578:
324:
2444:
used Tamga-like symbols to denote property rights over various items (
2736:
2512:
852:
642:
378:
3067:
2103:
818:
2487:(Russian растаможить, Belarusian растаможыць, pay customs duties),
3232:Знаки-тамги ираноязычных народов древности и раннего средневековья
2979:
Samashev, S. K. (2021). Horse branding tradition among the Turks.
2926:
Die Krim goldene Insel im Schwarzen Meer; Griechen, Skythen, Goten
2683:
2650:
2605:
2421:
2330:
2309:
2264:
1200:
890:
348:
334:
318:
303:
275:
230:
28:
2924:
2761:
International Journal of Humanities & Social Science Studies
2642:
328:
3029:
The Coins of Mongol Empire and Clan Tamgha of Khans (XIII–XIV)
2539:
2510:
In the 20th century, the Rurikid trident, colloquially called
40:
3173:"The "Rurikid sign" from the B3 church at Basarabi-Murfatlar"
2956:
An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish
2757:"About To the Question of the Main Origin of Sogdian Rulers"
2196:"Tamga", or "tamag'a", literally means "stamp" or "seal" in
2909:
Rogozhinskiy, A. E. (2011). Rock art sites in Kazakhstan.
432:
after the Sultanate disintegrated into a mass of feuding
3072:
Preliminary Proposal to Encode a Set of 30 Tamga Symbols
2857:
The Origins of the Old Rus' Weights and Monetary Systems
163:
2400:
424:. The Turks who took over western Anatolia founded the
220:
2343:
on domesticated animals such as horses in present-day
3186:(1). Translated by Galkova, I.: 29–44. Archived from
2819:(2nd ed.). Rowman and Littlefield. p. 154.
444:). Only the Ottoman ghazi state (later to become the
2383:
361:
According to Clauson (1972, p.504f.), Common Turkic
203:
71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
381:belonging to a specific Turkic clan, usually as a
2638:), and in some of their modern successor states.
289:be functionally equivalent with medieval tamgas.
3084:Цуекъо, Алый. Адыгэ лъэкъуацIэхэмрэ тамыгъэхэмрэ
2409:, almost every family has a tamga to this day.
817:List of Kazakh tamga symbols that were used by
3014:A History of Russia, Mongolia and Central Asia
2778:Opción: Revista de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales
2959:. Internet Archive. Oxford, Clarendon Press.
2645:language (which absorbed Turkic vocabulary),
2532:, Oleksii Kokhan, and Ivan Turetskyi (1992).
8:
3157:, Routledge, London and New York, p. 76-102.
2703:
2840:Franklin, Simon; Shepard, Jonathan (1996).
2574:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3051:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2674:
2524:. The modern version has been designed by
16:Symbol branding a group of Eurasian nomads
3096:Khazaria in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries
2594:Learn how and when to remove this message
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
3153:. In: A.M. Khazanov and A. Wink (eds.),
3129:. Harvard University Press. p. 78.
2657:is the fourth highest Military medal of
2462:
823:
3215:"Identity Markers: Uran, Tamga, Dastan"
3031:(in Mongolian). Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
2748:
2226:
471:
3044:
2436:Throughout the early Middle Ages, the
3238:]. Moscow: Восточная литература.
2948:
2946:
459:(as Charuklug had none) according to
7:
2861:Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute
2844:. London: Longman. pp. 120–121.
2572:adding citations to reliable sources
2355:is also used as the "state seal" of
373:, the tamga is a design identifying
156:
69:adding citations to reliable sources
3206:"Online Ottoman Turkish Dictionary"
2704:
2695:
2675:
2666:
2479:In East Slavic languages, the term
3066:Zaytsev, Viacheslav (2019-01-01).
404:When Turkish clans took over more
14:
2981:Вестник КазНУ. Серия историческая
2503:"street toll" and Medieval Latin
3001:. Kabalcı Yayınevi. p. 354.
2544:
2316:
2301:
2286:
2271:
2256:
2241:
2229:
2181:
2165:
2149:
2143:
2127:
2121:
2093:
2079:
2073:
2059:
2045:
2039:
2025:
2020:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1899:
1893:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1842:
1836:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1794:
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1707:
1701:
1695:
1681:
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1629:
1623:
1609:
1603:
1589:
1583:
1577:
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1557:
1551:
1517:
1503:
1489:
1473:
1467:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1425:
1411:
1395:
1379:
1373:
1359:
1345:
1331:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1291:
1277:
1271:
1255:
1241:
1227:
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1207:
1191:
1177:
1171:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1121:
1107:
1101:
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1081:
1065:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1021:
1005:
989:
973:
959:
945:
931:
925:
919:
903:
897:
881:
865:
859:
843:
800:
784:
768:
752:
736:
720:
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682:
666:
650:
634:
618:
602:
586:
570:
554:
538:
522:
506:
490:
474:
45:
2923:Müller, Stephanie, ed. (2013).
412:, tamgas dropped out of use as
56:needs additional citations for
2516:(тризуб), has been adopted as
2359:, which is handed over by the
267:Tamgas in the steppe tradition
1:
3263:Archaeological artefact types
3155:Nomads in the Sedentary World
2842:The Emergence of Rus 750–1200
2448:). Very likely, these are of
2898:"A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic"
2859:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
2790:Neubecker, Ottfried (2002).
2491:(Russian таможня, customs),
2427:The personal symbols of the
2401:
2384:
221:
204:
164:
3288:Mongolian words and phrases
3213:Paksoy, H. B. (June 2004).
353:A page from a 15th-century
292:In the later phases of the
280:Tamga of the Bosporan king
3314:
2815:Brook, Kevin Alan (2006).
2665:or Tamgha-e-Imtiaz (Urdu:
2393:
2376:
2236:Naran Tamga or Ongin Tamga
213:
196:
33:
18:
3298:Nomadic groups in Eurasia
3283:Turkish words and phrases
3123:Pritsak, Omeljan (1998).
3016:. Blackwell. p. 415.
3012:Christian, David (1999).
2855:Pritsak, Omeljan (1998).
342:, the national symbol of
188:
3230:Yatsenko, S. A. (2001).
3027:Badarch, Nyamaa (2005).
2953:Clauson, Gerard (1972).
2911:Rock Art in Central Asia
19:Not to be confused with
2522:coat of arms of Ukraine
2469:coat of arms of Ukraine
2454:Second Bulgarian Empire
2341:stamped using hot irons
357:, listing Oghuz tamgas.
282:Tiberius Julius Eupator
175:'stamp, seal';
3149:Noonan, T. S. (2001).
3098:. Brill. p. 275.
3094:Boris Zhivkov (2015).
2755:Bobir Gayibov (2016).
2619:
2476:
2433:
2336:
358:
346:
332:
316:
314:First Turkic Khaganate
285:
180:
36:Tamga (disambiguation)
2673:or Tamgha-e-Khidmat (
2622:In the late medieval
2609:
2466:
2425:
2361:President of Mongolia
2334:
352:
338:
322:
307:
279:
246:Pontic–Caspian steppe
3171:Fetisov, A. (2007).
2999:Divânü Lugâti't-Türk
2896:Talat Tekin (1965),
2883:Aristov, N. (1896).
2817:The Jews of Khazaria
2794:(in German). Orbis.
2568:improve this section
466:Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk
65:improve this article
34:For other uses, see
2887:. ZhS 3–4, 277–456
422:Battle of Manzikert
2997:Mahmûd, Kâşgarlı.
2863:. pp. 78–79.
2780:(91). pp. 833–850.
2620:
2477:
2471:, an example of a
2434:
2337:
461:Mahmud al-Kashgari
359:
347:
333:
317:
286:
239:Livestock branding
225:) was an abstract
3136:978-0-916458-48-5
3105:978-90-04-29307-6
2966:978-0-19-864112-4
2936:978-3-86312-060-3
2626:states, the term
2604:
2603:
2596:
2399:
2382:
2222:Chaghatai Khanate
2189:
2188:
455:Tamgas of the 21
261:Old Turkic script
219:
202:
174:
162:
141:
140:
133:
115:
3305:
3278:Heraldic charges
3268:Seals (insignia)
3249:
3226:
3209:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3192:
3180:Studia Patzinaka
3177:
3158:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3050:
3042:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2994:
2988:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2950:
2941:
2940:
2920:
2914:
2907:
2901:
2894:
2888:
2881:
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2874:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2787:
2781:
2770:
2764:
2763:III(I): 235–242.
2753:
2707:
2706:
2697:
2678:
2677:
2671:Tamgha-i-Khidmat
2668:
2599:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2579:
2548:
2540:
2526:Vasyl Krychevsky
2456:(1185–1396), as
2404:
2398:romanized:
2397:
2395:
2387:
2381:romanized:
2380:
2378:
2339:Tamgas are also
2320:
2305:
2290:
2275:
2260:
2245:
2233:
2185:
2169:
2153:
2147:
2131:
2125:
2097:
2083:
2077:
2063:
2049:
2043:
2029:
2024:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1903:
1897:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1846:
1840:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1747:Altıbas (Alaşa)
1731:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1685:
1679:
1665:
1659:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1613:
1607:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1561:
1555:
1521:
1507:
1493:
1477:
1471:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1429:
1415:
1399:
1383:
1377:
1363:
1349:
1335:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1295:
1281:
1275:
1259:
1245:
1231:
1225:
1211:
1195:
1181:
1175:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1125:
1111:
1105:
1091:
1085:
1069:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1025:
1009:
993:
977:
963:
949:
935:
929:
923:
907:
901:
885:
869:
863:
847:
824:
804:
788:
772:
756:
740:
724:
703:
686:
670:
654:
638:
622:
606:
590:
574:
558:
542:
526:
510:
494:
478:
426:Sultanate of Rûm
294:Bosporan Kingdom
224:
218:romanized:
217:
215:
207:
201:romanized:
200:
198:
190:
169:
167:
161:romanized:
160:
158:
136:
129:
125:
122:
116:
114:
73:
49:
41:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3253:
3252:
3246:
3229:
3212:
3204:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3175:
3170:
3167:
3165:Further reading
3162:
3161:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3106:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3043:
3039:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3011:
3010:
3006:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2952:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2908:
2904:
2895:
2891:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2827:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2771:
2767:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2732:Siglas poveiras
2718:
2663:Tamgha-i-Imtiaz
2600:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2565:
2549:
2538:
2536:Islamic empires
2530:Andriy Grechylo
2518:national symbol
2473:Rurikid Trident
2446:Rurikid symbols
2432:
2420:
2415:
2413:Secondary usage
2369:
2327:
2321:
2312:
2306:
2297:
2291:
2282:
2276:
2267:
2261:
2252:
2246:
2237:
2234:
2194:
822:
812:
811:
805:
796:
795:
789:
780:
779:
773:
764:
763:
757:
748:
747:
741:
732:
731:
725:
716:
715:
704:
695:
694:
687:
678:
677:
671:
662:
661:
655:
646:
645:
639:
630:
629:
623:
614:
613:
607:
598:
597:
591:
582:
581:
575:
566:
565:
559:
550:
549:
543:
534:
533:
527:
518:
517:
511:
502:
501:
495:
486:
485:
479:
430:Seal of Solomon
302:
274:
272:Ancient origins
269:
237:initially as a
235:Eurasian nomads
137:
126:
120:
117:
74:
72:
62:
50:
39:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3311:
3309:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3293:Turkic culture
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3244:
3227:
3210:
3202:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3142:
3135:
3115:
3104:
3086:
3077:
3058:
3037:
3019:
3004:
2989:
2972:
2965:
2942:
2935:
2915:
2902:
2889:
2876:
2869:
2847:
2832:
2825:
2807:
2800:
2782:
2765:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2717:
2714:
2655:Tamgha-i-Jurat
2632:Ottoman Empire
2614:on top of the
2602:
2601:
2552:
2550:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2426:
2419:
2418:Eastern Europe
2416:
2414:
2411:
2368:
2365:
2329:
2328:
2322:
2315:
2313:
2307:
2300:
2298:
2292:
2285:
2283:
2277:
2270:
2268:
2262:
2255:
2253:
2247:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2228:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2179:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2163:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2141:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2119:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2099:
2098:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2011:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1834:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1487:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1465:
1464:Ergenekti Waq
1462:
1459:
1458:
1439:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1269:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1253:
1252:Tömengi şekti
1250:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1205:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1169:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1135:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1079:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1035:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1003:
1001:
995:
994:
987:
985:
979:
978:
971:
968:
965:
964:
957:
954:
951:
950:
943:
940:
937:
936:
917:
912:
909:
908:
895:
893:
887:
886:
879:
877:
871:
870:
857:
855:
849:
848:
841:
839:
835:
834:
831:
828:
821:
815:
814:
813:
807:
806:
799:
797:
791:
790:
783:
781:
775:
774:
767:
765:
759:
758:
751:
749:
743:
742:
735:
733:
727:
726:
719:
717:
706:
705:
698:
696:
689:
688:
681:
679:
673:
672:
665:
663:
657:
656:
649:
647:
641:
640:
633:
631:
625:
624:
617:
615:
609:
608:
601:
599:
593:
592:
585:
583:
577:
576:
569:
567:
561:
560:
553:
551:
545:
544:
537:
535:
529:
528:
521:
519:
513:
512:
505:
503:
497:
496:
489:
487:
481:
480:
473:
450:kept its tamga
446:Ottoman Empire
371:Turkic peoples
344:Crimean Tatars
301:
300:Turkic peoples
298:
273:
270:
268:
265:
250:Eastern Europe
139:
138:
53:
51:
44:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3310:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3247:
3245:5-02-018212-5
3241:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3193:on 2020-09-28
3189:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3138:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3087:
3081:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3062:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3040:
3038:99929-0-423-2
3034:
3030:
3023:
3020:
3015:
3008:
3005:
3000:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2872:
2870:0-582-49090-1
2866:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2848:
2843:
2836:
2833:
2828:
2826:0-7425-4981-X
2822:
2818:
2811:
2808:
2803:
2801:3-572-01344-5
2797:
2793:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2701:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2672:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2637:
2636:Mughal Empire
2633:
2629:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2612:Mughal Empire
2610:Tamga of the
2608:
2598:
2595:
2587:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2553:This section
2551:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2430:
2424:
2417:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2403:
2391:
2386:
2374:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2314:
2311:
2304:
2299:
2296:
2295:Tsagadai khan
2289:
2284:
2281:
2274:
2269:
2266:
2259:
2254:
2251:
2250:Chinggis khan
2244:
2239:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2218:Chinggis Khan
2213:
2211:
2210:Mongol Empire
2206:
2204:
2199:
2191:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1238:Joğarı şekti
1237:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
992:
988:
986:
984:
981:
980:
976:
972:
969:
967:
966:
962:
958:
955:
953:
952:
948:
944:
941:
939:
938:
934:
928:
922:
918:
916:
913:
911:
910:
906:
900:
896:
894:
892:
889:
888:
884:
880:
878:
876:
873:
872:
868:
862:
858:
856:
854:
851:
850:
846:
842:
840:
837:
836:
832:
829:
826:
825:
820:
816:
810:
803:
798:
794:
787:
782:
778:
771:
766:
762:
755:
750:
746:
739:
734:
730:
723:
718:
713:
709:
702:
697:
692:
685:
680:
676:
669:
664:
660:
653:
648:
644:
637:
632:
628:
621:
616:
612:
605:
600:
596:
589:
584:
580:
573:
568:
564:
557:
552:
548:
541:
536:
532:
525:
520:
516:
509:
504:
500:
493:
488:
484:
477:
472:
470:
468:
467:
462:
458:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
438:Isfendiyarids
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
369:Among modern
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121:November 2022
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54:This article
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3188:the original
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2624:Turco-Mongol
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2590:
2584:October 2021
2581:
2566:Please help
2554:
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2500:
2492:
2488:
2485:rastamozhit'
2484:
2480:
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2435:
2405:. Among the
2370:
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2195:
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464:
457:Oghuz tribes
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436:states (see
403:
399:Qara Qoyunlu
383:cattle brand
368:
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312:clan of the
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254:Central Asia
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63:Please help
58:verification
55:
3219:Transoxiana
2987:(4), 53-62.
2710:damga resmi
2686:, the term
2667:تمغہ امتیاز
2649:is used as
2528:(1918) and
2493:tamozhennik
2407:Circassians
2280:Ögedei Khan
2175:Noğay-Qazaq
1773:Qızılqurıt
1526:Junior Jüz
1186:Middle Jüz
838:Senior Jüz
410:rural areas
340:Tarak Tamga
3257:Categories
3197:2010-07-14
2743:References
2722:House mark
2440:nobles of
2325:Guyug khan
2310:Juchi khan
2265:Tului khan
2104:Jüz system
1890:Qarakesek
1864:Qarasaqal
1652:Esentemir
1342:Qarakerey
1015:Sarı-Üysin
745:Ulayundluğ
442:Karamanids
420:after the
395:Aq Qoyunlu
355:Selçukname
153:Old Turkic
91:newspapers
3047:cite book
2676:تمغۂ خدمت
2616:Taj Mahal
2555:does not
2507:"toll").
2489:tamozhnya
2458:its flags
2390:Kabardian
2323:Tamga of
2308:Tamga of
2293:Tamga of
2278:Tamga of
2263:Tamga of
2248:Tamga of
2198:Mongolian
2192:Mongolian
2017:Jağabayl
1910:Törtqara
1692:Baybaqtı
1500:Aşamaylı
1302:Bağanalı
1218:Taratqtı
1165:Şanışqılı
1031:Şapıraştı
793:Chuvaldar
675:Аlkaboluk
659:Karaboluk
391:Turkestan
210:Kabardian
185:Mongolian
2792:Heraldik
2716:See also
2659:Pakistan
2520:and the
2367:Caucasus
2357:Mongolia
2345:Mongolia
2159:Töleñgıt
2090:Ramadan
2070:Kereyit
2056:Kerderi
1945:Şömekey
1483:Keraites
1288:Baltalı
830:Subclan
777:Pechenek
693:(Iğdır)
691:Taşburun
515:Bayandur
418:Anatolia
414:pastoral
375:property
248:both in
233:used by
157:𐱃𐰢𐰍𐰀
3273:Symbols
2641:In the
2576:removed
2561:sources
2438:Rurikid
2431:nobles.
2429:Rurikid
2394:дамыгъэ
2377:тамыгъэ
2353:tamag'a
2208:In the
2102:Out of
1953:Jetiruw
1852:Älimulı
1805:Şerkeş
1738:Masqar
1620:Jappas
1422:Saŋğıl
1405:Qoŋırat
1131:Sirgeli
956:Botbay
875:Jalayır
729:Dodurga
712:Yüregir
627:Yazigir
579:Begtili
214:дамыгъэ
197:тамыгъэ
177:Turkish
173:
105:scholar
80:"Tamga"
3242:
3133:
3111:times.
3102:
3035:
2963:
2933:
2867:
2823:
2798:
2737:Tughra
2700:tamgha
2692:Arabic
2688:damgha
2647:Tamgha
2513:tryzub
2450:Khazar
2402:damığə
2385:tamığə
2373:Adyghe
2203:tamaga
2036:Telew
1965:Tabın
1919:Şekti
1600:Altın
1568:Beriş
1536:Bayulı
1389:Qıpşaq
1370:Sadır
1356:Matay
1328:Buwra
1265:Nayman
1118:Tilik
1059:Oşaqtı
970:Şımır
942:Janıs
833:Tamga
809:Chepni
708:Uregir
595:Bugduz
563:Afshar
379:cattle
325:Bulgar
310:Ashina
222:damığə
205:tamığə
193:Adyghe
151:(from
149:tamgha
107:
100:
93:
86:
78:
3234:[
3191:(PDF)
3176:(PDF)
2698:) or
2684:Egypt
2651:medal
2628:tamga
2497:State
2481:tamga
1991:Tama
1724:Tana
1548:Aday
1514:Abaq
1201:Arğın
1098:Oyıq
999:Suwan
983:Alban
915:Siqım
891:Dulat
853:Qaŋlı
827:Clan
819:clans
761:Döger
643:Eymur
611:Bayat
547:Salur
483:Qiniq
434:ghazi
406:urban
389:. In
387:stamp
363:tamga
327:clan
231:brand
189:tamga
181:damga
165:tamga
145:tamga
112:JSTOR
98:books
29:Tamag
27:, or
25:Tagma
21:Tanga
3240:ISBN
3131:ISBN
3100:ISBN
3053:link
3033:ISBN
2961:ISBN
2931:ISBN
2913:, 9.
2865:ISBN
2821:ISBN
2796:ISBN
2705:تمغة
2696:دمغة
2643:Urdu
2559:any
2557:cite
2505:mūta
2501:Maut
2467:The
2442:Rus'
2137:Qoja
2115:Töre
1832:Isıq
1672:Taz
1075:Istı
531:Yiwa
499:Kayı
397:and
329:Dulo
252:and
227:seal
171:lit.
84:news
2985:103
2682:In
2570:by
2205:".
1435:Waq
463:in
408:or
385:or
377:or
229:or
147:or
67:by
3259::
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3178:.
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3045:{{
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