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officers of the squadron to meet the
Japanese officials, of whom there were about seventy. A very excellent dinner was served up, to which the guests did ample justice. Toasts to the emperor and president were drank with all the honors, and the company did not disperse until a very late hour. Our next picture shows a Chinese tanka boat. The tanka boats are counted by thousands in the rivers and bays of China. They are often employed by our national vessels as conveyances to and. from the shore, thereby saving the health of the sailors, who would be otherwise subjected to pulling long distances under a hot sun, with a liability of contracting some fatal disease peculiar to China, and thus introducing infection in a crowded crew. On her voyage, the Powhatan touched at Singapore, the capital of a small island at the southern extremity of Malacca. The town stands on a point of land near a bay, affording a safe anchorage at all seasons, and commanding the navigation of the Straits of Malacca. While the Powhatan lay at anchor here, the captain permitted two jugglers to come on board to gratify the wishes of the sailors, by exhibiting their skill in legerdemain, which art they profess in a wonderful degree of perfection. The feat of swallowing a sword was performed, as exhibited in our fifth engraving. But as the weapon belonged to the juggler, the men suspected it was prepared for the purpose, and that the blade consisted of running slides, which, by the pressure of the tongue to the point, would be forced into the hilt. The Malay, however, was determined to confound the doubters, and taking up a piece of rough cast iron from the armorer's forge, swallowed it with as much ease and facility as he did the sword. The performances ended with a lively dance executed by two cobras, to the accompaniment of harsh sounds from a trumpet played by an assistant. From Singapore lev us pasS to the Sandwich Islands, those gems of the Pacific. The arrival at the Sandwich Islands is always a welcome event in a cruise—the delicious climate, the abundance of fruits, the romantic scenery, the gentle manners of the inhabitants, render this portion of the globe peculiarly attractive. Our sixth engraving represents a group of Sandwich Island girls dancing the hula-hula to the intense delight of a group of Jack tars, who probably experience as much satisfaction at the exhibition, as was ever experienced by the refined Parisians at the efforts of Taglioni, Cerito, or Fanny Ellsler. The hula-hula was formerly a favorite dance among the Sandwich Islands, but has now become nearly extinct through the influence of the missionaries. There are still, however, a few Kanakas, who are addicted to their old amusement. The dance does not admit of much grace, each female going through her gyrations with the mechanical stiffness of an automaton. The next port we shall touch at, pleading the privilege of a roving commission, is Cape Town, the capital of the Cape of Good Hope, the well-known British colony at the Southern extremity of Africa. This point early attracted the attention of the Dutch, who saw that it was of the first importance as a watering-place for their ships. They accordingly established a colony there about the middle of the 17th century. They treated the native inhabitants, the Hottentots, with great severity, driving most of them beyond the mountains, and reducing the remainder to slavery. In 1795, it was captured by the English, but restored by the peace of Amiens, in 1802. In 1806, it was again captured by the English, and has remained in their possession since. It is defended by a castle of considerable strength, and contains many fine public buildings. The harbor is tolerably secure from September to May, during the prevalence of the southeast winds ; but during the rest of the year, when the winds blow from the north and northwest, vessels are obliged to resort to Fulse Bay, on the other side of the peninsula. Our seventh engraving presents a sketch of a group of marketmen at Cape Town. We here see the native fish dealers and purchasers. A young negro in the foreground is feeding a pelican with a small fish which he has purloined from the bench. The principal market of Cape Town is not very attractive externally, but it is noted for the abundance and excellence of its fish, flesh and fowl, which supply the inhabitants and the ships touching at the port. The sales are conducted much after the manner of this country. The salesmen arc representatives of all quarters of the globe, and include specimens of the native Hottentot and the genuine Yankee, who is always found where money is to be made. The eighth engraving is a view of the natives and their huts at St. Augustine's Bay, Madagascar. The inhabitants of this remarkably fertile island are composed of two distinct classes—the Arabs, or descendants of foreign colonists, and the Negroes, or original inhabitants of the island. The character of the inhabitants differs much in the different parts of the island, and the accounts of writers vary greatly on this subject. The island is off the eastern coast of Africa, separated from the continent by the Mozambique channel, and is about 900 miles long and 200 broad. Its surface is greatly diversified, and its mountain scenery is exceedingly grand. The name and position of this island was first made known to Europeans by Marco Polo, in the 13th century, though the Arabs had been acquainted with it for several centuries. It was visited by the Portuguese in the beginning of the 16th century. The French made several attempts to found colonies there in the middle of the 17th century, but abandoned them after ineffectual struggles with the natives. In 1745, they renewed their efforts with but little better success. In 1814, it was claimed by England as a dependency of Mauritius, which had been ceded to her by France, and some settlements were established. One of the native kings of the interior, who had shown himself eager to procure a knowledge of European arts for his subjects, consented, in 1820, to relinquish the slave trade on condition that ten Madagassees should be sent to England, and ten to Mauritius, for education. Those sent to England were placed under the care of the
4608:
Francisco, or
Australia. Those protected women, moreover, generally act as protectors each to a few other Tan-ka women who live by sly prostitution. The latter, again, used to be preyed upon—till quite recently His Excellency Governor Hennessy stopped this fiendish practice—by informers paid with Government money, who would first debauch such women and then turn round against them charging them before the magistrate as keepers of unlicensed brothels, in which case a heavy fine would be inflicted, to pay which these women used to sell their own children, or sell themselves into bondage worse than slavery, to the keepers of the brothels licensed hy Government. Whenever a sly brothel was broken up these keepers would crowd the shroffs office of the police court or the visiting room of the Government Lock Hospital to drive their heartless bargains, which were invariably enforced with the weighty support of the Inspectors of brothels appointed by Government under the Contagious Diseases Ordinance. The more this Ordinance was enforced the more of this buying and selling of human flesh went on at the very doors of Government offices. It is amongst these outcasts of Chinese society that the worst abuses of the Chinese system of domestic servitude exist, because that system is here unrestraired by the powers of traditional custom or popular opinion. This class of people, mustering perhaps here in Hong Kong not more than 2,000 persons, are entirely beyond the argument of this essay. They form a class of their own, readily recognised at a glance. They are disowned by Chinese society, whilst they are but parasites on foreign society. The system of buying and selling female children and of domestic servitude with which they must be identified is so glaring an abuse of legitimate Chinese domestic servitude that it calls for corrective measures entirely apart from any considerations connected with the general body of Chinese society.
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factories used to call forth an annual proclamation on the part of the
Cantonese Authorities warning foreigners against the demoralising influences of these people. These Tan-ka people, forbidden by Chinese law (since A.D. 1730) to settle on shore or to compete at literary examinations, and prohibited by custom from intermarrying with the rest of the people, were from the earliest days of the East India Company always the trusty allies of foreigners. They furnished pilots and supplies of provisions to British men-of war, troopships and mercantile vessels, at times when doing so was declared by the Chinese Government to be rank treason, unsparingly visited with capital punishment. They were the hangers-on of the foreign factories of Canton and of the British shipping at Lintin, Kamsingmoon, Tungkin and Hongkong Bay. They invaded Hongkong the moment the settlement was started, living at first on boats in the harbour with their numerous families, and gradually settling on shore. They have maintained ever since almost a monopoly of the supply of pilots and ships' crews, of the fish trade and the cattle trade, but unfortunately also of the trade in girls and women. Strange to say, when the settlement was first started, it was estimated that some 2,000 of these Tan-ka people had flocked to Hongkong, but at the present time they are about the same number, a tendency having set in among them to settle on shore rather than on the water and to disavow their Tan-ka extraction to mix on equal terms with the mass of the Chinese community. The half-caste population in Hongkong were, from the earliest days of the settlement of the Colony and down to the present day, almost exclusively the off-spring of these Tan-ka people. But, like the Tan-ka people themselves, they are happily under the influence of a process of continuous re-absorption in the mass of the Chinese residents of the Colony.
1638:
alongside, calling out earnestly, 'Takee me boat!' 'Takee me boat!' They had beautiful teeth, white as ivory, brilliant eyes, and their pretty faces, so earnest and pleading, were wreathed in smiles as we gave them the preference over others that joined us from all quarters, clinging to the sides of our large boat, and impeding our headway. The boatmen tried in vain to drive them off. One brute of a fellow splashed repeatedly a poor girl, who. though not at all pretty, had such a depth of meaning and such a sad expression in her eyes and face as charmed me completely. It would have interested any one to hear her scold back, and to see the flashing of her eyes, and the vivid expression in every feature. When I frowned at our sailor, the sudden change in her face from anger to smiles, the earnest 'takee me boat,' as she caught evidence of sympathy from me, was beautiful. We were assailed with these cries from so many, and there was such a clamor, that, in self-defense, we had to choose a boat and go. The first-mentioned girls, on account of their beauty, won the majority, and their boat was clean and well furnished, which is more than could be said of many of them. I caught the look of disappointment which passed over the features of the girl I have described, and it haunts me even now. Trifling as it, appeared to us, such scenes constitute the great events in their poor lives, and such triumphs or defeats are all-important to them.
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society. These Tan-ka people of the Canton river are the descendants of a tribe of aborigines pushed by advancing
Chinese civilisation to live on boats on the Canton river, being for centuries forbidden by law to live on shore. The Emperor Yung Ching (A.D. 1730) allowed them to settle in villages in the immediate proximity of the river, but they were left by him, and remain to the present day excluded from competition for official honours, whilst custom forbids them to intermarry with the rest of the people. These Tan-ka people were the secret but trusty allies of foreigners from the time of the East India Company to the present day. They furnished pilots and supplies of provisions to British men-of-war and troop ships when doing so was by the Chinese Government declared treason, unsparingly visited with capital punishment. They invaded Hong Kong the moment the Colony was opened, and have ever since maintained here a monopoly, so to say, of the supply of Chinese pilots and ships' crews, of the fish trade, the cattle trade, and especially of the trade in women for the supply of foreigners and of brothels patronised by foreigners. Almost every so-called "protected woman," i.e. kept mistress of foreigners here, belongs to this Tan-ka tribe, looked down upon and kept at a distance by all the other Chinese classes. It is among these Tan-ka women, and especially under the protection of those "protected
1544:
of the Canton river are the descendants of a tribe of aborigines pushed by advancing
Chinese civilisation to live on boats on the Canton river, being for centuries forbidden by law to live on shore. The Emperor Yung Ching (A.D. 1730) allowed them to settle in villages in the immediate proximity of the river, but they were left by him, and remain to the present day excluded from competition for official honours, whilst custom forbids them to intermarry with the rest of the people. These Tan-ka people were the secret but trusty allies of foreigners from the time of the East India Company to the present day. They furnished pilots and supplies of provisions to British men-of-war and troop ships when doing so was by the Chinese Government declared treason, unsparingly visited with capital punishment. They invaded Hong Kong the moment the Colony was opened, and have ever since maintained here a monopoly, so to say, of the supply of Chinese pilots and ship's crews, of the fish trade, the cattle trade, and especially of the trade in women for the supply of foreigners and of brothels patronised by foreigners. Almost every so-called "protected woman," i.e. kept mistress of foreigners here, belongs to this Tan-ka tribe, looked down upon and kept at a distance by all the other Chinese classes. It is among these Tan-ka women, and especially under the protection of those "protected
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fish and mussels, the latter unusually small, are being caught all day long right under our noses, for us and others. Nets, lines, and even bare hands are so busy that one wonders why the supply does nor fail. Frequently there is fishing V torchlight. Always there is plenty to see, as the Tanka. the people who live in the boats, are full of life. They are an aboriginal tribe, speaking an altogether different language from the
Chinese. On the land the; are like fish out of water. They are said never to intermarry with lar.'ilubbers, but somehow or other their tongue has crept into many villages \r. the Chiklung section. The Chinese say the Tanka speech sounds like that of the Americans. It seems to ha.e no tones. A hardy race, the Ta>ii;i are untouched by the epidemics that visit our coast, perhaps because they live so much off land. Each family has a boat, its own little kingdom, and, there being plenty of fish, all look better fed than most of our land neighbours. Christianity is, with a few rare exceptions, unknown to them. The only window of our Chiklung house gives the missioner a full view of the village life of some of the boat tribe. The window at present is just the absence of the south wall of the little loft to the shop. Wooden bars can be inserted in holes against robbers.
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Francisco, or
Australia. Those protected women, moreover, generally act as protectors each to a few other Tanka women who live by sly prostitution. The latter, again, used to be preyed upon—till quite recently His Excellency Governor Hennessy stopped this fiendish practice—by informers paid with Government money, who would first debauch such women and then turn round against them charging them before the magistrate as keepers of unlicensed brothels, in which case a heavy fine would be inflicted, to pay which these women used to sell their own children, or sell themselves into bondage worse than slavery, to the keepers of the brothels licensed by the Government. Whenever a sly brothel was broken up these keepers would crowd the shroffs office of the police court or the visiting room of the Government Lock Hospital to drive their heartless bargains, which were invariably enforced with the weighty support of the Inspectors of brothels appointed by Government under the Contagious Diseases Ordinance. The more this Ordinance was enforced the more of this buying and selling of human flesh went on at the very doors of Government offices.
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saying it was based on a 'myth' propagated by xenophobic
Cantonese to account for the establishment of the Hong Kong Eurasian community. Carl Smith's study in the late 1960s on the protected women seems, to some degree, support Eitel's theory. Smith says that the Tankas experienced certain restrictions within the traditional Chinese social structure. Custom precluded their intermarriage with the Cantonese and Hakka-speaking populations. The Tanka women did not have bound feet. Their opportunities for settlement on shore were limited. They were hence not as closely tied to Confucian ethics as other Chinese ethnic groups. Being a group marginal to the traditional Chinese society of the Puntis (Cantonese), they did not have the same social pressure in dealing with Europeans (CT Smith, Chung Chi Bulletin, 27). 'Living under the protection of a foreigner,' says Smith, 'could be a ladder to financial security, if not respectability, for some of the Tanka boat girls' (13 ).
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living: they are descendants of some aboriginal tribe of which Tan was apparently the name. Tanka boat, a boat of the kind in which these people live. 1839 Chinese
Repository 7 506 The small boats of Tanka women are never without this appendage. 1848 S. W. Williams Middle Kingdom I. vii. 321 The tankia, or boat-people, at Canton form a class in some respects beneath the other portions of the community. 1848 S. W. Williams Middle Kingdom II. xiii. 23 A large part of the boats at Canton are tankia boats, about 25 feet long, containing only one room, and covered with movable mats, so contrived as to cover the whole vessel; they are usually rowed by women. 1909 Westm. Gaz. 23 Mar. 5/2 The Tankas, numbering perhaps 50,000 in all, gain their livelihood by ferrying people to and fro on the broad river with its creeks.
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dressed heroically. The infant was the child of the prettiest one of the girls, whose husband was away fishing. The old woman was quite talkative, and undoubtedly gave us lots of news! "They had a miniature temple on the bows of the boat, with Joss seated cross-legged, looking very fat, and'very red, and very stupid. Before him was an offering of two apricots, but Joss never deigned to look at it, and apparently had no appetite. I felt a sincere respect, however, for the devotional feeling of these poor idolaters, recognizing even there the universal instinct which teaches that there is a God. "I called upon the commodore, who received me with great courtesy, and gave me a very interesting account of the voyage out, by the way of
Mauritius, of the Susquehanna, to which I was first appointed. She has gone on to Amoy.
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all pretty, had such a depth of meaning and such a sad expression in her eyes and face as charmed me completely. It would have interested any one to hear her scold back, and to see the flashing of her eyes, and the vivid expression in every feature. When I frowned at our sailor, the sudden change in her face from anger to smiles, the earnest 'tdkee me boat,' as she caught evidence of sympathy from me, was beautiful. We were assailed with these cries from so many, and there was such a clamor, that, in self-defense, we had to choose a boat and go. The first-mentioned girls, on account of their beauty, won the majority, and their boat was clean and well furnished, which is more than could be said of many of them. I caught the look of disappointment which passed over the features of the girl I have described,
5023:
entirely in boots; some of them so small that one pities the poor unfortunates who live so miserably. They are born, grow up, marry, and raise children in these boats. You would be astonished to see mothers, with infants at the breast, managing the sails, oars, and rudder of the boat as expertly as any sailor. The tanka is of very light draft, and, being able to go close in shore, is used to land passengers from the larger boats. As we neared the shore, we noticed small boats pulling toward us from all directions. Soon a boat, "manned" by two really pretty young girls pulling oars, and a third sculling, came alongside, calling out earnestly, 'Takee me boat!' 'Takce me boot!' They had beautiful teeth, white as ivory, brilliant eyes, and their pretty faces, so earnest and pleading, were
5101:
of a soap-fruit, and showed me the tree. The fruit is an exceedingly fine soap, which, without any preparation, is used for washing the finest goods. "We expect to hear of the sailing of the 'Japan Expedition' by the next mail. When Commodore Perry arrives, we shall be kept so busy that time will fly rapidly, and we shall soon be looking forward to our return home, unless Japan disturbances (which are not seriously anticipated) delay us. "I did not tell you of my visit to 'Camoens' Cave,' the principal attraction of Macao. This 'cave' was the resort of the distinguished Portuguese poet Camoens, who there wrote the greater part of the ' Lusiad.' The cave is situated in the midst of the finest wooded walks I ever saw. The grounds are planted beautifully,
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other their tongue has crept into many villages in the Chiklung section. The Chinese say the Tanka speech sounds like that of the Americans. It seems to have no tones. A hardy race, the Tanka are untouched by the epidemics that visit our coast, perhaps because they live so much off land. Each family has a boat, its own little kingdom, and, there being plenty of fish, all look better fed than most of our land neighbours. Christianity is, with a few rare exceptions, unknown to them. The only window of our Chiklung house gives the missioner a full view of the village life of some of the boat tribe. The window at present is just the absence of the south wall of the little loft to the shop. Wooden bars can be inserted in holes against robbers.
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respectable English and Chinese society in Hong Kong. The two forms of social life have exercised a certain influence upon each other, but the result now visible is, that while Chinese social life has remained exactly what it is on the mainland of China, the social life of many foreigners in Hong Kong has comparatively degenerated, and not on'y accommodated itself in certain respects to habits peculiar to the system of patriarchalism, but caused a certain disrespectable but small class of Chinese to enter into a social alliance with foreigners, which, while detaching them from the restraining influence of the custom and public opinion of Chinese society, left them uninfluenced by the moral powers of foreign civilisation.
1540:
Chinese society in Hong Kong. The two forms of social life have exercised a certain influence upon each other, but the result now visible is, that while Chinese social life has remained exactly what it is on the mainland of China, the social life of many foreigners in Hong Kong has comparatively degenerated, and not on'y accommodated itself in certain respects to habits peculiar to the system of •patriarchalism, but caused a certain disrespectable but small class of Chinese to enter into a social alliance with foreigners, which, while detaching them from the restraining influence of the custom and public opinion of Chinese society, left them uninfluenced by the moral powers of foreign civilisation.
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following additional items regarding Camoens, from the pen of Walter A. Hose: — "Macao had a particular interest for me as the first foothold that modern civilisation obtained upon the ancient shores of 'far Cathay,' and as the birthplace of one of the finest epic poems ever written. ... On one of those calm and beautiful nights peculiar to sub-tropical climes, I stood alone upon the white sea-wall, and no sound fell upon my ears save the whirring monotone of insects in the trees above the hills, the periodical chime of bells from anchored ships, and the low, sweet cadence of the incoming tide. I thought it must have been such a night as this that inspired Camoens when he wrote,—
1621:"We arrived here on the twenty-second, and dispatched a boat to the shore immediately for letters. I received three or four of those fine large letters which are the envy of all who see them, and which are readily distinguishable by their size, and the beautiful style in which they are directed. You cannot imagine the delight with which I devoured their contents. I am glad you wrote so much of our dear pet. O, my Dita, the longing I feel to take the dear little thing to my heart is agonizing! Yesterday I was on shore, and saw a beautiful child of about the same age as ours. I was almost crazy at the sight.
1666:"Macao had a particular interest for me as the first foothold that modern civilisation obtained upon the ancient shores of 'far Cathay,' and as the birthplace of one of the finest epic poems ever written. ... On one of those calm and beautiful nights peculiar to sub-tropical climes, I stood alone upon the white sea-wall, and no sound fell upon my ears save the whirring monotone of insects in the trees above the hills, the periodical chime of bells from anchored ships, and the low, sweet cadence of the incoming tide. I thought it must have been such a night as this that inspired Camoens when he wrote,
1660:"I did not tell you of my visit to 'Camoens' Cave,' the principal attraction of Macao. This 'cave' was the resort of the distinguished Portuguese poet Camoens, who there wrote the greater part of the ' Lusiad.' The cave is situated in the midst of the finest wooded walks I ever saw. The grounds are planted beautifully, and immense vases of flowers stand around. The grounds are not level, but lie up the side of a slope or hill, irregular in shape, and precipitous on one side. There are several fine views, particularly that of the harbor and surrounding islands."
236:
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persons, are entirely beyond the argument of this essay. They form a class of their own, readily recognised at a glance. They are disowned by Chinese society, whilst they are but parasites on foreign society. The system of buying and selling female children and of domestic servitude with which they must be identified is so glaring an abuse of legitimate Chinese domestic servitude that it calls for corrective measures entirely apart from any considerations connected with the general body of Chinese society.
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directed. You cannot imagine the delight with which I devoured their costents. I am glad you wrote so much of our dear pet. 0, my Dita, the longing I feel to take the dear little thing to my heart is agonizing! Yesterday I was on shore, and saw a beautiful child of about the same age as ours. I was almost crazy at the sight. Twenty months old! How she must prattle by this time! I fancy I can see her trotting about, following you around the
1654:"I made the acquaintance of a Portuguese family, named Lurero. The young ladies are quite accomplished, speaking French, Spanish, and Italian, but no English. They came down to receive the visit of our consul and lady, who called while I was there. Mr. Lurero gave me some specimens of a soap-fruit, and showed me the tree. The fruit is an exceedingly fine soap, which, without any preparation, is used for washing the finest goods.
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Chinese contacted with the Portuguese in the first centuries. Later the strength of Christianisation, of the priests, started to convince the Chinese to become Catholic. But, when they started to be Catholics, they adopted Portuguese baptismal names and were ostracised by the Chinese Buddhists. So they joined the Portuguese community and their sons started having Portuguese education without a single drop of Portuguese blood.
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Cantonese women, is backed up by other researchers who pointed out that Tanka women freely consorted with foreigners due to the fact that they were not bound by the same Confucian traditions as the Cantonese, and having a relationship with European men was advantageous for Tanka women. The ordinary Cantonese women did not sleep with European men, so the Eurasian population was formed only from Tanka and European admixture.
1648:"They had a miniature temple on the bows of the boat, with Joss seated cross-legged, looking very fat, and very red, and very stupid. Before him was an offering of two apricots, but Joss never deigned to look at it, and apparently had no appetite. I felt a sincere respect, however, for the devotional feeling of these poor idolaters, recognising even there the universal instinct which teaches that there is a God.
280:
1001:
300:
128:
36:
1473:
215:
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present a lively aspect, and as they are looked upon in the distance, from the verandahs above the Praya, which command a view of the bay, have a fairy-like appearance, which a nearer approach serves, however, to change into a more substantial and coarse reality. The Cave of Camoens, where the Portuguese poet is supposed to have written a portion of his Lusiad,
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present a lively aspect, and as they are looked upon in the distance, from the verandahs above the Praya, which command a view of the bay, have a fairy-like appearance, which a nearer approach serves, however, to change into a more substantial and coarse reality. The Cave of Camoens, where the Portuguese poet is supposed to have written a portion of his Lusiad,
5515:
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the average about six slaves capable of bearing arms, amongst whom the majority and the best are negroes and such like," as well as a like number of "native families, including Chinese Christians . . . who form the majority and other nations, all Christians." 146 (Bocarro may have been mistaken in declaring that all the Chinese in Macau were Christians.)
77:
1279:
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5470:
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5428:
5367:
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keeps a nursery of purchased children or a few servant girls who are being reared with aj view to their eventual disposal, according to their personal qualifications, either among foreigners here as kept women, or among Chinese residents as their concubines, or to be sold for export to Singapore, San
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The back door of our shop opens upon the river, making it handy for the dealer in ducks, who has his headquarters in the main room. We shall have no excuse for not enjoying a daily swim with the neighbours, and the stream gives an unlimited supply of not over-clean water for drinking and cooking. The
2866:
Other sources mention "Yao" who also lived on Lantau. Chinese sources describe several efforts to bring these folk to heel and, finally, a campaign to annihilate them... Later sources refer to the Tanka boat people as "Yao" or "barbarian," and for centuries they were shunned and not allowed to settle
2754:
But from the position of the sites it might be supposed that the inhabitants were pushed onto the seacoast by the pressure of other peoples and their survival may have lasted well into historic times, even possibly as late as the Sung dynasty (AD 960), the date, as we shall see, when Chinese peasants
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The name "Hoklo" is used by the Hoklo, but the Tanka will not use the name "Tanka" which they consider derogatory, using instead "Nam hoi yan" or "Sui seung yan". Shore dwellers however have few dealings with either race of people and tend to call them both "Tanka". The Pui Tanka dialects both belong
1585:
Shanghai, with its many international concessions, contained prostitutes from various areas of China, including Guangdong province. This included the Tanka prostitutes, who were grouped separately from the Cantonese prostitutes. The Cantonese served customers in normal brothels while the Tanka served
1543:
This exceptional class of Chinese residents here in Hong Kong consists principally of the women known in Hong Kong by the popular nickname "ham-shui-mui" (lit. salt water girls), applied to these members of the so-called Tan-ka or boat population, the Pariahs of Cantonese society. These Tan-ka people
1519:
The Tanka prostitutes were considered to be "low class", greedy for money, arrogant, and treating clients with a bad attitude. They were known for punching their clients or mocking them by calling them names. Though the Tanka prostitutes were considered low class, their brothels were still remarkably
5148:
Hansson, p. 116: In a late Qing dynasty work which has a section on boat people that mainly refers to those in Fujian, common surnames are said to be Weng 翁 ('old fisherman'), Ou 歐, Chi 池 (pond), Pu 浦 (river bank), Jiang 江 (river) and Hai 海 (sea). None of those surnames is a very common one in China
4591:
Correspondence, p. 54: To understand the social bearings of domestic servitude as it obtains in Hong Kong, it »must be observed that although the Chinese residents of Hong Kong are under British rule and live in close proximity to English social life, there has always been an impassable gulf between
3695:
Chaves, p. 53: The residents Wu Li strives to reassure (in the third line of this poem) consisted — at least in 1635 when Antonio Bocarro, Chronicler-in-Chief of the State of India, wrote his detailed account of Macau (without actually having visited there) — of some 850 Portuguese families with "on
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Some of these wants and strays found themselves in queer company and places in the course of their enforced sojourn in the Portuguese colonial empire. The Ming Shih's complain that the Portuguese kidnapped not only coolie or Tanka children but even those of educated persons, to their piratical lairs
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The Tanka were an aboriginal population of fishermen who lived permanently in their boats (hence the name ch'uan-min, 'boat people', sometimes given to them). They were famous pearl fishermen. Their piratical activities caused many difficulties to Shang K'o-hsi, the first military governor appointed
2266:
In Hong Kong, the Tanka and Hoklo peoples have dwelt in houseboats since prehistoric times. These houseboaters seldom marry shore dwellers. The Hong Kong government estimated that in December 1962 there were 46,459 people living on houseboats there, although a typhoon had wrecked hundreds of boats a
1682:
The Fuzhou Tanka have different surnames than the Tanka of Guangdong. Qing records indicate that "Weng, Ou, Chi, Pu, Jiang, and Hai" (翁, 歐, 池, 浦, 江, 海) were surnames of the Fuzhou Tanka. Qing records also stated that Tanka surnames in Guangdong consisted of "Mai, Pu, Wu, Su, and He" (麥, 濮, 吴, 蘇, 何),
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keeps a nursery of purchased children or a few servant girls who are being reared with a view to their eventual disposal, according to their personal qualifications, either among foreigners here as kept women, or among Chinese residents as their concubines, or to be sold for export to Singapore, San
1539:
To understand the social bearings of domestic servitude as it obtains in Hong Kong, it must be observed that although the Chinese residents of Hong Kong are under British rule and live in close proximity to English social life, there has always been an impassable gulf between respectable English and
1534:
A report called "Correspondence respecting the alleged existence of Chinese slavery in Hong Kong: presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty" was presented to the English Parliament in 1882 concerning the existence of slavery in Hong Kong, of which many were Tanka girls serving
1334:
The majority of marriages between Portuguese and natives was between Portuguese men and women of Tanka origin, who were considered the lowest class of people in China and had relations with Portuguese settlers and sailors. Western men like the Portuguese were refused by high class Chinese women, who
1041:
One theory proposes that the ancient Yue inhabitants of southern China are the ancestors of the modern Tanka boat people. The majority of western academics subscribe to this theory, and use Chinese historical sources. (The ancient Chinese used the term "Yue" to refer to all southern barbarians.) The
5100:
SOAP-FRUIT. 103 "I made the acquaintance of a Portuguese family, named Lurero. The young ladies are quite accomplished, speaking French, Spanish, and Italian, but no English. They came down to receive the visit of our consul and lady, who called while I was there. Mr. Lurero gave me some specimens
5048:
TANK A GIRLS. 101 wreathed in smiles as we gave them the preference over others that joined us from all quarters, clinging to the sides of our large boat, and impeding our headway. The boatmen tried in vain to drive them off One brute of a fellow splashed repeatedly a poor girl, who. though not at
4767:
How does it come about that this pleasing mixture of American Youth camp and English public-school sports day should come to represent" the emotional high point of the year for these fifteen schools which cater for the Shui-sheung-yan (water-folk), traditionally the lowest of all Hong Kong's social
3934:
The evidence of dwelling therefore supports the theory that one section of the population is culturally different from the other. On the one hand are the Tanka and Hoklo who do not know the use of stone in building, who live by fishing and who represent in fact a water culture. On the other hand is
3775:
Christina Miu Bing Cheng, p. 170: We can trace this fleeting and shallow relationship in Henrique de Senna Fernandes' short story, A-Chan, A Tancareira, (Ah Chan, the Tanka Girl) (1978). Senna Fernandes (1923–), a Macanese, had written a series of novels set against the context of Macau and some of
3735:
João de Pina-Cabral, p. 165: In fact, in those days, the matrimonial context of production was usually constituted by Chinese women of low socio-economic status who were married to or concubies of Portuguese or Macanese men. Very rarely did Chinese women of higher status agree to marry a Westerner.
3665:
Chaves, p. 53: Wu Li, like Bocarro, noted the presence in Macau both of black slaves and of non-Han Chinese such as the Tanka boat people, and in the third poem of his sequence he combines references to these two groups: Yellow sand, whitewashed houses: here the black men live; willows at the gates
2195:
In the Hong Kong region, the existence of groups of sea fishermen other than Tanka was quite common. On nearby Peng Chau, both Cantonese and Hakka villagers undertook sea fishing..... However, in all such cases... occupational blurring did not mean... intermarriage between land based fishermen, who
1169:
A minority of scholars who challenged this theory deny that the Tanka are descended from natives, instead claiming they are basically the same as other Han Cantonese who dwell on land, claiming that neither the land dwelling Han Cantonese nor the water dwelling Tanka have more aboriginal blood than
4698:"The half-caste population of Hongkong were . . . almost exclusively the offspring of these Tan-ka women." EJ Eitel, Europe in China, the History of Hongkong from the Beginning to the Year 1882 (Taipei: Chen-Wen Publishing Co., originally published in Hong Kong by Kelly and Walsh. 1895, 1968), 169.
3765:
Christina Miu Bing Cheng, p. 173: As such, the Tanka girl is nonchalantly reified and dehumanised as a thing ( coisa). Manuel reduces human relations to mere consumption not even of her physical beauty (which has been denied in the description of A-Chan), but her 'Orientalness' of being slave-like
3705:
João de Pina-Cabral, p. 39: To be a Macanese is fundamentally to be from Macau with Portuguese ancestors, but not necessarily to be of Sino-Portuguese descent. The local community was born from Portuguese men. but in the beginning the woman was Goanese, Siamese, Indo-Chinese, Malay – they came to
3362:
and boat people are such as one would expect between groups leading such different ways of life. in culture, the boat people are Chinese. Ward (1965) and McCoy (1965) point out that the land people are probably not free from aboriginal intermixture themselves, and conclude that the boat people are
3001:
the Southern Han (tenth century), government troops were sent to Ho-p'u to fish for pearls,121 it appears that operations were normally conducted, not by Chinese, but by one or other of the aboriginal (Yüeh) groups, notably the Tan. The Tan (Tan-hu, Tan-chia, Tanka) were ancient inhabitants of the
1633:; some of them so small that one pities the poor unfortunates who live so miserably. They are born, grow up, marry, and raise children in these boats. You would be astonished to see mothers, with infants at the breast, managing the sails, oars, and rudder of the boat as expertly as any sailor. The
1390:
Always there is plenty to see, as the Tanka. the people who live in the boats, are full of life. They are an aboriginal tribe, speaking an altogether different language from the Chinese. On the land they are like fish out of water. They are said never to intermarry with landlubbers, but somehow or
1347:
Tanka. Tankia (tan'ka, tan'kyä), n. The boat population of Canton in southern China, the descendants of an aboriginal tribe named Tan, who were driven by the advance of Chinese civilisation to live in boats upon the river, and who have for centuries been forbidden to live on the land. "Since 1730
1111:
The three groups of Punti, Hakka, and Hoklo, all of whom spoke different Chinese dialects, despised and fought each other during the late Qing dynasty. However, they were all united in their overwhelming hatred for the Tanka, since the aboriginals of Southern China were the ancestors of the Tanka.
4667:
He states that they had a near- monopoly of the trade in girls and women, and that: The half-caste population in Hong Kong were, from the earliest days of the settlement of the Colony and down to the present day, almost exclusively the offspring of these Tan-ka people. But, like the Tan-ka people
4636:
EJ Eitel, in the late 1890s, claims that the 'half-caste population in Hong Kong ' were from the earliest days of the settlement almost exclusively the offspring of liaisons between European men and women of outcast ethnic groups such as Tanka (Europe in China, 169). Lethbridge refutes the theory
4324:
A Cantonese song tells how even low-class Tanka prostitutes could be snobbish, money-oriented, and very impolite to customers. Niggardly or improperly behaved clients were always refused and scolded as ' doomed prisoners' (chien ting) or 'sick cats' ('Shui-chi chien ch'a', in Chi- hsien-hsiao-yin
3245:
meant little more than "Barbarian." the Yueh seem to have included quite civilised peoples and also wild hill tribes. The Chinese drove them south or assimilated them. One group maintained its identity, according to the theory, and became the boat people. Ho concludes that the word Tan originally
2728:
Tanka, n.1 Pronunciation: /ˈtæŋkə/ Forms: Also tankia, tanchia. Etymology: < Chinese (Cantonese), < Chinese tan, lit. 'egg', + Cantonese ka, in South Mandarin kia, North Mandarin chia, family, people. The boat-population of Canton, who live entirely on the boats by which they earn their
2550:
which modern people are the Pai Yueh"...So is it possible that there is a relationship between the Pai Yueh and the Malay race?...Today in riverine estuaries of Fukien and Kwangtung are another Yueh people, the Tanka ("boat people"). Might some of them have left the Yueh tribes and set out on the
1511:
Elizabeth Wheeler Andrew (1845–1917) and Katharine Caroline Bushnell (5 February 1856 – January 26, 1946), who wrote extensively on the position of women in the British Empire, wrote about the Tanka inhabitants of Hong Kong and their position in the prostitution industry, catering towards foreign
1213:
people compared to southern Han. Tanka people had their own unique genetic structure, but kept a close relationship with geographically close southern Han Chinese populations. The results supported that the Tanka people arose from the admixture between southward migration Han Chinese and southern
5126:
104 THE POET CAMOENS. and immense vases of flowers stand around. The grounds are not level, but lie up the side of a slope or hill, irregular in shape, and precipitous on one side. There are several fine views, particularly that of the harbor and surrounding islands." I will here reproduce the
5022:
100 MACAO: TANK A BOATS. house. What a recompense for the hardest toil of the day would it not be to me, could I only lie down on the floor and have a good romp with her at night! "And now for Macao, and what I saw, felt, and did. You probably know that a very numerous Chinese population lives
4970:
quered, gilded and ornamented. In Simoda, they take the place of horses, the latter being used only under the saddle. The third engraving represents the dinner given on board the Powhatan, in honor of the commissioners appointed by the emperor to conduct negotiations. Commodore Perry invited the
3052:
But it also increased social contact between the three largest dialect groups, and that caused trouble, Punti.... treated Hakka .... as if they were uncultured aborigines... Hakka and Hoklo battled each other...as they fought Punti... All of these groups despised the Tanka people, descendants of
1606:
Our next picture shows a Chinese tanka boat. The tanka boats are counted by thousands in the rivers and bays of China. They are often employed by our national vessels as conveyances to and. from the shore, thereby saving the health of the sailors, who would be otherwise subjected to pulling long
1566:
The day labourers settled down in huts at Taipingshan, at Saiyingpun and at Tsimshatsui. But the largest proportion of the Chinese population were the so-called Tanka or boat people, the pariahs of South-China, whose intimate connection with the social life of the foreign merchants in the Canton
1561:
claimed in 1895 that all "half caste" people in Hong Kong were descended exclusively from Europeans having relationship with Tanka women, and not Chinese women. The theory that most of the Eurasian mixed race Hong Kong people are descended only from Tanka women and European men, and not ordinary
1166:, and were skilled seafarers. In fact, there is evidence that an Austronesian language was still spoken in Fujian as late as 620 AD. It is therefore believed that the Tanka were Austronesians who could be more closely related to other Austronesian groups such as Filipinos, Javanese, or Balinese.
5074:
102 THE RELIGIOUS INSTINCT. and it haunts me even now. Trifling as it, appeared to us, such scenes constitute the great events in their poor lives, and such triumphs or defeats are all-important to them. "Upon entering the tanka boat, we found the mother of the young girls, and a young infant
4601:
Correspondence, p. 55: This exceptional class of Chinese residents here in Hong Kong consists principally of the women known in Hong Kong by the popular nickname "ham-shui-mui" (lit. salt water girls), applied to these members of the so-called Tan-ka or boat population, the Pariahs of Cantonese
4170:
I am indebted to Dr Maria Jaschok for drawing my attention to Sun Guoqun's work on Chinese prostitution and for a reference to Tanka prostitutes who served Western clients. In this they were unlike typical prostitutes who were so unaccustomed to the appearance of western men that 'they were all
3715:
João de Pina-Cabral, p. 39: When we established ourselves here, the Chinese ostracised us. The Portuguese had their wives, then, that came from abroad, but they could have no contact with the Chinese women, except the fishing folk, the Tanka women and the female slaves. Only the lowest class of
1553:
It is amongst these outcasts of Chinese society that the worst abuses of the Chinese system of domestic servitude exist, because that system is here unrestrained by the powers of traditional custom or popular opinion. This class of people, mustering perhaps here in Hong Kong not more than 2,000
4996:
Macao. "We arrived here on the twenty-second, and dispatched a boat to the shore immediately for letters. I received three or four of those fine large letters which are the envy of all who see them, and which are readily distinguishable by their size, and the beautiful style in which they are
4936:
of commercial activity, always enlivened by the fleet of Tanka boats which pass, conveying passengers to and fro, between the land and the Canton and Hong Kong steamers. The Chinese damsels, in gay costume, as they scull their light craft upon the smooth aud gently swelling surface of the bay,
4901:
of commercial activity, always enlivened by the fleet of Tanka boats which pass, conveying passengers to and fro, between the land and the Canton and Hong Kong steamers. The Chinese damsels, in gay costume, as they scnll their light craft upon the smooth and gently swelling surface of the bay,
3755:
Christina Miu Bing Cheng, p. 173: Her slave-like submissiveness is her only attraction to him. A-Chan thus becomes his slave/mistress, an outlet for suppressed sexual urges. The story is an archetypical tragedy of miscegenation. Just as the Tanka community despises A-Chan's cohabitation with a
2933:
traditional response among the other peoples of the south China coastal region was to assert that the boat people were not Han Chinese at all, but rather a distinct minority race, the Tanka (PY: Danjia "dan people"), a people who had taken to the life on the water long ago. Often this view was
1154:
The most widely held theory is that the Tanka are the descendants of the native Yue inhabitants of Guangdong before the Han Cantonese moved in. The theory states that the Yue peoples inhabited the region at the time of the Chinese conquest when they were either absorbed or expelled to southern
865:
The differences between the sea dwelling Tanka and land dwellers were not based merely on their way of life. Cantonese and Hakka who lived on land fished sometimes for a living, but these land fishermen never mixed or married with the Tanka fishermen. Tanka were barred from Cantonese and Hakka
5090:
Life of Capt. Joseph Fry, the Cuban martyr: Being a faithful record of his remarkable career from childhood to the time of his heroic death at the hands of Spanish executioners; recounting his experience as an officer in the U.S. and Confederate navies, and revealing much of the inner history
5064:
Life of Capt. Joseph Fry, the Cuban martyr: Being a faithful record of his remarkable career from childhood to the time of his heroic death at the hands of Spanish executioners; recounting his experience as an officer in the U.S. and Confederate navies, and revealing much of the inner history
5038:
Life of Capt. Joseph Fry, the Cuban martyr: Being a faithful record of his remarkable career from childhood to the time of his heroic death at the hands of Spanish executioners; recounting his experience as an officer in the U.S. and Confederate navies, and revealing much of the inner history
4986:
Life of Capt. Joseph Fry, the Cuban martyr: Being a faithful record of his remarkable career from childhood to the time of his heroic death at the hands of Spanish executioners; recounting his experience as an officer in the U.S. and Confederate navies, and revealing much of the inner history
1637:
is of very light draft, and, being able to go close in shore, is used to land passengers from the larger boats. As we neared the shore, we noticed small boats pulling toward us from all directions. Soon a boat, "manned" by two really pretty young girls pulling oars, and a third sculling, came
1523:
The stereotype among most Chinese in Canton that all Tanka women were prostitutes was common, leading the government during the Republican era to accidentally inflate the number of prostitutes when counting, due to all Tanka women being included. The Tanka women were viewed as such that their
1402:
Before leaving the market, by special invitation we had a swim from off one of the sampans (a term used around Canton: here "baby boat" is the name). The water was almost hot and the current surprisingly swift. Nevertheless the Tanka men and boys go in several times a day, and wash jacket and
1515:
Ordinary Chinese prostitutes were afraid of serving Westerners since they looked strange to them, while the Tanka prostitutes freely mingled with western men. The Tanka assisted the Europeans with supplies and providing them with prostitutes. Low class European men in Hong Kong easily formed
5116:
Life of Capt. Joseph Fry, the Cuban martyr: Being a faithful record of his remarkable career from childhood to the time of his heroic death at the hands of Spanish executioners; recounting his experience as an officer in the US and Confederate navies, and revealing much of the inner history
5012:
Life of Capt. Joseph Fry, the Cuban martyr: Being a faithful record of his remarkable career from childhood to the time of his heroic death at the hands of Spanish executioners; recounting his experience as an officer in the US and Confederate navies, and revealing much of the inner history
1671:
Life of Capt. Joseph Fry, the Cuban martyr: Being a faithful record of his remarkable career from childhood to the time of his heroic death at the hands of Spanish executioners; recounting his experience as an officer in the US and Confederate navies, and revealing much of the inner history
1657:"We expect to hear of the sailing of the 'Japan Expedition' by the next mail. When Commodore Perry arrives, we shall be kept so busy that time will fly rapidly, and we shall soon be looking forward to our return home, unless Japan disturbances (which are not seriously anticipated) delay us.
3745:
João de Pina-Cabral, p. 164: Henrique de Senna Fernandes, another Macanese author, wrote a short story about a tanka girl who has an affair with a Portuguese sailor. In the end, the man returns to his native country and takes their little girl with him, leaving the mother abandoned and
2835:
The Wuyi mountains were the home of the She, remnants of an aboriginal tribe related to the Yao who practiced slash and burn agriculture. Tanka boatmen of similar origin were also found in small numbers along the coast. Both the She and the Tanka were quite assimilated into Han Chinese
4031:. They were subject to various disabilities, ia interdiction of marriage with Chinese, and of settling down on shore. They speak a peculiar dialect, and their women do not bind their feet. It was they who populated the thousands of floating brothels moored on the Pearl River at Canton.
1038:. The Tanka inherited their lifestyle and culture from the original Yue peoples who inhabited Hong Kong during the Neolithic era. After the First Emperor of China conquered Hong Kong, groups from northern and central China moved into the general area of Guangdong, including Hong Kong.
2633:
Most scholars, basing themselves on traditional Chinese historians' work, have agreed that the boat people are descendants of the Yüeh or a branch thereof ( Eberhard 1942, 1968 ; Lo 1955, 1963 ; Ho 1965 ; and others influenced by them, such as Wiens 1954). "Yüeh" (the
4457:
EJ Eitel, for example, selected the small group of Tanka people in particular as that section of the population among whom prostitution and the sale of girls for purposes of concubinage flourished. They were associated with the commerce and shipping of a busy and expanding
2970:
are therefore despised as local aborigines. Land people commonly call boat people "Tanka" ("egg folk"), which is a derogatory reference to their alleged barbarism. The aboriginal origin of boat people is alleged in imperial Chinese edicts (see chapter 2, note 6) as well as
2755:
first began to migrate into this region. The Tanka might, in theory, be the descendants of these earlier peoples. They too are an ancient population living on the seaboard without any trace of their earlier habitat. But as we have seen in the first chapter they have been so
1239:
and assimilation, the Tanka now identify as Han Chinese, though they also have non-Han ancestry from the natives of Southern China. The Cantonese would often buy fish from the Tanka. In some inland regions, the Tanka accounted for half of the total population. The Tanka of
4376:
In a late nineteenth-century popular novel, the bed-chamber of a 'saltwater girl ' (low-class Tanka prostitute who served foreigners), is described as nicely decorated with a number of Western household objects, which startles the young observer who is crazy about things
1839:
Farewell to Peasant China: Rural Urbanization and Social Change in ... – Page 75 Gregory Eliyu Guldin – 1997 "In Dongji hamlet, most villagers were originally shuishangren (boat people) and settled on land only in the 1950s. Per-capita cultivated land averaged only 1 mu
3851:
Hansson, p. 119: An imperial decision in 1729 stated that "Cantonese people regard the Dan households as being of the mean class (beijian zhi liu ^i§;£. Jft) and do not allow them to settle on shore. The Dan households, for their part, dare not struggle with the common
1034:(Miao). The Amoy University anthropologist Ling Hui-hsiang wrote his theory of the Fujian Tanka as descendants of the Bai Yue. He claimed that Guangdong and Fujian Tanka are definitely descended from the old Bai Yue peoples, and that they may have been ancestors of the
1530:
Tanka women who worked as prostitutes for foreigners also commonly kept a "nursery" of Tanka girls specifically for exporting them for prostitution work to overseas Chinese communities such as in Australia or America, or to serve as a Chinese or foreigner's concubine.
1993:
The Tanka are among the earliest of the region's inhabitants. They call themselves 'Sui Seung Yan', signifying 'those born on the waters'; for they have been a population afloat as far back as men can remember—their craft jostle each other most closely in the fishing
2164:
Leaving aside the settled land population Hakka and Cantonese villagers, and the trickle of newcomers into the district, there were also the boat people, of whom the Tanka and Hoklo were the two principal groups. They were numerous and to be found everywhere in its
1348:
they have been permitted to settle in villages in the immediate neighbourhood of the river, but are still excluded from competition for official honours, and are forbidden by custom from intermarrying with the rest of the people. (Q&es, Glossary of Reference.)
686:. The boat people are referred to with other different names outside of Guangdong. Though many now live onshore, some from the older generations still live on their boats and pursue their traditional livelihood of fishing. Historically, the Tankas were considered
2519:
Among the aboriginal tribes, the "Iu" (傜) tribe is the largest, then "Lai" (黎), the "Yi" (夷) or more commonly called the "Miao" (苗), and the "Tanka" (疍家) The mixture of these peoples with the "Han" people therefore caused all the cultural variations and racial
2027:
The Tanka dislike the name and prefer 'Sui seung yan', which means 'people who live on the water'. Because of their different physique and darker skin, they were traditionally thought by those living on the land to be a race of sea gypsies and not Chinese at
1373:
The Qing edict said "Cantonese people regard the Dan households as being of the mean class (beijian zhi) and do not allow them to settle on shore. The Dan households, for their part, dare not struggle with the common people", this edict was issued in 1729.
1625:
How she must prattle by this time! I fancy I can see her trotting about, following you around the house. What a recompense for the hardest toil of the day would it not be to me, could I only lie down on the floor and have a good romp with her at night!
1512:
sailors. The Tanka did not marry with the Chinese, being descendants of the natives, they were restricted to the waterways. They supplied their women as prostitutes to British sailors and assisted the British in their military actions around Hong Kong.
1097:
Some southern Chinese historic views of the Tanka were that they were a separate aboriginal ethnic group, "not Han Chinese at all". Chinese Imperial records also claim that the Tanka were descendants of aboriginals. Tanka were also called "sea gypsies"
3675:
Chaves, p. 54: Midnight's when the Tanka come and make their harbor here; fasting kitchens for noonday meals have plenty of fresh fish. . .The second half of the poem unfolds a scene of Tanka boat people bringing in fish to supply the needs of fasting
1173:
Eugene Newton Anderson in 1970 claimed that there was no evidence for any of the conjectures put forward by scholars on the Tanka's origins, citing Chen, who stated that "to what tribe or race they once belonged or were once akin to is still unknown".
2871:
recorded that "in Guangdong there is a tribe of Yao barbarians called the Tanka, who have boats for homes and live by fishing." These presumed remnants of the Yueh and their traditional way of life were looked down upon by the Han Chinese through the
2732:
Chinese repository · 1832–1851 (20 vols.). Canton Samuel Wells Williams · The middle kingdom; a survey of the geography, government … of the Chinese empire and its inhabitants · 1848. New York The Westminster gazette · 1893–1928. London : J. Marshall
3685:
Chaves, p. 141: Yellow sand, whitewashed houses: here the black men live; willows at the gates like sedge, still not sparse in autumn. Midnight's when the Tanka come and make their harbor here; fasting kitchens for noonday meals have plenty of fresh
3002:
littoral of South China. According to a twelfth-century source, those of Chin prefecture ( west of Lien) belonged to three groups, "the fish-Tan, the oyster-Tan, and the wood-Tan, excelling at the gathering of fish, oysters, and timber respectively."
5138:
Hansson, p. 117: Unless a change of surnames occurred for some unknown reason, or unless the ' water names' are not the real names of the Fujian boat people, it would seem that the Dan people lacked Chinese-style surnames at the time the Fujian
3725:
João de Pina-Cabral, p. 164: I was personally told of people that, to this day, continue to hide the fact that their mothers had been lower-class Chinese women—often even tanka (fishing folk) women who had relations with Portuguese sailors and
1077:
Chinese scholars and gazettes described the Tanka as a "Yao" tribe, with some other sources noting that "Tan" people lived at Lantau, and other sources saying "Yao" people lived there. As a result, they refused to obey the salt monopoly of the
4026:
The prostitutes and courtezans of Canton belonged to a special ethnic group, the so-called tanka (tan-chia, also tan-hu), descendants of South- Chinese aborigines who had been driven to the coast and there engaged in fishing, especially
4518:
This exceptional class of Chinese residents here in Hong Kong consists principally of the women known in Hong Kong by the popular nickname " ham-shui- mui " (lit. salt water girls), applied to these members of the so-called Tan-ka or
3414:
Tanka – They are boat-dwellers. Some of the Tanka are descendants of the Yueh ( jgi ), an aboriginal tribe in Southern China. Therefore, these Tanka can be regarded as the natives in the area. However, some Tanka came to the area in
3214:
The most widely accepted theory of the origins of these people is that they are derived from the aboriginal tribes of the area. Most scholars (Eberhard, 1942; Lo, 1955, 1963; Ho, 1965; and others influenced by them) have agreed that
4798:
The rural population is divided into two main communities: Cantonese and Hakka. There is also a floating population — now declining — of about 50.000 boat- people, most of whom are known as Tanka. In mid-1970 Hongkong seemed once
4477:
A popular contemporary magazine which followed closely the news in the 'flower business' (huashi) so recorded at least one case of such career advancement that occurred to a Tanka (boat-people) prostitute in Canton.44 To say that
4293:
twentieth century, in women doubly marginalised: as members of a despised ethnic group of Tanka Boat people, and as prostitutes engaged in "contemptible" sexual intercourse with Western men. In the empirical work done by CT Smith
3393:
Neither theory for the origin of the boat people has much proof. Neither would stand up in court. Chen's conclusion is still valid today: "...to what tribe or race they once belonged or were once akin to is still unknown." (Chen,
3531:
and others, pers. comm.). Certainly the Sung court did do so (Ng, 1961), and may well have been instrumental in the settlement of the region. At the fall of the Ming dynasty almost four hundred years later, in 1644 ad, loyalists
1185:
Fujian Tanka have customs similar to Daic and Austronesian people. They have a closer genetic affinity with Daic populations than Han Chinese in paternal lineages, but are closely clustered with southern Han populations (such as
2581:
In their turn the modern-day boat people of Hong Kong, the Tanka, have derived their maritime and fishing cultural traditions from this long lineage. Little is known about the Yue, but some archaeological evidence gathered from
4549:
exceptional class of Chinese residents here in Hong Kong consists principally of the women known in Hong Kong by the popular nickname "ham-shui- mui" (lit. salt water girls), applied to these members of the so-called Tan-ka or
1651:"I called upon the commodore, who received me with great courtesy, and gave me a very interesting account of the voyage out, by the way of Mauritius, of the Susquehanna, to which I was first appointed. She has gone on to Amoy.
869:
British reports on Hong Kong described the Tanka including Hoklo-speaking Tanka boat people living in Hong Kong "since time unknown". The encyclopaedia Americana alleged that Tanka lived in Hong Kong "since prehistoric times".
4262:
In the early days, such women were found usually among the Tanka boat population , a pariah group that infested the Pearl River delta region. A few of these women achieved the status of 'protected' woman (a kept mistress) and
3551:
Historically there can be little doubt that the boat-people and a few of the hill villagers are of non-Chinese origin, but all now regard themselves as Chinese and speak Chinese dialects, the only traces of aboriginal descent
1874:
shii leung (shu lang) shii miu (shu miao) shui fan (shui fen) shui kwa (shui kua) sui seung yan (shui shang jen) Shui Sin (Shui Hsien) shuk in (shu yen) ShunTe Sian Sin Ku (Hsien Ku) sin t'it (hsien t'ieh) Sin Yan (Hsien Jen)
4396:
Ethnic prejudice towards the Tanka (boatpeople) women persisted throughout the Republican period. These women continued to be mistaken for prostitutes, probably because most of those who peddled ferry services between Canton
3582:
The coastal dwelling Cantonese, more shrewd than the boat people, lived off – indeed sometimes battened onto – the needs and superstitions of the Tanka and Hoklo. The Cantonese marketed the boat people's fish, supplied their
2437:
Some are reasonable, some improbable indeed. In the latter category fall some of the traditional Chinese legends, such as the story of the descent of the "Tanka" (and other "barbarians") from animals. These traditional tales
4850:
The rural population is divided into two main communities: Cantonese and Hakka. There is also a floating population—now declining—of about 100000 boatpeople, most of whom are known as Tanka. In mid-1970 Hongkong seemed once
4819:
The rural population is divided into two main communities: Cantonese and Hakka. There is also a floating population—now declining—of about 100000 boatpeople, most of whom are known as Tanka. In mid-1970 Hongkong seemed once
4355:
Even the tiny floating brothels on which the 'water-chicken' (low-class Tanka prostitutes) worked were said to be beautifully decorated and impressively clean (Hu P'o-an et al. 1923 ii. 13, ch. 7).42 A 1926 Canton guidebook
2804:
When the British appropriated the territory in the nineteenth century, they found these three major ethnic groups—Punti, Hakka, and Tanka—and one minority, the Hoklo, who were sea-nomads from the northern shore of Guangdong
2216:
The Hoklo people, like the Tanka, have been in the area since time unknown. They too are boat-dwellers but are less numerous than the Tanka and are mostly found in eastern waters. In some places, they have lived ashore for
5158:
Hansson, p. 116: Some of them list the five names Mai 麥, Pu 濮, Wu 吴, Su 蘇 and He 何 The Huizhou prefectural gazetteer even states that there are no other boat people surnames, while others also add Gu 顧 and Zeng 曾 to make
4231:
The Tanka, it seems, not only supplied foreign shipping with provisions but foreigners with mistresses. They also supplied brothels with some of their inmates. As a socially disadvantaged group, they found prostitution a
3746:
broken-hearted. As her sailorman picks up the child, A-Chan's words are: 'Cuidadinho . . . cuidadinho' ('Careful . . . careful'). She resigns herself to her fate, much as she may never have recovered from the blow (1978).
2612:
of China following the Emperor Qin's conquests in the second century BC, Hong Kong, now integrated into the Donguan county of Guangdong province, started to be colonised or settled by non-indigenous peoples from further
1436:
and their dialect was unique. They were forbidden to marry land-dwelling Chinese or live on land. Their ancestors were the natives of Southern China before the Cantonese expelled them to their current home on the water.
5280:
Koo has found too that cancer rates differ among Hongkong's Chinese communities. Lung cancer is more prevalent among the Tanka, or boat people, than among local Cantonese. But they in turn have a higher incidence than
1895:
The Tanka are boat dwellers who very seldom settle ashore. They themselves do not much use this name, which they consider derogatory, but usually call themselves 'Nam Hoi Yan (people of the southern sea) or 'Sui Seung
2902:
Not much else is said about them in Chinese sources, especially nothing about their language. Today, Tanka in the Canton area speak the local Chinese dialect and maintain that they are Chinese whose profession is
2934:
embroidered with tales about how the Tanka had short legs, good only for shipboard life. Some stories alleged that they had six toes and even a tail. It was commonly asserted that they spoke their own aboriginal
2499:
Chinese sources assert that they can stay under water for three days and that they are descendants of water snakes. Not much else is said about them in Chinese sources, especially nothing about their language.
1524:
prostitution activities were considered part of the normal bustle of a commercial trading city. Sometimes the lowly regarded Tanka prostitutes managed to elevate themselves into higher forms of prostitution.
4604:
T;in-ka women, that private prostitution and the sale of girls for purposes of concubinage flourishes, being looked upon by them as their legitimate profession. Consequently, almost every "protected woman
1546:
T;in-ka women, that private prostitution and the sale of girls for purposes of concubinage flourishes, being looked upon by them as their legitimate profession. Consequently, almost every "protected woman
4427:
though the possibility should not be ruled out that this rather alarming estimate was based on the popular misconception that most Tanka women (women from the boat-people community) worked as prostitutes
1516:
relations with the Tanka prostitutes. The profession of prostitution among the Tanka women led to them being hated by the Chinese both because they had sex with westerners and them being racially Tanka.
1107:
The Tanka were regarded as Yueh and not Chinese, they were divided into three classifications, "the fish-Tan, the oyster-Tan, and the wood-Tan" in the 12th century, based on what they did for a living.
1480:
In 1937, Walter Schofield, then a Cadet Officer in the Hong Kong Civil Service, wrote that at that time the Tankas were "boat-people in boats hauled ashore, or in more or less boat-shaped huts, as at
5358:
Correspondence respecting the alleged existence of Chinese slavery in Hong Kong: presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty Volume 3185 of C (Series) (Great Britain. Parliament)
3128:
Nan kai da xue (Tianjin, China). Jing ji yan jiu suo, Nankai University, Pa li-tai. Nankai Institute of Economics, Nankai University, Pa li-tai. Committee on Social and Economic Research (1936).
1331:
became their wives. Rarely were they Chinese women. The Tanka women were among the only people in China willing to mix and marry with the Portuguese, with other Chinese women refusing to do so.
5998:
2699:
Tanka ... The boat-population of Canton, who live entirely on the boats by which they earn their living: they are descendants of some aboriginal tribe of which Tan was apparently the name.
3363:
probably not more mixed. As Ward states, "(l)... the boat-people's descent is probably neither more nor less 'non-Han' than that of most other Cantonese-speaking inhabitants of Kwangtung.
4718:
The half-caste population in Hong Kong were, from the earliest days of the settlement of the Colony and down to the present day , almost exclusively the off-spring of these Tan-ka people
1527:
Tanka women were ostracised from the Cantonese community, and were nicknamed "salt water girls" (ham sui mui in Cantonese) for their services as prostitutes to foreigners in Hong Kong.
1194:) in maternal lineages. It is hypothesized that the Fujian Tanka mainly originate from the ancient indigenous Daic people and have only limited gene flows from Han Chinese populations.
3427:
Luo, Xiao-Qin; Du, Pan-Xin; Wang, Ling-Xiang; Zhou, Bo-Yan; Li, Yu-Chun; Zheng, Hong-Xiang; Wei, Lan-Hai; Liu, Jun-Jian; Sun, Chang; Meng, Hai-Liang; Tan, Jing-Ze (6 August 2020).
744:"Tan" is a Cantonese term for egg and "ka" means family or peoples another etymology is possibly "tank" meaning junk or large boat in Cantonese and "ka" meaning family. The term
4881:
Prominent among the regional groups were two from Guangdong province: the Tanka girls, who lived and worked on boats, and the Cantonese girls, who worked in Cantonese brothels.
862:
and Cantonese lived on land; the Tanka (including Hokkien-speaking Tanka immigrants often mistaken for being Hoklo) lived on boats and were both classified as boat people.
1381:, and so became land. Those Tankas who only own small boats and cannot fish far out to sea are forced to stay inshore in bays, gathering together like floating villages.
3289:
1338:
Literature in Macau was written about love affairs and marriage between the Tanka women and Portuguese men, like "A-Chan, A Tancareira", by Henrique de Senna Fernandes.
3246:
covered a specific tribe, then was extended like Man further north to cover various groups. At first it referred to the Patung Tan people, then to the Lingnan Tan, i.e.
1056:, Hakka, and Hoklo. Punti is another name for Cantonese (it means "local"), who came from mainly Guangdong districts. The Hakka and Hoklo are not considered as Puntis.
3145:
2667:
2467:
2099:
1645:. The infant was the child of the prettiest one of the girls, whose husband was away fishing. The old woman was quite talkative, and undoubtedly gave us lots of news!
1420:, and they served the men of the oversees Chinese community there. The Tanka were regarded as a non-Han ethnicity during the Late Qing and Republican period of China.
1130:
published the Nankai social and economic quarterly, Volume 9 in 1936, and it referred to the Tanka as aboriginal descendants before Chinese assimilation. The scholar
2131:
into two major groups: Cantonese ("Tanchia" or "Tanka" – a term of hatred) and Hoklo. The Hoklo speak a distinctive dialect of South Fukienese (South Min, Swatowese)
5547:
2989:. Vol. 224 of Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society Held at Philadelphia for Promoting Useful Knowledge. American Philosophical Society. p. 200.
5923:
1177:
Some researchers say the origin of the Tanka is multifaceted, with a portion of them having native Yueh ancestors and others originating from other sources.
5964:
2060:
Architectural Conservation Office, HKSAR Government. (2008). "Heritage Impact Assessment Report of the Yau Ma Tei Theatre & Red Brick Building", p.5
4668:
themselves, they are happily under the influence of a process of continuous re-absorption in the mass of Chinese residents of the Colony (1895 p. 169)
1595:...always enlivened by the fleet of Tanka boats which pass, conveying passengers to and fro, between the land and the Canton and Hong Kong steamers."
1252:
The Tanka boat population were not registered into the national census as they were of outcast status, with an official imperial edict declaring them
1354:
Attempts were made to free the Tanka and several other "mean" groups from this status in a series of edicts from 1723 to 1731. They mostly worked as
3862:
1607:
distances under a hot sun, with a liability of contracting some fatal disease peculiar to China, and thus introducing infection in a crowded crew.
3482:
He, Guanglin; Zhang, Yunhe; Wei, Lan-Hai; Wang, Mengge; Yang, Xiaomin; Guo, Jianxin; Hu, Rong; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Zhang, Xian-Qing (19 July 2021).
1008:
Some Chinese myths claim that animals were the ancestors of the Barbarians, including the Tanka people. Some ancient Chinese sources claimed that
741:; 773–819) of the Tang dynasty, there were Tanka people settled in the boats of today's Guangdong Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.
3756:
foreign barbarian, Manuel's colleagues mock his 'bad taste' ('gosto degenerado') (Senna Fernandes, 1978: 15) in having a tryst with a boat girl.
5900:
4749:
802:). No standardised English translation of this term exists. "Boat People" is a commonly used translation, although it may be confused with the
2087:
Far better known are the Cantonese-speaking boat people. These are the groups known as "Tanka" (Mandarin "Tanchia") in most of the literature.
1520:
well kept and tidy. A famous fictional story which was written in the 1800s depicted western items decorating the rooms of Tanka prostitutes.
6243:
5982:
4691:
3835:
2859:
2605:
2574:
2543:
3736:
As Deolinda argues in one of her short stories,"8 should they have wanted to do so out of romantic infatuation, they would not be allowed to
1574:
In 1962 a typhoon struck boats belonging to the Tanka, likely including Hoklo-speaking Tanka mistaken for being Hoklo, destroying hundreds.
694:" by both Chinese and British. Tanka origins can be traced back to the native ethnic minorities of southern China known historically as the
6238:
2638:" of Vietnam) seems to have been a term rather loosely used in early Chinese writings to refer to the "barbarian" groups of the south coast
2196:
clung to their own kind, and the Tanka. ... the Tanka boat people of Cheung Chau were excluded from participation in the ...jiao festival.
1089:
In modern times, the Tanka claim to be ordinary Chinese who happen to fish for a living, and the local dialect is used as their language.
5540:
4060:
1785:
1197:
Another study on the Tanka concluded that the Tanka people not only had a close genetic relationship with both northern Han and ancient
1158:
Regarding the Fujian Minyue Tanka it is suggested that in the southeast coastal regions of China, there were many sea nomads during the
4054:
6228:
5417:
5396:
5345:
5324:
4874:
4843:
4791:
4660:
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4317:
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4224:
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4136:
4019:
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3575:
3524:
3386:
3355:
3238:
3207:
3176:
3109:
3082:
3045:
2994:
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2926:
2895:
2828:
2797:
2692:
2492:
2430:
2403:
2376:
2349:
2322:
2293:
2259:
2188:
2157:
2124:
2020:
1986:
1867:
1821:
189:
171:
63:
138:
5498:, by Catholic Foreign Mission Society of America, Catholic Foreign Mission Bureau of Boston, a publication from 1921, now in the
2062:
858:
There were two distinct categories of people based on their way of life, and they were further divided into different groups. The
5994:
3949:"or+among+Chinese+residents+as+their+concubines,+or+to+be+sold+for+export+to+Singapore,+San+Francisco,+or+Australia"&pg=PA34
1135:
807:
1308:
The Chinese poet Wu Li wrote a poem, which included a line about the Portuguese in Macau being supplied with fish by the Tanka.
6233:
6223:
1629:"And now for Macao, and what I saw, felt, and did. You probably know that a very numerous Chinese population lives entirely in
1298:, often married Tanka women since Han Chinese women would not have relations with them. Some of the Tanka's descendants became
4109:
1403:
trousers, undressing and dressing in the water. They seem to let the clothes dry on them. Women and girls also jump in daily.
6104:
5533:
3959:
3320:
1708:
1063:
by some historians, practising Han Chinese culture, while being an ethnic minority descended from natives of Southern China.
793:
785:
771:
753:
553:
470:
1726:
was common among the Tanka. Tests also stated that the ancestors of the Tanka were not Han Chinese, but were native people.
1155:
regions. The Tanka, according to this theory, are descended from an outcast Yue tribe who preserved their separate culture.
6213:
5954:
1691:
The Tanka dialect is a variety of Yue Chinese. It is similar in phonology with Cantonese, with the following differences:
1378:
417:
49:
1206:
6036:
4949:
4934:. NEW YORK: D. APPLETON & CO., 346 & 848 BROADWAY LONDON: 16 LITTLE BRITAIN.: D. Appleton & co. p. 78.
4914:
445:
840:"Boat people" was a general term for the Tanka. The name Tanka was used only by Cantonese to describe the Tanka of the
87:
5960:
5928:
5592:
4931:
The Americans in Japan: an abridgment of the government narrative of the US expedition to Japan, under Commodore Perry
1737:. The frequency of the disease is higher among Tanka. The rate among the Teochew is lower than that of the Cantonese.
819:
815:
5816:
5787:
5705:
2868:
1083:
153:
2631:. Vol. 29 of Asian folklore and social life monographs Dong fang wen cong. Orient Cultural Service. p. 2.
6148:
5893:
5716:
4580:
or among Chinese residents as their concubines, or to be sold for export to Singapore, San Francisco, or Australia.
4498:
at least one case of such career advancement that occurred to a Tanka (boat-people) prostitute in Canton.44 To say
3792:. Vol. The Century Dictionary: An Encyclopedic Lexicon of the English Language. The Century co. p. 6180.
149:
6218:
6051:
5260:
1779:
1026:
The Tanka are considered by some scholars to be related to other minority peoples of southern China, such as the
1012:
were the ancestors of the Tanka, saying that they could last for three days in the water, without breathing air.
748:
is now considered derogatory and no longer in common usage. These boat dwellers are now referred to in China as "
3484:"The genomic formation of Tanka people, an isolated "Gypsies in water" in the coastal region of Southeast China"
1210:
6133:
6090:
4011:
Sexual life in ancient China: a preliminary survey of Chinese sex and society from ca. 1500 B.C. till 1644 A.D.
3429:"Uniparental Genetic Analyses Reveal the Major Origin of Fujian Tanka from Ancient Indigenous Daic Populations"
3866:
3259:
3184:
to Kwangtung by the Ch'ing, and thus indirectly helped the Southern Ming resistance and attempts at secession.
5519:
4740:
6163:
6071:
1009:
2775:
and they were probably evolved as a result of contact with foreign peoples, even as late as the Portuguese.
1416:
Many of the women sold into prostitution from China to Australia, San Francisco, and Singapore were ethnic
6143:
6128:
6083:
5455:
1663:
I will here reproduce the following additional items regarding Camoens, from the pen of Walter A. Hose: —
1163:
6188:
6158:
6123:
5938:
5886:
5559:
5454:
The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: The Century dictionary ... prepared under the superintendence of
5187:
3407:
3283:
1429:
433:
393:
5811:
5700:
1045:
The Tanka's ancestors were pushed to the southern coast by Chinese peasants who took over their land.
6138:
6064:
6057:
6043:
5658:
4899:(2, reprint ed.). ü LONDON : TRÜBNER & CO., 60, PATERNOSTER ROW.: Trübner. p. 78.
2711:
2395:
The Fisher Folk of Late Imperial and Modern China: An Historical Anthropology of Boat-and-Shed Living
2368:
The Fisher Folk of Late Imperial and Modern China: An Historical Anthropology of Boat-and-Shed Living
1202:
1112:
The Cantonese Punti had displaced the Tanka aboriginals, after they began conquering southern China.
1049:
884:
347:
3260:"[ARCHAEOLOGY IN CHINA AND TAIWAN] Sea nomads in prehistory on the southeast coast of China"
5721:
1958:
Great Britain. Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Hong Kong. Government Information Services (1960).
1493:
1457:
1042:
Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Edition, states that the ancestors of the Tanka were native people.
965:
935:
699:
405:
397:
357:
5121:
5095:
5069:
5043:
5017:
4991:
4896:
Japan and the Japanese: a narrative of the US government expedition to Japan under Commodore Perry
4864:
3832:
1641:"Upon entering the tanka boat, we found the mother of the young girls, and a young infant dressed
1600:
Japan and the Japanese: a narrative of the US government expedition to Japan under Commodore Perry
1432:, operating the boats in Canton's Pearl River which functioned as brothels. They did not practice
6198:
6097:
5933:
4943:
4908:
4090:
3910:
3889:
3797:
3464:
3139:
3022:
oyster-Tan, and the wood-Tan, excelling at the gathering of fish, oysters and timber respectively
2687:. Vol. 3 of Routledge studies in the history of linguistics. Psychology Press. p. 152.
2661:
2461:
2093:
1859:
897:
826:
389:
3909:
Catholic Foreign Mission Society of America, Catholic Foreign Mission Bureau of Boston (1921).
3888:
Catholic Foreign Mission Society of America, Catholic Foreign Mission Bureau of Boston (1921).
3787:
3074:
1377:
As Hong Kong developed, some of the fishing grounds in Hong Kong became badly polluted or were
310:
6153:
5799:
5760:
5683:
5634:
5575:
5413:
5407:
5392:
5341:
5335:
5320:
5243:
4963:
4870:
4839:
4787:
4758:
4687:
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4656:
4650:
4625:
4619:
4569:
4538:
4446:
4440:
4416:
4410:
4344:
4338:
4313:
4307:
4282:
4276:
4251:
4220:
4190:
4159:
4153:
4132:
4082:
4050:
4015:
4009:
3955:
3602:
3596:
3571:
3520:
3483:
3456:
3448:
3382:
3351:
3316:
3312:
3234:
3203:
3172:
3168:
3105:
3078:
3041:
2990:
2984:
2959:
2955:
2922:
2891:
2855:
2849:
2824:
2818:
2793:
2787:
2688:
2682:
2601:
2570:
2539:
2488:
2426:
2399:
2372:
2366:
2345:
2318:
2289:
2255:
2184:
2153:
2120:
2016:
1982:
1863:
1817:
1811:
1558:
1449:. Others included low-class citizens and shopkeepers who could not easily move their assets.
1287:
1123:
841:
603:
449:
343:
55:
5386:
5356:
5314:
4929:
4894:
4563:
4201:
but another source of supply was the daughters of the tanka, the boat population of kwangtung
4126:
4044:
3035:
2595:
2533:
2339:
2178:
2147:
6203:
5733:
5617:
5570:
5235:
4534:
Community problems and social work in Southeast Asia: the Hong Kong and Singapore experience
4442:
Community problems and social work in Southeast Asia: the Hong Kong and Singapore experience
3988:
3951:
Community Problems and Social Work in Southeast Asia: The Hong Kong and Singapore Experience
3519:. Vol. 4 of Anthropological studies. American Anthropological Association. p. 15.
3495:
3440:
3381:. Vol. 4 of Anthropological studies. American Anthropological Association. p. 15.
3350:. Vol. 4 of Anthropological studies. American Anthropological Association. p. 13.
3304:
3271:
3233:. Vol. 4 of Anthropological studies. American Anthropological Association. p. 14.
3202:. Vol. 4 of Anthropological studies. American Anthropological Association. p. 13.
2564:
2425:. Vol. 4 of Anthropological studies. American Anthropological Association. p. 13.
2393:
2119:. Vol. 4 of Anthropological studies. American Anthropological Association. p. 13.
1453:
1446:
1316:
1269:
953:
690:. Since they were boat people who lived by the sea, they were sometimes referred to as "sea
687:
521:
401:
381:
369:
353:
5748:
5460:, by Whitney, William Dwight and Smith, Benjamin Eli, a publication from 1911, now in the
4711:
4532:
4511:
4470:
1888:
6208:
6193:
5794:
5782:
5678:
5629:
5609:
5212:
5200:
4113:
3839:
3810:
3326:
3116:
Tanka. Aboriginal people who lived on houseboats on the rivers around Canton. 103, line j.
2066:
1828:
Tanka, a marginalised boat people which could be found in the Southern provinces of China.
1328:
1299:
1273:
702:. However, Tanka have preserved many of their native traditions not found in Han culture.
413:
409:
5753:
3948:
1170:
the other, with the Tanka boat people being as Chinese and as Han as ordinary Cantonese.
5114:
5088:
5062:
5036:
5010:
4984:
6009:
5865:
5852:
5804:
5765:
5726:
5695:
5602:
5282:
3977:"The making of a littoral minzu: The Dan in late Qing–Republican intellectual writings"
3631:
3067:
2948:
2143:
2059:
1852:
1734:
1461:
1362:. Some built markets or villages on the shore, while others continued to live on their
1253:
1191:
1131:
1086:
in 1729 described the Tanka as "Yao barbarians", and the Tanka were viewed as animals.
922:
643:
600:
421:
385:
365:
361:
331:
241:
5391:. Vol. 74 of London School of Economics monographs on social anthropology. Berg.
878:
The Tanka people are found throughout the coasts and rivers of the following regions:
6182:
5777:
5690:
5668:
5663:
5646:
5499:
5480:
5461:
5438:
5377:
5239:
5226:
McFadzean A.J.S., Todd D. (1971). "Cooley's anaemia among the tanka of South China".
4028:
3468:
3305:
3161:
1746:
1201:
basin millet farmers but also possessed more southern East Asian ancestry related to
1159:
675:
373:
322:
270:
4394:. Institute of Advanced Studies, Australian National University. 1993. p. 102.
3654:
at Lintin and Castle Peak, is borne out by the fate of Barros' Chinese slave already
3069:
Passport Hong Kong: your pocket guide to Hong Kong business, customs & etiquette
3020:. Vol. 40 of American oriental series. American Oriental Society. p. 164.
17:
5987:
5977:
5835:
5673:
5622:
5597:
5585:
4102:
2650:Österreichische Leo-Gesellschaft, Görres-Gesellschaft, Anthropos Institute (1970).
2450:Österreichische Leo-Gesellschaft, Görres-Gesellschaft, Anthropos Institute (1970).
2208:
Great Britain. Colonial Office, Hong Kong. Government Information Services (1970).
2079:Österreichische Leo-Gesellschaft, Görres-Gesellschaft, Anthropos Institute (1970).
1887:
Great Britain. Colonial Office, Hong Kong. Government Information Services (1962).
1774:
1501:
1481:
1433:
1295:
1236:
1228:
1198:
1187:
1143:
1079:
1000:
926:
888:
859:
830:
732:
528:
441:
339:
4103:
W. Schofield: "The islands around Hong Kong (text of a talk given in 1937)", from
3444:
1445:
Tanka were among the many people that remained in Nanjing in December 1939 before
5273:
4833:
4812:
4781:
4491:
4389:
4369:
4245:
4214:
4184:
3927:
3646:
3565:
3544:
3514:
3376:
3345:
3228:
3197:
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3015:
2916:
2885:
2768:
2747:
2651:
2626:
2512:
2482:
2451:
2420:
2312:
2283:
2249:
2229:
2209:
2114:
2080:
2040:
2010:
1976:
1959:
1942:
1925:
1909:
5909:
5823:
5738:
5580:
5556:
5435:
The Century dictionary: an encyclopedic lexicon of the English language, Part 21
5316:
Singing of the source: nature and god in the poetry of the Chinese painter Wu Li
3926:
Sun Yat-sen Institute for Advancement of Culture and Education, Nanking (1940).
3789:
The Century dictionary: an encyclopedic lexicon of the English language, Part 21
2767:
Sun Yat-sen Institute for Advancement of Culture and Education, Nanking (1940).
2746:
Sun Yat-sen Institute for Advancement of Culture and Education, Nanking (1940).
1757:
1730:
1723:
1489:
1367:
1363:
1232:
901:
834:
803:
647:
593:
335:
326:
2986:
Beyond price: pearls and pearl-fishing : origins to the Age of Discoveries
5842:
5743:
5641:
5477:
The Middle kingdom: a survey of the ... Chinese empire and its inhabitants ...
4374:. Institute of Advanced Studies, Australian National University. p. 110.
3993:
3976:
3275:
1505:
1072:
1060:
1035:
1027:
918:
4762:
3452:
3037:
Merchant prince of the Sandalwood Mountains: Afong and the Chinese in Hawaiʻi
5374:
Europe in China: the history of Hongkong from the beginning to the year 1882
5296:
5261:
Cooley's anaemia among the tanka of South China, A.J.S. McFadzean, D. Todd
4863:
Bangqing Han; Ailing Zhang; Eva Hung (2005). Ailing Zhang; Eva Hung (eds.).
3428:
1751:
1355:
1324:
1116:
1031:
957:
679:
651:
639:
546:
285:
246:
3648:
Fidalgos in the Far East, 1550–1770: fact and fancy in the history of Macau
3460:
3330:
1472:
214:
5514:
5247:
4683:
Merchants' Daughters: Women, Commerce, and Regional Culture in South China
4649:
Maria Jaschok; Suzanne Miers (1994). Maria Jaschok; Suzanne Miers (eds.).
4152:
Maria Jaschok; Suzanne Miers (1994). Maria Jaschok; Suzanne Miers (eds.).
1810:
Maria Jaschok; Suzanne Miers (1994). Maria Jaschok; Suzanne Miers (eds.).
5860:
5651:
5361:(reprint ed.). Printed by G.E. Eyre and W. Spottiswoode for H.M.S.O.
4412:
Understanding Canton: rethinking popular culture in the republican period
4340:
Understanding Canton: rethinking popular culture in the republican period
4309:
Understanding Canton: rethinking popular culture in the republican period
1241:
914:
905:
671:
667:
573:
266:
262:
5525:
5409:
Chinese outcasts: discrimination and emancipation in late imperial China
5772:
3499:
2734:
2514:
Acculturation of the Chinese in the United States: a Philadelphia study
1769:
1127:
978:
720:
706:
691:
655:
290:
250:
4368:
Australian National University. Institute of Advanced Studies (1993).
1278:
5847:
4278:
EnGendering Hong Kong society: a gender perspective of women's status
1571:
During British rule some special schools were created for the Tanka.
1497:
1021:
761:
695:
663:
659:
437:
258:
254:
2177:
David Faure; Helen F. Siu (1995). David Faure; Helen F. Siu (eds.).
2012:
Traditional Chinese clothing in Hong Kong and South China, 1840–1980
698:
who may have taken refuge on the sea and gradually assimilated into
156:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
5437:, by Whitney, William Dwight, a publication from 1891, now in the
4325:
c.1926: 52), and sometimes even punched (Hua-ts'ung-feˆn-tieh 1934)
1577:
During the 1970s the number of Tanka was reported to be shrinking.
5972:
5479:, by Williams, Samuel Wells, a publication from 1848, now in the
5458:... rev. & enl. under the superintendence of Benjamin E. Smith
5228:
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
1941:
Hong Kong, Great Britain. Foreign and Commonwealth Office (1962).
1485:
1471:
1291:
1277:
1265:
1053:
683:
377:
305:
220:
1683:
alternatively some people claimed Gu and Zeng as Tanka surnames.
3134:. Nankai Institute of Economics, Nankai University. p. 616.
2635:
1320:
5882:
5529:
4652:
Women and Chinese patriarchy: submission, servitude, and escape
4155:
Women and Chinese patriarchy: submission, servitude, and escape
2341:
Maritime Sector, Institutions, and Sea Power of Premodern China
2085:. Zaunrith'sche Buch-, Kunst- und Steindruckerei. p. 249.
1813:
Women and Chinese patriarchy: submission, servitude, and escape
5878:
5388:
Between China and Europe: person, culture and emotion in Macao
5376:, by Eitel, Ernest John, a publication from 1895, now in the
5172:广西疍家话语音研究. Nanning: Guangxi People's Publishing House 广西人民出版社.
4562:
Elizabeth Wheeler Andrew; Katharine Caroline Bushnell (2006).
4125:
Elizabeth Wheeler Andrew; Katharine Caroline Bushnell (2006).
2656:. Zaunrith'sche Buch-, Kunst- und Steindruckerei. p. 249.
2456:. Zaunrith'sche Buch-, Kunst- und Steindruckerei. p. 249.
1704:
no final -m or -p, so they are replaced by -ng /-ŋ/ or -t /-t/
1359:
1312:
608:
121:
70:
29:
3842:. Gzlib.gov.cn (25 February 2008). Retrieved on 2 March 2012.
3570:. Hongkong Conservation Photography Foundation. p. 141.
1052:, the Tanka were considered a separate ethnic group from the
1722:
Tests on the DNA of the Tanka people found that the disease
847:
The Tanka boat people of the Yangtze region were called the
5263:. Tropicalmedandhygienejrnl.net. Retrieved on 2 March 2012.
4085:
Shanghai: Revolution and Development in an Asian Metropolis
3409:
Profile of historic relics in the early stage of Hong Kong
1311:
When the Portuguese arrived at Macau, enslaved women from
4838:(11 ed.). Far Eastern Economic Review. p. 135.
4786:(13 ed.). Far Eastern Economic Review. p. 151.
3894:. Catholic Foreign Mission Bureau of Boston. p. 18.
3598:
The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World
2532:
Murray A. Rubinstein (2007). Murray A. Rubinstein (ed.).
2149:
Friends & teachers: Hong Kong and its people, 1953–87
1305:
Some Tanka children were enslaved by Portuguese raiders.
578:
558:
102:
3915:. Catholic Foreign Mission Bureau of Boston. p. 19.
3706:
Macau in our boats. Sporadically it was a Chinese woman.
3311:. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. p.
2950:
Ethnic groups and social change in a Chinese market town
98:
4817:(8 ed.). Far Eastern Economic Review. p. 86.
4713:
Hong Kong, stability and change: a collection of essays
4513:
Hong Kong, stability and change: a collection of essays
4247:
Hong Kong, stability and change: a collection of essays
4216:
Hong Kong, stability and change: a collection of essays
4186:
Hong Kong, stability and change: a collection of essays
1854:
The Chinese: a study of a Hong Kong community, Volume 3
1282:
Traditional Tanka people clothes in a Hong Kong museum.
145:
94:
2918:
The Chinese mosaic: the peoples and provinces of China
851:, while Tanka families living on land were called the
4105:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch
1908:
National Physical Laboratory (Great Britain) (1962).
1231:
engaged in extensive sinicisation of the region with
533:
4928:
Matthew Calbraith Perry (1857). Robert Tomes (ed.).
1134:
also wrote that the Tanka were aboriginals known as
6116:
6025:
6018:
5947:
5916:
4493:
European journal of East Asian studies, Volumes 1–2
3863:"Life in floating village of Cambodia – Khmer Post"
3264:
Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association
3017:
Journal of the American Oriental Society, Volume 72
2180:
Down to earth: the teruritorial bond in South China
599:
592:
572:
552:
545:
527:
520:
515:
493:
469:
460:
427:
316:
296:
276:
232:
227:
3167:(2 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p.
3160:
3066:
2947:
1851:
1754:, Hong Kong billionaire businessman and politician
1413:Masonry was unknown by the water-dwelling Tanka.
1695:eu /œ/ is pronounced as o /ɔ/ (e.g. "Hong Kong")
714:
4275:Fanny M. Cheung (1997). Fanny M. Cheung (ed.).
1537:
1016:Baiyue connection and origins in Southern China
705:A small number of Tankas also live in parts of
4893:Matthew Calbraith Perry; Robert Tomes (1859).
4621:Being Eurasian: memories across racial divides
3131:Nankai social and economic quarterly, Volume 9
1460:in the late 1960s, many Tanka were settled on
1082:(Sung dynasty; 960–1276/1279) government. The
5894:
5541:
4768:strata. Organised quite separately from them.
4741:"Education as a By-product of Fish Marketing"
3288:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 (
2817:Susan Naquin; Evelyn Sakakida Rawski (1989).
2307:
2305:
2277:
2275:
1099:
736:
475:
97:. Consider transferring direct quotations to
8:
3144:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2666:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2466:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2243:
2241:
2098:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1535:as prostitutes or mistresses to westerners.
891:, Xin'an River, Fuchun River, Lanjiang River
507:6. crooked hoof children, bowlegged children
207:
27:Boat-dwelling ethnic group in southern China
5412:. Vol. 37 of Sinica Leidensia. BRILL.
4686:. Hong Kong University Press. p. 305.
4624:. Hong Kong University Press. p. 262.
4445:. Hong Kong University Press. p. 196.
3564:Edward Stokes (2005). Edward Stokes (ed.).
3488:American Journal of Biological Anthropology
2854:. Hong Kong University Press. p. 162.
2792:. Taylor & Francis. 1996. p. 358.
1713:they also have the tone 2 diminutive change
1408:Catholic Foreign Mission Society of America
1396:Catholic Foreign Mission Society of America
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
6022:
5901:
5887:
5879:
5548:
5534:
5526:
4968:. Thomes & Talbot. 1858. p. 514.
4869:. Columbia University Press. p. 538.
4537:. Hong Kong University Press. p. 33.
4083:"Shanghai–Suburb Relations, 1949–1966" in
3954:. Hong Kong University Press. p. 34.
3549:. Review Pub. Co. Ltd. 1958. p. 280.
3040:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 31.
2600:. Oxford University Press, US. p. 2.
2517:. University of Pennsylvania. p. 27.
2152:. Hong Kong University Press. p. 23.
2045:. Review Pub. Co. Ltd. 1958. p. 280.
2004:
2002:
1476:Hong Kong boat dwellings in December 1970.
719:) and are classified as a subgroup of the
512:
213:
206:
4811:William Knox (1974). William Knox (ed.).
4680:Helen F. Siu (2011). Helen F. Siu (ed.).
4281:. Chinese University Press. p. 348.
3992:
2820:Chinese Society in the Eighteenth Century
2183:. Stanford University Press. p. 93.
1244:were registered as barbarian households.
1146:attempts to assert control in Guangdong.
190:Learn how and when to remove this message
172:Learn how and when to remove this message
4415:. Oxford University Press. p. 228.
4343:. Oxford University Press. p. 249.
4312:. Oxford University Press. p. 256.
4250:. Oxford University Press. p. 210.
3258:Chen, Jonas Chung-yu (24 January 2008).
2684:Ethnocentrism and the English dictionary
2392:He, Xi; Faure, David (13 January 2016).
2365:He, Xi; Faure, David (13 January 2016).
1488:". They mainly lived at the harbours at
1119:wrote a poem which mentioned the Tanka.
999:
887:, Taizhou Bay, Wenzhou Bay, Sanmen Bay,
818:in 1999, and it has been adopted by the
4716:. Oxford University Press. p. 75.
4531:Peter Hodge (1980). Peter Hodge (ed.).
4516:. Oxford University Press. p. 75.
4439:Peter Hodge (1980). Peter Hodge (ed.).
4219:. Oxford University Press. p. 75.
4189:. Oxford University Press. p. 75.
3666:like sedge, still not sparse in autumn.
2887:China's minorities: yesterday and today
2484:China's minorities: yesterday and today
2288:. Scholastic Library Pub. p. 474.
1858:. University of Arizona Press. p.
1796:
1707:/n/ is pronounced as /l/, like in some
1150:Scholarly opinions on Baiyue connection
964:Beijing, Jiangsu, Henan, Hubei, Hunan:
825:Both the Tanka and the Cantonese speak
352:for those living in the diaspora speak
5208:
5196:
5185:
4941:
4906:
4750:Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch
4063:from the original on 23 September 2023
3981:International Journal of Asian Studies
3806:
3795:
3546:Far Eastern economic review, Volume 24
3281:
3137:
2954:. University Press of Hawaii. p.
2823:. Yale University Press. p. 169.
2659:
2569:. Oxford University Press. p. 2.
2459:
2282:Scholastic Library Publishing (2006).
2091:
2042:Far Eastern economic review, Volume 24
2015:. Oxford University Press. p. 2.
457:
4832:Cheah Cheng Hye; Donald Wise (1980).
3932:. Kelly and Walsh, ltd. p. 336.
3516:The floating world of Castle Peak Bay
3378:The floating world of Castle Peak Bay
3347:The floating world of Castle Peak Bay
3307:Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific
3230:The floating world of Castle Peak Bay
3199:The floating world of Castle Peak Bay
2773:. Kelly and Walsh, ltd. p. 342.
2752:. Kelly and Walsh, ltd. p. 342.
2422:The floating world of Castle Peak Bay
2314:The Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 14
2254:. Grolier Incorporated. p. 474.
2251:The encyclopedia Americana, Volume 14
2116:The floating world of Castle Peak Bay
1447:the Japanese massacred the population
88:too many or overly lengthy quotations
7:
5494:This article incorporates text from
5475:This article incorporates text from
5452:This article incorporates text from
5433:This article incorporates text from
5372:This article incorporates text from
5297:"白手起家、美女、兄弟鬩牆,所有戲劇元素都到齊:富可敵國的香港霍家傳奇"
3786:William Dwight Whitney, ed. (1891).
3104:. Copper Canyon Press. p. 130.
2735:http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/197535
2234:Government Press. 1970. p. 219.
1059:The Tanka have been compared to the
913:Guangdong: Jieshi Bay, Honghai Bay,
814:" was proposed by Dr. Lee Ho Yin of
228:Regions with significant populations
4965:Ballou's monthly magazine, Volume 8
4565:Heathen Slaves and Christian Rulers
4128:Heathen Slaves and Christian Rulers
3621:Asia Major, Friedrich Hirth, pg 215
2867:on land. Even as late as 1729, the
2628:Essays on south China's boat people
2344:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 55.
2069:. (PDF). Retrieved on 2 March 2012.
1930:Government Press. 1961. p. 40.
1786:Yau Ma Tei Boat People in Hong Kong
1612:Ballou's monthly magazine, Volume 8
1464:and organised as fishing brigades.
1162:and they may have spoken ancestral
5355:Great Britain. Parliament (1882).
5278:. Asiaweek Ltd. 1989. p. 90.
4490:Brill Academic Publishers (2001).
3595:Paine, Lincoln (6 February 2014).
3014:American Oriental Society (1952).
2231:Hong Kong: report for the year ...
1927:Hong Kong: report for the year ...
849:Nine surnames fishermen households
25:
5334:Christina Miu Bing Cheng (1999).
3632:"huji 戶籍 (www.chinaknowledge.de)"
3163:A history of Chinese civilization
1428:The Tanka also formed a class of
1050:British colonial era in Hong Kong
45:This article has multiple issues.
5513:
5487:
5468:
5445:
5426:
5365:
4046:The 1937–1938 Nanjing Atrocities
2716:Oxford English Dictionary Online
2285:Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 1
929:, Zhanjiang, Wanshan Archipelago
808:Vietnamese refugees in Hong Kong
298:
278:
234:
126:
75:
34:
4866:The sing-song girls of Shanghai
4391:East Asian history, Volumes 5–6
4371:East Asian history, Volumes 5–6
3513:Eugene Newton Anderson (1970).
3375:Eugene Newton Anderson (1970).
3344:Eugene Newton Anderson (1970).
3227:Eugene Newton Anderson (1970).
3196:Eugene Newton Anderson (1970).
2921:. Westview Press. p. 219.
2625:Eugene Newton Anderson (1972).
2594:Michael Ingham (18 June 2007).
2419:Eugene Newton Anderson (1970).
2113:Eugene Newton Anderson (1970).
1709:informal varieties of Cantonese
1698:/y/ is pronounced as /u/ or /i/
798:
776:
609:
579:
559:
53:or discuss these issues on the
5340:. Hong Kong University Press.
5319:. University of Hawaii Press.
5170:Guangxi Danjiahua yuyin yanjiu
4089:. Cambridge University Press (
4008:Robert Hans van Gulik (1974).
3098:Shi Su; Burton Watson (1994).
2317:. Grolier. 1981. p. 474.
1100:
789:
766:
757:
737:
534:
476:
1:
5496:The Field afar, Volumes 15–16
3929:T'ien hsia monthly, Volume 11
3912:The Field afar, Volumes 15–16
3891:The Field afar, Volumes 15–16
3445:10.13110/humanbiology.91.4.05
3101:Selected poems of Su Tung-pʻo
3073:. World Trade Press. p.
2770:T'ien hsia monthly, Volume 11
2749:T'ien hsia monthly, Volume 11
2597:Hong Kong: A Cultural History
2566:Hong Kong: a cultural history
2248:Grolier Incorporated (1999).
1366:or boats. They claimed to be
1358:and tended to gather at some
6244:Subgroups of the Han Chinese
5385:João de Pina-Cabral (2002).
5240:10.1016/0035-9203(71)90185-4
5120:J. B. Burr Pub. Co. p.
5094:J. B. Burr Pub. Co. p.
5068:J. B. Burr Pub. Co. p.
5042:J. B. Burr Pub. Co. p.
5016:J. B. Burr Pub. Co. p.
4990:J. B. Burr Pub. Co. p.
4710:Henry J. Lethbridge (1978).
4568:. Echo Library. p. 13.
4510:Henry J. Lethbridge (1978).
4475:. Brill. 2001. p. 112.
4244:Henry J. Lethbridge (1978).
4213:Henry J. Lethbridge (1978).
4183:Henry J. Lethbridge (1978).
4131:. Echo Library. p. 11.
4014:Brill Archive. p. 308.
3645:Charles Ralph Boxer (1948).
3303:Goodenough, Ward H. (1996).
2851:The Archaeology of Hong Kong
2214:. Govt. Press. p. 219.
1981:. Viking Press. p. 17.
1733:more than the Cantonese and
1235:people. After many years of
6239:Asian diaspora in Hong Kong
6019:By nationality or ethnicity
5939:Refugees and asylum seekers
5113:Jeanie Mort Walker (1875).
5087:Jeanie Mort Walker (1875).
5061:Jeanie Mort Walker (1875).
5035:Jeanie Mort Walker (1875).
5009:Jeanie Mort Walker (1875).
4983:Jeanie Mort Walker (1875).
3776:which were made into films.
3651:. M. Nijhoff. p. 224.
3065:Andrew Grzeskowiak (1996).
2538:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 34.
1893:. Govt. Press. p. 37.
820:Hong Kong Museum of History
816:The University of Hong Kong
646:who traditionally lived on
152:the claims made and adding
6260:
4655:. Zed Books. p. 223.
4158:. Zed Books. p. 237.
2009:Valery M. Garrett (1987).
1964:. Govt. Press. p. 40.
1816:. Zed Books. p. xvi.
1335:did not marry foreigners.
1263:
1084:county gazetteer of Sun On
1070:
1019:
782:people of the southern sea
503:4. crooked hoof, bowlegged
5995:Shanghainese (and Ningbo)
5566:
5313:Chaves, Jonathan (1993).
3994:10.1017/S1479591421000401
3278:(inactive 27 March 2024).
3276:10.7152/bippa.v22i0.11805
2890:. Wadsworth. p. 89.
2884:Wolfram Eberhard (1982).
2718:. Oxford University Press
2487:. Wadsworth. p. 89.
2481:Wolfram Eberhard (1982).
2065:18 September 2021 at the
2048:to the western section of
1975:Martin Hürlimann (1962).
1850:Cornelius Osgood (1975).
1780:Aberdeen floating village
1701:/kʷ/ is pronounced as /k/
1260:Macau and Portuguese rule
727:Etymology and terminology
624:
511:
465:
432:
321:
212:
6229:Ethnic groups in Vietnam
5948:By Chinese dialect group
5406:Hansson, Anders (1996).
5149:and a few are very rare.
4948:: CS1 maint: location (
4913:: CS1 maint: location (
4409:Virgil K. Y. Ho (2005).
4337:Virgil K. Y. Ho (2005).
4306:Virgil K. Y. Ho (2005).
4049:. Springer. p. 33.
3935:the culture of the wall-
2848:William Meacham (2008).
709:. There they are called
471:Traditional Chinese
95:summarize the quotations
5983:Fujianese/Hoklo/Hokkien
5337:Macau: a cultural Janus
4780:Bill Cranfield (1984).
3159:Jacques Gernet (1996).
2869:Sun On county gazetteer
2511:Tê-chʻao Chêng (1948).
1944:Hong Kong annual report
1911:Report for the year ...
908:, Zhangzhou Water Front
874:Geographic distribution
6234:Ethnic groups in China
6224:Ethnic groups in Macau
5924:Indigenous inhabitants
5456:William Dwight Whitney
5195:Cite journal requires
4496:. Brill. p. 112.
2946:C. Fred Blake (1981).
2789:Middle East and Africa
1947:. H.M.S.O. p. 37.
1729:The Tanka suffer from
1668:
1609:
1597:
1569:
1556:
1477:
1405:
1393:
1350:
1283:
1164:Austronesian languages
1005:
831:Tanka living in Fujian
731:According to official
715:
434:Chinese folk religions
5959:Ethnic Cantonese and
5502:in the United States.
5483:in the United States.
5464:in the United States.
5441:in the United States.
5380:in the United States.
4739:Acton, T. A. (1981).
3947:Hodge, Peter (1980).
3823:Correspondence, p. 55
2983:R. A. Donkin (1998).
2915:Leo J. Moser (1985).
2535:Taiwan: a new history
1718:DNA tests and disease
1616:
1604:
1593:
1564:
1475:
1452:During the intensive
1430:prostitutes in Canton
1400:
1388:
1385:Lifestyle and culture
1345:
1281:
1003:
750:people on/above water
6214:Society of Hong Kong
5917:By migration history
5522:at Wikimedia Commons
4112:18 July 2011 at the
4081:White, Lynn T. III.
3412:. 學津書店. p. 57.
2681:Phil Benson (2001).
2653:Anthropos, Volume 65
2563:Mike Ingham (2007).
2453:Anthropos, Volume 65
2082:Anthropos, Volume 65
1914:H.M.S.O. p. 37.
1586:customers in boats.
972:Shanghai: city river
925:Mouth, Leizhou Bay,
885:Zhoushan Archipelago
822:for its exhibition.
650:in coastal parts of
348:varieties of Chinese
18:Tanka (ethnic group)
5973:Puntis (Aboriginal)
5275:Asiaweek, Volume 15
5168:Bai, Yun 白云. 2007.
3838:22 May 2011 at the
2338:Deng, Gang (1999).
2267:few months earlier.
1458:islands of Shanghai
1456:efforts around the
1290:, who were granted
1214:indigenous people.
942:Anhui: Xin'an River
900:Mouth, Fuqing Bay,
700:Han Chinese culture
408:(including Macau),
336:Eastern Min Chinese
209:
5961:Sze Yap/Taishanese
5283:Chiuchow (Teochew)
4618:Meiqi Lee (2004).
4043:Suping Lu (2019).
3805:Unknown parameter
3601:. Atlantic Books.
3500:10.1002/ajpa.24495
1623:Twenty months old!
1478:
1424:Canton (Guangzhou)
1284:
1006:
1004:Tanka in Hong Kong
947:Jiangxi: Gan River
735:(Liou Tsung-yüan;
584:3. Seoi2soeng6jan4
501:3. people on water
499:2. boat households
137:possibly contains
6176:
6175:
6172:
6171:
6107:
6100:
6093:
6086:
6079:Southeast Asians
6074:
6067:
6060:
6046:
6039:
5968:
5876:
5875:
5812:Teochew Taiwanese
5701:Teochew Taiwanese
5518:Media related to
5299:. 5 January 2015.
5207:Missing or empty
4693:978-988-8083-48-0
2861:978-962-209-925-8
2607:978-0-19-988624-1
2576:978-0-19-531496-0
2551:seas? (1936: 117)
2545:978-0-7656-1494-0
1559:Ernest John Eitel
1468:British Hong Kong
1142:, which hindered
1124:Nankai University
1115:The Chinese poet
842:Pearl River Delta
628:
627:
620:
619:
614:6. Kuóh-dà̤-giāng
554:Yale Romanization
522:Standard Mandarin
456:
455:
450:Mahayana Buddhism
446:ancestral worship
200:
199:
192:
182:
181:
174:
139:original research
120:
119:
68:
16:(Redirected from
6251:
6219:Society of Macau
6103:
6096:
6089:
6082:
6070:
6063:
6056:
6042:
6035:
6023:
5958:
5903:
5896:
5889:
5880:
5820:
5808:
5791:
5709:
5550:
5543:
5536:
5527:
5517:
5491:
5490:
5472:
5471:
5449:
5448:
5430:
5429:
5423:
5402:
5369:
5368:
5362:
5351:
5330:
5301:
5300:
5293:
5287:
5286:
5270:
5264:
5258:
5252:
5251:
5223:
5217:
5216:
5210:
5204:
5198:
5193:
5191:
5183:
5179:
5173:
5166:
5160:
5156:
5150:
5146:
5140:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5110:
5104:
5103:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5032:
5026:
5025:
5006:
5000:
4999:
4980:
4974:
4973:
4960:
4954:
4953:
4947:
4939:
4925:
4919:
4918:
4912:
4904:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4860:
4854:
4853:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4777:
4771:
4770:
4745:
4736:
4730:
4727:
4721:
4720:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4677:
4671:
4670:
4646:
4640:
4639:
4615:
4609:
4599:
4593:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4171:afraid of them'.
4149:
4143:
4142:
4122:
4116:
4100:
4094:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3975:Luk, C. (2023).
3972:
3966:
3965:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3865:. Archived from
3859:
3853:
3849:
3843:
3830:
3824:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3808:
3803:
3801:
3793:
3783:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3753:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3733:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3713:
3707:
3703:
3697:
3693:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3628:
3622:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3310:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3287:
3279:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3166:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3143:
3135:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3072:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3034:Bob Dye (1997).
3031:
3025:
3024:
3011:
3005:
3004:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2953:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2665:
2657:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2465:
2457:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2309:
2300:
2299:
2279:
2270:
2269:
2245:
2236:
2235:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2097:
2089:
2076:
2070:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2006:
1997:
1996:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1857:
1847:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1807:
1801:
1317:Portuguese India
1270:History of Macau
1103:
1102:
996:Mythical origins
985:Macau: Macau Bay
954:Qiongzhou Strait
904:, Quanzhou Bay,
800:
791:
778:
768:
759:
740:
739:
718:
642:ethnic group in
616:
615:
588:
587:
568:
567:
564:3. Séuiseuhngyàn
541:
540:
513:
489:
488:
458:
448:and others) and
304:
302:
301:
284:
282:
281:
269:, and along the
240:
238:
237:
217:
210:
195:
188:
177:
170:
166:
163:
157:
154:inline citations
130:
129:
122:
115:
112:
106:
79:
78:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
6259:
6258:
6254:
6253:
6252:
6250:
6249:
6248:
6179:
6178:
6177:
6168:
6112:
6014:
5943:
5912:
5907:
5877:
5872:
5814:
5802:
5785:
5783:Hakka Taiwanese
5703:
5679:Hoklo Taiwanese
5562:
5554:
5510:
5488:
5469:
5446:
5427:
5420:
5405:
5399:
5384:
5366:
5354:
5348:
5333:
5327:
5312:
5309:
5304:
5295:
5294:
5290:
5272:
5271:
5267:
5259:
5255:
5225:
5224:
5220:
5206:
5194:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5176:
5167:
5163:
5157:
5153:
5147:
5143:
5137:
5133:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5060:
5059:
5055:
5034:
5033:
5029:
5008:
5007:
5003:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4940:
4927:
4926:
4922:
4905:
4892:
4891:
4887:
4877:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4846:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4794:
4779:
4778:
4774:
4748:Journal of the
4743:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4728:
4724:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4694:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4663:
4648:
4647:
4643:
4632:
4617:
4616:
4612:
4600:
4596:
4590:
4586:
4576:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4545:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4472:Ejeas, Volume 1
4469:
4468:
4464:
4453:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4423:
4408:
4407:
4403:
4388:
4387:
4383:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4351:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4320:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4289:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4258:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4227:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4197:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4166:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4139:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4114:Wayback Machine
4107:, Vol. 23, 1983
4101:
4097:
4080:
4076:
4066:
4064:
4057:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4022:
4007:
4006:
4002:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3962:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3872:
3870:
3869:on 29 June 2013
3861:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3846:
3840:Wayback Machine
3831:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3804:
3794:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3770:
3766:and submissive.
3764:
3760:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3730:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3710:
3704:
3700:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3670:
3664:
3660:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3609:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3578:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3527:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3389:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3358:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3323:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3280:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3241:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3210:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3179:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3136:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3048:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3013:
3012:
3008:
2997:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2966:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2929:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2898:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2862:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2831:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2800:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2721:
2719:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2695:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2658:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2608:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2577:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2546:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2458:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2433:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2352:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2311:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2281:
2280:
2273:
2262:
2247:
2246:
2239:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2191:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2160:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2127:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2090:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2067:Wayback Machine
2058:
2054:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2023:
2008:
2007:
2000:
1989:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1870:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1794:
1766:
1743:
1720:
1689:
1680:
1592:
1583:
1470:
1443:
1426:
1387:
1344:
1300:Macanese people
1276:
1274:Macanese people
1264:Main articles:
1262:
1250:
1225:
1220:
1183:
1152:
1095:
1075:
1069:
1067:Yao connections
1024:
1018:
998:
993:
876:
853:Mean households
729:
613:
611:
585:
583:
581:
565:
563:
561:
539:3. Shuǐshàngrén
538:
536:
506:
504:
502:
500:
498:
497:1. Dan families
494:Literal meaning
486:
484:
482:
480:
478:
351:
330:
299:
297:
279:
277:
235:
233:
223:
219:Tanka woman in
205:
196:
185:
184:
183:
178:
167:
161:
158:
143:
131:
127:
116:
110:
107:
101:or excerpts to
92:
80:
76:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6257:
6255:
6247:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6181:
6180:
6174:
6173:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6120:
6118:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6110:
6109:
6108:
6101:
6094:
6087:
6077:
6076:
6075:
6068:
6061:
6049:
6048:
6047:
6040:
6029:
6027:
6020:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5992:
5991:
5990:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5951:
5949:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5929:New immigrants
5926:
5920:
5918:
5914:
5913:
5908:
5906:
5905:
5898:
5891:
5883:
5874:
5873:
5871:
5870:
5869:
5868:
5863:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5839:
5838:
5828:
5827:
5826:
5821:
5809:
5797:
5792:
5775:
5770:
5769:
5768:
5758:
5757:
5756:
5751:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5730:
5729:
5724:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5711:
5710:
5693:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5684:Hui'an maidens
5681:
5671:
5666:
5656:
5655:
5654:
5649:
5639:
5638:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5626:
5625:
5612:
5607:
5606:
5605:
5595:
5590:
5589:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5555:
5553:
5552:
5545:
5538:
5530:
5524:
5523:
5509:
5508:External links
5506:
5505:
5504:
5485:
5466:
5443:
5424:
5418:
5403:
5397:
5382:
5363:
5352:
5346:
5331:
5325:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5288:
5265:
5253:
5218:
5197:|journal=
5182:Zhuang (2009).
5174:
5161:
5151:
5141:
5131:
5105:
5079:
5053:
5027:
5001:
4975:
4955:
4920:
4885:
4875:
4855:
4844:
4835:All-Asia guide
4824:
4814:All-Asia guide
4803:
4792:
4783:All-Asia guide
4772:
4731:
4729:Eitel, p. 169.
4722:
4702:
4692:
4672:
4661:
4641:
4630:
4610:
4594:
4584:
4574:
4554:
4543:
4523:
4502:
4482:
4462:
4451:
4431:
4421:
4401:
4381:
4360:
4349:
4329:
4318:
4298:
4287:
4267:
4256:
4236:
4225:
4205:
4195:
4175:
4164:
4144:
4137:
4117:
4095:
4074:
4056:978-9811396564
4055:
4035:
4020:
4000:
3967:
3960:
3939:
3918:
3901:
3880:
3854:
3844:
3825:
3816:
3778:
3768:
3758:
3748:
3738:
3728:
3718:
3708:
3698:
3688:
3678:
3668:
3658:
3637:
3623:
3614:
3607:
3587:
3576:
3567:逝影留踪・香港1946–47
3556:
3536:
3525:
3505:
3474:
3439:(4): 257–277.
3419:
3398:
3387:
3367:
3356:
3336:
3321:
3295:
3250:
3239:
3219:
3208:
3188:
3177:
3151:
3120:
3110:
3090:
3083:
3057:
3046:
3026:
3006:
2995:
2975:
2964:
2938:
2927:
2907:
2896:
2876:
2860:
2840:
2829:
2809:
2798:
2779:
2759:
2738:
2703:
2693:
2673:
2642:
2617:
2606:
2586:
2575:
2555:
2544:
2524:
2503:
2493:
2473:
2442:
2431:
2411:
2404:
2384:
2377:
2357:
2350:
2330:
2323:
2301:
2294:
2271:
2260:
2237:
2221:
2200:
2189:
2169:
2158:
2135:
2125:
2105:
2071:
2052:
2032:
2021:
1998:
1987:
1967:
1950:
1933:
1917:
1900:
1879:
1868:
1842:
1832:
1822:
1802:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1777:
1772:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1742:
1739:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1688:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1469:
1466:
1462:Hengsha Island
1442:
1439:
1425:
1422:
1386:
1383:
1343:
1340:
1261:
1258:
1249:
1246:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1182:
1179:
1151:
1148:
1132:Jacques Gernet
1094:
1093:Historiography
1091:
1071:Main article:
1068:
1065:
1020:Main article:
1017:
1014:
997:
994:
992:
989:
988:
987:
982:
974:
969:
961:
949:
944:
939:
931:
923:Zhujiang River
910:
893:
875:
872:
866:celebrations.
794:Cantonese Yale
772:Cantonese Yale
728:
725:
674:and along the
644:Southern China
626:
625:
622:
621:
618:
617:
606:
597:
596:
590:
589:
576:
570:
569:
556:
550:
549:
547:Yue: Cantonese
543:
542:
531:
525:
524:
518:
517:
516:Transcriptions
509:
508:
495:
491:
490:
473:
467:
466:
463:
462:
454:
453:
430:
429:
425:
424:
332:Fuzhou dialect
319:
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314:
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308:
294:
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288:
274:
273:
244:
242:Mainland China
230:
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134:
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14:
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10:
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4:
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2:
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5507:
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5500:public domain
5495:
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5481:public domain
5476:
5467:
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5457:
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5440:
5439:public domain
5434:
5425:
5421:
5419:90-04-10596-4
5415:
5411:
5410:
5404:
5400:
5398:0-8264-5749-5
5394:
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5378:public domain
5373:
5364:
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5359:
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5347:962-209-486-4
5343:
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4872:
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4845:9789627010081
4841:
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4662:1-85649-126-9
4658:
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4631:962-209-671-9
4627:
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4571:
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4544:962-209-022-2
4540:
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4448:
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4418:
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4315:
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4288:962-201-736-3
4284:
4280:
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4257:9780195804027
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4192:
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4165:1-85649-126-9
4161:
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4134:
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4099:
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4088:
4087:, p. 262
4086:
4078:
4075:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4048:
4047:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4030:
4029:pearl-fishing
4023:
4021:90-04-03917-1
4017:
4013:
4012:
4004:
4001:
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3990:
3986:
3982:
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3905:
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3898:
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3892:
3884:
3881:
3868:
3864:
3858:
3855:
3848:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3833:(水上居民)不见"连体船"
3829:
3826:
3820:
3817:
3812:
3807:|agency=
3799:
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3577:962-209-754-5
3573:
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3475:
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3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3433:Human Biology
3430:
3423:
3420:
3416:
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3410:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3388:9780598271389
3384:
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3209:9780598271389
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3178:0-521-49781-7
3174:
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3117:
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3107:
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3084:1-885073-31-3
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3043:
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2998:
2996:0-87169-224-4
2992:
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2965:0-8248-0720-0
2961:
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2928:0-86531-085-8
2924:
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2897:0-534-01080-6
2893:
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2432:9780598271389
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2401:
2398:. Routledge.
2397:
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2378:9781317409663
2374:
2371:. Routledge.
2370:
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2351:9780313307126
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2018:
2014:
2013:
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1988:9783761100301
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1747:Sinn Sing Hoi
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1741:Famous Tankas
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1189:
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1160:Neolithic era
1156:
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845:
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838:
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828:
823:
821:
817:
813:
812:Boat Dwellers
809:
805:
801:
795:
787:
783:
779:
777:Séuiseuhngyàn
773:
769:
767:shuǐshàng rén
763:
755:
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734:
726:
724:
722:
717:
712:
708:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
678:, as well as
677:
676:Yangtze river
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
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649:
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637:
633:
623:
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577:
575:
571:
557:
555:
551:
548:
544:
532:
530:
526:
523:
519:
514:
510:
505:5. Dan people
496:
492:
474:
472:
468:
464:
459:
451:
447:
443:
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379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
328:
324:
323:Tanka dialect
320:
315:
312:
309:
307:
295:
292:
289:
287:
275:
272:
271:Yangtze river
268:
264:
260:
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231:
226:
222:
216:
211:
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194:
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176:
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151:
147:
141:
140:
135:This article
133:
124:
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114:
111:February 2022
104:
100:
96:
90:
89:
84:This article
82:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
6189:Tanka people
6052:South Asians
6032:East Asians
6004:
5836:Fuzhou Tanka
5830:
5722:Shanghainese
5623:Subei people
5586:Macau people
5520:Tanka people
5497:
5493:
5478:
5474:
5459:
5451:
5436:
5432:
5408:
5387:
5375:
5371:
5357:
5336:
5315:
5307:Bibliography
5291:
5279:
5274:
5268:
5256:
5234:(1): 59–62.
5231:
5227:
5221:
5209:|title=
5188:cite journal
5177:
5169:
5164:
5154:
5144:
5134:
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4185:
4178:
4169:
4154:
4147:
4127:
4120:
4104:
4098:
4084:
4077:
4065:. Retrieved
4045:
4038:
4025:
4010:
4003:
3984:
3980:
3970:
3950:
3942:
3933:
3928:
3921:
3911:
3904:
3895:
3890:
3883:
3871:. Retrieved
3867:the original
3857:
3847:
3828:
3819:
3788:
3781:
3771:
3761:
3751:
3741:
3731:
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3515:
3508:
3491:
3487:
3477:
3436:
3432:
3422:
3413:
3408:
3406:梁廣漢 (1980).
3401:
3392:
3377:
3370:
3361:
3346:
3339:
3306:
3298:
3284:cite journal
3267:
3263:
3253:
3244:
3229:
3222:
3213:
3198:
3191:
3182:
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3000:
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2788:
2782:
2774:
2769:
2762:
2753:
2748:
2741:
2727:
2720:. Retrieved
2715:
2712:"Tanka, n.1"
2706:
2698:
2683:
2676:
2652:
2645:
2632:
2627:
2620:
2611:
2596:
2589:
2580:
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2387:
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2360:
2340:
2333:
2313:
2284:
2265:
2250:
2230:
2224:
2215:
2210:
2203:
2194:
2179:
2172:
2163:
2148:
2138:
2130:
2115:
2108:
2086:
2081:
2074:
2055:
2046:
2041:
2035:
2026:
2011:
1992:
1977:
1970:
1960:
1953:
1943:
1936:
1926:
1920:
1910:
1903:
1894:
1889:
1882:
1873:
1853:
1845:
1835:
1827:
1812:
1805:
1799:
1782:in Hong Kong
1775:Fuzhou Tanka
1728:
1721:
1690:
1681:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
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1647:
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1557:
1552:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1502:Kau Sai Chau
1482:Shau Kei Wan
1479:
1451:
1444:
1441:Modern China
1434:foot binding
1427:
1418:Tanka people
1417:
1415:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1376:
1372:
1353:
1351:
1346:
1342:Qing dynasty
1337:
1333:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1296:Ming dynasty
1285:
1251:
1248:Ming dynasty
1237:sinicisation
1229:Song dynasty
1226:
1223:Sinicisation
1203:Austronesian
1199:Yellow River
1196:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1157:
1153:
1144:Qing dynasty
1137:
1121:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1088:
1080:Song dynasty
1076:
1058:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1025:
1010:water snakes
1007:
984:
976:
971:
963:
951:
946:
941:
933:
927:Lingding Sea
912:
895:
889:Hangzhou Bay
882:
877:
868:
864:
857:
852:
848:
846:
839:
824:
811:
810:. The term "
804:similar term
797:
781:
775:
765:
749:
745:
743:
733:Liu Zongyuan
730:
710:
704:
635:
631:
629:
612:5. Dáng-mìng
582:2. Teng5gaa1
580:1. Daan6gaa1
529:Hanyu Pinyin
461:Tanka people
442:Confucianism
346:& other
340:Fuzhou Tanka
208:Tanka people
204:Ethnic group
201:
186:
168:
159:
136:
108:
93:Please help
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
6134:Australians
6091:Indonesians
5910:Hongkongers
5824:Waishengren
5815: [
5803: [
5786: [
5739:Gaoshan Han
5704: [
5603:Ngái people
5581:Hongkongers
5557:Han Chinese
4067:23 February
3987:(1): 1–17.
3676:Christians.
3494:: 154–170.
2144:James Hayes
1758:Timothy Fok
1731:lung cancer
1724:Thalassemia
1490:Cheung Chau
1454:reclamation
1368:Han Chinese
1294:during the
1254:untouchable
1048:During the
977:Hong Kong:
966:Grand Canal
902:Xinghua Bay
835:Min Chinese
829:. However,
723:ethnicity.
636:boat people
610:4. Kuóh-dà̤
594:Eastern Min
586:4. Kuk1tai4
436:(including
327:Yue Chinese
6183:Categories
6164:Ukrainians
6105:Vietnamese
6072:Pakistanis
5955:Yue people
5857:Yunnanese
5749:Minh Hương
5664:Fuzhounese
5635:Sichuanese
5576:Taishanese
4232:convenient
3961:9622090222
3322:087169865X
3053:aborigines
2872:centuries,
2722:12 October
2520:complexity
1792:References
1643:heroically
1506:Yau Ma Tei
1288:Portuguese
1211:Hmong-Mien
1073:Yao people
1061:She people
1036:Malay race
919:Dapeng Bay
883:Zhejiang:
799:Nàamhóiyàn
562:2. Téhnggā
560:1. Daahngā
537:2. Tǐngjiā
406:Portuguese
398:Indonesian
358:Vietnamese
162:March 2024
146:improve it
103:Wikisource
50:improve it
6199:Guangdong
6144:Canadians
6129:Americans
6084:Filipinos
6026:From Asia
5934:Returnees
5778:Taiwanese
5761:Peranakan
5734:Chuanqing
5691:Putianese
5669:Hainanese
5618:Jianghuai
5614:Mandarin
5571:Cantonese
5560:subgroups
4944:cite book
4909:cite book
4763:1991-7295
4458:entrepot,
4091:Cambridge
3809:ignored (
3798:cite book
3726:soldiers.
3469:221011288
3453:1534-6617
3394:1935:272)
3140:cite book
2662:cite book
2462:cite book
2211:Hong Kong
2094:cite book
1978:Hong Kong
1961:Hong Kong
1890:Hong Kong
1752:Henry Fok
1496:, Tai O,
1379:reclaimed
1356:fishermen
1325:Indochina
1315:(part of
1136:pirates (
1117:Su Dongpo
1032:Li people
958:Sanya Bay
936:You River
934:Guangxi:
898:Min River
827:Cantonese
680:Hong Kong
652:Guangdong
640:sinicised
566:4. Kūktài
535:1. Dànjiā
390:Malaysian
317:Languages
311:Macau Bay
286:Hong Kong
247:Guangdong
150:verifying
99:Wikiquote
86:contains
56:talk page
6159:Russians
6124:Africans
6037:Japanese
5861:Chin Haw
5800:Hoklokeh
5652:Panthays
5630:Shandong
5610:Hunanese
4110:Archived
4093:), 1981.
4061:Archived
3836:Archived
3461:32767896
3331:1021882M
2903:fishery.
2836:culture.
2146:(1996).
2063:Archived
1764:See also
1678:Surnames
1674:in 1875
1618:"Macao.
1614:in 1858
1602:in 1859
1590:Commerce
1581:Shanghai
1494:Aberdeen
1410:in 1921
1398:in 1921
1242:Quanzhou
1181:Genetics
952:Hainan:
915:Daya Bay
906:Amoy Bay
896:Fujian:
688:outcasts
672:Zhejiang
668:Shanghai
574:Jyutping
428:Religion
394:Bruneian
344:Mandarin
267:Zhejiang
263:Shanghai
6204:Guangxi
6139:Britons
6065:Nepalis
6058:Indians
6044:Koreans
6010:Teochew
5853:Waxiang
5773:Sangley
5766:Benteng
5727:Wenzhou
5696:Teochew
5248:5092429
4757:: 121.
4377:western
3852:people.
3552:(apart)
2217:several
1770:Pang uk
1735:Teochew
1687:Dialect
1218:History
1207:Kra-Dai
1192:Teochew
1128:Tianjin
979:Kowloon
786:Chinese
780:), or "
754:Chinese
707:Vietnam
692:gypsies
656:Guangxi
402:Spanish
382:Bengali
370:Burmese
354:English
291:Kowloon
251:Guangxi
144:Please
6209:Hainan
6194:Fujian
6149:French
6117:Others
5866:Kokang
5848:Tunbao
5647:Dungan
5492:
5473:
5450:
5431:
5416:
5395:
5370:
5344:
5323:
5246:
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4761:
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4294:(1994)
4285:
4254:
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2604:
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2429:
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2321:
2292:
2258:
2187:
2165:waters
2156:
2123:
2019:
1985:
1866:
1820:
1498:Po Toi
1329:Malaya
1327:, and
1272:, and
1138:haidao
1101:海上吉普賽人
1022:Baiyue
991:Origin
833:speak
796::
788::
774::
764::
762:pinyin
756::
696:Baiyue
682:, and
664:Hainan
660:Fujian
638:are a
632:Tankas
601:Fuzhou
487:6. 曲蹄囝
481:3. 水上人
438:Taoism
418:Creole
414:Fijian
410:French
388:(both
303:
283:
259:Hainan
255:Fujian
239:
6098:Thais
6005:Tanka
5988:Hoklo
5978:Hakka
5831:Tanka
5819:]
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5795:Hoklo
5790:]
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5674:Hoklo
5598:Hakka
5159:seven
4851:again
4820:again
4799:again
4744:(PDF)
3873:3 May
3686:fish.
3583:wants
3465:S2CID
2613:north
1635:tanka
1631:boats
1486:Tai O
1364:junks
1292:Macau
1266:Macau
1188:Hakka
1054:Punti
860:Hakka
746:Tanka
684:Macau
648:junks
485:5. 蜑民
483:4. 曲蹄
479:2. 艇家
477:1. 蜑家
422:Dutch
386:Malay
378:Hindi
366:Tetun
362:Khmer
306:Macau
221:Macau
6154:Jews
5999:list
5965:list
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5414:ISBN
5393:ISBN
5342:ISBN
5321:ISBN
5244:PMID
5213:help
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2794:ISBN
2724:2014
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2668:link
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2100:link
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1994:port
1983:ISBN
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1864:ISBN
1860:1212
1840:..."
1818:ISBN
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1484:and
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1030:and
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630:The
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396:and
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175:)
169:(
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