804:
1243:
physical variables such as size and spininess also diverge markedly. As already noted, in many regions the plant passes through its most palatable and vulnerable phase before the need for forage begins to become more pressing. However, some strains are not spiny, so that there is scope for breeding lines that are useful throughout most of the season. Note too that while some variables, such as protein content, should preferably be as high as possible, others, while harmless or even beneficial at low levels, may be undesirable or even dangerous at the highest recorded levels. For example,
975:
1445:
1418:
1289:
548:
44:
1406:
69:
470:
662:
1430:
703:
481:
873:, for example, stems, fruits, and leaves are nutritious year-round camel feed; sheep and goats prefer it in summer, but also to some extent in autumn and winter. The fruits are important for fattening camels, goats, and karakul sheep; the fruit may partially substitute for concentrates, especially in autumn and winter. In those regions annual
1344:
complex has been associated with presumably allergic sensitivities to various parts of the plant. Many people develop skin rashes and assorted other reactions after exposure to the plant. Scratches and abrasions from spines or hard stems from the plant may cause itching or inflamed skin. Furthermore,
1242:
These figures are not the only important genetically determined variables, but they are illustrative. Note that the high values in the list differ from the corresponding low values by factors ranging from a little over 2 in the case of acid-detergent fibre, to more than 60 for nitrate content. Other
1198:
improves the prospects for new variants to be established in the population. The species and its hybrids and variants have attracted attention as valuable prospects for selective breeding for various agricultural purposes. The most desirable and the most undesirable genetically determined attributes
1170:
Such considerations have led some workers to recommend that the plant be actively exploited for its very attractive merits. Frustratingly however, the plant in the wild is very variable; apart from its intrinsic genetic variability, invasive populations have hybridised extensively with other species
950:
population. However, it is important not to regard the ecological interrelationships too simplistically; in some cases the presence of the healthy weed plants on a harsh site without mycorrhizae actually seems to facilitate the succession of grass better than where a mycorrhizal inoculum had reduced
877:
species are known as "solyanki"; they are important as drought- and salt-tolerant forage and form a dominant group in the flora and vegetation of the most challenging environments. Some are useful for stabilising shifting sands and for rehabilitation of degraded rangelands such as the saline soil of
673:
The plant is considered edible when young, and the young shoots can be harvested and eaten. As the plant matures, it becomes too woody, bitter, and spiny to be considered edible. The young shoots can be eaten raw in salads, and are reported to be even more flavorful when cooked as a pot herb. Young
1254:
nitrate and oxalate profitably at modest concentrations, but if the concentration overwhelms their metabolic capacity, the unprocessed ions may poison livestock. Strains of plants selected for modest levels of such content can therefore be fed without strict precautions, but the toxic components of
1203:
independently, which is a necessary condition for efficient selection of independent characters, so that for example, one can select breeding stock with desirable attributes, without being unable to select for the absence of undesirable attributes. One could select say, lines rich in protein, but
853:
as an adaptation to alkaline, relatively drier soils rich in calcite, gypsum, alumina, and/or other metal ions. Oxalic acid forms highly insoluble salts with calcium, aluminum, chromium, copper, lead, and many other transition metals. Oxalic acid is produced in specialized parenchyma cells called
2112:
Yumak, Hasan
Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Yuzuncu Yil University, 65080 Van (Turkey); Ucar, Tamer Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Bozok University, 66200 Yozgat (Turkey); Seyidbekiroglu, Nesim Agricultural
1323:
growth has been heavy, high winds often accumulate shocking tangles of the tumbleweeds, covering entire buildings or trapping vehicles so completely as to prevent unaided escape, particularly in the event that the dry material ignites. When they bank up against wire fences, the force of the wind
920:
roots they tend to kill the tissue, commonly stunting or even killing the plant. When the plant is dead and the mycorrhizae have consumed what they can of its remains, they spread out and infect more plants, beneficially to most desirable grasses and forbs, but to the disadvantage of most of the
768:
However, even early publications did concede that the plant is of value as a forage in severely arid conditions where few other forage species are viable. As for its harmful competitiveness, most authors emphasised its invasiveness, though some did mention its value in regenerating overgrazed or
732:
in most contexts. One reason is that as they mature most varieties become too spiny and woody for most stock to browse. Moreover older foliage develops higher levels of oxalates, bitter tannins and alkaloids making it unpalatable. As its fruits mature, the plant dies, dries and becomes hard and
930:
plants that remain standing provide shade that favours other plants' seedlings; the plants themselves on the other hand are highly intolerant of shade, being very much adapted to open, barren soil. This apparently complex process tends to repopulate the soil better and faster than killing the
764:
were also especially infested. During the past century or more, the majority of the publications that dealt with the topic have discussed its pernicious nature, the increasing threats that the species poses, and how to combat its invasiveness; they largely have ignored its other attributes.
682:, particularly in older plants, and people who are sensitive to oxalic acid should avoid the genus as it is a severe allergen for some people. Oxalates in certain vegetables contribute to gout and are a causative agent in certain types of kidney stones and bladder stones, therefore
525:
and drop off as the plant matures. The leaves of the mature plant are persistent, leathery, broader and shorter than the young leaves (seldom more than 1 cm in length), rigid and spine-tipped. They remain on the stem till the plant dies at the end of the season. In the
513:. The leaves are tipped with spines that in most varieties are so sharp that the plants are best handled with gloves and other suitably protective clothing, though some genetic variants have only a hair at the tip. On the young plant, leaves may be more than 5 cm long,
432:
seeds. Although it is the best-known of this group of weeds and was at first thought to be a single well-defined species, it now is known to have included more than one species plus some hybrids. This has led to taxonomic confusion in dealing with species in the genera
1259:
fodder with other, safer forage, or treating it with mitigating agents. For example, excess soluble oxalate can be precipitated by adding lime to the fodder; precipitated oxalate is harmless. Digestibility also varied in this study, but the digestibility of
560:
509:, the young plant is erect, but it grows into a rounded clump of branched, tangled stems, each one up to about a metre long. Depending on the plant's genetics and condition, the leaves and stems may be green, red, or striped, and they may be hairless or
2091:
Carnés, J., Fernández-Caldas, E., Marina, A., Alonso, C., Lahoz, C., Colás, C. and Lezaun, A. (2003), Immunochemical characterization of
Russian thistle (Salsola kali) pollen extracts. Purification of the allergen Sal k 1. Allergy, 58: 1152–1156. doi:
1275:
in arid and sandy environments. In fact, it seems to do best at salt levels that – though modest – are far too high for most crops to tolerate. Growing the plant in environments too saline for most other forage species, even high enough to stress the
862:. Calcium along with other metal ions are sequestered in idioblast cells, reducing their impact on the rest of the plant's tissues. Rhaphides also serve as a deterrent against insect predators, as the sharp crystal injure an insect's digestive tract.
587:
The plant becomes woody as the fruits develop. As they ripen, the plant begins to die, dries out and becomes brittle. In that state the base of the stem breaks off easily, particularly in a high wind. The plant then rolls readily before the wind and
868:
and many related species, including some that are widely regarded as invasive weeds in other countries, are valued in their regions of origin. They are adapted to inhospitable environments that do not support many other forage species. In
925:
that had been occupying the soil. They only remain to enrich, mulch and aerate it. This promotes reinvasion of the soil by other plants adapted to forming advantageous symbiotic associations with mycorrhizae. Above the ground, any dead
354:(i.e., roll) due to the force of the wind. As this dead structure tumbles in the wind, it gradually degrades and falls apart, thereby spreading possibly as many as 200,000 seeds. If it happens to come to rest in a wet area then it can
2037:
Hageman, James H. Fowler, James L. Suzukida
Margaret. Salas, Virginia. Captain, Roxanne Le. Analysis of Russian thistle (Salsola species) selections for factors affecting forage nutritional value. New Mexico State University, 1987.
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brittle. It is in this state that it is likely to detach from its root and become a tumbleweed. As tumbleweeds go, it is very large, often a metre or more in diameter, spiny, largely inedible to most livestock if unprocessed, and a
2018:
Guadalupe de la Rosa, "Application of modern spectroscopic techniques to study heavy metal accumulation and uptake mechanisms in tumbleweed (Salsola kali)", 2005. ETD Collection for
University of Texas, El Paso. Paper AAI3167940.
2079:
Blackwell, Will H.; Powell, Martha J. A Preliminary Note on
Pollination in the Chenopodiaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden Vol. 68, No. 4 (1981), pp. 524-526. Pub: Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Article Stable URL:
1119:
proved to be an active absorber of all those ions, plus some others, and it may well be a hyperaccumulator of both copper and cadmium. It certainly accumulated lead and arsenic very actively and also chromium in the most toxic
1336:
measures. When the burning weeds are stopped by buildings or stacks, they ignite such objects more effectively than any other tumbleweed on the open plains, being compact and woody at maturity, as well as highly flammable.
1280:, actually increases some of its merits as a forage. In particular, it increases total nitrogen content but reduces some (possibly harmless) levels of potentially toxic substances such as soluble oxalate and nitrate.
1207:
To appreciate the implications of the variability, consider the following isolated examples of variability in key attributes of dry matter, as found in some 70 samples collected from the south-western United States:
2049:
Fowler, James L. Hageman, James H. Moore, Kenneth J. Suzukida, Margaret. Assadian, Hamid. Valenzuela, Mario. Salinity effects of forage quality of
Russian Thistle. Journal of Range Management. 45:559-563 November
333:
For a brief phase during its youth, it may be grazed but afterward becomes too spiny and woody to be edible to most wildlife and livestock (if it is not processed first). Mature specimens are often more than a
743:
has acquired a bad reputation for its spininess, its woodiness when mature, and its general ecological competitiveness, augmented by its tumbleweed nature, which enables it to spread rapidly over open ground.
803:
908:
is of particular value in rehabilitating certain classes of disturbed land. Often its presence is beneficial, especially when the original topsoil still is present; the species happens not to be host to any
1359:
In its dried, tumbleweed form, the plant is generally difficult to work with, being springy, spiny, flammable and brittle, but like many other dried vegetable materials, primarily grass straw, it has been
822:
offers shelter for some wildlife. Medium-sized deer species make some use of it, but it is mainly of value to small mammals and bird species that normally live close to the ground and shelter under bushes.
2003:
Tim M. Antill, M. Anne Naeth, Edward W. Bork, and Alan L. Westhaver. Russian
Thistle (Salsola tragus L.) Control on Bighorn Sheep Winter Ranges in Jasper National Park. Natural Areas Journal 2012 32 (4),
737:. However, in regions where there is plentiful winter rain, the moisture softens both the twigs and the spines, after which hardy breeds of livestock and some wildlife species once again will eat it.
724:. It germinates rapidly even in very small amounts of moisture in arid conditions. When young it may be grazed freely, but that phase lasts for only a brief period, and generally at a time when other
1017:, overgrazing may favour the weed, while managing the grazing intensity to favour the desired plants may be the most economical, and in the long term, the most effective way of dealing with its
563:
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is a source of food and shelter for several species of wild life. Its nutritional value is high; it is rich in various minerals, Vitamin A, and phosphorus. It is a minor forage component for
567:
1315:
is that it commonly presents a fire hazard, firstly because it is flammable once it is thoroughly dry, partly as a result of its nitrate content, which may be very high, sometimes over 6%
893:
era, it was credited with having rescued beef cattle husbandry in North
America. The usual hay crops had failed and when all other sources failed farmers fed their cattle on tumbleweed.
971:
grows best on sandy or at least loose-surfaced soil, so it might pay better to rake the soil to encourage plant growth for a few years until its presence has mitigated the conditions.
2070:
Orloff, S. B.; Cudney, D. W.; Elmore, C. L.; DiTomaso, J. M. Pest Notes: Russian
Thistle UC ANR Publication 7486. UC Statewide IPM Program, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
889:
still has not won much recognition in contemporary first-world livestock nutrition, this might reflect short memories rather than shortage of evidence for its merits; during the
1969:
Allen, Edith B.; Allen, Michael F. (February 1988). "Facilitation of
Succession by the Nonmycotrophic Colonizer Salsola kali on a Harsh Site: Effects of Mycorrhizal Fungi".
946:
population may remain dominant for over a decade. To speed the recovery, it is better to add rich topsoil with plenty of organic material and mycorrhizae than to attack the
565:
641:
and Australia. It now occupies a wide variety of habitat types in those regions and often is the first or even the only colonizer in conditions where no local species can
1581:"Diversification of the old world Salsoleae s.l. (Chenopodiaceae): molecular phylogenetic analysis of nuclear and chloroplast data sets and a revised classification"
2410:
1955:
1048:, in which the removal and accumulation of toxic elements from soils by suitable management of plant growth is a major component. Because such soil situations as
1444:
2446:
1183:. The unpredictability of the merits of wild strains may frustrate farmers who have tried the species and found that seeds from wild plants do not produce
389:
throughout the world. The tumbleweed's tumbling is known to damage non-native plants and environments and its highly flammable nature also sometimes helps
1812:
Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer)
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2335:
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However, in spite of the associated difficulties, the plants' genetic variability does imply opportunities for genetic improvement. The presence of
1135:, but there are genetic variables that could, in principle, be selected for. For instance, the ions the plant species absorb are variously bound or
530:
of the mature leaf, there are two leaf-like bracts with a flower between them. The flower lacks petals, but is surrounded by a disk of wide, winged
686:
is not recommended for people with a history of such conditions or whom have diabetic kidney disease. People who have adverse reactions to eating
564:
350:" (although there are many other plant species that also produce tumbleweeds). Once mature, dry, and detached from the plant, this tumbleweed will
2423:
2361:
1162:
species can accumulate probably would not be suitable for food or fodder. Thus, phytoextraction sites would have to be protected from livestock.
362:
and can successfully compete with many native plants in certain environments, such as along sea beaches and especially in grassland, desert, or
2505:
1626:
1405:
1075:, the absorption of certain classes of toxic or at least undesirable chemicals from the soil. Commonly these are ions of heavy metals, such as
1844:
1544:
1375:, optionally with the addition of other organic wastes such as sawdust and nut shells, the woody tumbleweed waste makes a usable rural fuel.
858:. There it binds with excess calcium from plant tissue forming needle-like crystals of calcium oxalate monohydrate inside such cells, called
1060:
by reducing wind erosion and similar processes that promote the spread of pollution. The dry tumbleweed material also has been used as a
445:
includes three or more morphologically similar species that differ in flower size and shape. The group was widely assigned to the family
709:
is an unusually large species of tumbleweed. This specimen – although still green – is above average, but not exceptional. (August 2002)
1394:
for human consumption. Such dishes would be harmless in modest quantities or if the strain used has a low oxalate and nitrate content.
2286:
1709:
2148:
2156:
1676:
1417:
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hybridises in the countries of its origin as well. Apart from such sources of variability, there are considerable variations in
1056:
species show promise for certain classes of such work. Simply by growing there in high density they can play a valuable role in
2654:
2397:
1349:, and in some regions their pollen load may represent up to 5% of the total pollen load, causing many allergic sensitizations.
2554:
2428:
2497:
916:, whereas many or most common plants in fact are so adapted. As a result, when mycorrhizae surviving in the topsoil invade
745:
1932:
1922:
1472:
244:
2227:
522:
518:
1158:
However, a plant that has absorbed some of the levels of toxic substances (e.g., arsenic, lead, or cadmium) that the
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eat it with reluctance in drought conditions, but feed on it avidly under rainy conditions, especially in wet years.
2680:
2559:
2518:
2451:
974:
1700:
Judd, Walter S.; Campbell, Christopher S.; Kellogg, Elizabeth A.; Stevens, Peter F.; Donoghue, Michael J. (2007).
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should be assessed and monitored in each case. Furthermore, of course, where degraded soil is effectively barren,
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68:
2764:
634:
209:
2685:
2523:
1429:
649:, it commonly grows along sea beaches as well as in disturbed grassland and desert communities, especially in
2039:
2749:
2312:
2317:
2304:
1775:
2754:
2744:
2299:
2242:
2170:
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conditions will brave the spines when forage becomes scarce. Many goats and some breeds of sheep such as
2140:
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1477:
646:
359:
172:
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1860:
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and found the Imperial government's irrigation project abandoned and the farms deserted, on account of
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1030:
982:
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1836:
Foraging Wild Edible Plants of North America: More than 150 Delicious Recipes Using Nature's Edibles
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consume it as a major food wherever they encounter it. Seed-eating birds and small mammals such as
547:
43:
2208:
1121:
2510:
1630:
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and used in building houses in regions such as parts of Nebraska, where not only timber, but even
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2577:
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1986:
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1807:
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1600:
1561:
1200:
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510:
375:
196:
63:
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of the plant dies, dries, hardens, and detaches from its root. This detached anatomical part of
2415:
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and waiting for apparently more desirable plants to make good the original damage to the soil.
2667:
2628:
2482:
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1840:
1705:
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browse the bushes. The plant, like many members of the Amaranthaceae, is rich in high-quality
469:
339:
2672:
1324:
against the mass is likely to damage the fence, and so will the fire if the mass ignites. In
1131:
would be a useful species for commercial phytoextraction, either for phytoremediation or for
2487:
1978:
1592:
1454:
1346:
1300:
1072:
1068:
1057:
1045:
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In its freshly sprouted form, before it has developed spines or unpleasantly tough fibres,
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spread, especially during windy conditions. An ignited tumbleweed may spread a fire across
2469:
2020:
675:
638:
619:
506:
379:
106:
1345:
fertilisation in this genus plus most species in the entire family is at least partly by
2113:
Machinery Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Yuzuncu Yil University, 65080 Van (Turkey)
882:. Some of the species also invade ruderal sites or occur as weeds in cultivated fields.
661:
1982:
446:
129:
93:
2059:
Dewey, Lyster Hoxie. The Russian Thistle. Washington Government Printing Office, 1894
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Some species also are harvested for the extraction of compounds such as the alkaloid “
1018:
2738:
2060:
1580:
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1458:
1272:
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964:
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326:
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1155:, pass through phosphate metabolic processes before being bound by sulfur groups.
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reported that on the journey out of his native Russia he passed through southwest
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1834:
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conditions in open country, strong winds often blow burning tumbleweeds across
1052:
tend to be extreme examples of disturbed sites, and often are of fine texture,
484:
Leaves of a mature plant coming into flower, each leaf with one flower and two
480:
457:– have since been included in the Amaranthaceae. They now are allocated to the
1886:
1604:
1487:
1316:
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in America. Recent studies show that the population that once was assigned to
351:
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305:
55:
17:
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2101:
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regions. Consequently, it now occupies a wide variety of habitats. Native to
2698:
2273:
1686:
1372:
1353:
1329:
1195:
1191:
1049:
979:
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In disturbed sites with no topsoil and therefore few or no mycorrhizae, the
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crops that live up to their hopes, so they tend to abandon the attempts.
1152:
1080:
990:
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plants are also reported as good fodder for livestock. Some varieties of
650:
390:
363:
304:, it is the most common and most conspicuous plant species that produces
119:
2474:
2327:
1579:
Akhani, Hossein; Edwards, Gerald; Roalson, Eric H.; et al. (2007).
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2340:
2081:
1990:
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that apparently were imported at the same time, and to some extent the
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1088:
1076:
1013:. In regions where competitive vegetation is present together with the
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1671:(rev. ed.). Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Pub. Co. p. 66.
1596:
772:
Apart from its value to domestic cattle and sheep in some regions,
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and may even ignite buildings or structures that it stops against.
2659:
2402:
2278:
1383:
1287:
1244:
1176:
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986:
973:
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In spite of the reigning conception that its presence is harmful,
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rapidly, even with very small amounts of moisture. It has a high
1304:
1108:
1100:
1084:
729:
721:
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in various regions of Central and South America and in parts of
622:
527:
502:
489:
421:
382:
2168:
1371:
Experimental work in Turkey suggests that chopped, milled and
1365:
785:
324:, containing 54 other species, into which the obsolete genus
967:
population than simply leaving the soil completely barren.
1264:
was in general greater than the digestibility of grasses.
645:
successfully. Because of its preference for sand and its
1930:
Diane Cooke; Len Jenshel (December 2013). "The Moment".
1887:"Eat The Weeds: Episode 93: Tumbleweed, Russian Thistle"
1736:
University of California Agricultural Experiment Station
1545:
Bulletins of the Iowa Agricultural Experimental Station
1356:”, used in the preparation of certain pharmaceuticals.
849:
Oxalic acid occurs in a wide range of plants including
1920:
Johnson, George (December 2013). "Tumbling intruder".
1641:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
997:
grew in the arid, saline clay soil, providing minimal
629:
in many regions of North America, particularly in the
815:
burning tumbleweeds in a roadside ditch (April 1941).
2593:
2177:
1542:Pammel, L. H. (1894). "Botany of Russian Thistle".
669:, with juvenile foliage. Young plants are edible.
728:is relatively plentiful. After this it becomes a
1021:. A good example was in controlling troublesome
694:, should avoid consumption of Russian thistle.
449:, but the Chenopodiaceae – including the genera
1005:Another factor to bear in mind in dealing with
1956:Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
1411:Two bushes, fruiting light pink and deep pink.
1255:other strains would best be diluted by mixing
1103:(Zn(II)). Such processes have been studied in
276:is a species of flowering plant in the family
1537:
1535:
830:and some breeds of stock that are adapted to
8:
1945:
1943:
1271:and several related species, is that it is
1067:However, these plants also show promise as
1033:by proper management of grazing intensity.
2165:
2102:Straw Bale Buildings Return to the Prairie
1702:Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach
1064:on replanted coal mine spoils in Arizona.
42:
31:
1839:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 159.
1668:Sagebrush Country: A Wildflower Sanctuary
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
1952:Genus Salsola of the Central Asian Flora
1749:Starr, F.; Starr, K.; Loope, L. (2003).
955:. The assumed competitive effect of the
2014:
2012:
2010:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1585:International Journal of Plant Sciences
1499:
1401:
1107:for all those ions, and others such as
614:has proven to be highly invasive as an
374:has proven to be highly invasive as an
338:in diameter. As its fruits mature, the
1915:
1913:
1911:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
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1518:
1516:
1218:acid-detergent fiber: 20.1–48.8%
1044:A special class of soil mitigation is
1639:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
1319:. Secondly, in a season in which the
690:, which also can have high levels of
7:
2560:f5bf6bf2-dbb2-40f4-ad3d-7331d7ad3358
2462:0b015644-56bd-4e00-8085-6f356fe036eb
1660:
1658:
1656:
678:can contain above average levels of
461:, a subfamily of the Amaranthaceae.
408:originally described the species as
1865:Eat The Weeds and other things, too
1732:"The Russian Thistle in California"
1311:One of the unwelcome attributes of
698:Ecology and agricultural management
428:turned out to be contaminated with
416:, but in the 1870s, it appeared in
308:. Informally, it may be known as "'
1983:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1988.tb13437.x
1009:is grazing or, more particularly,
900:management and soil rehabilitation
25:
1166:Prospects for genetic improvement
842:with a good balance of essential
320:": the latter being its restored
2686:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:165905-1
2524:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:307757-2
2092:10.1034/j.1398-9995.2003.00269.x
1443:
1428:
1416:
1404:
603:may produce some 200,000 seeds.
300:because, in many regions of the
67:
1897:from the original on 2021-12-20
978:A counterproductive attempt at
826:Some livestock species such as
296:. It is widely known simply as
1151:, among others. Some, such as
633:. The species also has become
1:
1861:"Russian Thistle, Tumbleweed"
1833:Nyerges, Christopher (2016).
1368:, often was in short supply.
1083:(both Cr(III) and Cr(VI)),
272:, often known by its synonym
1933:National Geographic Magazine
1923:National Geographic Magazine
1523:Plants of the World Online:
1473:Oppositeleaf Russian thistle
618:and rapidly became a common
534:, whitish to pink in color.
521:; these juvenile leaves are
378:and rapidly became a common
1950:Toderich, Kristina (2008).
1885:Deane, Green (2009-07-15).
1665:Taylor, Ronald J. (1994) .
1423:Close-up of fruiting bushes
1284:Other problems and products
1267:Another desirable trait of
1001:for livestock and wildlife.
2786:
2149:Washington Burke Museum -
2141:Jepson Manual Treatment -
1971:American Journal of Botany
1382:has been recommended as a
1295:caught against a fence in
1091:(both As(III) and As(V)),
543:Reproduction and dispersal
27:Species of flowering plant
1806:Howard, Janet L. (1992).
1730:Shinn, C. H. (May 1895).
1127:It is not yet clear that
846:, the seed even more so.
280:. It is known by various
259:many heterotypic synonyms
202:
195:
178:
171:
64:Scientific classification
62:
50:
41:
34:
1776:"Flora of North America"
1529:(retrieved 4 March 2024)
1071:for phytoremediation by
346:is colloquially called "
1332:, frustrating standard
769:otherwise abused land.
575:rolling in the wind in
286:prickly Russian thistle
1308:
1002:
951:the population of the
816:
710:
670:
584:
556:
551:Largely ripe fruit of
492:
477:
1554:Iowa State University
1506:Scopoli GA (1771) in
1478:Russian globe thistle
1291:
977:
806:
705:
665:Immature specimen of
664:
647:tolerance of salinity
571:
550:
483:
476:, the Russian thistle
472:
360:tolerance of salinity
2160:- U.C. Photo gallery
1040:and phytoremediation
1031:Jasper National Park
599:A large specimen of
1936:. pp. 130–149.
1926:. pp. 130–149.
1199:have turned out to
800:feed on the seeds.
330:has been subsumed.
1309:
1058:phytostabilization
1003:
878:the red desert of
817:
711:
671:
616:introduced species
607:Invasive potential
585:
557:
493:
478:
412:; it is native to
376:introduced species
2732:
2731:
2668:Open Tree of Life
2483:Open Tree of Life
2171:Taxon identifiers
1846:978-1-4930-1499-6
1225:: 3.1–10.4%
1215:: 5.4–22.3%
1069:hyperaccumulators
1029:Winter Ranges in
569:
517:and more or less
265:
264:
250:Salsola ruthenica
239:
16:(Redirected from
2777:
2760:Flora of Lebanon
2725:
2724:
2712:
2711:
2702:
2701:
2689:
2688:
2676:
2675:
2663:
2662:
2650:
2649:
2637:
2636:
2624:
2623:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2586:
2585:
2573:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2550:
2549:
2540:
2539:
2527:
2526:
2514:
2513:
2501:
2500:
2491:
2490:
2478:
2477:
2465:
2464:
2455:
2454:
2442:
2441:
2432:
2431:
2419:
2418:
2406:
2405:
2393:
2392:
2383:
2382:
2370:
2369:
2357:
2356:
2344:
2343:
2331:
2330:
2321:
2320:
2308:
2307:
2295:
2294:
2282:
2281:
2269:
2268:
2256:
2255:
2246:
2245:
2236:
2235:
2223:
2222:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2166:
2128:
2120:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2062:
2057:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2022:
2016:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1927:
1917:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1803:
1780:
1779:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1759:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1727:
1716:
1715:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1662:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1559:
1556:: Article 3 (pp.
1539:
1530:
1520:
1511:
1510:, ed. 2, 1: 175.
1504:
1447:
1432:
1420:
1408:
1347:wind pollination
1307:(December 2000).
1238:: 0.2–9.1%
1231:: 0.1–6.2%
1204:without spines.
1046:phytoremediation
746:Prince Gallitzin
583:(November 2015).
570:
237:
184:
72:
71:
46:
32:
21:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2765:Flora of Russia
2735:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2720:
2715:
2707:
2705:
2697:
2692:
2684:
2679:
2671:
2666:
2658:
2653:
2645:
2640:
2632:
2627:
2619:
2617:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2589:
2581:
2576:
2568:
2566:
2558:
2553:
2545:
2543:
2535:
2530:
2522:
2517:
2509:
2504:
2496:
2494:
2486:
2481:
2473:
2470:Observation.org
2468:
2460:
2458:
2450:
2445:
2437:
2436:MichiganFlora:
2435:
2427:
2422:
2414:
2409:
2401:
2396:
2388:
2386:
2378:
2373:
2365:
2360:
2352:
2347:
2339:
2334:
2326:
2324:
2316:
2311:
2303:
2298:
2290:
2285:
2277:
2272:
2264:
2259:
2251:
2249:
2241:
2239:
2231:
2226:
2218:
2216:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2173:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2044:
2036:
2025:
2017:
2008:
2002:
1998:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1949:
1948:
1941:
1929:
1919:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1898:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1870:
1868:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1816:
1814:
1805:
1804:
1783:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1757:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1729:
1728:
1719:
1712:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1679:
1664:
1663:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1557:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1521:
1514:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1469:
1462:
1455:Hawaiian Island
1448:
1439:
1433:
1424:
1421:
1412:
1409:
1400:
1301:Hawaiian Island
1286:
1221:acid-detergent
1168:
1143:groups such as
1073:phytoextraction
1042:
963:is better as a
902:
700:
676:Russian thistle
659:
639:Southern Africa
609:
592:its seeds as a
559:
545:
540:
467:
403:
294:common saltwort
191:
186:
180:
167:
66:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2783:
2781:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2750:Barilla plants
2747:
2737:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2722:wfo-0000356490
2713:
2703:
2690:
2677:
2664:
2651:
2638:
2625:
2615:
2599:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2583:wfo-0000437709
2574:
2564:
2551:
2541:
2528:
2515:
2502:
2492:
2479:
2466:
2456:
2443:
2433:
2420:
2407:
2394:
2384:
2371:
2358:
2345:
2332:
2322:
2309:
2296:
2283:
2270:
2257:
2253:salsola-tragus
2247:
2237:
2224:
2214:
2209:Salsola tragus
2199:
2183:
2181:
2179:Salsola tragus
2175:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2158:Salsola tragus
2154:
2152:
2151:Salsola tragus
2146:
2144:
2136:
2135:External links
2133:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2105:
2094:
2084:
2072:
2063:
2052:
2042:
2023:
2006:
1996:
1977:(2): 257–266.
1961:
1939:
1907:
1877:
1852:
1845:
1825:
1808:"Salsola kali"
1781:
1767:
1754:
1753:Salsola tragus
1741:
1717:
1711:978-0878934072
1710:
1692:
1677:
1652:
1633:Salsola tragus
1618:
1605:10.1086/518263
1597:10.1086/518263
1591:(6): 931–956.
1571:
1531:
1525:Salsola tragus
1512:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1452:
1451:Salsola tragus
1449:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:Salsola tragus
1434:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1381:
1343:
1342:Salsola tragus
1322:
1314:
1313:Salsola tragus
1294:
1285:
1282:
1269:Salsola tragus
1240:
1239:
1234:water-soluble
1232:
1226:
1219:
1216:
1186:
1174:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1130:
1118:
1106:
1099:(Ni(II)), and
1055:
1041:
1035:
1024:
1016:
1008:
996:
970:
962:
958:
954:
949:
945:
934:
929:
924:
919:
907:
901:
895:
888:
876:
867:
866:Salsola tragus
821:
820:Salsola tragus
809:Haskell County
775:
756:. Furthermore
742:
741:Salsola tragus
715:
714:Salsola tragus
708:
699:
696:
668:
658:
655:
613:
612:Salsola tragus
608:
605:
602:
574:
554:
544:
541:
539:
536:
497:
496:Salsola tragus
475:
466:
463:
456:
452:
447:Chenopodiaceae
444:
443:Salsola tragus
440:
436:
431:
411:
410:Salsola tragus
402:
399:
373:
372:Salsola tragus
345:
344:Salsola tragus
275:
269:Salsola tragus
263:
262:
261:
260:
257:
247:
243:
236:
232:
222:
219:brevimarginata
212:
200:
199:
193:
192:
187:
182:Salsola tragus
176:
175:
169:
168:
164:S. tragus
161:
159:
155:
154:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
130:Caryophyllales
127:
123:
122:
117:
110:
109:
104:
97:
96:
91:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
60:
59:
53:
48:
47:
39:
38:
36:Salsola tragus
26:
24:
18:Tartar thistle
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2782:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2755:Edible plants
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2745:Amaranthaceae
2743:
2742:
2740:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2444:
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2434:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2391:
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2381:
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2363:
2359:
2355:
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2342:
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2323:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2210:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2098:
2095:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2056:
2053:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1925:
1924:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1878:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1829:
1826:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1763:
1756:
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1737:
1733:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1678:0-87842-280-3
1674:
1670:
1669:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1640:
1636:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1526:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1419:
1414:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1290:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1274:
1273:salt-tolerant
1270:
1265:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1213:crude protein
1211:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1027:Bighorn Sheep
1022:
1020:
1014:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
992:
988:
984:
981:
976:
972:
968:
966:
960:
956:
952:
947:
943:
940:
938:
932:
927:
922:
917:
915:
912:
905:
899:
896:
894:
892:
886:
883:
881:
874:
872:
865:
863:
861:
857:
852:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
824:
819:
814:
810:
805:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
773:
770:
766:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
740:
738:
736:
731:
727:
723:
719:
713:
706:
704:
697:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
666:
663:
656:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
625:of disturbed
624:
621:
617:
611:
606:
604:
600:
597:
595:
591:
582:
578:
572:
552:
549:
542:
537:
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533:
529:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
501:
495:
491:
487:
482:
473:
471:
464:
462:
460:
454:
450:
448:
442:
438:
434:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
409:
407:
400:
398:
396:
392:
388:
385:of disturbed
384:
381:
377:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
343:
341:
337:
331:
329:
328:
323:
319:
318:
314:
311:
307:
303:
302:United States
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
278:Amaranthaceae
273:
271:
270:
258:
255:
251:
248:
246:
241:
234:
233:
230:
226:
223:
220:
216:
213:
211:
207:
204:
203:
201:
198:
194:
190:
185:
183:
177:
174:
173:Binomial name
170:
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140:Amaranthaceae
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1899:. Retrieved
1890:
1880:
1869:. Retrieved
1867:. 2011-08-31
1864:
1855:
1835:
1828:
1817:November 25,
1815:. Retrieved
1811:
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1744:
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1667:
1643:. Retrieved
1638:
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1524:
1508:Fl. Carniol.
1507:
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1334:fire control
1310:
1277:
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1149:thiol groups
1141:organic acid
1126:
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794:Prairie dogs
771:
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758:Oryol Oblast
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494:
459:Salsoloideae
418:South Dakota
404:
332:
325:
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309:
297:
293:
289:
285:
282:common names
268:
267:
266:
256:(L.) Morariu
253:
249:
235:Salsola kali
228:
225:Salsola kali
224:
218:
215:Salsola kali
214:
205:
181:
179:
163:
162:
150:
113:
100:
87:
35:
29:
2770:Tumbleweeds
2595:Kali tragus
2375:iNaturalist
2203:Wikispecies
2143:Kali tragus
1738:. Berkeley.
1704:. Sinauer.
1380:Kali tragus
1293:Kali tragus
1192:tetraploids
1133:phytomining
1011:overgrazing
995:Kali tragus
983:restoration
911:mycorrhizal
906:Kali tragus
844:amino acids
832:semi-desert
774:Kali tragus
762:Kyiv Oblast
735:fire hazard
707:Kali tragus
680:oxalic acid
667:Kali tragus
635:naturalized
601:Kali tragus
573:Kali tragus
553:Kali tragus
519:cylindrical
474:Kali tragus
465:Description
306:tumbleweeds
274:Kali tragus
206:Kali tragus
107:Angiosperms
2739:Categories
2567:WisFlora:
2240:Calflora:
2126:as a salad
1901:2019-11-16
1871:2019-11-16
1755:in Hawaii"
1645:28 October
1627:USDA, NRCS
1494:References
1488:Tumbleweed
1459:Kahoʻolawe
1438:in autumn.
1373:briquetted
1330:firebreaks
1317:dry weight
1252:metabolise
1196:hexaploids
1122:hexavalent
1095:(Cu(II)),
1087:(Pb(II)),
1079:(Cd(II)),
1050:mine dumps
1019:overgrowth
989:. After a
937:herbicides
871:Uzbekistan
856:Idioblasts
807:Farmer in
594:tumbleweed
577:Hockenheim
395:firebreaks
348:tumbleweed
298:tumbleweed
221:W.D.J.Koch
56:tumbleweed
2699:100431472
2610:Q21715260
2318:242100193
2305:242100193
2250:Cal-IPC:
1566:164349281
1299:, on the
1249:ruminants
1247:flora in
980:rangeland
891:Dust Bowl
885:Although
880:Kyzyl Kum
851:S. tragus
790:Pronghorn
782:mule deer
754:K. tragus
684:K. tragus
657:Edibility
653:regions.
590:disperses
523:deciduous
515:succulent
511:pubescent
391:wildfires
356:germinate
290:windwitch
158:Species:
77:Kingdom:
52:S. tragus
2706:VASCAN:
2694:Tropicos
2660:165905-1
2618:BioLib:
2604:Wikidata
2555:VicFlora
2544:VASCAN:
2532:Tropicos
2416:10593266
2403:307757-2
2194:Q1754334
2188:Wikidata
1895:Archived
1687:25708726
1629:(n.d.).
1613:86789297
1467:See also
1388:stir-fry
1354:salsolin
1326:wildfire
1153:arsenate
1147:, or by
1137:chelated
1081:chromium
991:wildfire
860:Raphides
840:proteins
692:oxalates
651:semiarid
627:habitats
422:flaxseed
406:Linnaeus
401:Taxonomy
387:habitats
364:semiarid
340:diaspore
284:such as
197:Synonyms
136:Family:
120:Eudicots
2673:7592553
2647:7547827
2537:7201345
2341:3083945
2004:391-397
1991:2443892
1891:YouTube
1560:8-25).
1483:Salsola
1453:on the
1398:Gallery
1392:potherb
1297:Omaopio
1278:Salsola
1236:oxalate
1229:nitrate
1145:oxalate
1129:Salsola
1089:arsenic
1077:cadmium
1038:Salsola
1015:Salsola
1007:Salsola
993:, only
969:Salsola
965:pioneer
953:Salsola
948:Salsola
944:Salsola
933:Salsola
928:Salsola
923:Salsola
898:Salsola
887:Salsola
875:Salsola
836:karakul
798:rodents
750:Siberia
720:annual
718:ruderal
688:spinach
643:compete
631:Midwest
620:ruderal
581:Germany
538:Ecology
488:in its
455:Salsola
435:Salsola
430:Salsola
414:Eurasia
380:ruderal
368:Eurasia
317:Salsola
240:subsp.
151:Salsola
146:Genus:
126:Order:
81:Plantae
2621:218735
2511:SATR12
2506:PLANTS
2488:406780
2459:NZOR:
2452:355937
2429:520950
2328:SALTRA
2325:FoIO:
2292:168045
2233:163470
2220:161989
2217:APDB:
1989:
1928:; and
1843:
1708:
1685:
1675:
1611:
1603:
1564:
1558:
1552:(26).
1223:lignin
1201:assort
1181:ploidy
1124:form.
1113:cobalt
1097:nickel
1093:copper
999:forage
828:camels
813:Kansas
786:wapiti
784:, and
726:forage
532:sepals
500:annual
498:is an
486:bracts
426:Russia
352:tumble
254:tragus
242:tragus
229:glabra
2709:32476
2634:3QYV4
2495:PFI:
2411:IRMNG
2387:IPA:
2380:57896
2367:32817
2287:EUNIS
2279:SASKT
2266:6XFM9
1987:JSTOR
1758:(PDF)
1609:S2CID
1601:JSTOR
1562:S2CID
1390:, or
1384:salad
1362:baled
1245:rumen
1177:genus
1062:mulch
987:Idaho
935:with
914:fungi
778:bison
716:is a
507:habit
505:. In
424:from
420:when
336:meter
322:genus
292:, or
252:var.
227:var.
217:var.
210:Scop.
208:(L.)
114:Clade
101:Clade
88:Clade
58:mode
2681:POWO
2655:IPNI
2642:GBIF
2570:4965
2547:4563
2519:POWO
2475:9295
2447:NCBI
2424:ITIS
2398:IPNI
2390:6375
2362:GRIN
2349:GISD
2336:GBIF
2274:EPPO
2243:7296
2228:APNI
2124:Kali
2050:1992
1841:ISBN
1819:2020
1762:USGS
1706:ISBN
1683:OCLC
1673:ISBN
1647:2015
1340:The
1321:Kali
1305:Maui
1262:Kali
1257:Kali
1194:and
1185:Kali
1173:Kali
1160:Kali
1117:Kali
1111:and
1109:iron
1105:Kali
1101:zinc
1085:lead
1054:Kali
1023:Kali
961:Kali
957:Kali
918:Kali
760:and
730:weed
722:forb
623:weed
528:axil
503:forb
490:axil
453:and
451:Kali
439:Kali
437:and
383:weed
327:Kali
310:Kali
231:Ten.
2717:WFO
2629:CoL
2578:WFO
2498:522
2354:605
2313:FoC
2300:FNA
2261:CoL
1979:doi
1593:doi
1589:168
1457:of
1366:sod
1303:of
1171:of
1139:by
1115:.
1025:on
985:in
313:or
245:DC.
54:in
2741::
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2315::
2302::
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2026:^
2009:^
1985:.
1975:75
1973:.
1954:.
1942:^
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1893:.
1889:.
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1681:.
1655:^
1637:.
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1527:L.
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238:L.
189:L.
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103::
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1993:.
1981::
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