Taupō Volcano - Knowledge (XXG)

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than probably plugs of volcanic vents and lava-flows; and it would seem reasonable to infer that the lake owes its origin, firstly, to eruption, which was followed by a subsidence, and that subsequently some of the vents within it continued active as subaqueous volcanoes, the ejecta from which now form the comparatively level floor of the lake, having been worn away from the cones by denudation.

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magma is evolving. Studies show large areas of partial melt below 10 km (6.2 mi) with a brittle-ductile rosk transition at approximately 6–8 km (3.7–5.0 mi) beneath the surface. For unknown as yet reasons, possibly associated with the present high rate of rift spreading and the recent subduction of the

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was published as the first geological map of the area and this shows a rim of rhyolytic deposits around all the northern two thirds of the shore line of Lake Taupō but without the full extent of the relevant surface deposits being characterised. The area did not have a further high quality geological

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The Hatepe eruption (also known as the Taupō or Horomatangi Reef Unit Y eruption) represents the most recent major eruption of the Taupō Volcano, and occurred about 1,800 years ago. It was the most powerful eruption in the world in the last 5,000 years. The type of eruption that occurred is the most

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the jagged appearance of the volcanic rocks forming the steep northern and western shores leads at once to the conclusion that they were separated from the masses of which they originally formed part by some violent agency, either of eruption or subsidence. The islands and reefs in the lake are more

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While no witnessed eruptive event has been recorded from Taupō, there have been seventeen episodes of volcanic unrest since 1872, with the most recent being in 2019 and 2022–2023. This manifested as swarms of seismic activity and ground deformation within the caldera. The present-day magma reservoir

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Map so centered to show approximate selected surface volcanic deposits, including all the present surface Oruanui and Hatepe ignimbrites. Tephra from these eruptions was much more widespread. Clicking on the map enlarges it, and enables panning and mouseover of volcano name/wikilink and ages before

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starts about 25–30 km (16–19 mi) beneath the surface beyond the modern Taupō Rift boundaries to the west and east, but there is an area of strong contrast in seismic velocity at 16 kn (30 km/h; 18 mph) depth that is postulated to be due to intruded crust from where the feed

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from 1980 onward. The Oruanui eruption also became better understood with for example the influence of the eruptions on the sedimentology of the region taking several decades more to unravel. Volcanology better modeled the processes of magma formation and eruption, with wider acceptance of a

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Taupō Volcano has not erupted for approximately 1,800 years; however, with research beginning in 1979 and published in 2022, the data collated over the 42-year period shows that Taupō Volcano is active with periods of volcanic unrest and has been for some time. Some volcanoes within the Taupō

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valley and released over a short period 2.5 km (0.60 cu mi) of water. The previous outlet of Lake Taupō was blocked, raising the lake 35 m (115 ft) above its present level, until shortly after the first smaller flood, it broke out in a huge flood, that released about

2808:"The southern part of the Province of Auckland showing the routes and surveys by Ferdinand von Hochstetter, 1859 from the original drawings, sketches and measurements by Dr von Hochstetter and the admiralty surveys by Stokes and Drury, compiled by A. Peterman. Gotha, Justus Pertes, 1864" 943:

The most destructive part of the eruption then occurred. Part of the vent area collapsed, as part of a process that unleashed about 30 km (7.2 cu mi) of material, that formed a fast-moving, 600–900 km/h (370–560 mph) pyroclastic flow lasting no more than 15

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A larger dry eruption ensued, which erupted 7.7 km (1.8 cu mi) ash/pumice over a huge area, over up to 17 hours, before partial column collapse with as many as eleven dry pyroclastic flow density currents resulting in 1.5 km (0.36 cu mi) of local

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Unrest from May 1922 to January 1923 saw several thousand earthquakes, with the highest reaching magnitude 6, causing chimneys to collapse. The events were misreported internationally, which caused self-evacuations and a drop in tourism in Taupō and Rotorua. A source in

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Rooyakkers, SM; Chambefort, I; Faure, K; Wilson, CJ; Barker, SJ; Mortimer, N; Elms, HC; Troch, J; Charlier, BL; Leonard, GS; Farsky, D (2023). "Absence of low-δ18O magmas despite widespread assimilation of altered crust in a large magmatic and hydrothermal province".

493:, dated 232 ± 10 CE. There have been many more eruptions, with major ones every thousand years or so (see timeline of last 10,000 years of eruptions). The Oruanui eruption in particular destroyed or obscured much evidence of previous eruptive activity. 1426:

to 25.675 ± 0.09 ka cal BP. In 2022 the ice core date of 25.318 ± .25 ka BP using the WD2014 timescale was corrected to 25.718 ka. The review article used here as source says around 25,500 years ago which is not a precise statement like the later 2022 corrections.

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Dong, Xiyu; Kathayat, Gayatri; Rasmussen, Sune O.; Svensson, Anders; Severinghaus, Jeffrey P.; Li, Hanying; Sinha, Ashish; Xu, Yao; Zhang, Haiwei; Shi, Zhengguo; Cai, Yanjun; Pérez-Mejías, Carlos; Baker, Jonathan; Zhao, Jingyao; Spötl, Christoph (4 October 2022).

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While Taupō is capable of very large eruptions these remain very unlikely as the majority of the 29 eruptions of various magnitudes in the last 30,000 years have been much smaller. Many have been dome-forming, which may have contributed to lake features such as

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in Rome were due to this eruption, which would give a date of exactly 186. However, ash from volcanic activity does not normally cross hemispheres, and radiocarbon dating by R. Sparks has put the date at 233 CE ± 13 (95% confidence). A 2011 C

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is ill-defined but most of the seismic activity is likely related to structures related to this caldera. While studies have identified one Taupō composition vent 20 km (12 mi) to the north of Lake Taupō, this presumably resulted from a

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who was Director of the New Zealand Geological Survey from 1865. When commissioned to provide the first official report on the 1886 eruption from Tarawera his travels included Taupō. The resulting report conclusion on the cause of the eruption

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Earlier ignimbrite eruptions occurred further north than Taupō. Some of these were enormous, and two eruptions around 1.25 and 1.0 million years ago were big enough to generate an ignimbrite sheet that covered the North Island from

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first crystallised the possibility in the geological literature that there was a volcano under Lake Taupō as the likely source of the extensive surface pumice deposits from field work including analysis of specimens forwarded by Cussen.

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Manville, V.; Segschneider, B.; Newton, E.; White, J.D.L.; Houghton, B.F.; Wilson, C.J.N. (2009). "Environmental impact of the 1.8 ka Taupo eruption, New Zealand: Landscape responses to a large-scale explosive rhyolite eruption".

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Composition studies suggest the Taupō Volcano has had historic vents to the south and north of the present lake, and recent seismic activity does extend beyond the lake to its north and south. To the north the border with the

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most recently in December 2019. Geologic studies published in 1888 following the eruption of Mount Tarawera first raised the possibility that there was a volcano under Lake Taupō, rather than the more obvious volcanoes near

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Hogg, Alan; Lowe, David J.; Palmer, Jonathan; Boswijk, Gretel; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk (2011). "Revised calendar date for the Taupo eruption derived by C wiggle-matching using a New Zealand kauri C calibration data set".

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In 1937 it was recognised that the deposit from the Hatepe eruption had been so hot to burn the forest over a 160 km (99 mi) distance, but this was not recognised as being due to a pyroclastic flow until 1956.

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Harper, MA; Pledger, SA; Smith, EG; Van Eaton, AR; Wilson, CJ (2015). "Eruptive and environmental processes recorded by diatoms in volcanically dispersed lake sediments from the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand".

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The eruption further expanded the lake, which had formed after the much larger Oruanui eruption. Its new deposits also briefly created another large lake to the Taupō Volcano's north that extended to the

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described euptives now known to have been from the Taupō Volcano in his 1843 publication on New Zealand, but like many others until 1886 assigned them to the stratovolcanoes to the south of Lake Taupō.

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Dunbar, Nelia W.; Iverson, Nels A.; Van Eaton, Alexa R.; Sigl, Michael; Alloway, Brent V.; Kurbatov, Andrei V.; Mastin, Larry G.; McConnell, Joseph R.; Wilson, Colin J. N. (25 September 2017).

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Earthquake and tsunami hazards also exist. While most earthquakes are relatively small and associated with magma shifts, the moderate earthquakes associated with eruptions or the numerous

932:-rich 1.1 km (0.26 cu mi) fall deposit, the Rotongaio fine phreatoplinian ash. At the end of the last phase or beginning of this there was a period of heavy rainfall. 1875: 3043: 1140:

triggered a deformation event in the north-west portion of the volcano without seismic or deformation events being observed in closer volcanoes to that earthquake's epicentre.

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A continent on the move: New Zealand geoscience into the 21st century. Graham, Ian J. et al.; The Geological Society of New Zealand in association with GNS Science, 2008.

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content, a feature associated with the middle portion of the Taupō Volcanic Zone within the Taupō Rift. This is an intra-arc rift in the eastern part of the continental

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Sedimentology and history of Lake Reporoa: an ephemeral supra-ignimbrite lake, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand in Volcaniclastic sedimentation in lacustrine settings

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Wilson, C.J.N. and Walker, G.P.L., 1985. The Taupō eruption, New Zealand I. General aspects. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, A314: 199–228.

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and interpreted the lake amongst the others in the region as caused by collapse in a volcanic plateau, but was unable to investigate to exclude other possibilities.

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but the total impact of this eruption was somewhat greater. Most of New Zealand was affected by ashfall, with an 18 cm (7.1 in) ash layer left even on the

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I think there can be little question that it is a purely hydro-thermal phenomenon, but on a gigantic scale; that it is quite local and not of deep-seated origin...

1232:. Monitoring of a volcano situated under a lake is challenging, and an eruption might occur with little or no meaningful notice. Live data can be viewed on the 469: 1202:, for example, has been associated with 6.5 magnitude earthquakes at recurrence intervals of between 490 and 1,380 years and at least one tsunami related to 2394: 604:

If the material thrown out cools more rapidly and becomes denser than the air, it cannot rise as high, and suddenly collapses back to the ground, forming a

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Muscheler, Raimund; Adolphi, Florian; Heaton, Timothy J; Bronk Ramsey, Christopher; Svensson, Anders; van der Plicht, Johannes; Reimer, Paula J (2020).

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Further understanding of the size of the Hatepe eruption from the Taupō volcano with its pyroclastic flows and vent location resulted from the work of

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flow (yellow shading). The central red area is the Oruanui caldera with surrounding collapse crater in lighter red. It is superimposed on present day

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The Oruanui eruption (also known as the Kawakawa event) of the Taupō Volcano was the world's largest known eruption in the past 70,000 years, with a

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The age of the Oruanui eruption has been determined by several independent methods and may be subject to further correction. A previous age of 26.5

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While volcanism was recognised in the area following human occupation the recognition of the presence of a large volcano under Lake Taupō was not.

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Gómez-Vasconcelos, Martha; Villamor, Pilar; Procter, Jon; Palmer, Alan; Cronin, Shane; Wallace, Clel; Townsend, Dougal; Leonard, Graham (2018).

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more material off the ground surface than it replaced with ignimbrite. Valleys were filled with ignimbrite, evening out the shape of the land.

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incorrectly reported that there had been 60 deaths, when there had been none. Consequentially, the government appointed a publicity officer.

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extusion about 26,000 years ago. Recent activity to the north of the lake is assigned in terms of magma bodies, to the Poihipi volcano under

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Recent vents and caldera structures Taupō Volcano. Present active geothermal systems are in light blue. A key to the vents is in the diagram

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A vent erupted mainly wet phreatoplinian ash but some dry magmatic ash to a total of 1.9 km (0.46 cu mi) over tens of hours.

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A minor eruption occurred beneath the ancestral Lake Taupō lasting hours, and producing 0.05 km (0.012 cu mi) of fine ash.

2302:"Giant rafted pumice blocks from the most recent eruption of Taupo volcano, New Zealand: Insights from palaeomagnetic and textural data" 2259:"Taupo the eruption" (a single sheet pamphlet), C.J.N. Wilson and B.F. Houghton, Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences, c2004. 2185:"The 26.5 ka Oruanui Eruption, Taupō Volcano, New Zealand: Development, Characteristics and Evacuation of a Large Rhyolitic Magma Body" 2922:"The 26.5 ka Oruanui eruption, New Zealand: A review of the roles of volcanism and climate in the post-eruptive sedimentary response" 2420: 2037:"The 26.5 ka Oruanui eruption, New Zealand: a review of the roles of volcanism and climate in the post-eruptive sedimentary response" 1299:

interpreted this information to postulate that Taupō was a volcano. One of the people responsible for this lack of a survey was Sir

2855:"The Tarawera eruption, 10th June, 1886.-A criticism of Professor Hutton's (and others') explanations of the causes of the eruption" 2470: 2454: 1094: 903:

very high mobility and heat content. It has been stated to have had an energy release equivalent to about 150 ± 50 megatons of TNT.

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Stars remained visible during the day; other stars, extending to an enormous length, seemed to be hanging in the middle of the sky.

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with ignimbrite up to 200 m (660 ft) deep. The ignimbrite eruption(s) were possibly not as forceful as that of the later

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may well have suspected a volcano at Taupō, and certainly identified Lake Taupō as the source of the pumice deposits along the

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The main pyroclastic flow devastated the surrounding area, climbing over 1,500 m (4,900 ft) to overtop the nearby

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were created transiently, the larger first, and the second later smaller and very transient, before the dam at the present

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The date of the most recent large eruption was first defined in the 1960s as being in the first few centuries AD based on

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While Taupō has been active for about 300,000 years, explosive eruptions have been more typical in the last 42,000 years.

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paper gave the date 232 ± 5 CE. A 2021 review based on five sources reports 232 ± 10 CE.

2689:"Characterisation of faults as earthquake sources from geomorphic data in the Tongariro Volcanic Complex, New Zealand" 820: 365: 2502:"C calibration in the Southern Hemisphere and the date of the last Taupō eruption: evidence from tree-ring sequences" 1137: 1015:

Temporary maximum lake areas after the 232 ± 10 CE Hatepe eruption (dark blue shading). Two temporary

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Taupō began erupting about 300,000 years ago. The main eruptions that still affect the surrounding landscape are the

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Either a short break occurred or two vents became active at the same time with one producing a wet dark ash- and

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is estimated to be at least 250 km (60 cu mi) in volume and have a melt fraction of >20%–30%.

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Illsley-Kemp, Finnigan; Barker, Simon J.; Wilson, Colin J. N.; Chamberlain, Calum J.; Hreinsdóttir, Sigrún;

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of 8. It occurred around 25,500 years ago and generated approximately 430 km (100 cu mi) of

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Barker, SJ; Wilson, CJN; Illsley-Kemp, F; Leonard, GS; Mestel, ERH; Mauriohooho, K; Charlier, BLA (2020).

1448: 1365: 1308:" generated controversy with some supporting this view due to their geological understanding of the time. 1207: 1083: 425: 358: 343: 74: 51: 1253: 1943: 510: 37: 2854: 1319:" He deferred to others who he was collaborating with, in the same timeframe, and as already mentioned 590:, which is thrown out with great force. Such eruptions tend to be earlier in any given eruption cycle. 2807: 2301: 911:

The eruption went through several stages which were redefined in 2003 with at least 3 separate vents:

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Stratigraphy and chronology of late Quaternary volcanic ash in Taupo, Rotorua, and Gisborne districts

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for Taupō Volcano was raised to Volcanic Alert Level 1 (minor volcanic unrest) on 20 September 2022.

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flow (yellow shading). The collapse caldera is in light red. It is superimposed on the present day

634: 244: 2971: 2708: 2242: 2180: 2142: 2124: 2032: 1963: 1850: 1779: 1721:; Hamling, Ian J.; Savage, Martha K.; Mestel, Eleanor R. H.; Wadsworth, Fabian B. (1 June 2021). 1690: 1336: 1332: 1067: 2832:"The recent volcanic eruptions (preliminary report on), by Dr. Hector [with two plans]" 2533:

Schuler, J.; Hreinsdóttir, S.; Illsley‐Kemp, F.; Holden, C.; Townend, J.; Villamor, P. (2024).

2279: 2450: 2347: 2116: 1762: 1633: 1615: 1565: 1508: 1267: 1229: 1225: 568: 441: 980:, and covering the land within 80 ± 10 km (49.7 ± 6.2 mi) with 3010: 2963: 2933: 2700: 2546: 2513: 2377: 2321: 2234: 2204: 2162: 2106: 2096: 2048: 2003: 1955: 1876:"Bed of Lake Taupō rising and falling as magma moves around in active volcano below - study" 1842: 1742: 1680: 1672: 1623: 1605: 1555: 1547: 1498: 1348: 1283: 1261: 1199: 1188: 1184: 973: 954: 900: 816: 792: 772: 649: 605: 559: 551: 486: 79: 1528:"New Zealand supereruption provides time marker for the Last Glacial Maximum in Antarctica" 2414: 2401: 2286: 1390: 1320: 1314:, the District Surveyor in 1887 was unwilling to form a definite conclusion but observed " 1311: 1296: 1148: 1076: 1030: 1016: 977: 919: 893: 857: 853: 594: 519: 490: 489:

about 25,500 years ago, which is responsible for the shape of the modern caldera, and the

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A large eruption column during the Oruanui eruption as it may have appeared from space

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has produced two of the world's most powerful eruptions in geologically recent times.

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Many dates have been given for the Hatepe eruption. One estimated date was 181

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All vegetation within the area was flattened. Loose pumice and ash deposits formed

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The First New Zealand Book? — an Eyewitness account of the Taupō eruption of AD 186

2145:(2001). "The 26.5 ka Oruanui eruption, New Zealand: an introduction and overview". 1300: 849: 796: 779:

although at the time New Zealand land mass was larger, as sea level was much lower.

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seen from its north from low earth orbit with beyond to its south the smaller

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Sparks, R.J.; Melhuish, W.H.; McKee, J.W.A.; Ogden, J.; Palmer, J.G. (1995).

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bank. These later smaller eruptions of unknown total size also created large

108: 95: 2886:. Wellington, New Zealand: George Didsbury, Government Printer. pp. 1–5 1352: 1203: 1111: 1055: 950: 947: 575: 411: 321: 262: 2007: 1637: 1569: 1335:. In the 1970s activity was assigned as far back as 330,000 years ago with 1224:

stations. The Horomatangi Reefs area of the lake is associated with active

2471:"Iridium: tracking down the extraterrestrial element in sedimentary clays" 582:, rhyolitic eruptions can be extremely violent. The magma froths to form 2551: 2534: 1959: 1747: 1722: 1133: 1071: 1051: 929: 767:

in terms of approximate 10cm ash deposit (white shading) and approximate

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Rowe, Dave; James, Gavin; Macaulay, Gavin; Shankar, Ude (October 2002).

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predominant model for how rhyolite eruptives in these cases formed from

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Studies on the origins and emplacement of pyroclastic flows (PHD thesis

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The power of the pyroclastic flow was so strong that in some places it

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If the magma does not contain much gas, rhyolite tends to just form a

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von Lichtan, I.J.; White, J.D.L.; Manville, V.; Ohneiser, C. (2016).

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Manville, V (18 April 2001). James D. L. White; N. R. Riggs (eds.).

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Seebeck, H. A.; Nicol, P.; Villamor, J.Ristau; Pettinga, J. (2014).

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from a second vent, and 2.5 km (0.60 cu mi) dry ash.

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Hatepe eruption impact of a 10-cm ash deposit (white shading) and

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basement and fractional crystallisation to produce a magma mush.

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Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand

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Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand

2535:"The Response of Taupō Volcano to the M7. 8 Kaikōura Earthquake" 1282:

By 1864 information from Hochstetter's 1859 survey and those of

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Rowe, Dave; Shankar, Ude; James, Gavin; Waugh, B (July 2002).

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or water monster of the lake, resided in a cave adjacent to

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Wellington, New Zealand: Government Printer. pp. 18–22

1831:"Taupō: an overview of New Zealand's youngest supervolcano" 3032:"High-tech tools for tackling fisheries problems in lakes" 872:

had long-lasting effects on the landscape, and caused the

687: undifferentiated basalts of the Tangihua Complex in 1944:"Structure and kinematics of the Taupo Rift, New Zealand" 1248:

First map showing volcanic nature of Lake Taupō shoreline

1786:, Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences, c2004. 522:, to explain the likely source of the extensive surface 1913:

Report on the Eruption of Tarawera and Rotomahana, N.Z.

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this area is very productive in its surface volcanism.

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and terminated within decades of the major eruption.

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New Plymouth: Trustees of the Dalberton Library. 1797:"Information from GNS Science on the Taupō Volcano" 1712: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1143:From May through December 2022 there was increased 379: 374: 364: 354: 342: 243: 238: 228: 218: 137: 129: 124: 85: 73: 63: 58: 30: 1472: 1470: 953:were extruded some years later, helping form the 880:to its current course through the Waikato to the 554:, resulting from an oblique convergence with the 918:A dramatic increase in activity produced a high 860:, 850 km (530 mi) away which included 23:, an extinct volcano off the coast of Australia. 2337: 2335: 2041:New Zealand Journal of Geology & Geophysics 2026: 2024: 1778:"Taupo the volcano" (a single sheet pamphlet), 1216:continuously monitors Taupō using a network of 2306:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 2147:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1351:derived basalts by 20-30% assimilation of the 848:from the eruption covered much of the central 819:deposits, 320 km (77 cu mi) of 2926:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 2826: 2824: 2693:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1835:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 1824: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1098:Taupō Volcano is mainly under the large blue 754:. White shading is selected caldera features. 8: 2920:Manville, Vern; Wilson, Colin J. N. (2004). 2539:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 1256:detailed that Horomātangi (Horo-matangi), a 2905:Healy, J; Vucetich, CG; Pullar, WA (1964). 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 1038:20 km (4.8 cu mi) of water. 2089:Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi 地学雑誌) 1649: 1647: 1419: 497:Volcanic Zone have erupted more recently. 27: 3014: 3009:(4). John Wiley & Sons Ltd: 205–216. 2937: 2727:"New Zealand Gazetteer: Horomatangi Reef" 2550: 2517: 2208: 2110: 2100: 2052: 1746: 1684: 1627: 1609: 1559: 1502: 940:deposits to the east of the present lake. 2836:Journals of the House of Representatives 802: 2083:Lowe, David J; Pittari, Adrian (2021). 1440: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1033:which in due course broke out into the 2624:"Caldera Unrest Management Sourcebook" 2604:from the original on 20 September 2022 2423:from the original on 16 September 2019 2668:from the original on 13 February 2022 192: 157: 7: 2002:(Thesis). Imperial College, London. 1803:from the original on 5 February 2018 1727:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 996:was high enough to divert the flow. 436:volcanic activity that extends from 2594:"GeoNet Volcanic Activity Bulletin" 2413:Herodian of Antioch. "Chapter 14". 1455:from the original on 27 August 2022 1240:History of geological understanding 1090:Current activity and future hazards 899:extreme volcanic hazard due to the 864:from erupted lake sediments. Later 2566:Kilgour, Geoff (7 December 2022). 1118:covered in this picture with snow. 14: 2481:from the original on 12 July 2022 2280:Field Guide – Taupo Volcanic Zone 1996:Wilson, Colin James Ness (1983). 1886:from the original on 12 July 2022 3016:10.1046/j.1365-2400.2002.00298.x 3003:Fisheries Management and Ecology 2326:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.04.003 1381:List of volcanoes in New Zealand 842:generated during this eruption. 661:that are shown with panning is: 593:If the volcano creates a stable 191: 184: 156: 149: 36: 2956:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1376:Geothermal power in New Zealand 1371:Geothermal areas in New Zealand 1293:1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera 485:eruption 65,000 years ago, the 1: 2939:10.1080/00288306.2004.9515074 2705:10.1080/00288306.2018.1548495 2167:10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00239-6 2054:10.1080/00288306.2004.9515074 1847:10.1080/00288306.2020.1792515 1386:North Island Volcanic Plateau 745:is lighter shades of violet), 2382:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.04.017 1422:, has since been updated to 1082:New Zealand was unpopulated 205:Taupō Volcano (North Island) 3128:Lists of volcanic eruptions 2416:History of the Roman Empire 1449:"NZTopMap:Motutaiko Island" 821:pyroclastic density current 16:Supervolcano in New Zealand 3154: 2346:. Wiley. pp. 109–40. 2102:10.5026/jgeography.130.117 1611:10.1038/s41467-022-33583-4 1552:10.1038/s41598-017-11758-0 1264:on the south of the lake. 1062:. It is possible that the 1042:Dating the Hatepe eruption 1010:down all the main rivers. 891: 813:Volcanic Explosivity Index 671:(shades of brown/orange), 647: 440:in the south, through the 69:452 m (1,483 ft) 18: 2968:10.1016/j.gca.2023.07.004 2880:Cussen, Lawrence (1887). 2519:10.1017/s0033822200030599 2239:10.1007/s10933-015-9851-5 2227:Journal of Paleolimnology 1910:Thomas, A. P. W. (1888). 1273:Ferdinand von Hochstetter 560:Hikurangi subduction zone 538:The Taupō Volcano erupts 501:had a moderately violent 142: 35: 2395:Lake Taupō Official Site 2210:10.1093/petrology/egi066 1677:10.1177/0959683611425551 1396:Volcanism of New Zealand 1138:2016 Kaikōura earthquake 763:Oruanui eruption impact 208:Show map of North Island 19:Not to be confused with 3123:Tsunamis in New Zealand 3093:Calderas of New Zealand 3046:: 24–25. Archived from 2778:"Hochstetter Centenary" 2277:Houghton, B.F. (2007). 1147:activity with lakeside 1066:phenomena described by 823:(PDC) deposits (mostly 730: basaltic andesite 450:Whakaari / White Island 175:Show map of New Zealand 133:33 km (21 mi) 3088:Geology of New Zealand 3036:Water & Atmosphere 3028:. Same data exists in 2853:Hardcastle, J (1887). 2731:LINZ (Toitū Te Whenua) 2183:; et al. (2006). 1366:Geology of New Zealand 1291:study until after the 1249: 1208:Hipaua steaming cliffs 1119: 808: 800: 780: 703: arc ring basalts 625: 513:is frequently active, 424:The volcano is in the 109:38.80556°S 175.90083°E 2993:Lake-floor relief map 2574:. New Zealand: GeoNet 2445:Barton, John (2001). 2400:12 March 2007 at the 1590:Nature Communications 1247: 1097: 806: 786: 762: 657:present. Key for the 623: 562:. In this region the 511:Whakaari/White Island 3138:Volcanoes of Waikato 3118:Landforms of Waikato 3078:Pleistocene calderas 2552:10.1029/2023JB028585 2545:(5): e2023JB028585. 2419:. Vol. Book 1. 2285:3 March 2016 at the 2189:Journal of Petrology 1960:10.1002/2014TC003569 1748:10.1029/2021GC009803 1226:hydrothermal venting 1165:Volcanic Alert Level 689:Northland Allochthon 528:central North Island 355:Volcanic region 114:-38.80556; 175.90083 3083:Taupō Volcanic Zone 2751:Stout, Sir Robert. 2370:Sedimentary Geology 2318:2016JVGR..318...73V 2201:2005JPet...47...35W 2181:Wilson, Colin J. N. 2159:2001JVGR..112..133W 2143:Wilson, Colin J. N. 2033:Wilson, Colin J. N. 1739:2021GGG....2209803I 1669:2012Holoc..22..439H 1602:2022NatCo..13.5867D 1544:2017NatSR...712238D 1504:10.1017/RDC.2020.54 1495:2020Radcb..62.1079M 1424:IntCal20 correction 426:Taupō Volcanic Zone 394:, in the centre of 359:Taupō Volcanic Zone 105: / 52:Taupō Volcanic Zone 1532:Scientific Reports 1337:radiometric dating 1333:radiocarbon dating 1250: 1120: 907:Stages of eruption 876:to shift from the 809: 801: 781: 697: arc basalts, 626: 564:Moho discontinuity 59:Highest point 3073:Holocene calderas 2598:www.geonet.org.nz 1767:978-1-877480-00-3 1268:Ernst Dieffenbach 1189:Horomatangi Reefs 1106:, and the active 901:pyroclastic flows 838:partly fills the 725:(shades of red), 616:Earlier eruptions 569:Hikurangi Plateau 389: 388: 50:locations in the 3145: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3018: 2980: 2979: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2941: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2828: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2795: 2793: 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1079–1094. 1474: 1465: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1445: 1428: 1421: 1416: 1262:Motutaiko Island 1254:Mātauranga Māori 1185:Motutaiko Island 1070:in China and by 974:Kaimanawa Ranges 817:pyroclastic fall 753: 751: 736: 731: 729: 724: 719: 709: 704: 702: 698: 696: 686: 681: 675: 670: 665: 650:Oruanui eruption 644:Oruanui eruption 606:pyroclastic flow 552:Australian Plate 526:deposits of the 487:Oruanui eruption 338: 268: 265: 261:0.3–0.0018 259: 209: 195: 194: 188: 176: 160: 159: 153: 120: 119: 117: 116: 115: 110: 106: 103: 102: 101: 98: 80:Motutaiko Island 40: 28: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3143: 3142: 3108:VEI-6 volcanoes 3103:VEI-7 volcanoes 3098:VEI-8 volcanoes 3063: 3062: 3053: 3051: 3029: 3021: 3019: 2996: 2989: 2984: 2983: 2952: 2951: 2947: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2889: 2887: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2864: 2862: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2830: 2829: 2822: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2791: 2789: 2776: 2775: 2771: 2761: 2759: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2735: 2733: 2725: 2724: 2720: 2686: 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1044: 1031:Reporoa Caldera 1026: 1025: 1024: 978:Mount Tongariro 920:eruption column 909: 896: 894:Hatepe eruption 890: 888:Hatepe eruption 858:Chatham Islands 854:Hatepe eruption 757: 756: 755: 749: 748: 746: 734: 727: 726: 717: 716: 715: 707: 700: 699: 694: 693: 692: 684: 673: 672: 663: 662: 652: 646: 618: 536: 520:Mount Tongariro 491:Hatepe eruption 476: 471: 470: 468: 384:State Highway 1 337: 336: 335: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 266: 260: 250: 249: 214: 213: 212: 211: 210: 207: 206: 203: 202: 201: 200: 196: 179: 178: 177: 174: 173: 168: 167: 166: 165: 161: 113: 111: 107: 104: 99: 96: 94: 92: 91: 54: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3151: 3149: 3141: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3113:Supervolcanoes 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3065: 3064: 3061: 3060: 2988: 2987:External links 2985: 2982: 2981: 2945: 2932:(3): 525–547. 2912: 2897: 2872: 2845: 2820: 2799: 2769: 2743: 2718: 2679: 2644: 2615: 2585: 2558: 2525: 2512:(2): 155–163. 2492: 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This huge 416: 413: 409: 408:Taupō Volcano 405: 401: 397: 393: 385: 382: 378: 373: 369: 367: 366:Last eruption 363: 360: 357: 353: 350: 347: 345: 344:Mountain type 341: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 264: 257: 253: 248: 246: 242: 237: 234: 231: 227: 224: 221: 217: 199:Taupō Volcano 187: 172: 164:Taupō Volcano 152: 141: 136: 132: 128: 123: 118: 90: 88: 84: 81: 78: 76: 72: 68: 66: 62: 57: 53: 49: 45: 39: 34: 31:Taupō Volcano 29: 26: 22: 3052:. Retrieved 3048:the original 3039: 3035: 3020:. Retrieved 3006: 3002: 2959: 2955: 2948: 2929: 2925: 2915: 2906: 2900: 2890:23 September 2888:. Retrieved 2882: 2875: 2865:24 September 2863:. Retrieved 2858: 2848: 2842:: 1–8. 1886. 2839: 2835: 2813:24 September 2811:. Retrieved 2802: 2792:23 September 2790:. Retrieved 2785: 2781: 2772: 2762:24 September 2760:. Retrieved 2756: 2753:"Lake Taupo" 2746: 2734:. Retrieved 2730: 2721: 2696: 2692: 2682: 2670:. Retrieved 2661: 2635:. Retrieved 2630: 2618: 2608:20 September 2606:. 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